DOCSLIB.ORG

Biometrics-A Vision for the Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biometrics-A Vision for the Future Biometrics-A Vision for the Future January 2011 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations .................................................................................... 4 Introduction: The Emergence of the Need for Security ..................... 5 Choice of sensing techniques ........................................................... 6 Biometrics Technology Types ........................................................... 7 How does Biometric Technology Works? ....................................... 11 Selection of Biometric System – Parameters .................................. 13 Market Facts and Trends ................................................................ 16 Conclusion....................................................................................... 19 Reference ........................................................................................ 20 Authors Info ..................................................................................... 20 © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Abstract Biometrics technologies are base for a plethora of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. But there arises a need for more robust systems in order to tackle the increasing incidents of security breaches and frauds. So there is always a need for fool proof technology that can provide security and safety to individuals and the transactions that the individuals make. This paper explores the need for biometrics in state and local governments, in the military, in commercial applications, Airports and Aircrafts. Enterprise-wide network security infrastructures, government IDs, secure electronic banking, investing and other financial transactions, retail sales, law enforcement, and health and social services are already benefiting from Biometrics. Also here the various markets and the potential revenue are analyzed. © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 3 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Abbreviations Sl. No. Acronyms Full form IT 1 Information Technology PIN 2 Personal Identification Number ATM 3 Automatic Teller Machine DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid 4 FVC Fingerprint Verification Competition 5 FRVT Face Recognition Vendor Test 6 ICE Iris Challenge Evaluation 7 CAGR 8 Compounded Annual Growth Rate IBG 9 International Biometrics Group 10 AFIS Automated Fingerprint Identification System © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 4 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Introduction: The Emergence of the Need for Security Biometric is a methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Biometric technologies are becoming an additional layer added to existing system. There are bundle of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions but it is much required to have a robust system, encountering the security breaches and transaction frauds. It is one technology that is caught the attention of major IT vendors and it is regarded as an area that no segment of the IT industry can afford to ignore. Biometrics provides a hierarchical structure of data protection, making the data more secure. It is considered to act as a shield to existing system protecting the system from the mischief mongers. E-commerce developers are exploring the use of biometrics and smart cards to more accurately verify a trading party's identity. Banks are bound to use this combination to better authenticate customers and ensure non-repudiation of online banking, trading and purchasing transactions. Biometrics can help to obtain secure services over the telephone through voice authentication. Researchers hope to use biometrics to automatically identify known suspects entering buildings or traversing crowded security areas such as airports. Biometrics is being used to improve employee identity verification and access authorization, passenger identity verification, and flight crew identity verification. Adding biometrics to existing access control systems and security procedures could potentially protect against unauthorized access using lost, stolen, or forged badges; a terrorist on watch list attempting to obtain a credential using an assumed identity; and impersonation of a pilot, other flight crew member, or air traffic controller, by a terrorist. Although there are legal concerns about civil liberties with overly intrusive airport security systems, utilizing biometrics for personal authentication is becoming convenient and considerably more accurate than current methods (such as the utilization of passwords or PINs). The need of the hour is a technology to replace the inefficient current system that relies on manual workers. So Biometrics is the technology that the future will hold, although there are still considerable political and airline resistance, some fingerprint biometric systems are being used at certain airports. Technologists are constantly working visualizing the next generation security systems with multiple levels of biometrics security implemented, i.e., multimodal biometrics, aliveness detection, gait analysis etc. Also researches are in progress to minimize the manual intervention of the user with the system. This paper will explain the biometrics technologies and also the potential market demands projected by the research reports in different modalities of biometrics and application areas. © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 5 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Choice of sensing techniques Multimodal Biometrics Biometric systems relying on a single technology are currently deployed, with various levels of success, in many different application contexts (airports, passports, physical and logical access control, etc.). However, by combining more than one modality, enhanced performance reliability and