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Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta This PDF is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Licence. Further details regarding permitted usage can be found at http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Print and ebook editions of this work are available to purchase from Zed Books (www.zedbooks.co.uk). A frica Now Africa Now is an exciting new series, published by Zed Books in association with the internationally respected Nordic Africa Institute. Featuring high-quality, cutting-edge research from leading academics, the series addresses the big issues confronting Africa today. Accessible but in-depth, and wide-ranging in its scope, Africa Now engages with the critical political, economic, socio logical and development debates affecting the continent, shedding new light on pressing concerns. Nordic Africa Institute The Nordic Africa Institute (Nordiska Afrikainstitutet) is a centre for research, documentation and information on modern Africa. Based in Uppsala, Sweden, the Institute is dedicated to providing timely, crit ical and alternative research and analysis of Africa and to cooperating with African researchers. As a hub and a meeting place for a growing field of research and analysis, the Institute strives to put knowledge of African issues within reach for scholars, policy-makers, politicians, the media, students and the general public. The Institute is financed jointly by the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). www.nai.uu.se Forthcoming titles Prosper B. Matondi, Kjell Havnevik and Atakilte Beyene (eds), Biofuels, Land Grabbing and Food Security in Africa Mats Utas (ed.), African Conflicts and Informal Power: Big Men and Networks Titles already published Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi (eds), The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions Ilda Lindell (ed.), Africa’s Informal Workers: Collective Agency, Alliances and Transnational Organizing in Urban Africa Iman Hashim and Dorte Thorsen, Child Migration in Africa Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad (eds), Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-violence About the editors Cyril Obi is a senior researcher, and leader, Research Cluster on Conflict, Displacement and Transformation, at the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. He has been on leave since 2005 from the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA), Lagos, where he is an associate research professor. In 2004, Dr Obi became the second Claude Ake Visiting Professor at the University of Uppsala. He is the recipient of the following international recognition/awards: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) Governance Institute Fellow in 1993; fellow of the Salzburg Seminar 1994; SSRC-MacArthur Foundation visiting fellow in 1996; visiting fel- low to the Africa Studies Centre (ASC), Leiden; and visiting fellow and senior research associate, St Antony’s College, Oxford, from October 1999 to March 2000. In 2001, he was a fellow of the 21st Century Trust conference on ‘Rethinking security for the 21st century’, also held at Oxford. He is a contributing editor to the Review of African Political Economy, and is on the editorial board of the African Journal of International Affairs, the African Security Review and the Review of Leadership in Africa. Dr Obi has been a guest editor of journals such as African and Asian Studies and the African Journal of International Affairs. His most recent book, co-edited with Fantu Cheru, is The Rise of China and India in Africa (Zed Books, 2010). Siri Aas Rustad is a researcher at the Centre for the Study of Civil War at the Peace Research Institute Oslo. Her research is mainly concerned with post-conflict natural resource management, with a particular focus on Nigeria. Other research interests include the role of natural resources in conflict and the geography of conflict. Oil and insurgency in the Niger Delta Managing the complex politics of petro- violence edited by Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad Zed Books london | new york Oil and insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the complex politics of petro-violence was first published in association with the Nordic Africa Institute, PO Box 1703, se-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden in 2010 by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London n1 9jf, uk and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, usa www.zedbooks.co.uk www.nai.uu.se Editorial copyright © Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad 2011 Copyright in this collection © Zed Books 2011 The rights of Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad