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The Myth of the Nostoi The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR Additional services for The Classical Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Myth of the Nostoi Hugh G. Evelyn-White The Classical Review / Volume 24 / Issue 07 / November 1910, pp 201 - 205 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00045479, Published online: 27 October 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00045479 How to cite this article: Hugh G. Evelyn-White (1910). The Myth of the Nostoi. The Classical Review, 24, pp 201-205 doi:10.1017/S0009840X00045479 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 130.133.8.114 on 02 May 2015 The Classical Review NOVEMBER 1910 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS THE MYTH OF THE NOSTOI. THERE is, perhaps, no problem whose invented from what had been received from solution would be more gratifying than that time immemorial. This paper is an attempt of the relation of Greek legend to historical to advance in this direction by dealing with fact. For modern discoveries since the a compact body of legend, that which tells days of Schliemann have increasingly of the home-coming of heroes from the shown that there are veins of metal in Trojan war. Two points, however, must this deposit—that there is an appreciable be premised. Firstly, the subject is not a quantity of fact buried in these strata of literary one. The Trojan story is older by fiction. But unfortunately this traditional far than its literary presentment, and we matter remains almost useless for historical propose to work behind the literary period, purposes. Archaeology draws off a certain whenever that may have been. Indeed, amount of material from the legend and any attempt to deal with the ' Homeric' stamps it as fact; but a large residuum is question in the present space would be the left, and, if we smelt out additional metal merest impertinence: its solution, more- from this, it is the metal of fancy—we over, is doubtless to be attained, as those cannot rely on it or trust in it as historical. best qualified to speak insist, by linguistic It may be that the future will see at least evidence. Our period, then, is the period a partial solution of the difficulty of dealing of tales and songs, not of finished epics. with this overlarge residuum.1 May not In the second place, the results at which this task be made to some extent easier by we shall arrive pretend to be no more than sifting the material which must be dealt hypothetical: nothing is put forward as with? proved, because our only touchstone is Greek tradition on ' Homeric' subjects probability sometimes more, sometimes certainly combines two distinct elements : less strong, but always probability. This, pure fiction and genuine tradition. The indeed, is implied in the nature of the case. latter of these may or may not have an The material to be treated is embedded ultimate basis in fact, and, in the first in two literary strata, the Cyclic Nosti and instance, decision of this point does not the Odyssey. matter. What is important is the separa- The subject of the former is the Return tion of genuine from the spurious tradition, of the Atreidae,2 though the suggestion of of what was (more or less) consciously generality conveyed by the unqualified 1 Murray, Rise of the Greek Epic, p. 180. 2 Athenaits, vii. 281&. NO. CCXIII. VOL. XXIV. 202 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW plural of the traditional title is perhaps elements, two of which are principal and justified by the introduction of subordinate two subordinate. The first two threads Returns accounting for a number of heroes are the fortunes of Menelaus and Agamem- beside the two brothers. The argument may non ; the progress of Neoptolemus and be briefly resumed.1 Calchas with their respective parties forms Athena stirs up a quarrel between Aga- the second pair. memnon and Menelaus concerning the (a) The fortunes of the Atreidae being voyage from Troy. Agamemnon then stays borrowed6 from the Odyssey must be re- to propitiate the goddess while Diomedes served for treatment along with the material and Nestor put out and reach their homes of that epic. (b) With the subsidiary safely. Menelaus, however, who started nostoi the case is far otherwise. The Cyclic at the same time, reaches Egypt with five poet found his narrative offered consider- ships, having lost the rest in a storm. able pauses which cried out for filling.6 Calchas, Leontes, and Polypoetes journey What incidents more relevant to this to Colophon [and Calchas having met purpose could be found than the stories Mopsus, the grandson of Triresias, dies of minor Returns ? Hence the outline and is buried