LingAeg6 (1999),141,-1.51 'AYIN EGYPTIAN IN VARIATION WITH D
Helmut Satzinger,Wien
Summary Afroasiatic *d yields basicallyEgn.'. Before voiced consonants,however, both . and d are att€sted.This provisional result is corroborated by an analysis of phoneticroot doubletswith an opposition'versus d.* 'Ayin In the secondmillennium B.C. Egyptian was used to render Canaanite'Ayin, 'Ayin 'Ayin andin the first millennium Aramaic wasused to renderEglptian (cf. as an overeiew Satzinger 1997: 27-29). This is more or less the basis on which the 'Ayin traditionalEgyptological concept of the phonericsof rests. However, 'Ayin does not behave like a pharyngal occlusive in respect to co-occurence restrictions in Egyptian roots. Instead it behaveslike a dental or alveolar occlusive. O. Rössler's conclusionthat it must be of a dental(or alveolar)articulation (Rössler 1971: 270-275) is cogent, althoughit is opposedto the numerousetymologies suggested so far that 'Ayins 'Ayin equatethe of both Eglptian and Semitic.In Rössler'sview, Egyprian is a voiced plosive [d]. It must not be confusedwith the sound,or phoneme,that traditional Eglptological transcriptionrenders as d. ln Rössler's view, the latter is rather an emphatic plosive, tanscribed t. Many rccently published ety'rnologiesimply that Egyptian d m ay correspondto an AA emphaticdental, although it correspondsin othersto a voicedocclusive, *d.l In fact, it doesnot follow from Rössler'sdeduction that Egyptian d must be emphaticin every irstance. His primary argumentis that f}le . emphaticslot ofthe dentalsis neitherorcupied by r, theunvoiced plosive, nor by [d], the voiced plosive, thus leaving d for it. He further supports his assumption by pertinentetymologies, such as,for example, 'to Egypttanknd, Qnd becomeangry, furious,' Semitic ONL with meaningslike 'to become angry, to feel hurt, to frustrate, to despair, to fear, to be concemed'(Rössler 1971:285, $ 5) 'to 'to Egyptiankdf collect,' Semitic QTP gather(fruirs)' (Rössler f91I: 282, g 2, following Calice1936: 41 no. 94 and32 no. 46) On the other hand,it may be imaginedthat *d did not shift from the dental articulation [d] to a phartngal articulation[] in all cases.A conservativearticulation may have been retaiaedin local idioms or linguistic norms (cf. Znidler 1992: 208; Schentel 1993;
I amindebted to Agnesand Georg Stilfried for conectingmy English. Ci Vycichl 1985:179. For Egn.d as a rcflex of AA * I seeDiakonoff 1995:26 rro.27lt 29 no. 220t 30 'nos.221.222, 31 no.224 etc.;for Egn.d asa rcflexof AA *d se€Diakonoff 1996i6 no.246i 8 w.249|' 9 Do.250:9-10 no.252 etc.- Ehret1995 claims AA *d to corespondto Egn.d (seepp. 125-137),but AA * J to Egn.r (se€pp. 167-173). 142 Helmut Satzinget
Satzinger 1994: 202-204), or it may have been conditioned by particular phonetic contexts (cf. Satziager, printing). Whenever AA *d retained the dental plosive articulationin Egyptianit hasobviously become"emphatic". For Egyptial d (i.e. (d)) = Coptic T behavesall the same,whether < + .t or < *d. A decisionin favourofRössler's results (viz., AA *d - Egn.', A,q *1 - Egn. d) or the traditional view cannot be made by simply adducingfavourable et)'rnologiesand rejecting opposirrgones (cf. Zeidler 1992:206-207). lJrJ:oughcritical assessmentslike lhe most recentcontribution by J. Osing (1997) ate welcome, attemplsof a different dimensionare called for. Röss1er'sapproach is not basedon etymologiesbut ratler on his crucial observation of the incompatibilities (co-occurrencerestrictions) of root consonants. Until now, none of Rössler's critics has been able to disprove this particular argument. On a former occasion(Satzinger, printilg) I tried to show a way to obtain more lucid results in respectto the etymological correspondencesof the Eglptian dental plosives. I proceeded from the Afroasiatic roots established in D'jakonov's Comparative-HßtoricalDictionary of the Afrasian l"anguages,2endeavouring on the one hald to increasethe number of Egyptiand reflexesof AA *d, and on the other to 'corresponding adduceevidence of Egyptian to AA *d. Although ample sPacewas grantedto the authors, I had to rcstxict my documentationto AA roors commencing with *d, and having a labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, laEral or velar occlusive as a secondroot consonant,thus leaving out the nasals,the liquids and what is called weak