DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification of Huoshan Shihu Fengdou

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification of Huoshan Shihu Fengdou Received: 24 October 2016 | Revised: 7 January 2017 | Accepted: 11 February 2017 DOI 10.1002/jemt.22856 RESEARCH ARTICLE Identification of “Huoshan shihu” Fengdou: Comparative authentication of the Daodi herb Dendrobium huoshanense and its related species by macroscopic and microscopic features Yujiao Zhao1 | Bangxing Han2 | Huasheng Peng1,3 | Xiao Wang4 | Shanshan Chu1 | Jun Dai2 | Daiyin Peng3,5 1College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China Abstract “ ” 2College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Huoshan shihu, derived from Dendrobium huoshanense, is a well-known, valuable, and rare Daodi Engineering, West Anhui University, herb. Because of its higher price and scarce resources, its related species D. officinale and D. monili- Synergetic Innovation Center of Dendrobia forme are usually presented as “Huoshan shihu” for sale. Fengdou, the processed form of D. Industrialization Development in Anhui huoshanense, its identification is particularly important. To effectively identify Fengdou of D. huosh- Province, Lu’an 237012, China anense and protect the Daodi herb, the morphological and microscopic characteristics of the stems 3Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, of three Dendrobium species were examined. The results showed that macroscopic and micro- Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei scopic features helpful for identification of the three species were the total lengths and internode 230012, China numbers of stems, diameter and length of each internode, number of vascular bundles, and 4 Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Quality presence or absence of silica masses. The key features useful for distinguishing between D. huosh- Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Ji’nan 250014, China anense and its related species, and also between their Fengdou, were the stem lengths and the 5Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui trends of change in diameter in different internodes. The results of the study indicated that a com- Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality bination of macroscopic and microscopic identification techniques might conveniently and Improvement, Hefei 230012, China effectively be applied for identification of Dendrobium species. “Longtou Fengwei” is the main fea- Correspondence ture of the Daodi herb “Huoshan shihu,” (D. huoshanense Fengdou) and reflects the wisdom Hua-Sheng Peng, College of Pharmacy, behind the protection of Daodi herbs in ancient times. Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China. Email: [email protected]; KEYWORDS Daiyin Peng, Institute of Traditional Chinese “Huoshan shihu” Fengdou, Dendrobium huoshanense, macroscopic, microscopic, identification Medicine Resources Protection and Devel- opment, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medi- cine, Hefei 230012, hina; and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Pro- tection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China. Email: [email protected] Funding information Revised Program for Endorsed National Forestry Certification System; Grant number: 2015-LY-152; National Agricultural Standardization Demonstration Area Pro- gram; Grant number: SEQ8-109 1 | INTRODUCTION plants (Tsi, Chen, Luo, & Zhu, 1999). According to a traditional Chinese medicine theory, the main functions of this herb are to tonify the stom- Shihu is not only an ornamental plant with beautiful flowers, but also a ach and promote body fluid, nourish yin, and clear heat (Chinese Phar- precious medicinal herb that has a wide and effective application in tra- macopoeia Committee, 2015). There are 74 species and two varieties ditional Chinese medicine. It is derived from Orchidaceae (Dendrobium) of Dendrobium in China (Tsi et al., 1999), and 50 species are used as traditional or folk medicines in different regions of China (Bao & Shun, Review Editor: Prof. Alberto Diaspro 1999; Bao, Shun, Zhang, & Jin, 2005; Ma, Xu, Xu, & Li, 1995; Zhao, Microsc Res Tech.2017;1–10 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jemt VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | 1 2 | ZHAO ET AL. 2014). “Huoshan shihu,” produced in Huoshan, Anhui, is regarded as & Huang, 2015). Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of some the “Daodi herb” (Tao, 1986; Zhao, 1983; Zhao, Guo, & Brand, 2012). Dendrobium species have been reported (Bao et al., 2005; Chu et al., As early as the Qing Dynasty, it was clearly documented in the “Sup- 2014; Ding, Xu, Wang, Shi, & Xu, 2001; He, Li, & Su, 1992; Li, Liu, plement to Compendium of Materia Medica” (Zhao, 1983). Shihu is Wei, & Wang, 2004; Li et al., 1986, 1989; Ma, Xu, Xu, & Wang, 1996; very expensive, with “Huoshan shihu” being the most expensive. Namba and Lin, 1981a,b; Xu, Xu, Sha, & Luo, 1980; Xu et al., 1981). Because it is more expensive than gold, “Huoshan shihu” is known as However, it is still unknown whether the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics can be used to identify them effectively when D. monili- the “soft gold” in traditional Chinese medicinal materials. forme and D. officinale are processed into Fengdou with different num- “Huoshan shihu” is derived from the fresh and dried stems of Den- bers of internodes. drobium huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng (Chinese Pharmacopoeia To effectively authenticate and distinguish between D. huosha- Committee, 2015). Because it is of excellent quality and expensive, nense and its most common relatives, D. moniliforme and D. officinale, “Huoshan shihu” is in high demand and its natural resource is on the this article seeks to address 2 issues: (1) Comparison of macroscopic verge of extinction. As early as the Qing dynasty, the “Huoshan County and microscopic characteristics of D. huoshanense, D. moniliforme,and Annals” had recorded that the herb’s resource was decreasing D. officinale; and (2) Rapid identification of D. huoshanense Fengdou. (Huoshan County Annals, 2010). To obtain more benefits, the other 2 Dendrobium species growing in Huoshan, Anhui, D. moniliforme and D. 2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS officinale, were mixed with “Huoshan shihu” for a long time (Anhui Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, 2004; Tang and Cheng, 2.1 | Plant materials 1984). However, based on the morphological descriptions of “Huoshan shihu” in ancient herbal books, “Huoshan shihu” is only derived from D. “Shihu,” derived from fresh or dried stems of Dendrobium species, was huoshanense and not from D. moniliforme and D. officinale (Wang and usually harvested around October. The fresh aerial stems of Den- Peng, 2004; Zhao, Han, Peng, & Peng, 2016). Therefore, for the protec- drobium species that had no leaves and flowers were called “Xiantiao” tion of Daodi medicinal material, it is important to distinguish between when used as medicines. Some of the stems of the Dendrobium species D. huoshanense and its related species. had a relatively small size, thick flesh, soft texture, and were rich in Many studies have focused on the identification of Dendrobium slime, such as D. huoshanense, D. moniliforme,andD. officinale. Their species and various methods have been developed to distinguish fresh stems were heated until soft, twisted or wound into a spiral or between them. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) recently spring form, and dried, also known as “Fengdou.” In the market, there provided morphological, microscopic, and thin layer chromatography are many types of Dendrobium species that can be processed into methods to differentiate between D. officinale, D. nobile, D. chrysoto- Fengdou. D. moniliforme and D. officinale were usually mixed with D. rum,andD. fimbriatum (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2015). huoshanense. With the constant development of molecular biology techniques, Twenty-one samples derived from D. huoshanense, D. moniliforme, molecular studies on the Dendrobium genus have made great progress and D. officinale were collected from different production areas in the (Feng, Lu, Gao, Liu, & Wang, 2014; Feng et al., 2015; Hou et al., 2012; Anhui province in China. Specimens were authenticated by Professor Silva, Aceto, Liu, Yu, & Kanno, 2014; Wang, Feng, Lu, Shi, & Liu, 2009; Hua-Sheng Peng of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Detailed Xiang et al., 2013). However, research study by Xiang et al. (2013) information of the samples is presented in Table 1. To evaluate the revealed that D. huoshanense, D. officinale,andD. moniliforme from consistency of morphological and anatomical characteristics, more than sect. Dendrobium were in the same composite group. They used the 10 plants were examined for each sample and at least three sections internal transcribed spacers (ITS) from the plant’s nuclear ribosomal per plant piece were prepared. DNA and four plastid markers (the coding gene rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA spacers and trnL intron), and found that it was difficult to differentiate 2.2 | Identification method of Xiantiao among them on the basis of these markers. During production, the Fengdou is prepared from fresh stems. Therefore, to identify Fengdou, “ ” fresh stems of Shihu are often processed into Fengdou by sorting, the characteristics of the fresh stem should be compared first. The cleaning, frying, sectioning, baking, plastic surgery, complex fire, and changes in the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were asso- other complex processes that generate dry goods (Anhui Bureau of ciated with the internode number in the stem of Shihu; therefore, Quality and Technical Supervision, 2015; Wei, Shun, Li, Dai, & He, internodes of all three Dendrobium species were numbered. The most 2015). After processing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Miraculous Ningguo City of China and Analysis of Influencing Factors of Competitive Advantage
