DOCSLIB.ORG

Peace and Development in Nigeria: the Amnesty Experience in the Niger Delta of Nigeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peace and Development in Nigeria: the Amnesty Experience in the Niger Delta of Nigeria Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution Vol. 4(6), pp. 94-102, December, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JLCR DOI:10.5897/JLCR-11-055 ISSN 2006-9804 ©2012 Academic Journals Review Peace and development in Nigeria: The amnesty experience in the Niger Delta of Nigeria Ambily Etekpe Department of Political Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted 13 June, 2012 Resulting from the harsh federal government policies since the discovery of crude oil in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria in 1956, about 20 separate militant groups emerged to disrupt oil pipelines and kidnapped the oil workers. It peaked in 2008 and literally “forced” the government to reverse its policy of counter-insurgence to that of amnesty on 4 October, 2009 for the Niger Delta militants. The amnesty programme has been described by scholars as one of the most pragmatic strategies and procedures for conflict resolution, peace-building and sustainable development in the region. The programme entails granting of official pardon to the militants and training them to adjust to normal civil life. The training commenced on 5 July, 2010 and to lasted for 13 months, after which, the final phased of re- integration commenced. The programme has been criticized for being too slow and expensive, but has achieved relative peace for government to launch a road map for massive infrastructural and human capital development. Applying Jean-Francois Bayart theory on legitimacy “that the utility of violence has its limitations and diminishes with time when prolonged”, the paper analyzed the impact of the programme on sustainable peace and development in the region. It adopts the secondary method of data collection and complements it with personal interview; and finds that the amnesty programme has been beneficial to the two principal stakeholders – government, and oil companies, but not the host communities and the repentant militants. It concludes with a suggestion for Nigerians to support it, and draws four important lessons for the future, especially that of developing political will to address the „12 evils‟ confronting Nigeria. Key words: Amnesty, peace-building, safety, sustainable development. INTRODUCTION The federal government‟s amnesty programme in The only genuine, long-range solution for what has October, 2009 was borne out of the “doctrine of happened lies in an attack – mounted at every level – necessity” resulting from the militants‟ disruption of crude upon the conditions that breed despair and violence. All oil and gas installations, and kidnapping of foreign oil of us know what those conditions are: ignorance, company workers. The militants prosecuted the war discrimination, slums, poverty, disease, not enough jobs. within the plains, forests and creeks in the region. Their We should (as a matter of urgency) attack these activities crippled the daily output of crude oil production conditions – not because we are frightened by conflict, from 1.2 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2004 to about but because we are fired by conscience. We should 0.80 million bpd in the first quarter of 2009. This attack them because there is simply no other way to adversely affected revenue for the oil-dependent country. achieve a decent and orderly society in America. Kerner (1969) recaptured a similar scenario in the United States (US) during Lyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th He then suggested pro-active programmes and projects President of the US (1963 to 1969) Administration and to address the problem. For President Shehu Musa how the social conflict received renewed emphasis in his Yar‟Adua of Nigeria, the programme was amnesty. The Address to the Nation on 27 July, 1967. He said: amnesty programme has four major phases, beginning Etekpe 95 with pardoning the militants for them to voluntarily Assemblies or school system in the country. This implies renounce violence, followed by disarmament, rehabilita- that these institutions and structures would not function tion, and re-integration (DRR). The phases are designed properly without peace. Thus, for the Niger Delta and to change the mind-set of the militants and facilitate their Nigeria to develop, there has to be enduring peace, and adjustment to normal civil life. Thus, they were trained in the concept is popular amongst politicians and social different areas of skills and entrepreneurship in the activists (Maoz, 1982). Orientation and Rehabilitation Camp in Obubra in Cross The philosophers define peace as a state of perfection River state, Nigeria in batches. The training started on 1 and earthly expression of God‟s kingdom that is not June, 2010 and lasted for 13 months (George, 2006). corrupt. Adherents to this interpretation argue that this The programme has brought about relative peace in was the original aim of God