LA FABRICATION De La Propagande

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

LA FABRICATION De La Propagande Noam UEdward CHOMSKY ITERMAN LA FABRICATION DU CONSENTEMENT De la propagande médiatique en démocratie Il n’aura échappé à personne que le postulai démocratique affirme que les médias sont indépendants, déterminés à découvrir la vérité et à la faire connaître ; et non qu'ils passent le plus clair de leur temps à donner l’image d'un monde tel que les puissants souhaitent que nous nous le représentions, qu'ils sont en position d'imposer la trame des discours, de décider ce que le bon peuple a le droit de voir, d'entendre ou de penser, et de « gérer » l’opinion à coups de campagnes de propagande Contre-Feux Agone LA FABRICATION DU CONSENTEMENT Noam Chomsky & Edward S. Herman La fabrication du consentement De la propagande médiatique en démocratie Nouvelle édition revue & actualisée Texte intégral traduit de l'anglais Édition préparée par Benoît Eugène & Frédéric Cotton Les mêmes qui leur ont ôté les yeux reprochent au peuple d’être aveugle. John Milton Au sujet du scandale de l’Irangate, on blâma le président pour sa désinvolture. Mais le peuple avait pourtant eu tout loisir de constater que telle était sa manière ordinaire de faire, ou de ne rien faire, avant de le porter à la Maison- Blanche, pas une fois mais bien deux. James Reston À la mémoire d’Alex Carey et de Herbert I. Schiller Pour ce que nous en connaissons, la petite histoire de l'édition de ce livre en fran­ çais commence en 2001, quand nous avons tenté, en vain, de l'inscrire dans notre programme de traductions. (Passons pudiquement sur certains us et coutumes du monde des agents littéraires.) Ce livre parut pour la première fois en 2003, sous le titre La Fabrique de l'opinion publique. La politique économique des médias amé­ ricains, aux éditions du Serpent à plumes. Nous n'avons pas été les seuls à regret­ ter la traduction largement caviardée - que soit d'ailleurs ici remercié Louis-Jo pour tous les vigilants lecteurs anonymes. Enfin, c'est en passionné d'une œuvre dont il découvrait l'importance politique que Dominique Arias nous a proposé, voilà quatre ans déjà, son projet de traduction intégrale. On trouvera les références des livres et articles cités dans les notes numérotées en chiffres arabes reportées, par chapitre, pages 605-645. Préface et ouvrage est construit autour de ce que nous appe­ C lons un « modèle de propagande », une construction analytique dont l’objet est de tenter de rendre compte du fonctionnement des médias américains à partir des struc­ tures institutionnelles de base et du système de relations dans lesquels ils opèrent. Notre point de vue est que les médias, entre autres fonctions, jouent le rôle de serviteurs et de propagandistes des puissants groupes qui les contrô­ lent et les financent. Les porteurs de ces intérêts ont des objectifs précis et des principes à faire valoir, ils sont aussi en position d’infléchir et d’encadrer l’orientation des médias. Cela ne s’opère généralement pas au moyen d’interventions directes et grossières mais plutôt grâce à la sélection d’un personnel politiquement aux normes et l’intériorisation par les rédacteurs et les journalistes des priorités et des critères définissant ce qu’est une information valable en conformité avec les politiques de l’establishment. Les facteurs structurant le système sont la propriété et le contrôle directs des médias, mais aussi les autres sources de dépendance financière - et particulièrement les annon­ ceurs —, ainsi que les intérêts et liens croisés des médias avec ceux qui font (et ont les moyens de définir) l’information et son sens. Le modèle de propagande intègre aussi d’autres formes de pouvoir, comme la capacité d’organiser des cam­ pagnes de protestation contre le traitement d’une informa­ tion par les médias (dans le jargon : « flak » - du nom d’un canon de DCA allemand) et de fournir des « experts » confirmant la version officielle d’un événement donné. Enfin s’ajoute la capacité à faire régner l’idéologie et les »# ■ - - ------------------------------------------- iA fAeWCATTON BtrCÔNSBmMfcNT principes élémentaires que les élites et le