    www.ccsenet.org/jgg Journal of Geography and Geology Vol. 3, No. 1; September 2011 A Miraculous Ningguo City of China and Analysis of Influencing Factors of Competitive Advantage Wei Shui Department of Eco-agriculture and Regional Development Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China & School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China Tel: 86-158-2803-3646 E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 31, 2011 Accepted: April 14, 2011 doi:10.5539/jgg.v3n1p207 Abstract Ningguo City is a remote and small county in Anhui Province, China. It has created “Ningguo Miracle” since 1990s. Its general economic capacity has been ranked #1 (the first) among all the counties or cities in Anhui Province since 2000. In order to analyze the influencing factors of competitive advantages of Ningguo City and explain “Ningguo Miracle”, this article have evaluated, analyzed and classified the general economic competitiveness of 61 counties (cities) in Anhui Province in 2004, by 14 indexes of evaluation index system. The result showed that compared with other counties (cities) in Anhui Province, Ningguo City has more advantages in competition. The competitive advantage of Ningguo City is due to the productivities, the effect of the second industry and industry, and the investment of fixed assets. Then the influencing factors of Ningguo’s competitiveness in terms of productivity were analyzed with authoritative data since 1990 and a log linear regression model was established by stepwise regression method. The results demonstrated that the key influencing factor of Ningguo City’s competitive advantage was the change of industry structure, especially the change of manufacture structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020
    Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020 Contents Heilongjiang ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Jilin ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Liaoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ........................................................................................................... 7 Beijing......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hebei ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Henan .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Shandong .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Shanxi ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Shaanxi ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank-Financed Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project
    EMP for World Bank-Financed Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project SFG3916 Zhongzi Huayu Public Disclosure Authorized G. H. P. Z. J. Zi No. 1051 World Bank-Financed Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project Public Disclosure Authorized Environment and Social Management Plan (EMP) Public Disclosure Authorized Commissioned by: Department of Civil Affairs of Anhui Province Prepared by: Beijing Zhongzi Huayu Environmental Public Disclosure Authorized Protection Technology Co., Ltd. Prepared in: December 2017 EMP for World Bank-Financed Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project Table of Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1 Project overview ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Project background .............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Construction contractor ....................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Project details ...................................................................................................................... 8 2 Basis and standard ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • People's Republic of China Southwest Anhui Integrated Agricultural
    PROJECT EVALUATION People’s Republic of China Southwest Anhui Integrated Agricultural Development Project Completion Evaluation September 2006 Via del Serafico 107 - 00142 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06 54592048 - Fax: +39 06 54593048 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ifad.org/evaluation Document of the International Fund for Agricultural Development People’s Republic of China Southwest Anhui Integrated Agricultural Development Project Completion Evaluation September 2006 Report No. 1785-CN Photo on cover page: People’s Republic of China Farmers dispossessed by the creation of reservoirs have been trained in fish farming as an alternative means of livelihood. Photo by Roger Norman People’s Republic of China Southwest Anhui Integrated Agricultural Development Project Loan No. 451-CH Completion Evaluation Table of Contents Exchange Rate iii Weights and Measures iii Abbreviations and Acronyms iii Map v Agreement at Completion Point vii Executive Summary xi I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background of the Evaluation 1 B. Approach and Methodology 2 II. MAIN DESIGN FEATURES 2 A. Project Rationale and Strategy 3 B. Project Area and Target Group 3 C. Goals, Objectives and Components 4 D. Implementation Partners and Arrangements 5 E. Major Changes in Policy and Institutions during Implementation 5 F. Design Changes during Implementation 6 III. SUMMARY IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS 6 IV. PERFORMANCE OF THE PROJECT 10 A. Relevance of Objectives 10 B. Effectiveness 11 C. Efficiency 12 V. IMPACT ON RURAL POVERTY 14 A. Impact on Physical and Financial Assets 14 B. Impact on Human Assets 16 C. Impact on Social Capital 17 D. Impact on Food Security 17 E. Impact on the Environment and Communal Resource Base 19 F.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrias Davidianus
