La Representación De La Visión En El Cine De Los Surrealistas

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La Representación De La Visión En El Cine De Los Surrealistas Máster en Estudios Comparados de Literatura, Arte y Pensamiento Iniciación a la investigación La representación de la visión en el cine de los surrealistas Ainamar Clariana Rodagut Directora de la investigación: Dra. Victoria Cirlot Curso 2011-2012 3 de septiembre de 2012 1 ÍNDICE Introducción...................................................................................................................................3 1. El cine de los surrealistas................................................................................................11 1. 1 Contexto.....................................................................................................................11 1.2 La experiencia de los surrealistas: el cine como sueño........................................13 1.3 El cine surrealista como transgresión....................................................................17 1.4 La imposibilidad de un cine surrealista..................................................................17 1.5 Diversas formas de tratar la relación entre surrealismo y cine..........................18 1.6 La obra de cada autor y los elementos surrealistas..............................................25 1.7 El sueño surrealista: liberar al espectador a través del cine................................26 1.8 La práctica subversiva y el discurso narrativo.......................................................28 1.9 Conclusión.................................................................................................................29 2. Emak Bakia........................................................................................................................31 2.1 Contexto de la obra...................................................................................................31 2.2 Iconografía del ojo en la obra de Man Ray............................................................34 2.3 Análisis cinematográfico de Emak Bakia................................................................38 2.3.1 El autorretrato..............................................................................................39 2.3.2 Los objetos rotatorios.................................................................................44 2.3.3 La secuencia de las mujeres........................................................................48 2.3.4 La escena de Jaques Rigaut y la conclusión.............................................50 3. Un perro andaluz.................................................................................................................54 3.1 Contexto de la obra...................................................................................................54 3.2 El imaginario de Un perro andaluz: procedencia e interpretación.......................59 3.3 Iconografía del ojo en la obra de Luis Buñuel......................................................64 3.3.1 El voyeurismo: el cerrojo y la ventana o la cámara................................65 3.3.2 La apertura a las imágenes..........................................................................70 3.3.3 El sacrificio del ojo exterior.......................................................................72 3.3.4 La ceguera de nacimiento y los ojos mutilados.......................................74 Conclusiones.................................................................................................................................78 Documento Anexo.......................................................................................................................80 Bibliografía citada.........................................................................................................................87 Bibliografía primaria. Fuentes.........................................................................................87 Obras de referencia o bibliografía secundaria..............................................................88 Filmografía.........................................................................................................................90 2 INTRODUCCIÓN En el libro Hildegard von Bingen y la tradición visionaria de occidente1 la escritora Victoria Cirlot se propone estudiar la experiencia visionaria. La investigación de este fenómeno se inicia con el estudio de la obra profética de Hildegard von Bingen, monja benedictina del siglo XII, y prosigue con la obra del artista Max Ernst. La comparación entre ambos se establece en función de la reflexión que el artista y la visionaria realizan en torno a sus creaciones y la iconografía que los mismos desarrollan en sus obras plásticas. De hecho, sustenta esta comparación el hecho de que Max Ernst se autodenominara visionario y que la cosmogonía que presentó en la serie de frottages, titulada Historia Natural, se asimile a la que se extrae de las visiones de Hildegard von Bingen descritas en su obra Scivias. Entre la iconografía creada por Max Ernst se encuentra la del ojo atravesado por un hilo. El artista idea esta imagen que, según Werner Spies, se convertirá en manifiesto visual del movimiento. Más tarde Luis Buñuel la llevará al cine, lo cual apoya esta hipótesis. Victoria Cirlot señala el significado que la imagen podría tener para el artista: “Como advierte Werner Spies, la destrucción del sentido de la vista no es un motivo sádico, sino un símbolo de la alteración de la visión, una segunda visión más allá de la mundana que es la ceguera del visionario. El arte salido del ojo atravesado no puede ser un arte representacional, sino siempre supraperceptual” (V. Cirlot, 2005: 203). Cinco años más tarde, la autora publica La visión abierta: del mito del Grial al surrealismo2. En el libro, el estudio del fenómeno visionario, antes aplicado a la obra de Max Ernst, se extiende a las creaciones de otros artistas también incluidos en la corriente surrealista. Estos son los casos de algunas fotografías de Man Ray, la obra pictórica de Víctor Brauner, André Masson, Pablo Picasso 1 Publicado en 2005 por la editorial Herder. 2 Publicado en 2010 por la editorial Siruela. 3 o incluso cinematográfica de Luis Buñuel. La forma en que reaparece en ellas el motivo del ojo permite aplicar la definición citada para el mismo. En función de la novedad de las propuestas expuestas, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es el de plantear una iconografía del ojo en el campo del cine de los surrealistas. Éste se llevará a cabo a partir del análisis de dos películas de artistas incluidos en la corriente estética: Emak Bakia y Un perro andaluz. El ojo se estudiará a partir de la hipótesis de que su aparición en el cine de los surrealistas hace referencia al fenómeno visionario. Puesto que este punto de vista vertebra todo el trabajo, a título de introducción se resumirá lo que aquí se entiende por 'visión'. Ésta se explica de la forma en que está expuesta en Hildegard von Bingen y la tradición visionaria de occidente y La visión abierta: del mito del Grial al surrealismo. En ambos libros la visión se define a través de un método comparativo mediante el cual se estudian los puntos de contacto entre la mística medieval y las experiencias estéticas de los surrealistas. En la experiencia visionaria los sentidos corporales no tienen ninguna función. La visión se desarrolla a partir de la apertura de los sentidos espirituales, dirigidos hacia la interioridad del visionario. Además, se define como una floración espontánea de imágenes cuya relación con 'lo real' se presenta dudosa. De este modo, muestra una realidad «otra», diferente a la «natural», que convine en llamarse mundo visionario. Este cosmos representa un más allá invisible y, por esta razón, su plasmación únicamente puede llevarse a cabo a partir de resoluciones plásticas nuevas, según el contexto histórico en que aparecen. Estas nuevas nuevas técnicas pueden ser el frottage o el collage descubiertos por Max Ernst, o la técnica que usa Hildegard von Bingen en sus miniaturas. La elección del arte surrealista que realiza Victoria Cirlot para tratar el fenómeno visionario se fundamenta en la importancia que el movimiento otorgó a la facultad imaginativa: “el movimiento artístico que con mayor convicción se ha ocupado de la imágenes y de la imaginación como la fuente del misterio” (2005: 184). El acercamiento de dos realidades distantes, manifiesto artístico del movimiento surrealista, provee de la chispa que posibilita el nacimiento de algo nuevo. 4 Eso que surge del choque es una imagen proveniente de la imaginación, de la interioridad, o lo que es lo mismo: una imagen onírica. Ésta se descubre como elemento fundamental del arte surrealista y la importancia que se le otorgó permite establecer una relación con la mística medieval: ambas realidades consideraron la imaginación una vía primordial de conocimiento. Esta equiparación amplía el horizonte de comprensión de ambas propuestas: por una parte, permite analizar las cualidades artísticas de la obra de Hildegard von Bingen, hasta el momento considerada únicamente en función de su valor didáctico. Por la otra, la confrontación posibilita dotar de un valor espiritual las obras de los artistas surrealistas. A pesar de los puntos de contacto que la propuesta pone de relieve, también se destacan las diferencias entre las dos tradiciones. En el caso de Hildegard von Bingen la visión tenía proveniencia divina y por ello representaba una enseñanza privilegiada. Su resolución plástica fue considerada de orden simbólico, puesto que refería a esa realidad sagrada cuya única representación se hace posible a través
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