in creating human beings, the region and President Goodluck Jonathan (successor that is, to live in perfect peace with one another, including of Yar‟Adua) has utilized the opportunity of the prevailing nature. St. Augustine (in Sabine and Thorson, 1973) took peace to pronounce some key sustainable development the argument further by distinguishing two Kingdoms that programmes and projects in the region (Weber, 1918). is, the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of man (earth). This paper assesses the implications of the amnesty In the Kingdom of God, there is liberty and perfection, programme on peace and development in the region and absence of violent conflicts and wars. The Kingdom of the country, as well as make suggestions on how to man, on the other hand, refers to where there is strengthen it to serve as a model in other developing exploitation, neglect, backwardness, and perennial countries. conflicts as is the case of the Niger Delta. Thomas The paper is divided into five parts, beginning with this Hobbes describes this kingdom as the „State of Nature‟ introduction. This is followed by clarification of relevant characterized by „perennial conflicts and wars‟ where the concepts applied in the paper, especially that of peace, strong takes advantage of the weak. In an effort to bring security, and development, and discussed the events that about peace, men and women, boys and girls resolved to led to the declaration of amnesty on 4 October, 2009. create a social contract in which each person gives up The paper went on to assess the impacts of the some of his or her rights to form and defend a leviathan programme on peace and development and concludes that is, powerful federal government to, which all are with the suggestion that Nigerians should massively subjected. The philosophical concept is popular amongst support the programme to succeed. the churches and mosques that continue to persuade their adherents to pursue the Kingdom of God (heaven), instead of the kingdom of man (conflict). CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL ISSUES The sociologists interpret peace as a condition of social harmony where the 250 ethnic nationalities in Nigeria, Although the concept of peace seems clear to the along with about 3,000 oil producing/bearing communities generality of people, it requires clarification. Ibeanu (in in the Niger Delta would peacefully co-exist amongst Best, 2006), for example, defines “peace as the absence themselves and MNOCs. The peaceful co-existence is of war” and by logical extension, war is the absence of expected to take place when and where the needs peace. He went further to state that whereas this (wants) of individuals and groups, in the Niger Delta are simplistic understanding of peace is attractive, it is still adequately met. “This would happen”, Karl Marx puts it inadequate for appreciating the true meaning and nature “when there is an efficient and effective system of of peace, thereby necessitating the need to explore other production and distribution of private and public goods interpretations, especially those of instrumentalists, and services” in the state (Nigeria). The sociologists‟ functionalists, sociologists and philosophers. concept dovetailed to that of the political scientists, who The instrumentalists define peace as the means to an see peace as political conditions that makes justice end. This concept is popular amongst the federal govern- possible. This means‟ “peace gives political structures ment and multinational oil companies (MNOCs) and is values and stability” (Miller, 2003). Adherents of this often applied in dealing with over 3,000 crude oil and gas perspective argue that the federal government should producing/bearing communities in the region. To use military and security personnel to handle civil effectively pursue this concept, the federal government conflicts only in extreme cases. It should, instead, introduced the “military option” in 2005 and formed a emphasize „constructive dialogue‟ promoted by people special military unit, known as, Joint Military Task Force like Harold Dappa-Biriye, Yakubu Gowon, Aminu Kano, (JTF) to crush any agitation that was perceived to etc, over the years. interrupt steady flow of oil and gas in the region (Burgess, The concept of security is basically about the condition 1985). The functionalists, on the other hand, see peace of feeling safe from harm or danger; the defense, as playing crucial social functions that serves the orderly protection, and preservation of core-values of the people. operations of social institutions in the country, like For the Niger Delta people, security goes beyond these political parties, Independent National Electoral to that of survival and the conditions of their existence Commission (INEC), court system, State and National (Blakeley, 1995). It has three dimensions, namely: 96 J. Law Conflict. Resolut. traditional, military, and non-military (Williams, 2006). For Due to poor leadership, Nigeria has over the past 50 a brief overview, the traditional security focuses on threat years been battling with political, economic, social, and and the use of regular police force; military security on institutional crises. And as such, issues of peace and the other hand is on protection of the country‟s territorial development have not received the desired attention.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nigeria: the Challenge of Military Reform