    Conservation Status of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus) Subcontract No. 09-027 Dai Qiang1, Wang Yuezhao1, Liang Gang2 （1. Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2. College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University） Translated by Wang Yi (College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University) Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Contents I Biological Characters ................................................................................................................ 1 II Status of Wild Andrias davidianus ............................................................................................ 2 1 Distribution shrinking and fragmented ............................................................................. 2 2 Serious decreasing of wild population .............................................................................. 4 3 River pollution and ground habitat loss ............................................................................ 6 4. Poaching is rampant driven by the huge economic benefits ............................................. 8 5. The populations of underground river present the metapopulation characteristics, the communication among populations is reduced, and the extinction risk is increased .............. 10 III. Protection Management Status ............................................................................................ 13 1. Current Andrias davidianus Nature Reserves Distribution and Management Status in China ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    IPP219 v.2 Public Disclosure Authorized Social Assessment study for Eco-farming and Sustainable Rural Development Project -World Bank Loan Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Beijing, P.R. China March 2007 Public Disclosure Authorized Implementation Agency: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), Beijing Person in charge of project: Mrs. Dr. Zhao Lixin, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), Beijing Team leader: Mrs. Zhang Yanli, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), Beijing Main compilation of the SA report: Mrs. Zhang Yanli, Master of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), MoA, Beijing Prof. Jiang Aiqun, Department of Rural Sociology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Participant in the SA: Mr Li Bingfeng, Dual Bachelor of Management and Economy, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), Beijing Mrs Wang Aihua, Bachelor of Economic Management, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE), Beijing Mrs Zhang Li, Master of Sociology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Mrs Xu Lei, Master of Sociology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Content I Introduction and Summary ...........................................................................................................5 1.1.1 Background and main objective .............................................................................5 1.1.2 Project content and scale ........................................................................................6 1.1.3 Brief
    [Show full text]
  • THE STATE of CHINA's CITIES the STATE of CHINA's CITIES Global Action&China Practice：Together for a Better Future
    THE STATE OF CHINA'S CITIES THE STATE THE STATE OF CHINA'S CITIES Global Action&China Practice：Together for a Better Future 2018/2019 Global Action&China Practice :Together for a Better Future Global Action&China Practice：Together for a Better Future 2018 2019 (35378)定价:108.00元 城市规划﹒城市设计（P20） 正式方案1.indd 2 2020/7/31 10:03:47 2018/2019 The State of China's Cities Global Action & China Practice: Together for a Better Future 审图号：GS（2020）2613号 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 中国城市状况报告 2018/2019: 全球行动与中国实践 ：共创人类 美好未来 =The State of China’s Cities 2018/2019 Global Action & China Practice: Together for a Better Future ：英文/ 国际欧亚科学院中国科学 中心，中国市长协会，中国城市规划学会编著 . —北京 : 中国建筑工 业出版社，2020.1 ISBN 978-7-112-24814-8 Ⅰ.①中… Ⅱ.①国… Ⅲ. ①城市建设—研究报告—中国— 2018-2019—英文 Ⅳ. ① TU984.2 中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2020）第022550号 The State of China's Cities 2018/2019 Global Action & China Practice: Together for a Better Future EDITED BY China Science Center of International Eurasian Academy of Sciences China Association of Mayors Urban Planning Society of China * 中国建筑工业出版社出版、发行(北京海淀三里河路9号) 各地新华书店、建筑书店经销 北京雅盈中佳图文设计公司制版 印刷厂印刷 * 开本: 787×1092毫米 1/16 印张: 字数: 千字 年 月第 1 版 年 月第 1 次印刷 定价: 108.00元 ISBN 978-7-112-24814-8 （35378） 版权所有 翻印必究 如有印装质量问题，可寄本社退换 ( 邮政编码 100037) EDITED BY China Science Center of International Eurasian Academy of Sciences China Association of Mayors Urban Planning Society of China 35378 The State of China's Cities (2018-2019).indd 9 2020/9/15 下午4:10 Foreword I City is the common home of human beings, and bright future of the city needs our creation together.
