Affective Computing
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On the Interaction of Social Affect and Cognition: Empathy, Compassion and Theory of Mind
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind 1 1,2 1 Katrin Preckel , Philipp Kanske and Tania Singer Empathy, compassion and Theory of Mind (ToM) are central which may be detrimental to the observer and to others topics in social psychology and neuroscience. While empathy and compassion, on the other hand, which is a feeling of enables the sharing of others’ emotions and may result in warmth and concern for the other. We conclude with a empathic distress, a maladaptive form of empathic resonance, concise summary and an opinion statement. or compassion, a feeling of warmth and concern for others, ToM provides cognitive understanding of someone else’s Defining and neurally characterizing empathy, thoughts or intentions. These socio-affective and socio- compassion and Theory of Mind cognitive routes to understanding others are subserved by Empathy describes the process of sharing feelings, that is, separable, independent brain networks. Nonetheless they are resonating with someone else’s feelings, regardless of jointly required in many complex social situations. A process valence (positive/negative), but with the explicit knowl- that is critical for both, empathy and ToM, is self-other edge that the other person is the origin of this emotion [1]. distinction, which is implemented in different temporoparietal This socio-affective process results from neural network brain regions. Thus, adaptive social behavior is a result of activations that resemble those activations observed dynamic interplay of socio-affective and socio-cognitive when the same emotion is experienced first-hand (shared processes. -
CITY MOOD How Does Your City Feel?
CITY MOOD how does your city feel? Luisa Fabrizi Interaction Design One year Master 15 Credits Master Thesis August 2014 Supervisor: Jörn Messeter CITY MOOD how does your city feel? 2 Thesis Project I Interaction Design Master 2014 Malmö University Luisa Fabrizi [email protected] 3 01. INDEX 01. INDEX .................................................................................................................................03 02. ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................04 03. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................05 04. METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................................08 05. THEORETICAL FRamEWORK ...........................................................................................................09 06. DESIGN PROCESS ...................................................................................................................18 07. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................................................41 08. FURTHER IMPLEMENTATIONS ....................................................................................................44 09. APPENDIX ..............................................................................................................................47 02. -
Roles of Moral Emotions and Gender
International Journal of Communication 14(2020), 4890–4912 1932–8036/20200005 An Examination of Information Behaviors Surrounding Controversial Sociopolitical Issues: Roles of Moral Emotions and Gender CHENG HONG California State University, Sacramento, USA WEITING TAO University of Miami, USA WAN-HSIU SUNNY TSAI University of Miami, USA BO RA YOOK Fairfield University, USA Given the emotion-laden nature and moral considerations of controversial sociopolitical issues, this study examines two key antecedents of publics’ information behaviors about controversial sociopolitical issues. We focus on the underresearched emotional dimension by investigating the effects of moral emotions induced by such issues as well as a key demographic factor, gender, on publics’ information behaviors toward such issues. Results of this study highlight the significant influence of moral emotions and expand theoretical understanding of public advocacy on highly divisive issues. Keyword: moral emotions, controversial sociopolitical issues, gender, information behaviors In today’s volatile political climate, controversial sociopolitical issues such as abortion, immigration, and LGBTQ rights have generated heated public debates and shaped public opinion. When exposed to these issues, people of different stances and levels of issue involvement tend to take, select, and give issue-related information differently (Kim & Grunig, 2011; Ni & Kim, 2009). Drawing insights from the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS; Kim & Grunig, 2011), literature on information avoidance (Sweeny, Melnyk, Miller, & Shepperd, 2010), and theories of moral emotions (Rozin, Lowery, Imada, & Haidt, 1999), this study focuses on three key information behaviors—information seeking, avoidance, and forwarding—as the determinants of citizens’ engagement in civic and political conversation. This study focuses on these three behaviors for two important reasons. -
Tips for Survivors: COPING with GRIEF AFTER COMMUNITY VIOLENCE
∙ Tips for Survivors: COPING WITH GRIEF AFTER COMMUNITY VIOLENCE It is not uncommon for individuals and communities as year. It’s different for each person depending on his or her a whole to experience grief reactions and anger after an health, coping styles, culture, family supports, and other life incident of community violence. Grief is the normal response experiences. How long people grieve may also depend on the of sorrow, emotion, and confusion that comes from losing resilience of the community and the ability of its members to someone or something important to you. Most people will take on roles and responsibilities that will help restore the basic experience a natural occurrence of grief after the death of needs of the community, such as getting children back to a loved one, but grief and anger can be the result of other school and businesses back to working again. types of losses. In situations of community violence, people may experience the loss of their sense of safety, their trust Reactions to Community Violence in Children in those who live in their neighborhood, or their trust in local government. The trauma and grief of community violence Witnessing community violence and death can be traumatic can be experienced by all involved. experiences that cause negative mental health outcomes, particularly for children. Close relationships are important to This tip sheet contains information about some of the signs children’s development, and the loss of family or a community of grief and anger and provides useful information about member can represent the loss of social capital—the emotional how to cope with grief. -
