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Sedimentation in Three Small 5 Forested Drainage Basins in the Alsea River Basin, Oregon

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Sedimentation in Three Small 5 Forested Drainage Basins in the Alsea River Basin, Oregon Sedimentation in Three Small 5 Forested Drainage Basins in the Alsea River Basin, Oregon 'I I GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 490 PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE OREGON STATE BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION Sedimentation in Three Small Forested Drainage Basins in the Alsea River Basin, Oregon By R. C. Williams GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 490 Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Board of Higher Education Washington 1964 United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY Geological Survey THOMAS B. NOLAN, DIRECTOR Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 20242 CONTENTS Page Page Ab str act ____________________________ 1 Introduction Continued Introduction, ________________________ 1 Water and sediment data___________ 6 Purpose and scope_________________ 1 Fluvial sediment____________________ 6 General description of the drainage Relations to rainfall and runoff _____ 6 basins.______________________ 2 A freshet period________________ 11 Methods of measurement ___________ 4 Flow and concentration Rainfall ________________________ 5 duration _____________________ 14 Water discharge.________________ 5 Water temperature._______________ 14 Water temperature ______________ 5 Summary __________________________ 16 Suspended-sediment discharge ____ 5 Literature cited ____________________ 16 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing location of the study basins___________________________________ 3 2. Profiles of stream channels ______________________________________________ 4 3. Comparison by drainage basin of precipitation, runoff, and suspended-sediment yield for 1960 water year ______________________________________________ 10 4. Distribution by month for precipitation, runoff, and suspended-sediment load for 1960 water year _______________________________________________ 12 5. Comparison of hydrologic factors for the Deer Creek basin for the period January 7-13, 1959 ___________________________________________________ 13 6. Streamflow and suspended-sediment concentration duration curves for the strearns __________________________________________________________ 15 TABLES Page Table 1. Monthly rainfall of basins.__________________________________ 5 2. Monthly streamflow and runoff of basins_____________________. 7 3. Average monthly maximum and minimum water temperatures __ 8 4. Monthly suspended-sediment load____________________________ 8 5. Annual rainfall, runoff, and suspended-sediment.__ ____________ 9 III Sedimentation in Three Small Forested Drainage Basins in the Alsea River Basin, Oregon By R. C. Williams ABSTRACT the sedimentation of forested drainage ba­ A multidiscipline investigation to determine the effects of sins under natural conditions, under different logging on the ecology of three small forested tributary ba­ timber harvesting methods, and during the sins is a part of an overall study of the Alsea River basin in recovery phase after the timber harvest. the Coast Range of Oregon. The investigation of these small basins will be to (1) establish pre-logging conditions, (2) de­ This report is the first in a series of data termine the effects of different logging methods, and (3) study analyses which will follow the progress of the rate of recovery after the timber harvest. This report presents results of sedimentation in the basins, Deer and the sedimentation investigation. It deals with Flynn Creeks and Needle Branch, for the first 2 years of the first 2 years of the prelogging phase study (1959 and 1960 water years). which will last approximately 5 years. The Rainfall, runoff, and sediment discharge are seasonal for study of all aspects of watershed ecology will the Coast Range of western Oregon. About 95 percent of the span a period of 10 to 15 years. rainfall and rnnoff occurs during the period October to May, but nearly 100 percent of the suspended-sediment discharge occurs during the same period. For Deer Creek, in the I960 This investigation is concerned with the water year, 23 percent of the annual suspended-sediment sedimentation in three small drainage basins lis charge occurred on 1 day, 58 percent during the 10 days in the Alsea River basin in Oregon. The first of greatest discharge, and 78 percent during the 38 days of greatest discharge. phase will be a definition of the undisturbed conditions in each of the three small basins. Rainfall is practically qual for all three of the basins. The runoff of the Deer and Flynn Creek basins is about The second phase will measure the changes equal, but that of the Needle Branch basin averaged 8 per­ in sediment yield as logging progresses in cent less. the Deer Creek and Needle Branch basins. Sediment yield varies considerably for the three basins. The Needle Branch basin will be clear-cut The suspended-sediment yield of the Deer Creek basin is al­ of all timber, whereas the Deer Creek basin most twice that of the Needle Branch basin and almost 1% times that of the Flynn Creek basin. will be logged in a