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Directions for Social Development

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Directions for Social Development Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA REGION: ISSUES AND DIRECTIONS Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized www.worldbank.org/eca/social Public Disclosure Authorized Social Development Team Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Europe and Central Asia Region First printing: January 2003 C The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Social Development Team - ECSSD 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 This paper is a contribution to the draft social development strategy for the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the author’s own and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its management, its Board of Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................... IV A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN ECA ......................V B. RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ECA ...........................................................................VI C. CURRENT AND PLANNED ACTIVITIES IN ECA............................................................ XI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................1 A. WHAT IS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT? ................................................................................1 B. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN ECA..........................................................................1 C. WHY DO WE NEED A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN ECA?..................................3 D. ORGANIZATION OF THIS PAPER ....................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2: CHANGING PATTERNS OF GOVERNANCE...............................5 A. BACKGROUND: NEW STATES, NEW NATIONS................................................................5 B. PATTERNS OF GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION............................................................6 C. IMPLICATIONS FOR GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION: REGIONAL VARIATIONS ............7 D. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 3: THE EMERGENCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, COMMUNITIES, AND CIVIL SOCIETY................................................................11 A. BACKGROUND: FROM SOCIAL ENTERPRISE TO POST-SOCIALIST COMMUNITY.............11 B. REGIONAL VARIATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES ........................12 C. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 4: EMERGING FORMS OF EXCLUSION AND VULNERABILITY ........................................................................................................................................18 A. SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND INCLUSION IN ECA ...............................................................18 B. CHANGING GENDER ROLES AND IDENTITIES ...............................................................18 C. THE ALIENATION OF POOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH .....................................................22 D. IMPOVERISHMENT AND MARGINALIZATION OF THE ELDERLY, DISABLED, AND HOMELESS..................................................................................................................27 E. CHANGING ETHNIC RELATIONS ..................................................................................29 F. PATHOLOGICAL FORMS OF EXCLUSION: CRIME AND VIOLENCE..................................32 G. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................35 CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL PATTERNS OF EXCLUSION ...................................36 A. THE IMPACT OF CHANGE AND DISLOCATION ..............................................................36 B. THE WIDENING GAP BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL WELFARE .....................................36 C. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CITIES .............................................................................38 D. THE DEMISE OF ONE-COMPANY TOWNS......................................................................39 E. THE IMPACT OF LARGE-SCALE MIGRATION ................................................................40 F. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................43 i CHAPTER 6: THE SOCIAL COSTS OF CONFLICT...........................................44 A. POST-CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT – A LONG-TERM ENDEAVOR ....................................44 B. THE COMPLEX BASES OF CONFLICT ............................................................................44 C. FRAGILE PEACE, STALEMATED CONFLICT ..................................................................45 D. CONFLICT-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT OF PERSONS ......................................................46 E. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................48 CHAPTER 7: FRAMEWORK FOR A SUB-REGIONAL APPROACH..............50 A. PATTERNS OF SUB-REGIONAL VARIATION ..................................................................50 B. IMPLICATIONS FOR A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA ...............................................53 CHAPTER 8: DIRECTIONS FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT...........................54 A. PROMOTE FAIR AND EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS ...........................................................55 B. PROMOTE SOCIAL INCLUSION AND COHESION ............................................................61 C. REDUCE RISK OF CONFLI CT AND SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TRANSITIONS IN COUNTRIES WHERE CONFLICT HAS EMERGED ................................................................................65 D. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................68 ANNEX 1: POPULATION BY NATIONALITY.....................................................69 ANNEX 2: RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES AND SECTOR UNIT ROLES .....70 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................73 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document is the result of substantial collaboration with colleagues in the region, Anchor, and elsewhere in the World Bank. The task was managed by Nora Dudwick with support from Alexandre Marc, Sector Manager for Social Development, Kevin Cleaver, former Sector Director of ECSSD, and Laura Tuck, Sector Director of ECSSD. Social Development team members, including Maria Amelina, Janis Bernstein, Hermine De Soto, Steven Holtzman, Gloria La Cava, Julian Lampietti, Ranjit Nayak, Taies Nezam, Jan Pakulski, Patrizia Poggi, Stan Peabody, Miroslav Ruzica, and, while they were members of the Team, Anis Dani and Ayse Kudat provided ongoing input and comments during the long gestation of the document. Radhika Srinivasan contributed substantially to the final document; Enkhtor Dulamdary, with assistance from the Cartography Unit, created the maps, and Evelin Lehis provided excellent research assistance and drafted a number of boxes. Kathleen Kuehnast read the document numerous times and drafted several segments. Timothy Heleniak provided ongoing and generous assistance relating to migration and demographics, as well as to the production of the conflict and migration maps. Colleagues inside and outside the Bank contributed stand-alone reports, which the document draws upon. These colleagues include Christina Boygo, Diana Hakobyan, Alena Halova, Timothy Heleniak, Tamara Lashbrook, Miroslav Ruzica, Kate Schecter, and Janine Wedel; their reports are listed in the reference section. The document benefited greatly from intensive discussions with colleagues from the region as well as the Network. This occurred in the context of brainstorming meetings with colleagues from the region, written feedback on sections of the document, and particularly, from a series of structured consultations that were held with colleagues from the following sectors in the ECA region: Energy, Infrastructure, Rural, Social Protection, Transport, Urban, and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management. Consultations with the Social Development Sector Board provided additional helpful feedback at an advanced stage of preparation. Marina Vasilieva and her colleagues in the Moscow Field Office deserve special thanks for organizing a consultation with Russian civil society organizations. The two dozen organizations that sent representatives to this consultation provided substantive input. The strategy was reviewed at several stages. Michael Cernea commented on the earliest draft. Christine Jones, Louise Fox, Ashraf Ghani, Hafez Ghanem, Arntraud Hartmann, Johannes Linn, Marcelo Selowsky, Maureen Lewis, and Keith Rennie provided thoughtful and constructive reviews at different stages of the process. External reviewers included Olga Golodets (Norilsk Nickel, Russia), Dmitru Sandu (University of Bucharest, Romania), Julia Szalai (Academy of Sciences, Hungary), and Janine Wedel (University of Pittsburgh, USA). While some excellent suggestions that were incorporated into earlier versions of this document may have inadvertently been edited out, a strategy document is more than the sum of its parts. The extensive discussions and very participatory process through which the document was prepared have already played a role in shaping how social development issues are
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