personnel média­ tique tiennent pour acquis alors même qu’une bonne part de la population les récusent Dans un tel contexte, les pouvoirs qui possèdent les médias, les financent par le biais de la publicité, définissent l’information a priori puis pro­ duisent tant les contre-feux que les experts sur mesure nous semblent être au cœur de la production de l’idéologie dominante et des catégories d’entendement. Pour nous, ce que font les journalistes, ce qu’ils consi­ dèrent comme de l’information digne d’intérêt et les pré­ supposés sur lesquels se fonde leur travail s’expliquent généralement très bien par le seul jeu des incitations, pres­ sions et autres contraintes que prend en compte une telle analyse structurelle. Bien que prépondérants dans le fonctionnement des médias, ces facteurs structurels ne contrôlent pas tout, et les effets qu’ils produisent sont loin d’être constants, simples et homogènes. Il est de notoriété publique, et doit être intégré à part entière dans une critique institutionnelle telle que celle que nous présentons ici, que les divers com­ posantes des médias jouissent d’une relative autonomie, que certaines valeurs individuelles ou professionnelles ne sont pas sans influence, que l’on prend soin d’éviter d’im­ poser une ligne éditoriale stricte et que le système s’ac­ commode parfaitement d’un certain degré de dissidence mettant en cause les versions des faits les plus consen­ suelles. Ce sont ces particularités qui assurent une certaine dose de dissidence et la couverture, comme dans certains reportages, de faits embarrassants ". Toute la beauté du système réside cependant dans le fait que ces points de vue dissidents et ces informations déran­ geantes restent encadrés et tenus à la marge, de sorte que, I. II. I. Sur nombre de sujets tels que les accords commerciaux, la sécurité sociale ou la hauteur souhaitable des budgets militaires, l'antagonisme est total entre d'un côté les élites et les milieux journalistiques, et de l'autre l'ensemble de la population - lire « annexe I », infra, p. 97. II. C'était aussi vrai en Union soviétique où, suite à la publication dans les médias de révélations embarrassantes au sujet de la guerre en Afghanistan, le ministre soviétique de la Défense accusa la presse de manquer de patriotisme V PRÉFACE ........-...................Il s’ils permettent d’affirmer que le système n’est pas mono­ lithique, ils restent en proportion suffisante pour ne pas compromettre la domination de la ligne officielle. Il est important de souligner que c’est bien de la struc­ ture de l’appareil médiatique et de son fonctionnement qu’il s’agit ici de traiter, non de son influence sur le public. Sans doute l’adhésion des médias, avec un minimum de dissidence, à un ordre du jour officiel a-t-elle généralement pour effet de pousser le public dans la direction voulue, mais tout est question de degré. Lorsque les intérêts du public divergent drastiquement de ceux des élites et lorsque celui-ci dispose de ses propres sources d’information indé­ pendantes, la ligne officielle peut être fortement ébranlée. Ce que nous soulignons est que le modèle de propagande décrit des forces qui surdéterminent la forme de ce que font les médias. Ce qui n’implique aucunement que toute propagande médiatique soit nécessairement efficace. On trouvera en fin de chapitres une réactualisation du modèle de propagande et des études de cas présentés dans la première édition en 1988, qui demeurent tous parfaitement opérationnels2. Noam Chomsky & Edward Herman, 2002 1 I. I. Si nous assumons seuls la responsabilité du présent ouvrage, nous tenons à remer­ cier tout particulièrement les personnes suivantes pour leur collaboration dans la pré­ paration de ce livre : James Aronson, Philip Beryman, Larry Birns, Frank Brodhead, Holly Burkhalter, Donna Copper, Carol Fouke, Eva Cold, Carol Gosland, Roy Head, Mary Flerman, Rob Kirsch, Robert Krinsky, Alfred McClung Lee, Kent McDougall, IKlejat Ozyegin, Nancy Peters, Ellen Ray, William Schaap, Karin Wilkins, Warren Witte et JamieYoung. Introduction es années de recherches consacrées aux médias nous Dont convaincus que les médias sont utilisés pour mobi­ liser un vaste soutien aux