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RICE-FISH CULTURE in CHINA EDITED BY Kenneth T. MacKay INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Johannesburg • Montevideo Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore Published by the International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9 June 1995 MacKay, K.T. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing CN Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Wuxi CN Rice-fish culture in China. Ottawa, ON, IDRC, 1995. 276 p.: ill. /Rice/, /plant production/, /fish production/, /mixed farming/, /cultivation systems/, /China/ — /appropriate technology/, /ecology/, /economic aspects/, /on-farm research/, /case studies/, /conference reports/, references. UDC: 633.18:639.2(510) ISBN: 0-88936-776-0 A microfiche edition is available. Material contained in this report is produced as submitted to IDRC Books. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the authors. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Contents Preface vii Introduction Wang Hongxi ix Part I: Review and Outlook Rice-Fish Culture in China: The Past, Present, and Future Cai Renkui, Ni Dashu, and Wang Jianguo 3 Rice-Fish Culture in China: Present and Future Chen Defu and Shui Maoxing 15 Scientific and Technological Development of Rice-Fish Culture in China Zhang Rongquan 23 Development of Rice-Fish Farming in Guizhou Province Shi Songfa 31 Reforming Rice-Fish Culture Technology in the Wuling Mountains of Eastern Guizhou Province Chen Guangcheng 37 The Development of Rice-Fish Farming in Chongqing City Xu Shunzhi 43 Development of Rice-Fish Farming in Jiangsu Province Xu Guozhen 49 Rice-Fish Culture and its Macrodevelopment in Ecological Agriculture Yang Jintong 55 Value of the Rice-Fish Production in High-Yielding Areas of Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province Cao Zenghao 63 Developing Rice-Fish Culture in Shallow Waters of Lakes Wan Qianlin, Li Kangmin, Li Peizhen, Gu Huiying, and Zhou Xin 67 iii iv RICE-FISH CULTURE IN CHINA Part II: Patterns and Technology Different Methods of Rice-Fish Farming Nie Dashu and Wang Jianguo 77 New Techniques for Raising Fish in Flooded Ricefields Wan Banghuai and Zhang Qianlong 85 Methods of Rice-Fish Culture and their Ecological Efficiency Wu Langhu 91 Ridge-Cultured Rice Integrated with Fish Farming in Trenches, Anhui Province Yan Dejuan, Jiang Ping, Zhu Wenliang, Zhang Chuanlu, and Wang Yingduo 97 Development of Rice-Fish Culture with Fish Pits Feng Kaimao 103 Techniques Adopted in the Rice-Azolla-Fish System with Ridge Culture Yang Guangli, Xiao Qingyuan, and He Tiecheng 107 Semisubmerged Cropping in Rice-Fish Culture in Jiangxi Province Liu Kaishu, Zhang Ningzhen, Zeng Heng, Shi Guoan, and Wu Haixiang 117 Rice-Azolla-Fish Symbiosis Wang Zaide, Wang Pu, and Jie Zengshun 125 Economic and Ecological Benefits of Rice-Fish Culture Li Xieping, Wu Huaixun, and Zhang Yongtai 129 Cultivating Different Breeds of Fish in Ricefields Wang Banghuai and Zhang Qianlong 139 Rice-Fish Culture in Ricefield Ditchponds Luo Guang-Ang 147 Techniques for Rice-Catfish Culture in Zero-Tillage Ricefields Chen Huarong 153 Demonstration of High-Yield Fish Farming in Ricefields Cai Guanghui, Ying Yuguang, Wu Baogan, He Zhangxiong, and Lai Shengyong 163 Rice-Azolla-Fish in Ricefields Chen Defu, Ying Hanquing, and Shui Maoxing 169 CONTENTS V Part III: Interactions Material Cycles and Economic Returns in a Rice-Fish Ecosystem Ni Dashu and Wang Jianguo 177 Fish Culture in Ricefields: Rice-Fish Symbiosis Xiao Fan 183 Ecological Effects of Rice-Fish Culture Pan Yinhe 189 Ecological Mechanisms for Increasing Rice and Fish Production Pan Shugen, Huang Zhechun, and Zheng Jicheng 195 Rice-Azolla-Fish Cropping System Liu Chung Chu 201 Effect of Fish on the Growth and Development of Rice Li Duanfu, Wu Neng, and Zhou Tisansheng 209 The Role of Fish in Controlling Mosquitoes in Ricefields Wu Neng, Liao Guohou, Lou Yulin, and Zhong Gemei . 213 A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva Wang Jianguo and Ni Dashu 217 Ability of Fish to Control Rice Diseases, Pests, and Weeds Yu Shui Yan, Wu Wen Shang, Wei Hai Fu, Ke Dao An, Xu Jian Rong, and Wu Quing Zhai 223 Distribution and Residue of Methamidophos in a Rice-Azolla-Fish Ecosystem Xu Yinliang, Xu Yong, and Chen Defu 229 Residue and Application of Fenitrothion in a Rice-Fish Culture System Lou Genlin, Zhang Zhongjun, Wu Gan, Gao Jin, Shen Yuejuan, Xie Zewan, and Deng Hongbing 237 Part IV: Economic Effects Economic Analysis of Rice-Fish Culture Lin Xuegui, Zhang Linxiu, and He Guiting 247 Economic Research on Rice-Fish Farming Jiang Ci Mao and Dai Ge 253 Ecology and Economics of Rice-Fish Culture Quing Daozhu and Gao Jusheng 259 This page intentionally left blank Preface A National Rice-Fish Farming Systems Symposium was held in China at the Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre of the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 4-8 October 1988. The symposium was cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences (CAPS). Funding was supplied