consonants,and all roots with consonantsother than *d in t}le fust, and *d in aly but the first consonant position. This yielded, as a provisional result, a remartable structuring of the etymologies. If the second consonantis *b, or *g/gw, possible Egyptianreflexes with d andothers with 'in the first position were found. AA roots + +ä +i dVd may appearin Eglptian either as " ot asdd.In AA roots with +s, *c, or in 'prevailed the secondposition, Egyptianreflexes with by far, the second consonant being realised as d (which is d, according to Rössler). With *k/kte as the second consonant,Eglptiaa displayseither * (AA */r having become"emphatic") or sk (!), 'l whereasAA *dI4
My work wasböed on paft II of the Russianedition: DJakonov 1982: 3-93. Tb€{eis i! bct alsoarevised English vef,sion: Diakonoff 1993/199411995al195b11997. Egntian 'Ayin in Variarion with d 143 reflectedby Egyptian U. It is mainly in fhe conüextof v o i c e d occlusivesthat AA *d maybe reflected by either 'or din Egyptian.3 As statedabove, further evidencewas omittedfrom the papermentioned. It may, however,be summarisedhere: AA *dVrr seemsto appearin Eg'?tian as 'm, 1, dm, dn, perhapsalso as '3;*dVn maybe h, dn, perhapsalso as 'i;, for *dVr and *dW there aretentative entries with ? anddi; etc. Note that all theseconsonants in secondposition arevoiced ir AA. For various reasonsthese results could be regardedas provisional or even prematue. But to a ceftain extentthey arecorroborated by other evidence.If we accept that AA *d may be reflectedby Egyptiar d in a context of voiced consonantsonly, though also by ', a certainnumber of lexical doubletsshould be expectedin Egyptian thatdisplay 'in onecase and d in theother. Suchevidence has in fact beenproduced, such as the following: '0) 'hand, lower arm' (cf. +dj 'hand',deduced from hieroglypha; probably Rössler1971:285 $ 6; extantin prepositionmJj for whichsee below, 'five' Schenkel1993: 140) no. 11;perhaps related to dj.]r, (Vycichl 1985:179; Roccati 1995: 361) Calice(1936: 25 no. 11)related *dj to Semitic*yal- ald someCushitic forms whereas Rössler(1971: 285-286 $ 6) regardedff) (*id) asa reflexof *yad-. In his paper, ,,Ueber die Verschiedenleitenvon geschriebenerund gesprochener Sprache",given at the Sixth IntemationalCongress, Turin, 1991, F. Kammerzell mentionedlburteen pertinent ilems.4
1) 'i 'hier(her)' dj'hie(her)' There is perfect semanticagreement. The substitutionof i by j ia dj can be accounted for by ä phonetic developmenl I must have becomemute by the time of the New Kingdom; hence,there is virtually perfectphonetic agreement. The attestationof 9 is slightlyearlier. Coptic has preserved the d doubletonly: Txi 'here', cf. ,8 TH 'there.'
2) 'i.l'l€inenart' d.ij.lr'Leinenstoffe' As no semanticdetails are known, the agreementremains hypothetical. Both forms are first attestedin the Pyramid Texts. Coptic el\ÄY is rcgardedas deriving from 'i. r. 'to In AA, onemay compare*tVr II plait,to sew' (Diakonoff1995a no.236)-
In Diakonoff 1995a/b therc is much variation betwe€n xr ard xd (also ct. T€rdlet 1992: ZO9r. Irl some casesthe Egyptian 'doublet may be derived from the AA +d varian! whereasthe Egyptian d root may be connectedwith the AA *t variant Diakoloff 1995b: 14 no. 265 *dac,vat. *1ac 'lolife; 'massaüe'; 'knife; to cut'; Egn. ?.r ds flint; to cut.' The publication of the paper in the Acts of tbe congrcss does not give the list mentioned, for reasonswhich the autlor explains (Kammerzel 1993), but ct Zeidler (19921208). I am obliged to Dr. Kalunerzell for sending me a copy of his hand-out. 144 HelmutSatzinger 'spritzen';2.'erzeugen; 'ejakulieren' 3) 'i'1. Sperma' didi The semanticagrcement is satisfactory(pace Osng 1997:.229).As didl is attestedas lat€ as the New Kingdom when i had becomemute, the presenceof the final 3 may be interpretedas a graphic phenomenon- a sort of hlperconect spelling. But also a variant structüed ABAB for an ABA form would be nothing extraordinary.sA root 'to variant without reduplicationis di copulate' (Faulkner,Dictionary,309 Book of the Deaü. 'i' is att€stedeaiy, d\ü is of the New Kingdom. Not presewedin Coptic. 'outpour, Diakonoff(1995b no. 315) quotesdldl fot he AA root +dE I moisture.' +da) 'to Orel/ Stolbova(1994: 136 no. 591)quote Egn. di for an AA root udnate'to *dad- 'to ejaculate,!0 perspire',but (1994:141 no. 614) Egn' üü for flow, to be wel.'