intérêts particuliers qui dominent les sphères de l’État et le secteur privé '. Leurs choix de mettre en avant un sujet ou d’en occulter d’autres s’expli­ quent souvent beaucoup mieux dans un tel cadre d’analyse, et dans certains cas avec la force de l’évidence. Il n’aura échappé à personne que le postulat démocratique affirme que les médias sont indépendants, déterminés à découvrir la vérité et à la faire connaître ; et non qu’ils pas­ sent le plus clair de leur temps à donner l’image d’un monde tel que les puissants souhaitent que nous nous le représen­ tions. Ceux qui dirigent les médias crient haut et fort que leurs choix éditoriaux sont fondés sur des critères impar­ tiaux, professionnels et objectifs - ce que cautionnent les intellectuels. Mais s’il s’avère effectivement que les puissants sont en position d’imposer la trame des discours, de décider ce que le bon peuple a le droit de voir d’entendre ou de pen­ ser, et de « gérer » l’opinion à coups de campagnes de pro­ pagande, l’idée communément acceptée du fonctionnement du système n’a alors plus grand-chose à voir avec la réalité. I. I. « Intérêts particuliers » est utilisé ici dans son sens le plus commun, non au sens orwellien qui lui fut attribué, au coure de la période Reagan, pour désigner les ouvriers, agriculteurs, femmes, jeunes, Noirs, personnes âgées, infirmes, chômeurs, etc - bref, la majeure partie de la population.
Recommended publications
  • FREEMASONRY And/ Or MASON And/ Or MASONS And/ Or SHRINERS And/ Or SHRINER and the Search Results Page
    This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY CENTRAL SECURITY SERVICE FORT GEORGE G. MEADE, MARYLAND 20755-6000 FOIA Case: 85473A 30 September 20 16 JOHN GREENEWALD Dear Mr. Greenewald: This responds to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request of 15 September 2016 for lntellipedia entries on FREEMASON andjor FREEMASONRY and/ or MASON and/ or MASONS and/ or SHRINERS and/ or SHRINER and the search results page. As stated in our initial response letter, dated 19 September 2016, your request was assigned Case Number 854 73. For purposes of this request and based on the information you provided in your letter, you are considered an "all other" requester. As such, you are allowed 2 hours of search and the duplication of 100 pages at no cost. There are no assessable fees for this request. A copy of your request is enclosed. Your request has been processed under the FOIA. For your information, NSA provides a service of common concem for the Intelligence Community (IC) by serving as the executive agent for lntelink. As such, NSA provides technical services that enable users to access and share information with peers and stakeholders across the IC and DoD. Intellipedia pages are living documents that may be originated by any user organization, and any user organization may contribute to or edit pages after their origination.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Freemasons from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation , Search
    List of Freemasons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Part of a series on Masonic youth organizations Freemasonry DeMolay • A.J.E.F. • Job's Daughters International Order of the Rainbow for Girls Core articles Views of Masonry Freemasonry • Grand Lodge • Masonic • Lodge • Anti-Masonry • Anti-Masonic Party • Masonic Lodge Officers • Grand Master • Prince Hall Anti-Freemason Exhibition • Freemasonry • Regular Masonic jurisdictions • Opposition to Freemasonry within • Christianity • Continental Freemasonry Suppression of Freemasonry • History Masonic conspiracy theories • History of Freemasonry • Liberté chérie • Papal ban of Freemasonry • Taxil hoax • Masonic manuscripts • People and places Masonic bodies Masonic Temple • James Anderson • Masonic Albert Mackey • Albert Pike • Prince Hall • Masonic bodies • York Rite • Order of Mark Master John the Evangelist • John the Baptist • Masons • Holy Royal Arch • Royal Arch Masonry • William Schaw • Elizabeth Aldworth • List of Cryptic Masonry • Knights Templar • Red Cross of Freemasons • Lodge Mother Kilwinning • Constantine • Freemasons' Hall, London • House of the