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Od Prevrata Do Nostalgije. Planiranje Socijalističkog Grada I Zaštita Povijesnih Ambijenata U Zagrebu Od 1945

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Od Prevrata Do Nostalgije. Planiranje Socijalističkog Grada I Zaštita Povijesnih Ambijenata U Zagrebu Od 1945 7 Marko Špikić, Tea Gorup Od prevrata do nostalgije. Planiranje socijalističkog grada i zaštita povijesnih ambijenata u Zagrebu od 1945. do 1962. godine Marko Špikić UDK: 711.28(497.521.2)“1945/1962“ Odsjek za povijest umjetnosti 72.025.3(497.521.2)“1945/1962“ Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Izvorni znanstveni rad/Original Scientific Paper HR – 10 000 Zagreb, I. Lučića 3 Primljen/Received: 2. 5. 2017. Tea Gorup HR – 10 000 Zagreb, Velalučka 8 Ključne riječi: urbanizam, konzerviranje, modernizam, Zagreb, Već se na početku može reći da je suživot dvaju spo- Donji grad, historijski ambijent, socijalistički grad menutih pokreta bio obilježen odnosom prema nekoliko Key words: urbanism, conservation, modernism, Zagreb, Donji oblika predratne prošlosti: očuvanim urbanim formama i grad, historical ambience, socialist city intelektualnoj ostavštini projektanata nove i čuvara stare arhitekture. Taj je odnos bio podjednako uvažavajući i pre- U tekstu se govori o odnosu urbanističkog planiranja novih i kon- vratnički. Propitivanje dotad dominantne konzervatorske zervatorskog očuvanja ranije formiranih urbanih cjelina Zagreba predaje nastale u srednjoj Europi oko 1900. trebalo je kod nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata. Tumače se poratni procesi preo- prvih pomoći kreativnu emancipaciju, a kod drugih prila- brazbe grada, od preimenovanja ulica i trgova do gradogradnje godbu zahtjevima nove zbilje. No u gradu na kojem su pro- južno od željezničke pruge. Čitanjem novinskih članaka sagledava vođeni urbanistički eksperimenti i koji je trebao poslužiti se medijsko oblikovanje nove urbane stvarnosti koja je svoj izraz kao pozornica korjenitih društvenih promjena u stvaranju trebala dobiti u preobrazbama javnih prostora. Te se preobrazbe socijalističkog građanina, modernizacija nije dovela do po- razlikuju, od postupaka preimenovanja i probijanja novih ulica u ništenja misaonih i materijalnih relikata kulturno-političkih postojećem gradu te u prirodnom krajoliku pod Medvednicom, svjetova nastalih prije svibnja 1945., već je izazvala reakciju do urbanističke ekspanzije u vidu dodira s postojećim gradom ili u obliku stručnog pijeteta i javne nostalgije, koju je potaknu- u odmaku od njega. Članak proučava nastanak reakcije, odnosno lo djelovanje povjesničara umjetnosti i konzervatora, ali i razvitak nostalgije te početke istraživanja gradske povijesti tijekom jednog arhitekta. Taj fenomen nije bio osamljen u poratnoj 1950-ih i konzervatorske službe u okrilju Narodnog odbora grada Hrvatskoj. Susrećemo ga i u razorenom Zadru, Senju i Rije- Zagreba početkom 1960-ih godina. ci. Dok su u tim gradovima predstavnici vlasti proglašavali potrebu odricanja od prošlosti kako bi bili postignuti ciljevi U prvih petnaestak godina drugoga poraća Zagreb je nacionalno-političke homogenizacije i obnove, pojavila su se doživio treći val modernog urbanog razvitka, zamišljen i nostalgična zazivanja predratnih urbanih formi.1 ostvarivan unutar jedinstvenog političkog