    Nigeria: The Challenge of Military Reform Africa Report N°237 | 6 June 2016 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Long Decline .............................................................................................................. 3 A. The Legacy of Military Rule ....................................................................................... 3 B. The Military under Democracy: Failed Promises of Reform .................................... 4 1. The Obasanjo years .............................................................................................. 4 2. The Yar’Adua and Jonathan years ....................................................................... 7 3. The military’s self-driven attempts at reform ...................................................... 8 III. Dimensions of Distress ..................................................................................................... 9 A. The Problems of Leadership and Civilian Oversight ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria and Tanzania: a Comparative, Historical Analysis
    Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria and Tanzania: A comparative, historical analysis Ragnhild Hoel Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Studies) at the Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. P.J. McGowan December 2008 Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in the part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 6 November 2008 Copyright © 2008 Stellenbosch University II Abstract Civil-military relations play an important role in Africa as these relations strongly influence the processes of development and democratisation. This thesis examines civil-military relations in Nigeria and Tanzania, as these two countries have experienced very different ‘patterns of influence, control, and subordination between the armed forces and the wider social environment’. Most theories of civil-military relations have been formulated by Western scholars and this study investigates if these theories are applicable to Nigeria and Tanzania. As only two cases are under focus, this thesis does not aim to dismiss any of the theories or to develop new theory; rather, I suggest new aspects and factors that should be included when studying African civil-military relations. The theoretical framework includes theories by Huntington, Finer, and Janowitz, as well as theories by more recent scholars. After presenting the history of civil- military relations in Nigeria and Tanzania, I analyse the theories’ validity in the two cases by evaluating five hypotheses based on these theoretical frameworks.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuga Games 2017: Benson Idahosa University Emerges Top Private University with 26 Medals
    BENSON IDAHOSA UNIVERSITY THE PIPELINEJUNE - JULY 2017 EDITION | ISSUE 22 Putting the grapevine out of business NUGA GAMES 2017: BENSON IDAHOSA UNIVERSITY EMERGES TOP PRIVATE UNIVERSITY WITH 26 MEDALS Benson Idahosa University recently emerged top private university at the 25th Nigerian University Games Association (NUGA) Games, which was held at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue. Benson Idahosa University was the only pri- vate university that participated at the NUGA Games with a total of 47 athletes, 8 coaches and 5 officials. Out of the 16 NUGA events, Team BIU participated in 7 events namely; Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Chess, Swimming, Tennis and Volleyball. According to records by the NUGA secretariat in Makurdi, a total of 57 universities competed for medals at the sports fiesta and amidst stiff competition, Team BIU emerged second runner-up with 10 gold, 7 silver and 9 bronze medals. Benson Idahosa University proved its superiority by defeating 55 state and federal universities, which included, University of Lagos (UNILAG), Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), University of Nigeria (UNN), University of Benin (UNIBEN), University of Maiduguri (UNIMAID), University of Calabar (UNICAL), University of Jos (UNIJOS), and University of Ilorin. However, Benson Idahosa University won 8 gold, 5 silver and 6 bronze medals in swimming, while in tennis (male single and female single) they garnered 1 gold and 1 bronze medal respectively. Also, the students established their supremacy in bad- minton, by winning 2 bronze medals with an additional gold and silver in chess. Two of our athletes, Amukali Evans and Mohammed Lawal, won Most Valuable Player awards in swimming and tennis respec- tively.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) Was Established in 1930 As One of the Inst