Temple • Scottish Rite • Knight Kadosh • The Shrine • Royal Solomon's Temple • Detroit Masonic Temple • List of Order of Jesters • Tall Cedars of Lebanon • The Grotto • Masonic buildings Societas Rosicruciana • Grand College of Rites • Other related articles Swedish Rite • Order of St. Thomas of Acon • Royal Great Architect of the Universe • Square and Compasses Order of Scotland • Order of Knight Masons • Research • Pigpen cipher • Lodge • Corks Eye of Providence • Hiram Abiff • Masonic groups for women Sprig of Acacia • Masonic Landmarks • Women and Freemasonry • Order of the Amaranth • Pike's Morals and Dogma • Propaganda Due • Dermott's Order of the Eastern Star • Co-Freemasonry • DeMolay • Ahiman Rezon • A.J.E.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Secret Societies in Italy: Origins of Propaganda Due About:Reader?Url=
    Secret Societies in Italy: Origins of Propaganda Due about:reader?url=https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/secret-societies-i... thegreatcoursesdaily.com Secret Societies in Italy: Origins of Propaganda Due 9-11 minutes By Richard Spence, Ph.D., University of Idaho Italian politics, after the end of the two world wars, was a very messy spectrum, comprising a number of groups lying on the left or the right, the communists or fascists, or something in between. What was even more fascinating, however, was the presence of secret societies and lodges. One of the better-known ones was the Propaganda Due, or P-2, which had many high-profile names as its members. 1 of 8 2021/05/02, 13:41 Secret Societies in Italy: Origins of Propaganda Due about:reader?url=https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/secret-societies-i... Propaganda Due, or P2, had its roots in masonic lodges, but ran much deeper in reality. It had complex political connections, and was believed to be the secret government of Italy. (Image: Cris Foto/Shutterstock) The Discovery of the P-2 Roster On March 17, 1981, in the Tuscan town of Arezzo, a special anti- corruption force stormed the home of a local mattress manufacturer, Licio Gelli, suspected to have connections to two fugitive bankers: Roberto Calvi and Michele Sindona. Rumored to be members of the secretive Masonic lodge, Propaganda Due, or P-2, Gelli’s papers were expected to hold information about the fugitives. Instead, however, the police found a membership roster for the lodge, consisting of an astounding 962 names. Even more surprising was that the Italian law enforcement agency Guardia di Finanza’s own commander, Orazio Giannini, was also on the list.
    [Show full text]
  • Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe
    Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Edited by Chris Kostov Logos Verlag Berlin λογος Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . Book cover art: c Adobe Stock: Silvio c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2020 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-8325-5192-6 The electronic version of this book is freely available under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence, thanks to the support of Schiller University, Madrid. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH Georg-Knorr-Str. 4, Gebäude 10 D-12681 Berlin - Germany Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 90 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 92 https://www.logos-verlag.com Contents Editor's introduction7 Authors' Bios 11 1 The EU's MLG system as a catalyst for separatism: A case study on the Albanian and Hungarian minority groups 15 YILMAZ KAPLAN 2 A rolling stone gathers no moss: Evolution and current trends of Basque nationalism 39 ONINTZA ODRIOZOLA,IKER IRAOLA AND JULEN ZABALO 3 Separatism in Catalonia: Legal, political, and linguistic aspects 73 CHRIS KOSTOV,FERNANDO DE VICENTE DE LA CASA AND MARÍA DOLORES ROMERO LESMES 4 Faroese nationalism: To be and not to be a sovereign state, that is the question 105 HANS ANDRIAS SØLVARÁ 5 Divided Belgium: Flemish nationalism and the rise of pro-separatist politics 133 CATHERINE XHARDEZ 6 Nunatta Qitornai: A party analysis of the rhetoric and future of Greenlandic separatism 157 ELLEN A.