sustava. Ono što je projektirano i izvedeno u to doba može se usporediti s ra- PORATNE PREOBRAZBE ZAGREBA: OD zvojnim pothvatima manje habsburške i veće međuratne na- POTISKIVANJA DO INVENCIJE cionalne prijestolnice. S tim se prethodnicima nakon Drugoga Otkako su postrojbe Narodnooslobodilačke vojske 8. svjetskog rata novi grad trebao mjeriti, ali se od njih trebao i svibnja 1945. ušle u Zagreb (sl. 1), započele su urbane i distancirati, slijedeći proglase prevratnog političkog sustava. društvene preobrazbe koje su usporedive s drugim povije- U ovom ćemo radu prodiskutirati odnose modernističkog i snim gradovima tek utemeljene Federalne Države Hrvat- konzervatorskog pokreta prema naslijeđenom, odnosno u ske, ali su u odnosu na njih po mnogo čemu i specifične. Po- svibnju 1945. vojno osvojenom gradu, koji je postao političko, sebnosti Zagreba nalazile su se u novoj političkoj simbolici kulturno i industrijsko središte Narodne Republike Hrvatske. Zato smo proučili upravljanje javnom percepcijom u dnevnom 1 Ovdje donosimo tek osnovni izbor tekstova o toj širokoj temi: ŽIV- KOVIĆ, HINKO, 1954., 3, RIVOSEKI, AMBROZ, 1953., 3 i CIHLAR, VATROSLAV, tisku, a podatci su upotpunjeni arhivskom građom. 1950., 3. 8 Godišnjak zaštite spomenika kulture Hrvatske 40-2016 1 Snimka ulaska partizana na Trg bana Jelačića, 8. svibnja 1945. (foto: M. Pavić, Muzej grada Zagreba, fot-21249) Photo of partisans marching onto the Ban Jelačić Square, 8 May 1945 (photo: M. Pavić, Zagreb City Museum, fot-21249) 2 Partizanski omladinci na praznom Trgu bana Jelačića, 8. svibnja radi preobrazbe grada u sjedište republičke „narodne vla- 1945. (presnimka iz novina Narodni list I/1, 26. svibnja 1945., 3) Partisan youth on empty Ban Jelačić Square, 8 May 1945 (source: sti“, potom u poimanju vrijednosti urbanog ambijenta koje Narodni list I/1, 26 May 1945, 3) se ranije nisu sravnjivale s poimanjem prošlosti priobalnih gradova, te u stupnju valoriziranosti i očuvanosti Zagre- ba u odnosu na te gradove. Kako nalazimo na stranicama središnje poratne tiskovine, Vjesnika Jedinstvene narodno- legata Marconea, okupili predstavnici Vlade s Vladimirom oslobodilačke fronte Hrvatske, prvi su mjeseci bili obilježe- Bakarićem na čelu te izaslanici srpske zajednice, JNA, Par- ni faktičkim i simboličkim, odnosno vojnim i političkim tije, Pravoslavne crkve, Javnoga tužitelja i Komisije za ratne osvajanjem urbanog prostora, uz pobjedničku odmazdu i zločine – ukratko, ključni protagonisti vojnopolitičke pre- pridobivanje povjerenja stanovništva. vlasti, odmazde, ideološkog pročišćenja i reforme.4 Slavlju Gradski su spomenici i ambijenti u tom procesu zadobili su toga srpanjskog dana svjedočila i dvojica pukovnika, ko- važnu ulogu. Ako je Stunde Null za Njemačku predstavljao mandant Zagreba Većeslav Holjevac i predstavnik Gradskog dolazak savezničkih okupacijskih sila s istoka i zapada na Narodnog odbora Dragutin Saili, uskoro imenovan prvim zgarišta bombardiranih povijesnih gradova i napuštenih gradonačelnikom. logora smrti, taj se trenutak u Zagrebu može prepoznati Već je ranije zalaganjem osvajača i građana započeo pro- u snimkama prazna i osunčana Jelačićeva trga u utorak 8. ces supresije, uklanjanjem tragova propala poretka5 i pro- svibnja 1945. Snimka petoro „omladinaca (…), koji razvijaju čišćenjem javnog prostora, koje se