to be identified as the editors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 Set in OurType Arnhem, Monotype Gill Sans Heavy by Ewan Smith, London Index: [email protected] Cover designed by Rogue Four Design Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group, King’s Lynn and Bodmin Distributed in the usa exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, llc, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, usa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available isbn 978 1 84813 808 7 hb isbn 978 1 84813 807 0 pb isbn 978 1 84813 809 4 eb Contents Tables, figures and maps | vii Acronyms | viii Map of the Niger Delta states | x Introduction: Petro-violence in the Niger Delta – the complex politics of an insurgency . 1 Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad PART ONE Causes of conflict, state (in)capacities 1 The Nigerian state, oil and the Niger Delta crisis . .17 Ukoha Ukiwo 2 Capacity and governance deficits in the response to the Niger Delta crisis . 28 Babatunde A. Ahonsi 3 The struggle for resource control and violence in the Niger Delta . 42 Rhuks Ako 4 The Niger Delta crisis and the question of access to justice . .55 Engobo Emeseh 5 The Ijaw National Congress and conflict resolution in the Niger Delta . 71 Ibaba Samuel Ibaba 6 Changing the paradigm of pacification: oil and militarization in Nigeria’s Delta region . 83 Charles Ukeje 7 Nigeria’s oil diplomacy and the management of the Niger Delta crisis . 99 Kayode Soremekun PART TWO Conflict actors’ dynamics 8 ‘Mend Me’: the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and the empowerment of violence . 115 Morten Bøås 9 Popular and criminal violence as instruments of struggle in the Niger Delta region . 125 Augustine Ikelegbe 10 Swamped with weapons: the proliferation of illicit small arms and light weapons in the Niger Delta . 136 Nils Duquet 11 Women’s protests in the Niger Delta region . 150 Oluwatoyin Oluwaniyi PART THREE Oil MNCs’ response(s) 12 Corporate social responsibility and the Niger Delta conflict: issues and prospects . 167 Uwafiokun Idemudia 13 Labelling oil, contesting governance: Legaloil.com, the GMoU and profiteering in the Niger Delta . 184 Anna Zalik 14 Conclusion: amnesty and post-amnesty peace, is the window of opportunity closing for the Niger Delta? . 200 Cyril Obi and Siri Aas Rustad Notes | 211 Bibliography | 225 About the contributors | 245 Index | 247 vi Tables, figures and maps Tables 5.1 INC engagement approaches and demands . 77 9.1 Kidnapping/hostage-taking in Bayelsa state, 2004–07 . 132 12.1 Educational distribution of respondents by village . 173 12.2 Respondents’ employment in oil MNCs by village . 173 12.3 Nature of respondents’ employment by village . 174 12.4 Public sector roles . 179 12.5 CSR roles and government agencies. 180 13.1 State and clan affiliation of ‘hosts’ to the Soku gas plant. 194 Figures 5.1 Projects of the presidential committee on the disbursement of the 1.5 per cent oil-producing areas development fund, indicating projects allocated to old Rivers state and the share of Bayelsa state . 74 5.2 Comparison of revenue allocation to six geopolitical zones of Nigeria . 80 12.1 Conceptual linkage of CSR and conflict in the Niger Delta . 169 12.2 Corporate–community relations practices. 170 12.3 Comparison of monthly allocations to Rivers state and other Nigerian states . 181 Maps 1 The Niger Delta states. x 13.1 The region around the Soku gas plant . 193 vii Acronyms CASS Centre for Advanced Social Science CD Community Development CEO chief executive officer COMA Coalition for Militant Action in the Niger Delta CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DDR disarmament, demobilization and reintegration ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EIA environmental impact assessment EITI Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative EU European Union FAL fusil automatique leger (light automatic rifle) FNC fabrique nationale carabine (assault rifle) FNDIC Federated Niger Delta Ijaw Communities GDP gross domestic product GMoU Global Memorandum of Understanding ICG International Crisis Group ILO International Labour Organization INC Ijaw National Congress INYM Ijaw National Youth Movement IOC international oil company IYC Ijaw Youth Council JRC Joint Revolutionary Council JTF Joint Task Force JVA joint venture agreement LUA Land Use Act MEND Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MNC multinational corporation MOSIEND Movement for the Survival of the Ijaw Ethnic Nationality in the Niger Delta MOSOP Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People MoU memorandum of understanding N naira NAOC Nigerian
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