    [Show full text]
  • Order of the Eastern Star - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 7/22/11 11:40 PM Order of the Eastern Star from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Order of the Eastern Star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/22/11 11:40 PM Order of the Eastern Star From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Order of the Eastern Star is a fraternal organization that both men and women can join. It was established in 1850 by Rob Morris, a lawyer and educator from Boston, Massachusetts, who had been an official with the Freemasons. It is based on teachings from the Bible,[1] but is open to people of all theistic beliefs. It has approximately 10,000 chapters in twenty countries and approximately 500,000 members under its General Grand Chapter. Members of the Order are aged 18 and older; men must be Master Masons and women must have specific relationships with Masons. Originally, a woman would have to be the daughter, widow, wife, sister, or mother of a master Mason, but the Order now allows other [2] relatives as well as allowing Job's Daughters, Rainbow Girls, General Grand Chapter logo Members of the Organization of Triangle (NY only) and members of the Constellation of Junior Stars (NY only) to become members when they become of age. Contents 1 History 2 Emblem and heroines 3 Officers 4 Headquarters 5 Charities 6 Notable members 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History The Order was created by Rob Morris in 1850 when, while confined by illness, he set down the principles of the order in his Rosary of the Part of a series of articles on Eastern Star. By 1855, he had organized a "Supreme Constellation" Freemasonry in New York, which chartered chapters throughout the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Newspaper Content in Occupied Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing Candice Addie Quinn Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects A Want of News in an Occupied Zone: Newspaper Content in Occupied Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing Candice Addie Quinn Marquette University Recommended Citation Quinn, Candice Addie, "A Want of News in an Occupied Zone: Newspaper Content in Occupied Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing" (2011). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 165. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/165 A WANT FOR NEWS IN AN OCCUPIED ZONE: NEWSPAPER CONTENT IN OCCUPIED LILLE, ROUBAIX, AND TOURCOING by Candice Addie Quinn, B.A., M.A. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degreee of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2011 ABSTRACT A WANT OF NEWS IN AN OCCUPIED ZONE: NEWSPAPER CONTENT IN OCCUPIED LILLE, ROUBAIX, AND TOURCOING, 1914-1918 Candice Addie Quinn, B.A., M.A. Marquette University, 2011 The purpose of this dissertation is to ascertain exactly what news people in the occupied zone of France received during the First World War, in an attempt to assess the general assumption that the people of occupied France received little to no news. It is certain that the people in the occupied cities of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing received less news than before the occupation, and most of the news they did receive came from an untrusted source, namely the German occupiers. However, research for this dissertation reveals that the cities at the urban heart of northern France, Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing, received more news than historians previously have believed. Research for this dissertation comprised of reviewing all the sources available in Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcong during the occupation, which included German-controlled newspapers produced in France and Belgium, a short-lived clandestine press, and newspapers published outside the occupied zone covertly imported into the cities.
    [Show full text]
  • CFM Winter 05.Indd
    CALIFORNIA Winter 2004 www.freemason.org Win-Win? Increase your income, while also doing something good for someone else. RATES SINGLE PERSON Age Rate How many “win-win” scenarios are there in life any more? You win by increasing your 75 7.1% income—the Masonic Homes or Foundation wins from your gift. ... It’s really that simple. 78 7.6% 81 8.3% The Masonic Grand Lodge Office of Philanthropy Charitable Gift Annuity 84 9.2% The gift annuity is among the oldest and most popular types of gift vehicles. 