    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) was established in 1930 as one of the institutions used in consolidating colonial rule through repressive tactics in maintenance of law and order (Jemibewon, 2001, Odinkalu, 2005,35: Okoigun, 2000, 2-3; Onyeozili, 2005, Rotimi, 2001:1; Tamuno, 1970). Commenting on the origin of the NPF, Nwolise, (2004: 73-74) notes that “the colonial masters deliberately recruited people one could call street and under-bridge men (area boys in today’s parlance) to establish the early Police Force…the police recruits were not properly trained…and where police officers were then trained with emphasis on human rights, the supremacy of the law and welfare of the community, the seeds of revolt may be sown which would grow within the police and extend to the wider society”. Nwolise particularly noted that there were disparities in Ireland, where Nigerian recruits were trained in military institutions to employ high-handed tactics on the people while their Irish counterparts were trained in a Police Academy to be civil and polite in their engagement with the people. As noted by Olurode (2010: 3) “the succeeding post-colonial state and its leading actors could not have been better schooled in the art of perdition, intrigues and abuse of state power…as they had experienced all possible lessons in subversion and derogation of people’s power”, expressed mainly through the infliction of repressive measures by security forces. Since independence, the NPF has struggled to institute reforms, which seem not to have led to a fundamental change in the strategic objectives, tactics and strategies of law enforcement (Alemika: 2013; Chukwuma, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Ogoniland: the Killing Field
    Ogoniland: The Killing Field ONAGORUWA'S TRAGEDY Canada.... C$ 2.00 Ghana CSOO Saudi Arabia Ris 10 00 Germany DM 3 SO CFA Zone 500s 500 USAUSA $3 50 Italy L 2,000 Sierra Leone Le 300 Zimbabwe $1 30 France 13F Kenya Sh 20 UK C1 50 The Gambia D4 Liberia L$ 2 00 r À ! % Funds Management % Capital Issues — Debt and Equity % Capital Restructuring, Mergers and Acquisitions % Access to NERFUND, NEXIM/RRF, ADB/ESL « Overdraft and Term Loans • Loan Syndication and Financial Intermediation DEVCOM MERCHANT BANK LIMITED — anchor tor etovotopnnont. .HEAD OFFICE. 18A Oko-Awo Close. Victoria Island. Lagos Nigeria Tel. (01) 2610206-8.2613132 Telex 22084 Fax 6*2615 Ca»es Devcom CBN/BSD/ADV/210/575/93 KANO BRANCH 100-104 Murtala Mohammed Way, Kano Tel. (064) 621092 IBADAN BRANCH 1st Floor. Cocoa House. Bank Road. Ibadan. Tel (022)412561.400280.40028* 400282 400283 "TH r Outline AimsHÉd SEPTEMBER 26,1994 NIGERIA’S WEEKLY NEWSMAGAZINE VOL. 20 NO. 13 Nigeria: Cover: 9 Abandoned oil equipment worth more than N1 billion at a flow Browning of station in Rivers State has become Onagoruwa a property free for all After weeks of speculation Politics: 18 about an imminent cabinet New faces in 10 states as Sani reshuffle, General Sani Abacha drops three adminis­ Abacha fired Olu Onago­ trators and redeploys seven others ruwa, September 12, mak­ • Adamu Fika loses battle to stay ing him the first attorney- on as National Assembly director- general as he moves to the general and minister of presidency justice to be given the boot.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Character Principle and National Integration (1999-2011)
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 6, Ver. 6 (June. 2016) PP 01-10 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Federal Character Principle And National Integration (1999-2011) UGWUJA DANIEL I. Department Of Political Science, Enugu State University Of Science And Technology, Nigeria. ABSTRACT:-This research determined whether the application of the federal character principle in solving ethnic tension, national question and inequitable distribution of political power possesses the potentials for achieving national integration which is the prerequisite for economic development. Most of the information in this research was based on the secondary source of data collection. Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has been plagued by ethnic tension and political conflicts which have taken the toll of unity and stability in Nigeria. Various solutions, ranging from the adoption of unitary system, federalism to the creation of states, have been proffered and implemented to the creation of states, proffered and implemented, but the problem has persisted. The adoption of federal character principle in Nigeria is to hold the federating units firm. This research also traced the history of amalgamation and evolution of Nigeria as one political unit. It also analyzed and examined the adoption of the Federal Character Principle as a solution to the problem of ethnic tensions arising from inequitable distribution of political power and posts, its relevance to the solution on ethnic tensions and marginalization. Keywords:- National integration, amalgamation, economic development, political power and ethnic tension. I. INTRODUCTION The concept of federal character is a device through which every section of a nation would take part in the decision making process.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigerian State and the Management of Oil Minority Conflicts in the Niger Delta: a Retrospective View