    [Show full text]
  • Forum Gospodarcze Polska-Chiny
    FORUM GOSPODARCZE POLSKA-CHINY No Company name Field of activity Company profile Business interest 1 Anhui Tea Industry Anhui BaoErZhongXiu Tea Industry Export and trade BaoErZhongXiu Tea Co.,Ltd. is a company which sells high cooperation on Industry Co., Ltd. quality yellow-bud ( a kind of Chinese Chinese teas Green tea) tea from Huoshan County. It is one of the Top 100 enterprises in the tea industry. The company has become the first yellow-bud tea firm in Chinese stock market since landing the third board in August, 2016. The brand BaoErZhongXiu is one of Top 10 network products and Top 10 leading brands, which also wins the honor of famous brand products and famous trademark in Anhui Province. 2 Anhui Longhua Bamboo Anhui Longhua Bamboo Product Export and trade Bamboo Product Flooring Co,.Ltd, is located in Huoshan County cooperation on Co., Ltd. Manufacturing of Anhui, which is “The Hometown of bamboo flooring China Bamboo”. With Finland dynea of environmental protection adhesive, PPR painting , the factory annually produces flooring over 6,000,000 ㎡. Its main products include solid bamboo flooring, wood- bamboo engineered flooring, solid wood engineered flooring and laminate flooring. The products are sold in the developed countries such as America, Canada, Australia, Poland, etc. 3 Anhui Xiehecheng Chinese herbal Anhui Xiehecheng Pharmaceutical & Export and trade Pharmaceutical & Medicine Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd is a modern cooperation on Herbal Pieces Co., Chinese herbal medicine corporation Chinese medicine Ltd. which has herbal medicine cultivating, processing, researching and developing, import and export businesses. With registered capital of 66.6 millon RMB, the company owns total assets of 300 million RMB.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 Article Potential of NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Imagery for Modeling the Regional Economy of China
    Remote Sens. 2013, 5, 3057-3081; doi:10.3390/rs5063057 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Potential of NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Imagery for Modeling the Regional Economy of China Xi Li 1,*, Huimin Xu 2, Xiaoling Chen 1 and Chang Li 3 1 State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 School of Economics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430060, China; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 College of Urban and Environmental Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-6877-8141. Received: 18 April 2013; in revised form: 7 June 2013 / Accepted: 13 June 2013 / Published: 19 June 2013 Abstract: Historically, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) was the unique satellite sensor used to collect the nighttime light, which is an efficient means to map the global economic activities. Since it was launched in October 2011, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Satellite has become a new satellite used to monitor nighttime light. This study performed the first evaluation on the NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery in modeling economy, analyzing 31 provincial regions and 393 county regions in China. For each region, the total nighttime light (TNL) and gross regional product (GRP) around the year of 2010 were derived, and a linear regression model was applied on the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium Huoshanense Yielding GDP-D-Mannose
    Open Life Sciences 2021; 16: 102–107 Rapid Communication Yuqi Yi, Lulu Liu, Wenyan Zhou, Daiyin Peng, Rongchun Han*, Nianjun Yu* Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0015 Keywords: GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, poly- received August 06, 2020; accepted December 10, 2020 saccharide biosynthesis, guanosine-5-triphosphoric acid Abstract: Dendrobium huoshanense has been used for centuries in China and its polysaccharides are the main active components in treating loss of body fluids resulting from fever and asthenic symptoms. However, the biosyn- 1 Introduction thetic pathway of polysaccharides in D. huoshanense remains to be elucidated. In this study, we obtained a Embodied in Chinese Pharmacopoeia with the name of guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose pyrophosphory- Dendrobii Caulis, the stem of Dendrobium huoshanense lase (DhGMPP) from D. huoshanense and characterized C. Z. Tang and S. J. Cheng has been used in Chinese fl its function to catalyze the conversion of α-D-mannose- medicine for centuries to treat loss of body uids [ ] phosphate to GDP-D-mannose involved in the production resulting from fever and asthenic symptoms 1,2 . While fl - of polysaccharides. DhGMPP, with the open reading frame the plant produces versatile constituents including avo of 1,245 bp, was isolated from RNA-Seq data of D. huosha- noids, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, polysaccharides, and [ – ] - nense. Phylogenetic analysis as well as sequence charac- alkaloids 3 5 , water soluble polysaccharides act as its - terization suggested its involvement in the biosynthesis main active ingredients which by far demonstrated immuno - fl of GDP-D-mannose. In vitro enzyme assay demonstrated stimulating, anti in ammatory, antipyretic, astringent, and ff [ – ] that GMPP encoded a pyrophosphorylase that converted tonic e ects 6 8 .