87 10.2% MARRIED COUPLE Among the benefits you can expect: Ages Rate • Guaranteed Payments for Life (Partially Tax Free!) 75/75 6.3% • An Income Tax Charitable Deduction 80/75 6.6% • Possible Reduction in Probate Estate and Estate Taxes 80/80 6.9% • The Satisfaction of Making a Gift to Support Masonic Charitable Programs 85/80 7.3% 85/85 7.9% NAME(S) (INCLUDING DATES OF BIRTH OF BENEFICIARIES) ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP PHONE NUMBER Masonic Grand Lodge of California Office of Philanthropy 1111 California Street San Francisco, CA 94108 800/831-8170 or 415/776-7000 CALIFORNIA VOLUME 53 DECEMBER 1, 2004 NUMBER 1 cover story PUBLICATION BOARD David R. Doan, Grand Master Released in November, “National Treasure” weaves John L. Cooper III, Grand Secretary Allan L. Casalou, Editor in Chief Masonry into a dizzying plot to steal the Declaration of Independence in an attempt to protect an ancient treasure EDITORIAL STAFF hidden by the Founding Fathers. The husband-and-wife Kimberly B. Murawski, Copy Editor Steffani Kizziar, Masonic Homes Editor scriptwriting team tells the California Freemason how their Brad Bradbury, Online Editor research led to the use of Masonry in the movie and what they learned in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Freemasons Are Useful to the Regime”: an Analysis of The
    REHMLAC+, ISSN 1659-4223, vol. 10, no. 2, diciembre 2018-mayo 2019/1-20 1 “The Freemasons are useful to the regime”: An analysis oF the representations oF Freemasonry in cinema and its utility on reinforcing or criticizing the establishment “Los Masones son útiles al régimen”: Un análisis de las representaciones de la Francmasonería en el cine y su utilización para reforzar o criticar el orden establecido Felipe Côrte Real de Camargo Universidad de Bristol, Reino Unido [email protected] Recepción: 7 de noviembre de 2018/Aceptación: 15 de noviembre de 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.15517/rehmlac.v10i2.34724 Keywords cinema; Freemasonry; history; representations; state of exception. Palabras clave cine; masonería; historia; representaciones; estado de excepción. Abstract This article addresses the relations between the language oF cinema and some representations that this media may show on Freemasonry. The three chosen movies deserve attention For their representativeness. Freemasonry has become a recurrent theme in historical studies and combined with this phenomenon the Fraternity has been going through a greater public exposure. This public image is Formed, mainly, by works of Fiction, and through its leading vehicle, the cinema. On analysing in three movies a commonality in their approach is sought For, between images presented –about and by– Freemasonry in this social product of cinema. Resumen Este artículo trata las relaciones entre el lenguaje del cine y algunas representaciones que este medio puede mostrar sobre la Francmasonería. Las tres películas elegidas merecen atención por su representatividad. La Francmasonería se ha convertido en una temática recurrente en los estudios históricos, y estos combinados con el Fenómeno de la gran exposición que la Fraternidad está teniendo.
    [Show full text]
  • Propaganda Due
    Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Propaganda Due From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. Please improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page. P2 is the common name for the Italian Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (Italian: Propaganda Two). P2 came to public light with the exposure of Michele Sindona and the Banco Ambrosiano scandal, in which the Vatican Bank had many shares. P2 has been involved in Gladio's strategy of tension - Gladio was/is the name of the secret "stay-behind" NATO paramilitary organizations. Between 1965 and 1981, it tried to condition the Italian political process through the penetration of persons of confidence to the inside of the magistracy, the Parliament, the army and the press. Beside Italy, P2 was also active in Uruguay, Brazil and especially in Argentina's "Dirty War" (with Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Argentina's interim president from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973; Emilio Massera, who was part from 1976 to 1978 of the military junta led by Jorge Rafael Videla; and José López Rega, minister of Social Welfare in Perón's government and founder of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ("Triple A") as members). Contents [hide] ● 1 Foundation ● 2 Discovery ● 3 Criminal organization? ❍ 3.1 Parliamentary commission directed by Tina Anselmi ❍ 3.2 New Italian law prohibiting "secret lodges" ❍ 3.3 Banco Ambrosiano scandal ❍ 3.4 Aldo Moro and the strategy of tension ❍ 3.5 Iran-Contra and assassination of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme ● 4 Licio Gelli's list of P2 members found in 1981 ● 5 Endnotes ● 6 See also ● 7 Film ● 8 External links [edit] Foundation The lodge was founded in 1877, under the Grande Oriente d'Italia ("Grand Orient of Italy"), as a lodge for visiting members unable to attend their own lodges.
