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Structure, Fluorescence, and Chelating Properties of Calcein Richard Markuszewski Iowa State University

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Structure, Fluorescence, and Chelating Properties of Calcein Richard Markuszewski Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 Structure, fluorescence, and chelating properties of Calcein Richard Markuszewski Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Markuszewski, Richard, "Structure, fluorescence, and chelating properties of Calcein " (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5755. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5755 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "missing râge(s)". îî it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being pnotographsd xne piioxoQrijpmir lunOvvcO a ûôiiriîtô îTïGthGci îr* "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction couid be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print Filmed as received. university microfilms înternaîionai 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St, John's Road, Tyler's Green High V.'yccrribc, HucKs. England HP10 8HR 77-10,327 MARKUSZEWSKI, Richard, 1941- STRUCTURE, FLUORESCENCE, AND CHELATING PROPERTIES OF CALCEIN. Iowa State University, Ph=D,; 1976 Chemistry, analytical Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48io6 structure, fluorescence, and chelating properties of Calcein by Richard Markuszewski A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Chemistry Major: Analytical Chemistry Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major 'Si^^^tment Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. FLUORESCEIN 15 A. The Structure of Fluorescein, History 15 B. Materials 37 1. Introduction 37 2, Preparation of materials 40 C. Structure of Solid Forms of Fluorescein 46 1. X-ray diffraction spectrometric study 46 2. Mass spectrometric study 49 3. Infrared spectrophotometric study 53 4. Assignment of structures 80 D. The Prototropic Forms of Fluorescein 93 (Fluorescein in Solution) 1. Introduction 93 2. Solubility of red and yellow forms of J_ _L LiW 1. C:a VvC -Lii ClO Ut ^ WJI-WJ-X s/ ^ ^ 100 3. Potentiometric acid-base titrations 118 4. Fluorescence as a function of pH 158 5. Conclusions 171 E. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Fluorescein in Dioxane Solution 173 1. Introduction 173 2. Experimental 174 3. Results and discussion 174 F. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions of Fluorescein 179 1. Bromination of fluorescein 179 2. Direct titration of fluorescein by titanous chloride 182 3. Fluorescin - the reduced form of fluorescein 184 iii III. CALCEIN 193 A. Preparation and Characterization of Calcein 193 1. Preparation of Calcein 193 2. Characterization of Calcein 195 3. Mass spectrometric study 197 4. Quantitative bromination of Calcein 199 5. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectros­ copy of Calcein in dimethylsulfoxide 200 B. Potentiometric Acid-Base Titration of Calcein 208 1. Introduction 208 2. Experimental 209 3. Results and discussion 211 C. Reaction of Calcein with Aluminum 231 1. Introduction 231 2. Experimental part 235 3. Results and discussion 238 4. Analogy to reaction of EDTA with aluminum chloride 256 5. Structure of the Calcein-aluminum compound 273 6. Estimation of the overall formation constant of the 2:3 Calcein-aluminum (jouipouiiu 2 70 7. Conclusions 2 81 D. Fluorescence of Calcein plus Aluminum 285 1. Experimental 285 2. Results and discussion 288 3. Conclusions 296 E. Reaction of calcein with Mercury 299 1. Potentiometric titrations 300 2. Estimation of the formation constant 308 3. Structure of the Calcein-mercury compound 309 4. Conclusions 311 iv F. Reaction of Calcein with Copper 311 1. Potentiometric titrations 312 2. Estimation of the formation constant 318 3. Structure of the Calcein-copper compound 3 IS 4. Conclusions 321 IV. SUMMARY 324 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY 336 VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 350 V LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Structures of Calcein 10 Figure 2. Structures of fluorescein 19 Figure 3. Structures of ionic forms of fluorescein (H^Fl) 21 Figure 4. Infrared spectrum