'Feige(nbaum)' 4) 'lb (Baumsorte) dlb Perfect phonetic agreement.However, in the attestationsof the "tree" there is no hint whatsoeverto a fig-tree. For this reasonJ. 7-erdlet,in his evaluationof Kammerzell's list (Zeidler 1992:208),remained sceptical. In the meantime,R. Hölzl has referredme 'lb,o 'fig' re- to a spelling 5j for dlb n an Old Kingdom inscriptio which she is publishhg in the CorpusAntiquitatum Aegyptiacarum of the Vienna collection (Hölzl, 'figs' in preparation).There is no doubt whatsoeverabout the mearringas the here are an item of the caronical list of offeringsthat is otherwisespelt dib (seeBarta 1963: 49 no.71). 'ib 'to Further corroborationcomes from the verb becomepleasanl' Actually, all other verbs of quality of similar meaningare relatedto words for sweet fruits and'/or 'ib 'ib, 'fig', 'jb thet treeswhich suggeststhat is also relatedn dlb, val. and that the tree is the fig-tree: 'male jr?xi'to becomepleasant, friendly' jml .t , ^ frttitl' jm3 date-palm' bnj8 ',o O"aorn"t*a"t, pleasant' bnj' date;bnj.t'dat€-Palm' 'to 'carcb-tree' ndm becomesweet, pleasant'e ndm 'fig'; 9b 'to becomepleasant, desirable' dlb,var.'lb, 3b,a treelo
'sicb 229.I havenot€d the followingcäses of ABA witb ABAB doüblets:9' 5 PaceOslnl 1997: '\eAelzen' %9 'pralllen';tn', ttltn 'Füßefrottieren';ü', tü'Kehle'; nkn ' nknkt rähmen', 'Blänter ' 'verletztesAuge'; ini, ,inin 'zgtstanen';dfl, dfdf'Ttopfen:ürd, drdr (derBäume) The caseof ,ii,i, ,üii 'verfehlen'may be compe€dwith dldl far *did, tie final i being possibly a hypercorectiol.(All quoteqformy convenience,ftom the "BeinlichList", for which cf bttp: //www.newton.cam.ac.uldegFvtest/beidich.htnl) 6 Jünker1943:236 fig. 98, fifth line, sixth entry ftom left. ^ znvl ? Offeringlist from üe Mastabaof Miqr, Vi€nna8533 eM , 140). 8 BeginBingfrom theMK, it is usuallywritten ü4r which is mostprobably a hyperconecflon;s€e Schenkel1965:114. AIab.no'ina'ta becomeexcellen! soft, pleasant',Heb. na'sn'to becomelovely, cbarming'; 9 *na'- seeCalice 1932:69 no. 234 (accoidingto Ehtet (1995i 322llo, 626), from atr AA root 'to 'to - 'to be soft' - alsoext Dt in Arab.na"d becomeweek' andnahrt becomelimp' plus adjectivisingsuffix *-tn; however,his Cushitic*na'- is Dotfound in Dolgopol'skij 1973)' EglT,tian'Ayh in Variationwiü d 145
The 3b tree is ffustattested in the Plramid Texts, and so is the verb 9b; the variant .jb 'fig' 'fig' is of the late O1dKingdom. dib is firsr aftestedin the Pyramid Texts. Neither form is preservedin Coptic. Diakonoff(1995a no. 239)quotes Egn. d,'b for theAA rootaryb 'txee.'1r
'Horn' 5) t db 'Hom' From t, CopticB pOfl is derived;from db, CopticT\fl. Osing(1997: 229) poina o tlre difference in syllable structure and vocalisation (*'ribVw versus *dib or adub) which meansthat we arenot dealingwith two realisationsof the sameword, but ruther - very probably- two realisationsof the sameroot. It may be a tabooexpression with a meaninglike +'pusher.'r2 It could be imagined that db, T\n is the active perfective 'to panicipleof a verb *bldb push,'l3 viz. *dib (seeOsing 1987:340-341), while t(ir), eon is a nomenagentis, *'a?Vw (seeOsing 1976: 186). t' is from the Old Kiagdom, db ftom the SecondIntermediate Period.