even increased user acceptance could be achieved. Combining less reliable technologies in sequence could strengthen the overall system performance and combining them in parallel could increase the flexibility of the system by providing alternative modes for the verification/identification process. Aliveness Detection Aliveness detection can be added to fingerprint readers to discourage the use of fake fingers or, as in this case, carjacking and dismemberment. The idea is to detect whether or not the fingerprint is being presented by a living finger. Fingertips have a layered structure. The epidermis is the outermost layer and is not living tissue. Beneath the epidermis is the dermis. These two layers have different physical characteristics. For example the epidermis is harder, dryer, and has less electrical conductivity. The dermis has the same fingerprint as the epidermis and some sensors actually detect the print from this layer rather than the surface. Aliveness detection can be done at both levels but generally the deeper the sensor looks into the finger, the more reliable the aliveness measure can be. There are many techniques for detecting aliveness: Blood flow Hematocrit Skin exudates Transpiratio n of gases Spectran identity Blood Electrical Electrical of tissue Oxygenation Plethysmography properties -Pulse of skin Oximetry Electrocardiogra Biochemical Differential blood Mechanical phic signals Assays of volume properties tissue of Skin Pulse Blood Moisture and Papillary pressure warmth lines Apart from these focus can be on special areas such as Multispectral lines analysis, Color Identification and Bone Structure. © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 6 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Biometrics Technology Types Biometrics is an automated method of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Iris Scan Retinal Facial Fingerprint Recognition Recognition Recognition Odour Hand Ear Shape Thermo gram Geometry Recognition Recognition Foot Prints Dynamic Grip Gait Finger Nail bed Recognition Recognition Identification Skin Elements Lips Vein Scan Voice Recognition Signature Key Stroke DNA Skull Structure Recognition Recognition Matching Comparison of Various Biometrics Types Here a comparison is made taking the most commonly used Biometrics Modalities in the market. Method Advantages Disadvantages Possible Applications Fingerprint High reliability Some users Access Verification – no two associate it Control (IT, people have with a “criminal” building, ever been stigma. physical) found to have Functional ATM‟s identical defects are Motor fingerprints. possible if the Vehicle Robust. fingertips access Highly are very dirty or PC/Laptop distinctive. worn. access Proven Hygienic Identification accuracy – has considerations Forensics been used by as a result of police skin contact forces for more with the sensor. than 100 Injury can years to solve affect. crimes. Dry skin, Advanced grease & sweat technology. can
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biometrics Takes Off—Fight Between Privacy and Aviation Security Wages On
    Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 85 Issue 3 Article 4 2020 Biometrics Takes Off—Fight Between Privacy and Aviation Security Wages On Alexa N. Acquista Southern Methodist University, Dedman School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Alexa N. Acquista, Biometrics Takes Off—Fight Between Privacy and Aviation Security Wages On, 85 J. AIR L. & COM. 475 (2020) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol85/iss3/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. BIOMETRICS TAKES OFF—FIGHT BETWEEN PRIVACY AND AVIATION SECURITY WAGES ON ALEXA N. ACQUISTA* ABSTRACT In the last two decades, the Department of Homeland Secur- ity (DHS) has implemented a variety of new screening and iden- tity verification methods in U.S. airports through its various agencies such as the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP). In particular, biometric technology has become a focal point of aviation secur- ity advances. TSA, CBP, and even private companies have started using fingerprint, iris, and facial scans to verify travelers’ identi- ties, not only to enhance security but also to improve the travel experience. This Comment examines how DHS, its agencies, and private companies are using biometric technology for aviation security. It then considers the most common privacy concerns raised by the expanded use of biometric technology: data breaches, func- tion creep, and data sharing.
    [Show full text]
  • Biometrics Technology: Understanding Dynamics Influencing Adoption for Control of Identification Deception Within Nigeria Gideon U
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 1-1-2011 Biometrics Technology: Understanding Dynamics Influencing Adoption for Control of Identification Deception Within Nigeria Gideon U. Nwatu Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Databases and Information Systems Commons, and the Public Policy Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Gideon U. Nwatu has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Raghu Korrapati, Committee Chairperson, Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Dr. Stephanie Lyncheski, Committee Member, Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Dr. Walter McCollum, University Reviewer Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Chief Academic Officer David Clinefelter, Ph.D. Walden University 2011 © Gideon U. Nwatu, 2011 Abstract One of the objectives of any government is the establishment of an effective solution to significantly control crime. Identity fraud in Nigeria has generated global attention and negative publicity toward its citizens. The research problem addressed in this study was the lack of understanding of the dynamics that influenced the adoption and usability of biometrics technology for reliable identification and authentication to control identity deception.
