Biometrics-A Vision for the Future January 2011 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations .................................................................................... 4 Introduction: The Emergence of the Need for Security ..................... 5 Choice of sensing techniques ........................................................... 6 Biometrics Technology Types ........................................................... 7 How does Biometric Technology Works? ....................................... 11 Selection of Biometric System – Parameters .................................. 13 Market Facts and Trends ................................................................ 16 Conclusion....................................................................................... 19 Reference ........................................................................................ 20 Authors Info ..................................................................................... 20 © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Abstract Biometrics technologies are base for a plethora of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. But there arises a need for more robust systems in order to tackle the increasing incidents of security breaches and frauds. So there is always a need for fool proof technology that can provide security and safety to individuals and the transactions that the individuals make. This paper explores the need for biometrics in state and local governments, in the military, in commercial applications, Airports and Aircrafts. Enterprise-wide network security infrastructures, government IDs, secure electronic banking, investing and other financial transactions, retail sales, law enforcement, and health and social services are already benefiting from Biometrics. Also here the various markets and the potential revenue are analyzed. © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 3 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Abbreviations Sl. No. Acronyms Full form IT 1 Information Technology PIN 2 Personal Identification Number ATM 3 Automatic Teller Machine DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid 4 FVC Fingerprint Verification Competition 5 FRVT Face Recognition Vendor Test 6 ICE Iris Challenge Evaluation 7 CAGR 8 Compounded Annual Growth Rate IBG 9 International Biometrics Group 10 AFIS Automated Fingerprint Identification System © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 4 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Introduction: The Emergence of the Need for Security Biometric is a methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Biometric technologies are becoming an additional layer added to existing system. There are bundle of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions but it is much required to have a robust system, encountering the security breaches and transaction frauds. It is one technology that is caught the attention of major IT vendors and it is regarded as an area that no segment of the IT industry can afford to ignore. Biometrics provides a hierarchical structure of data protection, making the data more secure. It is considered to act as a shield to existing system protecting the system from the mischief mongers. E-commerce developers are exploring the use of biometrics and smart cards to more accurately verify a trading party's identity. Banks are bound to use this combination to better authenticate customers and ensure non-repudiation of online banking, trading and purchasing transactions. Biometrics can help to obtain secure services over the telephone through voice authentication. Researchers hope to use biometrics to automatically identify known suspects entering buildings or traversing crowded security areas such as airports. Biometrics is being used to improve employee identity verification and access authorization, passenger identity verification, and flight crew identity verification. Adding biometrics to existing access control systems and security procedures could potentially protect against unauthorized access using lost, stolen, or forged badges; a terrorist on watch list attempting to obtain a credential using an assumed identity; and impersonation of a pilot, other flight crew member, or air traffic controller, by a terrorist. Although there are legal concerns about civil liberties with overly intrusive airport security systems, utilizing biometrics for personal authentication is becoming convenient and considerably more accurate than current methods (such as the utilization of passwords or PINs). The need of the hour is a technology to replace the inefficient current system that relies on manual workers. So Biometrics is the technology that the future will hold, although there are still considerable political and airline resistance, some fingerprint biometric systems are being used at certain airports. Technologists are constantly working visualizing the next generation security systems with multiple levels of biometrics security implemented, i.e., multimodal biometrics, aliveness detection, gait analysis etc. Also researches are in progress to minimize the manual intervention of the user with the system. This paper will explain the biometrics technologies and also the potential market demands projected by the research reports in different modalities of biometrics and application areas. © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 5 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Choice of sensing techniques Multimodal Biometrics Biometric systems relying on a single technology are currently deployed, with various levels of success, in many different application contexts (airports, passports, physical and logical access control, etc.). However, by combining more than one modality, enhanced performance reliability and even increased user acceptance could be achieved. Combining less reliable technologies in sequence could strengthen the overall system performance and combining them in parallel could increase the flexibility of the system by providing alternative modes for the verification/identification process. Aliveness Detection Aliveness detection can be added to fingerprint readers to discourage the use of fake fingers or, as in this case, carjacking and dismemberment. The idea is to detect whether or not the fingerprint is being presented by a living finger. Fingertips have a layered structure. The epidermis is the outermost layer and is not living tissue. Beneath the epidermis is the dermis. These two layers have different physical characteristics. For example the epidermis is harder, dryer, and has less electrical conductivity. The dermis has the same fingerprint as the epidermis and some sensors actually detect the print from this layer rather than the surface. Aliveness detection can be done at both levels but generally the deeper the sensor looks into the finger, the more reliable the aliveness measure can be. There are many techniques for detecting aliveness: Blood flow Hematocrit Skin exudates Transpiratio n of gases Spectran identity Blood Electrical Electrical of tissue Oxygenation Plethysmography properties -Pulse of skin Oximetry Electrocardiogra Biochemical Differential blood Mechanical phic signals Assays of volume properties tissue of Skin Pulse Blood Moisture and Papillary pressure warmth lines Apart from these focus can be on special areas such as Multispectral lines analysis, Color Identification and Bone Structure. © 2011, HCL Technologies. Reproduction Prohibited. This document is protected under Copyright by the Author, all rights reserved. 6 Biometrics-A Vision for the Future | January 2011 Biometrics Technology Types Biometrics is an automated method of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Iris Scan Retinal Facial Fingerprint Recognition Recognition Recognition Odour Hand Ear Shape Thermo gram Geometry Recognition Recognition Foot Prints Dynamic Grip Gait Finger Nail bed Recognition Recognition Identification Skin Elements Lips Vein Scan Voice Recognition Signature Key Stroke DNA Skull Structure Recognition Recognition Matching Comparison of Various Biometrics Types Here a comparison is made taking the most commonly used Biometrics Modalities in the market. Method Advantages Disadvantages Possible Applications Fingerprint High reliability Some users Access Verification – no two associate it Control (IT, people have with a “criminal” building, ever been stigma. physical) found to have Functional ATM‟s identical defects are Motor fingerprints. possible if the Vehicle Robust. fingertips access Highly are very dirty or PC/Laptop distinctive. worn. access Proven Hygienic Identification accuracy – has considerations Forensics been used by as a result of police skin contact forces for more with the sensor. than 100 Injury can years to solve affect. crimes. Dry skin, Advanced grease & sweat technology. can