    African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 6(5), pp. 97-103, June 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR11.097 ISSN 1996-0832 ©2012 Academic Journals Review Nigerian State and the management of oil minority conflicts in the Niger Delta: A retrospective view Olusegun Adeyeri Department of History and International Studies, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 08023206809, 08060746435. Accepted 02 March, 2012 Controversy generated by oil minority rights and agitations in the Niger Delta is as old as the Nigerian State. On the eve of Nigeria’s independence, even before the exploitation of oil commenced in the Niger Delta, a colonial government commission of enquiry, the Willink Commission of 1957/1958, acknowledged its peculiar developmental needs and thus recommended a developmental board. The Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB) that was consequently established by the Tafawa Balewa administration in 1961, which hardly made an impact before the chaotic political situation culminating in the 1967 to 1970 civil war which finally truncated the prospects of its success. About three decades later, on account of serious discontent over growing conditions of socio-economic and political deprivations, agitations by the Niger Delta peoples turned militant, violent and ultimately degenerated into an armed struggle that threatened the stability and progress of the country. Various Nigerian administrations responded to the challenge through an admixture of legal/constitutional, coercive, as well as pacifist strategies. However, fifty years after independence, the festering conflict in the Delta alongside its critical national consequences is just beginning to elicit signs of abating.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military: Journalists As Coup Plotters
    1<' £ THE The Press as a Promoter of Military Rule 1-_---­-- ... DAEYO U ---...r.......-~- --­__ _ _­.. - ... ..... - -.-"";.---.._- ... --_---- ... .---_.._ ---..­.. - ... .. r... ___ _-­ _ ._._-~­ .. .. _........ _-- - ..-_ ... - --­ " •-_ . __---.. 4_ .....-.---­_-_. ---~-. ..----­.~ -.... .----­--..----­...... _--- ---­--­ .- -- I----- ':;.::...-~- _ • --..,...-- _ __ .. I ' I /._.. _ _4._ ___.. - .. __ .-.... ._,...... -. __ . ...'- -. ..... __ ....... -............----... -._- -....,.._,---... .... -----­....--_._ --....... _­ .. _- ..-----­ __ .... -.. -:- -=='....::~..; -. _--_.... -_- .~-- ..... -_._.. _-­ ~'7-.""'7' ~ -_.. .. _.'. -_ .. _-_..... - --..... ....... " -_ - __ .. - _.. ._­ . -_._--­_.. _.. ._... _--... _.. :::=C:.:::"':~ __ ::=.:.":..~-:.:: -----... '-'- '- -..... ---,.....-__ ... -.... -~-.....---_._... t==":"~~ .... ....... _-- ... __._ ._ - =~~~. ':= =::-.---­ -..._.............. .-... .... --_ .. - ~_t_--- .. __ _ :-.:;::::::-..::.~..::- .. _.. '."_ '_...... -_.. ............. - ..... 1~~~~1~~~ ::n""1,::':;:;::'-:-_ ... _---- -_ .......--- _-...... - ---_..---....-----, ___- .... ,...-..... .. _-- ... ::::..~.::-:::. " I'· -_.----.. I t .......-.,....._.. ....-- ....-...... - -.. .._ =..... ...:L":t..:::.. u. ...... _ _ _-_ - .............. _........ ... ... -----~ -... ..-- ::!':t--------... ":".=i:':= ......... _n_.... ---"'---·".. .....-- .. l il~I~~li~iji i --._..._ .. '..·.. --_ -- ... I E~;~ -_--, ,Z":-O;:--"""'-'..... ---- .._ ... ....... _-- .... _W_ o ""!l'- __ __ ___10 .......... ---- -­....... _"----­.
    [Show full text]
  • NIGERIA: No End to Internal Displacement
    NIGERIA: No end to internal displacement A profile of the internal displacement situation 19 November, 2009 This Internal Displacement Profile is automatically generated from the online IDP database of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). It includes an overview of the internal displacement situation in the country prepared by the IDMC, followed by a compilation of excerpts from relevant reports by a variety of different sources. All headlines as well as the bullet point summaries at the beginning of each chapter were added by the IDMC to facilitate navigation through the Profile. Where dates in brackets are added to headlines, they indicate the publication date of the most recent source used in the respective chapter. The views expressed in the reports compiled in this Profile are not necessarily shared by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The Profile is also available online at www.internal-displacement.org. About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council, is the leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide. Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations. At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Elixir Journal