6) % (Hundename) db (Hundename) T\e Wönerbuchhas notdb, b,rt db.t.t, as also Jarssen(1958: 181 no.30; also cf. 'jackal' Fischer1961: 153). -jh db (Vycichl 1958:383 no. 16) is a variarr of -jffi, *Njs" l.!=Jo r:u in cf t, 289b and rhereforea different lexemeand atteststo a different phenomenon(viz., d as variant of zla). Other forms are tw (Ianssen1958: 179 no. 15,from Old Kingdom;181 no. 31, from Middle Kingdom), 'bw.tj.w(ib.: 179no. 10; Old Kingdom). This equationremains at besthypothetical as the mearingsof thesedog's namesare unknown. t hasbeen tentatively adduced (Satzinger, printing) for the AA root *dap tr 'to pursue,to search'@iakonoff 1995b no.246; aisocf. Orel/ Stolbova1994: 138 'to no. 596 +da'ao- follow'. andno. 600 adab-.id.).
'ib 'to 'ar?b 'pleasürt' 'arab 'to 10 Egn. becomgpleasatrt' has beeü cmpaed with Heb, , become pleasarf (Calice 1936,.125 ro.519, folowing F-mber1911: 88), but also with Aüb. iar-rb 'sfrange' 'ib, (Ember1917: 85 no. 111);Egn. a tree,has been compared with Arab.idrdb, Heb. ?rdb, 'willow tree' (Calice1936: 125 vr. 520, following Enber 1917: 85 no. 110). From a Rössledanviewpoint tlese resemblancesare eith€r fortuitous or theresult of borowings. l1 TheEgyptian would suggestan AA mot doublet*dfb. tz Even today,huDters use nümerous gxpressions of this kind, wbile meticulouslyavoiding lhe nomralterms for the gameand the partsof iß body. 'l 13 Ct Diakonoff1995b: no.24'1.AA*dVp'to push,to prcss',and olel / Stolbova1994: 172 Do.753: AA *drp'to push.' 'vercinigen' 'zusaDmenbinden'; 14 Cl ü'1z'durchziehetr: &rd'b€Eeten'; zni : dfl; zt 'abscbneiden' 'abschneiden': dn (anddrdr) (Schenkel1993: 145); zDflbn 'sich eryeherli dbnbn 'dEchwand€rn(einen ft)' (Vycicbt1985: U2). - Thef,eare also root doubletswith variationof ' and z; se€Karimef,zell's 1991 band-outmentioned abovg, ar]d ü pn' lmwsnd€n', pnt' 'mebfmzlsumdxehen' : pnz 'um&ehen'(Ward 1977: 280). 146 Helmut Satzinger
7) 9.t 'Weberin'(?) dbj.r (Stoffsorte) Tnidler (1992:208) is scepticalabout this item. Thereseems to be, however, additional evidencefor these root doublets with meaningsco Ected with weaving and liaen: 'reiru(?)' ti(l)t 'ribbon' (Meeks,AZ 77.0612;Meeks, AL 78.0684):tv(r) (Ir4eeks, AL 78.0678);sdb (s4b ?), smoothseam of linen-cloth(14&. IV' 368);sdb (s4b ?)' a dress(ib). Nevertheless,the equationremains hypothetica.l. +dop 'to t.t has beententatively adduced (Satzinger, printing) for the AA root I plait, to sew' (D'jakonov 1982 no. 105; this root is not included in the Englisch *t 'tyinc' edition,Diakonoff 1995b; but cf. Diakonoff!995ano- 224, ftr plaitinc')'
8) t.f (Pflanzenart) dbj.t (Pflanzenart) Hypothetical,for lack of semanticdetails.