Guilt, Shame, and Grief: an Empirical Study of Perinatal Bereavement
Guilt, Shame, and Grief: An Empirical Study of Perinatal Bereavement by Peter Barr 'Death in the sickroom', Edvard Munch 1893 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Sydney November, 2003 Preface All of the work described in this thesis was carried out personally by the author under the auspices of the Centre for Behavioural Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney. None of the work has been submitted previously for the purpose of obtaining any other degree. Peter Barr OAM, MB BS, FRACP ii The investigator cannot truthfully maintain his relationship with reality—a relationship without which all his work becomes a well-regulated game—if he does not again and again, whenever it is necessary, gaze beyond the limits into a sphere which is not his sphere of work, yet which he must contemplate with all his power of research in order to do justice to his own task. Buber, M. (1957). Guilt and guilt feelings. Psychiatry, 20, p. 114. iii Acknowledgements I am thankful to the Department of Obstetrics and Department of Neonatology of the following hospitals for giving me permission to approach parents bereaved by stillbirth or neonatal death: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Royal Hospital for Women, Royal North Shore Hospital and Westmead Hospital. I am most grateful to Associate Professor Susan Hayes and Dr Douglas Farnill for their insightful supervision and unstinting encouragement and support. Dr Andrew Martin and Dr Julie Pallant gave me sensible statistical advice. -
DISGUST: Features and SAWCHUK and Clinical Implications
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 7, 2005, pp. 932-962 OLATUNJIDISGUST: Features AND SAWCHUK and Clinical Implications DISGUST: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES, SOCIAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS BUNMI O. OLATUNJI University of Massachusetts CRAIG N. SAWCHUK University of Washington School of Medicine Emotions have been a long–standing cornerstone of research in social and clinical psychology. Although the systematic examination of emotional processes has yielded a rather comprehensive theoretical and scientific literature, dramatically less empirical attention has been devoted to disgust. In the present article, the na- ture, experience, and other associated features of disgust are outlined. We also re- view the domains of disgust and highlight how these domains have expanded over time. The function of disgust in various social constructions, such as cigarette smoking, vegetarianism, and homophobia, is highlighted. Disgust is also becoming increasingly recognized as an influential emotion in the onset, maintenance, and treatment of various phobic states, Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, and eating disorders. In comparison to the other emotions, disgust offers great promise for fu- ture social and clinical research efforts, and prospective studies designed to improve our understanding of disgust are outlined. The nature, structure, and function of emotions have a rich tradition in the social and clinical psychology literature (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999). Although emotion theorists have contested over the number of discrete emotional states and their operational definitions (Plutchik, 2001), most agree that emotions are highly influential in organizing thought processes and behavioral tendencies (Izard, 1993; John- Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by NIMH NRSA grant 1F31MH067519–1A1 awarded to Bunmi O. -
About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. . -
Finding the Golden Mean: the Overuse, Underuse, and Optimal Use of Character Strengths
Counselling Psychology Quarterly ISSN: 0951-5070 (Print) 1469-3674 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ccpq20 Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths Ryan M. Niemiec To cite this article: Ryan M. Niemiec (2019): Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2019.1617674 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1617674 Published online: 20 May 2019. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ccpq20 COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1617674 ARTICLE Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths Ryan M. Niemiec VIA Institute on Character, Cincinnati, OH, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The science of well-being has catalyzed a tremendous amount of Received 28 February 2019 research with no area more robust in application and impact than Accepted 8 May 2019 the science of character strengths. As the empirical links between KEYWORDS character strengths and positive outcomes rapidly grow, the research Character strengths; around strength imbalances and the use of strengths with problems strengths overuse; strengths and conflicts is nascent. The use of character strengths in understand- underuse; optimal use; ing and handling life suffering as well as emerging from it, is particularly second wave positive aligned within second wave positive psychology. Areas of particular psychology; golden mean promise include strengths overuse and strengths underuse, alongside its companion of strengths optimaluse.Thelatterisviewedasthe golden mean of character strengths which refers to the expression of the right combination of strengths, to the right degree, and in the right situation. -
1 the Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. Mcdonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department Of