    54228 Emejuru Peter Ikechukwu and Bamidele Joseph Adekunle / Elixir Social Studies 141(2020) 54228-54237 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Social Studies Elixir Social Studies 141(2020) 54228-54237 The State, Militancy, Amnesty and Niger Delta Emejuru Peter Ikechukwu1 and Bamidele Joseph Adekunle2 1National Orientation Agency Rivers State Directorate Port-Harcourt Rivers State. 2Department of Public Administration, Federal University, Gashua Yobe State. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The study was an examination of the Amnesty Programme proclaimed for militants in the Received: 4 March 2020; Niger-Delta by the President Umaru Musa Yar‟Adua‟s administration in 2009, within the Received in revised form: context of the role of the Nigerian State in the management and resolution of the 27 March 2020; conflicts. This was against the backdrop of the protracted conflicts that engulfed the Accepted: 7 April 2020; region. At the peak of the conflicts, there were frequent attacks and vandalizations of oil and gas pipelines and installations, of and the rampant abductions of expatriates by Keywords militant groups spread over five hundred camps in the creeks of the Niger-Delta. The State, total population for the area studied was 31, 224,577. Major findings of the study Militancy, revealed that the Amnesty Programme proclaimed for militants in the Niger-Delta was to Amnesty, stop the carnage perpetrated by the militants and usher in peace, progress and Niger Delta Region. development in the region. This no doubt entrenched durable peace in the Nigeria-Delta Region of Nigeria. Thus the paper clearly elucidates on the importance of the Amnesty programme as a very vital instrument of sustainable peacebuilding, and emphasizes on the need for holistic reforms that addresses despoliation, pauperization and colossal underdevelopment of Niger Delta region, which were the raison d‟etre for the crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • By Williams Apikins Maina August, 2015
    THE STATE AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME FOR MILITANTS IN THE NIGER-DELTA BY WILLIAMS APIKINS MAINA PhD/SOC-SCI/5303/2009-10 (Bsc. Pol/Sc, 1994, Msc Pol/Sc, 2003, MPA, 2009) (ABU, Zaria) DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, AUGUST, 2015 DECLARATION I, Williams Apikins Maina sincerely declare that this Thesis titled ―The State and Conflict Management in Nigeria: An Examination of the Amnesty Programme for Militants in the Niger-Delta‖ was written by me in the Department of Political Science and International Studies under the meticulous supervision and guidance of Prof. Pual Pindar Izah, Prof. Ayo Rauf Dunmoye and Prof. Hudu Ayuba Abdullahi. I wish to further attest that no part of this Thesis had been presented elsewhere for any other degree. I also declare that all sources of information used in this research were duly distinguished and acknowledged by means of references. _____ _____ Williams Apikins Maina Signature Date ii CERTIFICATION This Thesis titled ―The State and Conflict Management in Nigeria: An Examination of the Amnesty Programme for Militants in the Niger-Delta by Williams Apikins Maina meets the regulations governing the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and had been approved by the undersigned for its contribution to knowledge and literary work. ________ _________ Prof. Pual Pindar Izah Signature Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ______ ________ Prof. Ayo Rauf Dunmoye Signature Date Member, Supervisory Committee _____ ______ Prof. Hudu Ayuba Abdullahi Signature Date Member, Supervisory Committee _______ ____ Dr.Yusufu Abdullahi Yakubu Signature Date Head of Department _______ _____ Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • C$2 00 • Ghana 300 C2 000 • Saudi Arabia SR10 00 • Germany DM3 50 • CFA Zone 1,500 • USA . $3 50 • Italy 12 00C Zimb
    y\ C$2 00 • Ghana C2 000 • Saudi Arabia SR10 00 • Germany DM3 50 • CFA Zone 1,500 • USA . $3 50 • Italy 12 00C 300 Zimbabwe $’30 • France 13F • Kenya Sh20 • UK £2 00 • The Gambia D4 • Liberia L$2 00 mmmm One more patient mny die from Malaria before you read this over. Worldwide, some 3 million people die yearly fiom malaria related complications, while 2.5 billion people in 90 countries aie at risk, but they need not be. Malaria and other common ailments are easily curable if essential diugs ate readily available. Yet from experience, where such drugs aie available, they aie almost unaffordable by most Nigerian families. That is why at the Petroleum (Special) Trust Fund (PTF), we are working to ensure that essential drugs for ante natal care and curable ailments such as waterborne, parasitic, and childhood diseases among otheis, come within the reach of every Nigerian. To obtain your dr ugs at a ctieap rate all you need do is get a doctor ;s pi esci iption from any Fedeial, State or Local government health institution. All PTF drugs feature our logo and are approved for quality and genuiness by the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Conti ol (NAFDAC) In the last two years, we have commissioned several local pharmaceutical firms to provide drugs worth 3.7 billion Naha to boost health care services to the Nation; in the process creating job opportunities and most importantly saving lives. Making Essential Drugs Available & Affordable PETROLEUM (SPECIAL) TRUST FUND .. Here to sen/e.
    [Show full text]