protezalo od promjene zastavu“ (sl. 2) poput vojnika na Iwo Jimi, sinegdoha je slo- toponima do preobrazbi ambijenata. U danima sablažnja- ženijih promjena koje će se zbiti na trgovima pretvorenim vanja nad ostatcima korijenskog pravopisa na javno vidljivu u pozornice novih političkih obreda.2 mjestu započela je redefinicija povijesne figure i prostora U prvim tjednima vojnog trijumfa to se, primjerice, vidi posvećena banu Jelačiću. Zanimljivo je da je Titov poredak u misnom slavlju u gradečkoj crkvi sv. Marka u čast NOP-a u svrhu bratimljenja zavađenih naroda u prvim tjednima koje je predvodio monsinjor Svetozar Rittig. U već ispoliti- pobjede posegnuo za pomagalom propalih monarhija i rane ziranom crkvenom spomeniku smještenom usred trga na kojem je Josip Broz održao prvi poratni govor (sl. 3) zazi- 4 N. N. Proslava blagdana slavenske braće Ćirila i Metoda. Svečani Te Deum za pobjedu Narodno-oslobodilačkog pokreta i junačke Jugosla- 3 vajući figuru Matije Gupca , tada su se, pored papinskoga venske armije, Vjesnik V/69 (9. srpnja 1945.), 3. 5 N. N. Pisma naših čitalaca. Knjige ustaških pisaca u izlozima knjižara, 2 Usp. DR. J. J., 1945., 3. Vjesnik V/77 (19. srpnja 1945.), 5. Usp. i N. N. Pisma naših čitalaca. Treba 3 Usp. N. N., Predsjednik Savezne vlade maršal Jugoslavije Josip Broz- ukloniti komade stakla razbijenih ustaških natpisa, Vjesnik V/77 (19. srp- Tito nalazi se u glavnom gradu Hrvatske. Govor maršala Tita s povijesnog nja 1945.), 5. Književnik Dončević optužio je Tina Ujevića i Ljubu Wiesnera Markova trga narodu Zagreba, Vjesnik V/27 (17. svibnja 1945.), 1-2. jer su „našli smiraj u ustaškoj ideologiji“. DONČEVIĆ, IVAN, 1945., 6. Od prevrata do nostalgije. Planiranje socijalističkog grada i zaštita povijesnih ambijenata u Zagrebu od 1945. do 1962. godine 9 4 Martićeva ulica – pogled prema sjeveru, 11. ožujka 1949. (Muzej grada Zagreba, fot-16761) Martićeva Street – view to the north, 11 March 1949 (Zagreb City Museum, fot-16761) ne samo za mene i moju obitelj, nego i za moje susjede i druge iz ulice, za čitav naš narod uopće. (…) treći sastanak 3 Govor Josipa Broza Tita iz Banskih dvora, 21. svibnja 1945. (foto: M. stanovnika našeg trga i naše ulice prouzročio je kod mene Pavić, Muzej grada Zagreba, fot- 21059) čitavu duševnu revoluciju. Počeo sam već misliti i na druge Address given by Josip Broz Tito in Banski dvori, 21 May 1945 (photo: stvari, a ne samo na moj lični djelokrug. Kod posljednjeg M. Pavić, Zagreb City Museum, fot-21059) sastanka 'ozdravio' sam potpuno od jedne dosta teške 'bo- lesti' koja se uglavnom sastojala u tome: da sam bio slijep za sve što je zdravo i dobro u mojoj bližoj okolini.“7 sovjetske propagande, efemernim spomenicima. Obelisci Kako vidimo, izlazak na zagrebačke ulice u doba uspo- i kulise trebali su, prije nomenklaturne, formalne i struk- stave novog poretka nalikovao je iskustvu svetoga Pavla u turne preobrazbe javnih prostora glavnog grada poslužiti Damasku. Ulica i trg postali su mjesta naobrazbe i preobraz- kao OLIKPROP-ovi vjesnici društvenih promjena i nove be, pa ne čudi da su gradske rubrike novina prenosile takva političke korektnosti.6 U tjednima nakon uspostave europ- iskustva obraćenja i novoga poimanja javnog prostora. Ovo skog mira to su bili postupci pridobivanja javnosti
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