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ETHIOPIA MINISTRY of AGRICULTURE and NATURAL RESOURCES Public Disclosure Authorized SFG3502 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Public Disclosure Authorized ETHIOPIA RURAL SAFETY NET PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized ENHANCED SOCIAL ASSESSMENT AND CONSULTATION Public Disclosure Authorized Food Security Coordination Directorate 22 June 2017 Public Disclosure Authorized 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 10 2. SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................................... 15 3. POLICY CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................... 28 4. POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS FOR ERSNP DESIGN ............. 31 4.1 TARGETING ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2 TRANSFERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.3 PUBLIC WORKS AND LINKAGES TO SOCIAL SERVICES ................................................................................. 53 4.5 DIRECT SUPPORT (DS) ................................................................................................................................... 62 4.6 LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT SERVICES .................................................................................................................. 63 4.7 GRADUATION .................................................................................................................................................. 68 4.8 SOCIAL COHESION ......................................................................................................................................... 70 4.9 SOCIAL CONFLICT .......................................................................................................................................... 71 4.10 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS ............................................................................................................. 73 4.11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................................... 75 4.12 CAPACITY ....................................................................................................................................................... 76 4.13 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. 78 4.14 INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT .................................................................................................................... 79 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 80 6. ERSNP SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................................................................... 85 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 89 ANNEX 1: GUIDANCE FOR KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ................................. 90 ANNEX 2: SIGNED COMMUNITY CONSULTATION PARTICIPANT LISTS .................................................................... 95 2 ACKRONYMS BDP Business Development Plan CBPWD Community Based Participatory Watershed Development CFSTF Community Food Security Task Force CSA Central Statistical Agency DA Development Agent DRS Developing Regional States DS Direct Support EPD Ethiopian Pastoralist Day FGD Focus Group Discussion FSP Food Security Program FY Fiscal Year GoE Government of Ethiopia GSD Gender and Social Development GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HABP Household Asset Building HEW Health Extension Worker KAC Kebele Appeals Committee KFSTF Kebele Food Security Task Force KII Key Informants Interview KM Kebele Manager MFI Micro Finance Institutions MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoFA Ministry of Federal Affairs MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MoH Ministry of Health OFSP Other Food Security Program PCDP Pastoral Community Development Project PCHC People’s Complaints’ Hearing Committee PDO Project Development Objective PIM Program Implementation Manual PME Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation PSNP Productive Safety Net Program PW Public Work ERPSP Ethiopia Rural Productive Safety Net RRM Rapid Response Mission RUSACCO Rural Saving and Credit Cooperative SLMP Sustainable Land Management Project SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region TC Technical Committee WFSTF Woreda Food Security Task Force WST Woreda Steering Committee 3 Executive Summary The Ethiopia Rural Safety Net Project (ERSNP) will continue to finance the activities already underway under the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) 4 together with some design improvements. As part of the preparation for the ERSNP, the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has prepared documentation to address World Bank social safeguards requirements in respect of OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples. This Enhanced Social Assessment and Consultation (ESAC) will ensure that the design of the ERSNP is inclusive and equitably supports the most vulnerable and historically underserved populations in Ethiopia. Ethiopia Rural Safety Net Project The ERSNP will support the GoE rural safety net that brings together the PSNP and the humanitarian food assistance provided to meet the food needs of people negatively affected by drought. It will operate in eight regions (Afar, Amhara, Dire Dawa, Harare, Oromiya, Somali, SNNP and Tigray). The ERSNP has been designed to contribute directly to the development priorities of the GoE. GTP II (2015 – 2020) highlights the GoE’s commitment to ensure food security and strengthen disaster risk management (DRM), which are elaborated in the social protection and DRM strategies. In particular, the ERSNP will support the GoE’s aim of putting in place a safety net that scales up in response to shocks in rural areas. Specific higher level objectives for the PSNP that aim to improve food security and asset creation in rural areas, while also contributing to efforts to transform the natural environment and improve nutrition include the following key indicators: (1) average number of months of household food insecurity; (ii) average increase in crop productivity due to public works compared to 2010; and (iii) percentage of households getting water from safe sources within 1km. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to support the GoE in improving the effectiveness and scalability of its rural safety net system. Enhanced Social Assessment and Consultation: Objective The objective is to ensure that the proposed ERSNP meets the needs of all beneficiaries in the appropriate manner with a particular focus on the most vulnerable and historically underserved populations, including: women in male headed and female-headed households, polygamous households, pastoralist households, unemployed rural youth, labour-poor households, the elderly, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs) and labour-poor households, new residents to a woreda and children. This ESAC assesses the progress towards implementation of the PSNP 4 Social Development Plan, prepared as part of the (2014) PSNP 4 ESAC, and the impact of interventions of PSNP 4 on the most vulnerable and historically underserved populations (with a particular emphasis on groups with distinct socio-cultural characteristics. This ESAC will therefore also serve as an updated ESAC for PSNP 4. Methodology This Assessment employed a multiple case-study research design. Data was studied on the status of implementation of the Social Development Plan of PSNP 4 in five communities, of which four were principally pastoral, and one that was culturally-distinct. The Assessment was based on primary data collected through Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FDGs) during fieldwork conducted from 10 – 27 May 2017. Efforts were made to include all categories of community members in all FDGs, including women, youth, public work and direct support beneficiaries, the elderly, PSNP non- beneficiaries. Both KIIs and FDGs were guided by a list of questions that sought to cover all aspects of social safeguards in the ERSNP and the PSNP 4 Social Development Plan. The woredas selected are recognized for their high vulnerability to chronic food insecurity and being home to the most vulnerable and historically underserved groups in Ethiopia. While these woredas are inhabited by distinct socio-cultural groups, each with distinct culture and language, a number of social and cultural traits are shared across these groups. Among these similarities is the role that traditional authority structures still play in the social organization of these communities, a predominantly pastoral 4 mode of livelihood (with the exception of the Konso), the strength of the traditional social protection systems, low levels of urbanization, large household sizes and common polygamous family structures, and a conception of wealth/ poverty which appears to be primarily tied to
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