'Stehblock' 9) hw (Stehsorte) dnj jnr hdnfr n hw'goodwhite stoneof ...' is a termfor limestone,in confastto Jnr &d nfr n rv,tit whichmeanssandstone; both expressionsdate back to ttreMiddle Kingdom' 'steinblock' - In adclitionto d,1i (Wb. V, 466,8' with referenceto O' Gardiner 51' dynasty 18), comparcdnw, a piece (of stone?)used for mendinga monolithic obelisk of granite,arrd probably being of the samematerial (cf. Wb - V , 464'6' with reference to Urk- IY and Late Egyptiandnw, probably a stoneused for masonry (Wente ,367 ,2), 'and 1961:257 note n). The ssmanticagreement seems poor, one will doubtthar the d wordsare doublets.
'gehen' 10) 'gi (Verbum der Bewegung) dgi The semanticcoherence is not cogent,though not irnpossible(it is rcjectedby Osing 1997:229). *dagJ*dig-':'0 Orel/ Stolbova(1994'. 143 tto- 619) quote dgi for an AAroot 8o"
11) rr-"mit, bei' m4j'miI"bei' 'in Both prepositionsare assumedto mean the hand of' (see,e'g, Schenkel1993: 'hand,' 140).For '(D anddj, seeabove. Coptic has NT\z, NTe-'
12) blr'einfassen' bdn'einwickeh' The semanticcoherence is not cogent,though possible (it is rejectedby Osing 1997: 229); the phonericagreemenl is good' though bdn has a variant with metathesis,bnd' All forms are attestedin Lat€ Egyptianonly. Diakonoff (1994 no' 80) quotesbdn 'garment, for AA *bal tr wrapping'süap; to wrap, to tie'' Ehret's(1995:91 no' 39) 'mounting +-ba'- 'to quoting of b9r (what a statue,etc., sits on)' for an AA root sit' is not convincing. Egntian 'Ayin in Variarionwirh d
13) hbj.w (Bezeichnungfür Feinde) &dbj.t'Haufengeschlagener Feinde' For lack of semanticdetails, their relationshipis only hlpotherical. But see for the 'to meaningthe vetb hdb overthrow'l5 (first att€st€din the Middle Kingdom), the 'the enemiesare probably overthrownones.' The fonns seemto have an f;- root prefr,r tcf. Thausing \932), the root being *'b- ufi, +db-, respectively.It may be compared 'to with AA *da, IV trample, to pound, to knock' for which Diakonoff (1995b no.252; Orel / Stolbova1994:139 no. 602 have *ddr-'to rample') quotesfor 'to Egyptat dbdb knock, to thump (of heart),' medicaliext; cf. also tb ,ro leock (at door)', dynasty18 (seeSatzinger, printing). 4 tj.w is attestodin the Late Periodonly , hdbj.t from dynasty20.
'fassen, 14) fof"fassen, packen' .ifd packen' 'to Perfect semanticagreement For a correspondenceof ! and .i cf. aJJ tear out 'to (papyrus)' andz&a tear out (papyrus, Eye of Horus)' Ooth attestedin rhe Pyramid Texts, Old Kingdom). kf to make captures,booty' is probably due to a phonetic shift of the New Kingdom.r6 fof" is first attestedin the Pyramid Texts, ,i/d in the Coffin Texts. 'BD 'to Rössler(1971: 286 g 6) equatedfofl with Semitic serve'(cf. Zndler 1992: 206); one will agreewith Osing (L997: 226) who rejects this for semanticreasons. Vyclchl (1958:375)quoted Enber (1930$ 5h. 1) who relaresEgyprian bF. to Alabic 'to I-t$a'a, but this does not mean seize' but rather 1o feel giddy.' Instead, Arabic qabala'to seize(with the hand.fist), empoigner', Hebrew qabas,etc. 'to assemble'is heresuggested.lT Another couple of doublets have been suggested(see Zeidler 1992: 208: cf. toprieno 1995:45): 'marschieren' 'durchwandem' lni' (Late Egn., from mid (Demotic,,,Abl[eitung] an Old Egn.root), Coptic MooO€ n[eu]äg[yptisch]"),Copric MoyOT Phonetically,they correspondperfectly, but a semanticrelation cannotbe acceptedon closer inspection(also cf. Osing 1997:229). mi' is relatedto mi' 'amiy' and it means 'to 'to march', later also walk.' If thereis a Demoticm.id 'durchwandem'I8it is certainly not derivedfrom mid in its oldest atiestation,the "bulletin" of the Battle of