    [Show full text]
  • Iris Recognition Border-Crossing System in the UAE
    BIOMETRICS Iris recognition border-crossing system in the UAE ❖ John Daugman OBE, University of Cambridge and Imad Malhas, President and CEO, IrisGuard Inc. The largest national deployment so far of iris daily number of iris cross-comparisons performed recognition – the automatic recognition of persons under the UAE expellee tracking and border- by the complex patterns visible in the irises of their crossing control system is about 2.7 billion. It is the eyes – is now in its third year of operation in the first system of its kind in the world, with more than United Arab Emirates (UAE). 2.1 million arriving passengers already checked in this way. The time required for each passenger to be compared against the full database of registered ver a distributed network involving all IrisCodes is less than one second. So far more than 17 air, land, and sea ports into the 9,500 persons have been caught by this system, OEmirates, the iris patterns of all arriving travelling with forged identities. According to Lt. passengers are compared in real-time exhaustively against an enrolled central database. According to the Ministry of Interior which controls the database, so far not a single False Match has been made, despite some 2.7 billion iris cross- comparisons being done every day. On a typical day, more than 6,500 passengers enter the UAE via seven international airports, three land ports, and seven sea ports. By looking at an iris camera for a second or two while passing through immigration control, each passenger's iris patterns are encoded mathematically and the Figure 2: Deployment map of the fully networked Iris Figure 1: Example Recognition System covering all 17 air, land, and sea of a human iris, ports into the United Arab Emirates illustrating the complexity and randomness of Col.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing Biometrics to Curb Examination Malpractices in Nigeria
    Section 1 – Network Systems Engineering Implementing Biometrics to Curb Examination Malpractices in Nigeria O.A.Odejobi and N.L.Clarke Centre for Information Security and Network Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The problem of examinations malpractices that has been plaguing Nigeria for decades in spite of visible efforts by the stakeholders is examined in this paper. The main fundamental problems are identified as the absence of a credible identity verification system. This has an over bearing effect on knowing who should be where and at what time. Biometrics is considered as an adequate solution, with its proven achievement level in identification and verification of identities effectively answering the question- who you are. But given the peculiarity of Nigeria, there are general and solution specific requirement to be met for a successful implementation of biometrics in Nigeria. The proposed biometric solution; a smartcard based fingerprint verification technology incorporating the security strength of smartcards and the accuracy and speed of fingerprint biometrics is presented. A case for it is made, discussing the choice of technologies, cost and the views of the stakeholders. The paper concludes by looking at limitations of the presented solution and necessary future work if examination malpractices will be absolutely defeated. Keywords Examination malpractice, biometrics, identity verification, smartcard, fingerprint 1 Introduction The recent ruthless and constant upward increase in examination malpractice cases in public examinations in Nigeria, the forms of its perpetration and the increase in its sophistication at an alarming rate called for at least equal measure of sophistication in the effort to curb this menace.
    [Show full text]
  • “Everyone Said No” Biometrics, HIV and Human Rights a Kenya Case Study
    “Everyone said no” Biometrics, HIV and Human Rights A Kenya Case Study KELIN and the Kenya Key Populations Consortium 1 “Everyone said no” Biometrics, HIV and Human Rights, A Kenya Case Study KELIN and the Kenya Key Populations Consortium © KELIN 2018 This report was published by KELIN P O Box 112-00202, KNH Tel: +254 20 386 1596, 251 5790 Nairobi, Kenya www.kelinkenya.org Design and Layout by Impact Africa Ltd. P O Box 13776-00800, Nairobi Tel: +254 708 484 878/ +254 714 214 303 Nairobi, Kenya About KELIN KELIN is an independent Kenyan Civil Society Organization working to protect and promote health related human rights in Kenya. We do this by; Advocating for integration of human rights principles in laws, policies and administrative frameworks; facilitating access to justice in respect to violations of health related rights; training professionals and communities on rights based approaches and initiat- ing and participating in strategic partnerships to realize the right to health nationally, regionally and globally. While originally created to protect and promote HIV-related human rights, our scope has expanded to also include: • Sexual and reproductive health and rights, • Key populations, and • Women, land and property rights. Our goal is to advocate for a holistic and rights-based system of service delivery in health and for the full enjoyment of the right to health by all, including the vulnerable, marginalized, and excluded populations in these four thematic areas. About the Key Populations Consortium The key population consortium comprises networks of over 90 organizations and community repre- sentatives working with and around issues of Key Populations HIV programming namely Female and Male Sex workers (SW); People who Inject Drugs (PWIDs); and Men who have Sex with Men (MSM).