of yellow fluorescein 57 Figure 5. Infrared spectrum of red fluorescein 59 Figure 6. Infrared spectrum of colorless fluorescein 61 Figure 7. Infrared spectrum of 3,6-dihydroxy- 9,9-dimethyIxanthene 77 Figure 8. The prototropic forms of fluorescein (H^Fl): acid-base equilibria of fluorescein in solution 99 Figure 9. Solubility of yellow fluorescein and of red fluorescein as a function of pH at 2 3°C 104 Figure 10. Determination of the intrinsic solubility. Si, of yellow fluorescein and of red fluorescein using solubility data on the low-pH side of the minimum solubility 110 Figure 11. Determination of the intrinsic solubility, Si, of yellow fluorescein and of red fluorescein using solubility data on the high-pH side of the minimum solubility 112 Figure 12. Evaluation of the dissociation constants, pKfi and pKg of yellow fluorescein 114 Figure 13. Evaluation of the dissociation constants, pKg Fl"*" Fl' fluorescein 116 vi Potentiometric titration of yellow fluorescein in water 121 Potentiometric titration of red fluorescein in water 123 Potentiometric titration of yellow fluorescein in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 125 Potentiometric titration of red fluorescein in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 127 Potentiometric back-titration of yellow fluorescein in water 130 Potentiometric back-titration of red fluorescein in water 132 Potentiometric back-titration of yellow fluorescein in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 135 Potentiometric back-titration of red fluorescein in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 137 Potentiometric titration of colorless fluorescein in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 140 Potentiometric titration of 4*,5'- m "I f 1 GJz-'O'i'n nr» K(1 -n Q v f-on t" ethyl alcohol 142 Potentiometric back-titrations of phenolphthalein 146 Potentiometric back-titrations of 3,6- dihydroxy-9,9-dimethylxanthene 148 Relative distribution of the prototrcpic forms of fluorescein (H^Fl^, H^Fl, HF1~, and Fl^~) as a function of pH 157 Relative fluorescence of fluorescein, -6 6 X 10 M, as a function of pH 162 Relative fluorescence of fluorescein F -, 1 m ^ expressed as log p—p—r as a runction 166 vii 2- Figure 29. Relative concentration of the dianion F1 of fluorescein (solid line) and the relative fluorescence (dashed line) as a function of pH 170 Figure 30. NMR spectrum of fluorescein in dioxane solution 176 Figure 31. Potentiometric titration of fluoréscin in aqueous ethyl alcohol 188 Figure 32. Potentiometric titration of fluoréscin in aqueous acetonitrile 190 Figure 33. NMR spectrum of Calcein in d^- dimethylsulfoxide 203 Figure 34. NMR spectrum of 4',5'-dimethylfluorescein in dg-dimethyIsulfoxide 205 Figure 35. Potentiometric titration of Calcein in water 214 Figure 36. Potentiometric titration of Calcein in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 217 Figure 37. Potentiometric titration of iznino- diacetic acid in water 220 Figure 38. Structures of the ionic forms of Calcein (HgCal) 228 Figure 39. Potentiometric titration of aluminum chloride in water 2 40 Figure 40. Potentiometric titration of aluminum chloride in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol 243 Figure 41. Potentiometric titration of Calcein in the presence of varying amounts of aluminum chloride 247 Figure 42-. Potentiometric titration of free ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 258 Figure 43. Potentiometric titration of EDTA in the presence of aluminum chloride (1:1 mole ratio) 251 viii Figure 44. Potentiometric titration of EDTA in the presence of aluminum chloride (1:2 mole ratio) 264 Figure 45. Potentiometric back-titration of Calcein in the presence of aluminum chloride (1:1.5 mole ratio) 268 Figure 46. Potentiometric titration of Calcein in the presence of aluminum chloride (1:1,5 mole ratio) 270 Figure 47. Fluorescence of Calcein and of Calcein plus aluminum as a function of pH 290 Figure 48. Fluorescence of Calcein and of Calcein plus aluminum superimposed on the curve of the titration of Calcein plus aluminum as a function of pH 292 Figure 49. Fluorescence of Calcein plus aluminum as a function of the concentration of aluminum and as a function of time 295 Figure 50.
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