by IDRC through its project Farming Systems (China) (3-P-87-0237). Researchers from the major rice-producing areas of China presented papers at this interdisciplinary symposium. The proceedings of this symposium were originally published in Chinese by the Agriculture Publishing House (Beijing). To share this valuable information with researchers and development workers outside China, the proceedings were translated into English. The initial translation was done either by the researchers themselves or by translators with the Agricultural Publishing House. Initial English editing was carried out by Regina Morales, Manila, Philippines. Final technical editing and preparation of the camera-ready copy was undertaken by Michael Graham, MG Science Editing, Writing, and Publishing, Kemptville, Ontario, Canada. In some cases, two or more papers have been combined to remove redundancy. Kenneth T MacKay Winsloe Prince Edward Island Canada vii This page intentionally left blank Introduction This symposium on rice-fish farming in China brought together 55 experts and scholars from the Academia Sinica, the Departments of Agriculture and Hydraulics, the Institutes of Aquacultural Research and Education, and the Administration Bureaus. In addition, there were representatives from the International Development Research Centre, Canada, the Network for Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA), Thailand, the Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University, Philippines, and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. China has had a long history of rice-fish farming. As rural areas have been industrialized in recent years, rice-fish farming has gained attention because it is an organic method that combines rice and fish production while maximizing labour and ricefield resources. The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Chinese Aquacultural Research Institute organized this symposium, with financial assistance from the International Development Research Centre, to synthesize the rich experiences and skills of Chinese farmers and to improve rice-fish farming as a way to increase food production in Southeast Asia and in other parts of the world. Rice has always been the number one grain crop in China in terms of both area and yield. During the 1950s, the tradition of rice-fish farming developed substantially but the benefits were not significant. Fish harvests were poor because the method was based only on traditional experiences and technical difficulties were encountered. However, rice-fish farming developed rapidly and by 1988, 800000 ha were being harvested with a average yield of 133 kg/ha. In some areas, yields exceeded 3750 kg/ha and many farmers harvested 15000 kg of rice and 1500 kg of fish per hectare. The incomes of these farmers increased considerably. The techniques of rice-fish farming improved markedly as additional skill and experience were acquired. In 1972, Ni Dashu, of Academia Sinica' s Institute of Hydrobiology, initiated experiments to increase fish production from rice-fish culture. These experiments established the theory for rice-fish integration, which guided the research work of Chinese scientists during the 1980s. Research was focused on the common needs of fish and rice for water, light, and nutrition under local conditions. Many new techniques were developed to suit various locations: ridge and ditch systems; semidry land; ditch manure pits; ditches with floating water; and rice-duckweed-fish systems. These new methods enriched and further developed the theory of rice-fish integration. ix x RICE-FISH CULTURE IN CHINA In 1984, the State Economic Commission arranged a project for the extension of these new techniques. The Fisheries Bureau, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, ordered a technical coordination group to carry out the work in Sichuan and 17 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions. After 3 years, the new techniques were widely adopted and produced economic, social, and ecological benefits that contributed to the large-scale adoption of rice-fish farming in China. Rice-fish fanning is no longer limited to the household economy and to production for personal or family consumption. It is now part of farmland improvement, soil improvement, and environmental protection. Rice-fish farming has increased the productivity of ricefields and is fast becoming an important part of the commodity economy. It has also played a significant role in reforming the structure of rural industries. Wang Hongxi Deputy Director Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Part I: Review and Outlook This page intentionally left blank Rice-Fish Culture in China: The Past, Present, and Future1 Cai Renkui,2 Ni Dashu,3 and Wang Jianguo3 The combination of rice and fish has a long history in China. The practice of rice-fish farming may have evolved from pond culture. The canon for fish culture written by Fan Li about 400 BC states: ... dig six mu of land into a pond... put 2 000 fry into the pond ...
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