staggered cutting pattern. The third phase will cover the rate and ex­ Water temperature of the three streams varied only 22*22 Fr tent of recovery of the basins. Sediment during the'' 2" water' years.fears. The greatest variation between streams was 3°F in the minimums. Water temperature effect yield from these two basins will be com­ can be neglected in comparing the sediment yields of the pared with that of the Flynn Creek basin, basins. which will remain undistrubed for the entire The aquifers of the basins have low storage capacities as study as the control or calibration basin. illustrated by the very low, late summer flow. A study of a The area studied comprises only a small midwinter freshet period for the Deer Creek basin showed part of the Alsea River basin, but the findings that virtually all the rainfall left the basin as runoff within 4 days; the period of significant sediment transport was should have application in other parts of this thus very short. basin and some application to other forested drainage basins. INTRODUCTION Runoff, suspended-sediment discharge, and PURPOSE AND SCOPE water temperature are readily measured and provide good indices of drainage-basin en­ The purpose of the overall study is to de­ vironment. This report summarizes the hy- termine the effects of man's use on the en­ drologic data collected during the first 2 vironment of forested drainage basins. The years of the study and points out some of the scope of this part of the study is to investi­ relationships between basin environment and gate the effects of environmental changes on climate. SEDIMENTATION IN THREE SMALL FORESTED DRAINAGE BASINS IN THE ALSEA RIVER BASIN, OREGON The overall study in the Alsea River basin the flow of the streams. Little meandering is a multidiscipline examination of drainage occurs, and the streambeds are generally basin ecology. The major parts of this com­ well armored with fine to coarse gravel. prehensive study are: (1) a soil-vegetation survey designed to inventory the soils and The area is underlain by the Burpee For­ vegetation of the entire Alsea River basin and mation of middle Eocene age, which may be to provide a base for research in drainage- contemporary with the Tyee Formation to the basin management, (2) a water resource sur­ south (Yokes and others, 1949). The Burpee vey of the major tributaries of the Alsea Formation consists of a thick sequence of River designed to provide abase for research micaceous sandstones interbedded with mud- in drainage-basin management and water use, stones and siltstones. It is characterized in (3) a study of the effect of lagging upon the the study area by moderate dip slopes and physical and biotic resources of small heavy soil mantle, and by steep slopes and a streams, and (4) the study of the migration shallow, sandy, soil cover where beds of and production of salmonoid fish in selected sandstone are exposed. The variability of streams of the basin. The overall study is the slopes and soils causes much of the vari­ coordinated by the Oregon Agricultural Ex­ ability in the sediment yield from these ba­ periment Station under the Oregon State sins. Board of Higher Education. The participants in this study include the U.S. Geological Sur­ The mild humid climate of the area is typ­ vey, U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land ical of the coastal region of western Oregon. Management, Soil Conservation Service, the About 90 inches of rainfall is recorded an­ Soils Department and School of Forestry of nually, and most of it occurs during the Oregon State University, Georgia-Pacific months from October to May. Temperatures Corp., and the Oregon State Game Commis­ generally range between 20°F and 90°F, with sion. a mean of about 51°F. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAINAGE BASINS The environments of the three basins ap­ pear to be very similar because all three are The Alsea River rises on Marys Peak characterized by dense, virgin forest. The (elev. 4,097 feet) and drains about 473 square communities formed by the principal under- miles of the timber-covered Coast Range of story vegetation such as sword ferns, sal- Oregon before emptying into the Pacific monberry, and vine maple vary greatly from Ocean at Waldport. The drainage basins be­ place to place, but the density of growth ing used for the sedimentation study com­ varies little from basin to basin. However, prise a very small part of the Alsea River the proportions of the Douglas fir and alder basin. Deer Creek has a drainage area of overstory vary appreciably. About 60 per­ 1.20 square miles; Flynn Creek has a drain­ cent of the overstory in the Deer and Flynn age area of 0.84 square mile; Needle Branch, Creek basins is alder, whereas the overstory the smallest of the three streams, has a of the Needle Branch basin is only about 20 drainage area of only 0.32 square mile. (See percent alder. fig. 1.) There are some differences in the geomor- The altitude of these three small basins phology of the three basins. Surveys made by ranges from about 1,600 feet at the highest Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station per­ point of the Deer Creek hydrographic divide sonnel using an altimeter show that the ba­ to about 430 feet at the Needle Branch con­ sins have dissimilar gradients.
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