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya-ID4D-Diagnostic-Webv42018
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ID4D Country Diagnostic: Kenya Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 28370_Kenya_ID4D.indd 1 4/12/18 9:51 AM © 2016 International Bank for Reconstitution and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, D.C., 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some Rights Reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, or of any participating organization to which such privileges and immunities may apply, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permission This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Impacting on the Adoption of Biometric Technology by South African Banks: an Empirical Investigation
    Factors impacting on the adoption of biometric technology by South African banks: An empirical investigation A. Pooe & L. Labuschagne 6 ABSTRACT 11The aim of this paper was to identify factors impacting on the adoption of biometric authentication in the South African banking sector as a means of authentication. The study constitutes exploratory research and is limited to the use of biometric technology within the fi nancial services sector. Within this sector, specifi c focus is placed on the four leading South African banks. A survey was conducted, and the fi ndings show common agreement and acceptance of biometric authentication as a way to improve information security in the various banking channels despite its not being widely implemented. With regard to factors infl uencing the adoption of biometric authentication, the study identifi ed three main adoption inhibitors. This study contributes to the greater body of knowledge on the use of biometrics for banking applications by providing insight into current practices and perceptions. 12Key words: biometrics, authentication, fi nancial sector, information security, empirical research, legacy systems Introduction 1At the core of information security services are identification, authentication, authorisation and non-repudiation (Reid 2004; Tipton & Krause 2008). These services are all interrelated and interdependent. Within each of these security services, three security requirements or goals need to be addressed in order to produce a secure Mr A. Pooe is a PhD student at the University of South Africa, and Prof. L. Labuschagne is Director of the School of Computing, University of South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Southern African Business Review Volume 15 Number 1 2011 119 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Visit Visa Application from Dubai
    Canadian Visit Visa Application From Dubai impulsively!Which Adolpho Geof switch-over often crescendos so changeably immaterially that Ingemar when Capetian hipping Arnoldher chum? subrogating Sarcastic dartingly Warden and sprawl subtotal some her planarians dials. and bowstrung his isolationist so Submit their approach to the site uses cookies to obtain the leaf has really helped me as compress them from canadian visit visa application process of all guests without being eligible occupations canada How to apply for Dubai Visa online? Pano ung pag process ko ng application ko sa father? The employer is also required to shoulder the cost of any visa fees. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided. Our agent would get in touch with you shortly. Maldives, Mauritius, Monaco, Mongolia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Vietnam. An airport transit visa obliges you to remain in the international zone of the French airport. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia. Due to their prolonged stay abroad, they are facing distress and are desirous of returning to India urgently. This visa is for travellers who are planning a vacation and those who want to visit family and friends in Canada. Want to know more Canadian inventions? Most visitors from Dubai, including residents, will need a valid visit visa to travel to Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Ict Access, Usage and Exploitation in the Gambia
    GOVERNMENT OF THE GAMBIA/UNECA SCAN-ICT COUNTRY REPORT STATUS OF ICT ACCESS, USAGE AND EXPLOITATION IN THE GAMBIA FINAL REPORT September, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -------------------------------------------------------------- 5 FORWARD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 CHAPITER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE COUNTRY -------------------------- 17 1.1 Geographical Situation-------------------------------------------------------------- 17 1.2 Demographic Context--------------------------------------------------------------- 18 1.3 Political and Administrative Organization--------------------------------------- 19 1.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics--------------------------------------------------- 20 CHAPITER 2 PRESENTATION OF THE SURVEY------------------------------------------- 23 2.1 Context and Justification ----------------------------------------------------------- 23 2.2 Objectives----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 2.3 Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.4 Difficulties and Constraints encountered----------------------------------------- 29 2.5 Profile of sample entities ---------------------------------------------------------- 30 CHAPITER 3 ICT INFRASTRUCTURES
    [Show full text]
  • Facial Recognition Technology: Snapshot Paper