1 The Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. McDonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department of Psychology 5665 Ponce de Leon Dr. Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA 2 Empathy is a potential psychological motivator for helping others in distress. Empathy can be defined as the ability to feel or imagine another person’s emotional experience. The ability to empathize is an important part of social and emotional development, affecting an individual’s behavior toward others and the quality of social relationships. In this chapter, we begin by describing the development of empathy in children as they move toward becoming empathic adults. We then discuss biological and environmental processes that facilitate the development of empathy. Next, we discuss important social outcomes associated with empathic ability. Finally, we describe atypical empathy development, exploring the disorders of autism and psychopathy in an attempt to learn about the consequences of not having an intact ability to empathize. Development of Empathy in Children Early theorists suggested that young children were too egocentric or otherwise not cognitively able to experience empathy (Freud 1958; Piaget 1965). However, a multitude of studies have provided evidence that very young children are, in fact, capable of displaying a variety of rather sophisticated empathy related behaviors (Zahn-Waxler et al. 1979; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992a; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992b). Measuring constructs such as empathy in very young children does involve special challenges because of their limited verbal expressiveness. Nevertheless, young children also present a special opportunity to measure constructs such as empathy behaviorally, with less interference from concepts such as social desirability or skepticism. -
Seek, Trust, Love Intro: People Are Prone to Extremes - for Some People, God Is Little More Than the Cosmic Vending Machine
Matthew 7:7-12 – Seek, Trust, Love Intro: People are prone to extremes - For some people, God is little more than the cosmic vending machine o i.e. if I just put in the right prayers or say the right words of faith and then believe hard enough, God will give me whatever prosperity, success, health, etc. I ask for o It might be a little more personal than a vending machine…more like an indulgent Santa Claus who expects us to be good little people, but is mostly there to fulfill our wish list ▪ Either way, prayer is treated almost as a “blank check” you can use to get God to make your every dream come true ▪ The passage that we’re looking at this morning is sometimes used to justify this view of God, but does no such thing when considered in context - On the other extreme, there are people who see God as perpetually angry & disapproving (and maybe a bit sadistic)… “he loved me enough to save me, but I don’t think he really likes me” o Maybe he is like Zeus with his lightning bolts just looking for an excuse to smite people o Or maybe he is like a malevolent genie who will grant a person’s request literally to the letter but in such a way that it is unhelpful or even harmful o In today’s passage Jesus absolutely demolishes this view of God as he emphasizes how loving and approachable God is (7-8) Seek - At first glance, Jesus seems to be shifting the topic somewhat randomly from 7:1-6 o Jesus is starting his wrap-up – Over the last 85 verses, he has shown what it looks like to live as a citizen of his kingdom, ▪ 5:3-11 – the values of the -
Do K-12 School Facilities Affect Education Outcomes?
Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations Staff Information Report January 2003 TACIR Publication Policy Staff Information Reports, Staff Briefs, Staff Technical Reports and Staff Working Papers and TACIR Fast Facts are issued to promote the mission and objectives of the Commission. These reports are intended to share information and research findings relevant to important public policy issues in an attempt to promote wider understanding. Only reports clearly labeled as Commission Reports represent the official position of the Commission. Others are informational. The Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations Suite 508, 226 Capitol Boulevard, Nashville,Tennessee 37243 (615) 741-3012 FAX (615) 532-2443 email: [email protected] website: www.state.tn.us/tacir Do K-12 School Facilities Affect Education Outcomes? A Staff Information Report The following staff have contributed to this report: Ed Young, Ph.D. Research Consultant Principal Author Harry A. Green, Ph.D. Executive Director Lynnisse Roehrich-Patrick, J.D. Director of Special Projects Project Manager, Editor Linda Joseph Publications Assistant Teresa Gibson Publications Assistant January 2003 ii Do K-12 School Facilities Affect Education Outcomes? Foreword In 1988, more than half of Tennessee’s school systems joined together and filed a lawsuit charging the state with failing to fund all systems, rich and poor, equitably, and in 1993, they won. In the meantime and after two years of deliberation, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted a new funding formula as part of the Education Improvement Act (EIA) of 1992. The plaintiffs were not entirely satisfied with that remedy and challenged it on three bases: it did not solve the problem of inequity among the systems in teachers’ salaries, it should be funded immediately and not phased in over six years as the legislature planned, and it did not provide adequate funds to bring all school buildings up to modern standards. -
Moral Emotions As Determinants of Third-Party Punishment: Anger, Guilt, and the Functions of Altruistic Sanctions
Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 4, No. 7, December 2009, pp. 543–553 Moral emotions as determinants of third-party punishment: Anger, guilt, and the functions of altruistic sanctions Rob M. A. Nelissen∗ and Marcel Zeelenberg Tilburg University, the Netherlands Abstract Third-party punishment has recently received attention as an explanation for human altruism. Feelings of anger in response to norm violations are assumed to motivate third-party sanctions, yet there is only sparse and indirect support for this idea. We investigated the impact of both anger and guilt feelings on third-party sanctions. In two studies both emotions were independently manipulated. Results show that anger and guilt independently constitute sufficient but not necessary causes of punishment. Low levels of punishment are observed only when neither emotion is elicited. We discuss the implications of these findings for the functions of altruistic sanctions. Keywords: third-party punishment, social norms, emotions, decision-making. 1 Introduction own (Haidt, 2003). We experience feelings like empathy, anger, and guilt if we consider how others have been hurt, People often defend the interests of others. They stand wronged, or harmed (e.g., Batson, 2006; Haidt, 2003). up for their friends if someone speaks ill about them in The view that moral emotions also have functional behav- their absence. They do not tolerate a colleague being bul- ioral consequences is reflected in evolutionary hypothe- lied at work. They boycott consumer products that are sis about their adaptive value (e.g., Tooby & Cosmides, produced using child labor. Some even come to the aid 1990; Trivers, 1971). of a stranger who is being physically harassed, in spite Especially Robert Frank’s (2004) notion of emotions of obvious personal danger.