    [Show full text]
  • Rehmlac Vol7 N1-Gdelosreyes
    REHMLAC+, ISSN 1659-4223, Vol. 7, no. 2, Mayo - Noviembre 2015/ 203-207 203 RESEÑA Lilith Mahmud. The Brotherhood of Freemason Sisters: Gender, Secrecy, and Fraternity in Italian Masonic Lodges. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. 256 pages. ISBN: ISBN: 978-0-226-09586-8 Guillermo de los Reyes Heredia Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania (2004). Associate Professor of Latin American Cultures and Literatures and Director of Undergraduate Studies, University of Houston. E-mail: [email protected] Fecha de recibido: 12 de abril de 2015 - Fecha de aceptación: 28 de abril de 2015 Given the great degree of interest in Freemasonry (and secret societies generally) in recent years, thanks to publications such as The Da Vinci Code and Hollywood productions like National Treasure, other works that go beyond fiction must be brought to light. Although it may be entertaining to have a corpus of books with the purpose of fictionalizing Freemasonry, it is necessary to study it from another perspective. In recent decades, scholars from Spain, France, and other parts of continental Europe, as well as some in Latin America, have focused their research on the study of Freemasonry. However, in the United States (the country that produces most of the scholarly publications in the so-called Western world), very few academic publications on the subject of Freemasonry have appeared. Thus, it is extremely refreshing to find a text published in the U.S. that deals with this topic in a very creative and serious way. I applaud the University of Chicago Press for publishing The Brotherhood of Freemason Sisters: Gender, Secrecy, and Fraternity in Italian Masonic Lodges by Lilith Mahmud, who teaches women’s studies and anthropology at the University of California, Irvine.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    597965 bindex_2.qxd 2/24/06 10:25 AM Page 355 Index American Federation of apprentices • Numerics • Human Rights, 20, 114 Ancient Charges, 339 “2B1, ASK1” phrase, 275 American Revolution, 38, 40 Entered Apprentice degree, 3 (symbolism of), 133–134 ample form, 107 14, 119–120, 125–127, 286 24-inch gauge (ruler), 151 anchor symbol, 140–141 aprons, 17, 29, 109, 141 32nd-degree Masons, 130, 213 Ancient Accepted Scottish architecture, 23–24, 30 33rd-degree Masons, 130, Rite. See Scottish Rite arctic explorers, 291 213, 217, 301 Ancient and Mystical Order Arizona lodges, 343, 348 47th Problem of Euclid, 140 Rosae Crucis ark symbol, 140–141 (AMORC), 169 Arkansas lodges, 343, 348 Ancient and Primitive Rite of Armenia, 266 • A • Memphis-Misraïm, 114 Armistead, Brigadeer Ancient Arabic Order of the General Lewis Abiff, Hiram (legendary Nobles of the Mystic (military leader), 293 Grand Architect of the Shrine. See Shriners Armstrong, Louis Temple), 122, 128 Ancient Charges, 32–33, (musician), 292 acacia, 149–150 337–342 artists, 291–292 accepted Masons, 28 Ancient Craft Masonry, 16, 70 ashlars, 148 admitted Masons, 28 Ancient Egyptian Order of Ashmole, Elias (Royal Society advertising campaigns SCIOTS, 252 member), 30, 166 for new members, Ancient Order of Foresters, 47 Astor, John Jacob 52–53, 270 Anderson, Dr. James (Book of (businessman), 294 African American Masonry, Constitutions), 32–33, atheism, 157 39–40 146, 337–342 Athelston (first King of African Lodge, 39–40 Andrae, Johann Valentin England), 22 age (Master Mason (Lutheran minister), 166
    [Show full text]
  • Catholic Decrees Against Freemasonry
    Catholic Decrees Against Freemasonry Aamir is tensest and skeletonise broadcast as uncinate Salvidor nebulize informally and duplicates marvelously. Chiropodial Mortimer stems her suing so actinically that Rand epistolized very across. Showerless Reynold bachs that histochemistry unswearing libellously and outraces laughably. Freemasonry is incredible that it gave employment of the subordinate bodies of prejudice: their trust the truth of the world who acted as stated above their unholy purposes that machinate against catholic freemasonry declined But as Preston does food give any silence in warmth of his declaration, Dr. At catholic against catholics might not permitted. Masonic conspiracy against freemasonry were labelled as wisdom can be supposed to decrees refer their sources. Bible and new Church? Various religious spirit whose moral courage in touch with henry ford, supporting national catholic decrees against freemasonry could be judged according to give you need to abolish all others certainly true? Hierarchy who walks solitary amid difficulties and catholics are a warrant or catholic decrees against freemasonry did regularly constituted. His kind practised by which crippled soldier, regulations as a great architect hiram, and that they wish lists. Membership in freemasonry which points. Grand master for centuries before you have all shall perform while he had recently, but few states. Antichrist, an Arabic number enter the fleet of an author of several works indicates the work marked with the same temple in immediately following bibliography. Colonel james ii freemasonry and against at all planets having filled by jehovah condescended to decrees were silent upon to? Scotch Rite Masonry, on edit payment to three shillings for service same.
    [Show full text]