there].2 As Agamemnon is preserved to us. But while the poet of about to set sail the ghost of Achilles the Odyssey has much to say of the Returns appears and warns him of his fate; then of Agamemnon and Menelaus, he says follows the storm and the fate of the nothing of the other heroes of the Cyclic Locrian Ajax. Neoptolemus, on the advice epic. Clearly he knew nothing of them. of Thetis, journeys overland, meeting For indeed they are decidedly post- Odysseus at Maroneia. After burying Odyssean. Homeric heroes do not travel Phoenix on the way, he reaches the down the coast of Asia Minor, nor do they Molossi, and is recognised by Peleus. attain to the Molossi or to Colophon, to Meanwhile Agamemnon has been mur- peoples and places of which they know dered by Aegisthus and Clytemnestra, but nothing. And since these anachronisms the deed is avenged by Orestes and are essential to the ' incidents ' of the Pylades. Menelaus then returns to Nosti, the incidents themselves must be Sparta. post-Homeric: they cannot claim one step There can be no doubt but the literary back to genuineness. Indeed their content Nosti is later than the literary Odyssey. shows clearly enough that they were the The treatment (five books to tv/o principal outcome of local striving after Homeric 7 8 and several subordinate heroes) is sum- origin, as was perhaps felt by Eustathius mary. It contains post-Odyssean features.3 when he spoke of the ' writer of the Nosti, It borrows the outline of parts of its narra- a Colophonian.' We may therefore reject tive from the Odyssey, as is shown by the fact the claim of the subsidiary nostoi to be that it adds details of which the Odyssey quasi-historical. knows nothing.4 Lastly, it mentions Odysseus himself only incidentally. These The Odyssey. facts are sufficient to warrant a double We are now free to deal with the conclusion : the Odyssey was not only Returns of Agamemnon, Menelaus, and tolerably complete, but even included much Odysseus, for which the Odyssey is our of its relatively late material at thac authority. time. The argument which follows holds good We now turn to the material of the whatever theory be adopted as to the Nosti. The epic may be analysed into four composition or unity of the Odyssey. If the literary unity of the Odyssey is main- 1 See abstract after Proclus, Kinkel, Ep. Graec. Fragm. p. 52-53. 5 Even should the contrary be proved, the " See Monro, Odyssey xiii-xxiv. p. 379, for true argument of this paper would still stand. sense of this passage. 6 Op. cit. 380. 3 Op. cit. p. 381. 7 Monro, op. cit. 381. 4 Ib. 8 Par. 1796, 53 (quoted by Monro). THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 203 tained, it is impossible to do the same for an obvious question would arise: Why did its subject-matter; if the literary Odyssey Menelaus take no notice of his brother's is composite, its subject-matter must neces- murder and the usurpation of Aegisthus, sarily be so. but let seven years go by (7. 306) till At the outset it is evident the age of Orestes was old enough to exact a tardy the Odyssey, or rather the later part of it,1 vengeance ?4 This question, no doubt, was was enthusiastically interested in nostoi. asked, and answered by inventing (after So much is this so that, at one point the model of the 'AXKIVOV cra-dAo-yos) a make- (S. 351-592), the Odyssey, itself a nostos, shift Return to employ Menelaus fully contains the Nostos of Menelaus, and this until the vengeance had taken place. The again the Nostos, or Doom, of Agamemnon. difficulty may have arisen when the Tale Phemius, again (a. 326-7), sings of the of the Unfaithful Wife, told possibly in Nocrros Ax«"3v,2 while Odysseus (K. 15- another connection, was absorbed into the 16) entertains Aeolus with the same sub- growing body of Trojan War stories. ject, about which, however, he can have Whatever the truth of this last (a mere known nothing.3 This interest probably detail), the nostos of Menelaus must also dated from the completion in its main be set aside as invented. outlines of the story of Odysseus. At any We now turn to the Nostos of Odysseus rate, in the latest parts of the Odyssey, lays himself. Is there here any genuine tradi- on this subject are regarded as of recent tion, any quasi-historical matter ? To origin (a. 352). We have, therefore, good answer this question in full we must follow reason to deal separately with the two Kirchoff, and admit a difference between layers of the Agamemnon—Menelaus nostoi the two halves of the Odyssey—a difference and the Odyssey itself. of scale. Perhaps too much stress has Now the two Returns of the more recent been laid on this fact, for, to a great layer contrast strongly with each other.
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