    [Show full text]
  • A12 List of China's City Gas Franchising Zones
    附录 A12: 中国城市管道燃气特许经营区收录名单 Appendix A03: List of China's City Gas Franchising Zones • 1 Appendix A12: List of China's City Gas Franchising Zones 附录 A12：中国城市管道燃气特许经营区收录名单 No. of Projects / 项目数：3,404 Statistics Update Date / 统计截止时间：2017.9 Source / 来源：http://www.chinagasmap.com Natural gas project investment in China was relatively simple and easy just 10 CNG）、控股投资者（上级管理机构）和一线运营单位的当前主官经理、公司企业 years ago because of the brand new downstream market. It differs a lot since 所有制类型和联系方式。 then: LNG plants enjoyed seller market before, while a LNG plant investor today will find himself soon fighting with over 300 LNG plants for buyers; West East 这套名录的作用 Gas Pipeline 1 enjoyed virgin markets alongside its paving route in 2002, while today's Xin-Zhe-Yue Pipeline Network investor has to plan its route within territory 1. 在基础数据收集验证层面为您的专业信息团队节省 2,500 小时之工作量； of a couple of competing pipelines; In the past, city gas investors could choose to 2. 使城市燃气项目投资者了解当前特许区域最新分布、其他燃气公司的控股势力范 sign golden areas with best sales potential and easy access to PNG supply, while 围；结合中国 LNG 项目名录和中国 CNG 项目名录时，投资者更易于选择新项 today's investors have to turn their sights to areas where sales potential is limited 目区域或谋划收购对象； ...Obviously, today's investors have to consider more to ensure right decision 3. 使 LNG 和 LNG 生产商掌握采购商的最新布局，提前为充分市场竞争做准备； making in a much complicated gas market. China Natural Gas Map's associated 4. 便于 L/CNG 加气站投资者了解市场进入壁垒，并在此基础上谨慎规划选址； project directories provide readers a fundamental analysis tool to make their 5. 结合中国天然气管道名录时，长输管线项目的投资者可根据竞争性供气管道当前 decisions. With a completed idea about venders, buyers and competitive projects, 格局和下游用户的分布，对管道路线和分输口建立初步规划框架。 analyst would be able to shape a better market model when planning a new investment or marketing program.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline of the Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias Davidianus and Implications for Its Conservation
    Oryx Vol 38 No 2 April 2004 The decline of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus and implications for its conservation Xiao-ming Wang, Ke-jia Zhang, Zheng-huan Wang, You-zhong Ding, Wei Wu and Song Huang Abstract The Chinese giant salamander Andrias the conservation of the Chinese giant salamander. We davidianus is the largest living amphibian. Most wild carried out habitat and questionnaire surveys for the populations are threatened and some are already extinct. species in 13 locations, and based on the results and The Chinese government has declared the species a on the little amount of published information, most of Class II Protected Species, and it is listed as Critically it in Chinese, we assess the current status of the species Endangered in the Chinese Red Book of Amphibians and make recommendations for its conservation man- and Reptiles and as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List. agement. Conservation of the Chinese giant salamander Populations of the species have declined sharply in both should be given a high priority and considered an range and number since the 1950s because of habitat important part of wetland management. loss and fragmentation, and hunting for the commercial luxury food trade. Remaining populations appear to be Keywords Amphibia, Andrias davidianus, China, distributed in 12 areas across 17 provinces in the moun- Chinese giant salamander, decline, fragmentation. tainous areas of the middle Yangtze, Yellow and Pearl Rivers. Since the 1980s, 14 nature reserves, with a total This paper contains supplementary material that can area of more than 355,000 ha, have been established for only be found online at http://journals.cambridge.org Introduction fragmentation of its habitat, and hunting for the luxury food market; most local populations are on the verge The Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus is the of extinction and some are already extinct (Anon., largest living amphibian, reaching a maximum length 1978; Zhao, 1998; Zhang & Wang, 2000).
    [Show full text]