    Facial Recognition Technology Report Snapshot Series Facial Recognition Technology May 2020 1 Facial Recognition Technology Report Contents 03 About this Paper 04 Summary 06 What is FRT? 10 How does FRT work? 16 Where is FRT being used today? 20 What are the benefits and risks of FRT? 24 What laws and regulations govern the use of FRT? 28 What’s next for the governance of FRT? 2 Facial Recognition Technology Report About this CDEI Snapshot Paper The Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation • Andrew McStay (Professor of Digital (CDEI) is an independent expert Life, Bangor University) • Margaret Mitchell (Senior committee, led by a board of specialists, Research Engineer, Google) set up and tasked by the UK government • Michael Veale (Lecturer in Digital Rights and to investigate and advise on how we Regulation, University College London) maximise the benefits of AI and data-driven • Karl Ricanek (Professor of Computer Science, University of North Carolina) technology. • Hassan Ugail (Professor of Visual Computing, University of Bradford) Our goal is to create the conditions in which ethical • Peter Fussey (Professor of Sociology, innovation can thrive: an environment in which the University of Essex) public are confident their values are reflected in • Alexander Babuta (Research Fellow, the way data-driven technology is developed and Royal United Services Institute (RUSI)) deployed; where we can trust that decisions informed • Marion Oswald (Founder, Centre for Information by algorithms are fair; and where risks posed by Rights, RUSI & University of Winchester) innovation are identified and addressed. • Lilian Edwards (Professor of Law, Innovation and Society, University of Newcastle) The paper distinguishes between proven fact and • Rowland Manthorpe (Technology speculation, and illustrates how FRT can have markedly correspondent, Sky News) different implications for society depending on the type • Ruth Boardman (Partner, Bird & Bird) of system and the reasons for its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Information on Submitting Visa Applications and Biometrics Information – August 2013
    Important Information on Submitting Visa Applications and Biometrics Information – August 2013 Participants who are planning to attend an international event in Canada are strongly encouraged to submit a visa application (if one is required) as far in advance as possible online (E-Apps) or at a Visa Application Centre (VAC). E-Apps provide applicants worldwide with a fast and effective option for submitting a visa application. Applicants who choose to apply on-line will not have to submit their passport (if needed) until a decision has been taken on their application. Completing an application online is an excellent option for people who have access to the internet, a scanner or camera, and a credit card. VACs improve client service by ensuring applications are complete which will help applicants avoid unnecessary delays due to incomplete applications. VACs also facilitate a reliable and secure transfer of documents between applicants and visa offices. By March 2014, the VAC network will expand to over 130 locations in 96 countries. Find the closest VAC to you. Note that some Visa Offices are currently experiencing visa processing delays. In order for you to avoid additional delays, please ensure you submit a complete application. Some Visa Offices might also require additional documents that may not be listed in your application package. Find out if you need to submit country-specific documents by consulting the website of your visa office. Biometrics Information Required: Starting in September 2013 citizens from 29 countries and one territory will be required to provide Biometrics information (fingerprints and digital photographs) when they apply for a temporary resident visa, study permit or work permit.
    [Show full text]
  • CNIC), the Smart National Identity Card (SNIC
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 18 Home Country of Origin Information Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) are research reports on country conditions. They are requested by IRB decision makers. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIR. Earlier RIR may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIR have attachments which are not electronically accessible here. To obtain a copy of an attachment, please e-mail us. Related Links • Advanced search help 4 January 2019 PAK106220.E Pakistan: The Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC), the Smart National Identity Card (SNIC), and the National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis (NICOP), including issuance procedures, content, validity, and purpose (2017- December 2018) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. National Identity Card (NIC), Including CNIC and SNIC According to the Pakistani National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) website, Pakistani citizens 18 years of age or older are eligible for an NIC (Pakistan n.d.a). The NIC has a "unique 13 digit identification number" which is "recognized all over the country" and is mandatory in order to apply for documents such as licenses, an NTN [National Tax Number], a bank account, a passport, a cellular connection, etc. (Pakistan n.d.a). https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457692&pls=1 2/9/2019 Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 2 of 18 According to the NADRA website, the SNIC is the same as the NIC but with "added security features" and there "may" be additional charges to get the SNIC (Pakistan n.d.b).
    [Show full text]