'fall, lf hlb is regardedas the etymonof CopticeTon desüuction.' *bäla\ l6 Cl. Ka < pethaps,also fo\n < * bäap (ct Westendo4Eatdt"töfterbuch, 62, but w Ce'rn!, Etlm. Dictionrry,5'1). Coptic KüloB€ 'to compel, to seizeby force', and KB\ 'vengeance, 'fist' violence'(Vycichl1983: 71) are dedved fron kf', whereö &f' is continuedin 'hand 'cf., 2üJPq (asmeasule)' (for 2 < e.9., B ÄoYK€ [,t Äoü)K€]< Demor.d&), and,ifd in odqT'fist.' 17 Orel / Stolbovaquote Egn. bjf'for an AA root *qafv"to hold' whosethird radicalsolely dependson theEgntian word (fo( Semiticthey compare AIJ<. !apri). l8 No souce is given. The Copric word shows that the wanderingis dedv€dfrom the investigating:MoYOT 'to examine,to searchout, visit'; 'to consider,to visit; to wand€r' (howevef,,Cmm, Dictionary,2o7aadds to the latte{, "? confusedwitb Moo{r€" lwhich is < 'n.i(,w); it is originally a qualitative/oldperfective, cf. Polotsky1957: 229 nore 1l). 148 Helmut Satzinget
It is probably Qadesh.This mJd has a variant form w'id in anothercopy of the text. 'to 'to identical with w.id address,' question(in court).' Its meaningin the Qadeshtext 'to 'to is obviously intenogab' (Kitchen1996: 15), and not sendaway' (MeeksAZ 79.1380). There is, howevet, a direct line of descendanceto Demotic mir 'unteßuchen,inspizieren' (Erichsen 1954: 182). Possibly,the verb mid is derived 'investigation,' from a noun *m.id, or the like, thatis formedfrom the verb wid with an m- prefix.
Our examinationof theroot or word doubletshas yielded the following assessment' Evidentdoublets: 'mit, 'hand';cf. m-' bei' (OEgn.) dj hand':cf.m4j'mir. bei' (LEgn.) t) 'hie(her)' I 'hier(heO'(MK) dj (Amama) 'erzeugen; 'ej ')' l. 'spitzen',2. Sperma'(Pf didi akulieren' (BD) ';b 'fig (tree)'(OK) dib'Feige(nbaum)'(P?) 'Horn' I 'Hom' (OEgn.) db (med.) Probabledoublets: 9.t 'Weberin'(?) (OEgn.) dbj.t(Stoffsorte) 'gehen' (Verbumder Bewegung) (dyn. 18) dg3 (LEgn.) !3 'einwickeln' b ? 'einfassen'(LEgn.) bdn (LEgn') 'Haufen Feinde' (NK) &'trj.w(Bezeichnung fü Feinde)(late) hdbj.t geschlagener 'fassen,packen' (Cf fuf"fassen,packen' (Pf J/d Possibledoublets: 'l.t 'Leinenart'(OK) dt.w'Leinenstoffe' (PD t (Hundename)(OK) db (Hundename)(dbt.t: MK) $.r (Pflanzenart)MK) dbj.r(Pflanzen art) (rned.) Improbabledoublets: hw (Steinsorte)(MK) dnj'Steinblock'(LEgn.) 'durchwandern' (Demot.) mi "marschieren'(LEgn.) nrid In 10 of the 13 not improbablecases, 7d is in initial position ln one case,viz ftt- 'td.Inbhtbdn, lhdb-,fu-rs prefixedto root-initial Tdis positionedbetween two other in the third and consonantslthe secondof which may be a root suffix). In fuf7'ifd' 7d is j (4 final position.Where 7d is not in the hnal positionit is followed by (1 case)'i b (5 cases),g (1 case),or n (1 case).It will be notedthat these are viftually lhe "u."rj, +d 'or sameconditions under which AA is reflectedby eitherEgyptian d However' the force of this result is impaired by tlrc co-occurrencerestrictions of t}re Egyptiar 'or roots. which would not aLlowall consonantsafter d Nonetheless'it is worth 'or in notingthat no doubletshave been discovered that have in thefirst position d' and 'and d' the secondposition one of the voicelessconsonarlts, that are compatible with ltkep, b, lt, z, ! , k or Q.ts
vlz I am indebted to Georg Brein for informations on the Vienna M A thesis he is Feparing Wurzelinkonpatibilitdte inL Wortrchatz der Pyrafüdefierte Egyptian 'Ayin in Variation with d
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