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Arabistan-Avrasya Kıtasal Çarpışma Bölgesindeki Depremlerin Benzerlik Ilişkileri

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Arabistan-Avrasya Kıtasal Çarpışma Bölgesindeki Depremlerin Benzerlik Ilişkileri View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE itüdergisi/d mühendislik Cilt:4, Sayı:6, 105-115 Aralık 2005 Arabistan-Avrasya kıtasal çarpışma bölgesindeki depremlerin benzerlik ilişkileri Onur TAN*, Tuncay TAYMAZ İTÜ Maden Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 34390, Ayazağa, İstanbul Özet Depremlerin kaynak mekanizması ve kırılma süreçlerinin incelenmesiyle elde edilen faylanma parametrele- rinin birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri sismolojideki temel konulardan biridir. Bu çalışmada Arabistan-Avrasya kıtasal çarpışma bölgesinde meydana gelmiş depremlere ait büyüklük, faylanma alanı, gerilme düşümü gibi parametrelerin birbirleriyle ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Sismik momentin, mb ve Ms büyüklükleriyle olan ilişkisi için bölgeye özgü yeni eşitlikler belirlenmiş ve bunların dünya genelindeki depremlerin kullanılmasıyla be- lirlenenlerden daha farklı olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca 20 depreme ait kayma dağılımı modellemesi sonuçla- rından yararlanılarak belirlenen, sismik momentin diğer parametrelerle ilişkilerini içeren gözlemsel bağıntı- lar belirlenmiştir. Bu bağıntılar özellikle tarihsel depremlerin daha iyi anlaşılması açısından önem taşır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deprem kaynak parametreleri, ölçekleme ilişkileri, aktif faylanma, doğu Akdeniz, güncel levha etkileşimi. Self-similarity of the earthquakes occurred in the Eurasia-Arabia collision zone Abstract The relationship of faulting parameters obtained by analyzing the earthquake focal mechanisms and rupture histories is one of the main topics of seismology. In this study, we have studied the relationship of the pa- rameters such as magnitude, rupture area, stress drop of the earthquakes occurred in the Eurasia-Arabia collision zone. We used two inversion techniques to find out the source parameters. First, the long period and broad-band body waveforms recorded by GDSN stations in the distance rage of 30°–90° were inverted and the fault orientation, centroid depth, seismic moment and source time function of each event were ob- tained with minimum misfit solution. Second method is the slip distribution inversion using high frequency broad-band data. The fault plane was divided into several sub-faults and rupture history of each sub-faults were described by triangles. Total fault area, rupture propagation in time and overall source time function were then obtained using minimum misfit solution of inversion. The resulting earthquake parameters results were graphed and the least-square relation equations were fitted. These new equations represent the re- gional behavior of the earthquakes and are different from that of previous studies using global databases. The present equations are important to resolve the parameters of historical earthquakes in the collision zone. Keywords: Earthquake source parameters, scaling laws, active faulting, eastern Mediteranean, current plate interactions. *Yazışmaların yapılacağı yazar: Onur TAN. [email protected]; Tel: (212) 285 60 87. Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Maden Fakültesi'nde tamamlanmış olan "Kafkasya, Doğu Anadolu ve Kuzeybatı İran depremlerinin kaynak mekanizması özellikleri ve yırtılma süreçleri" adlı doktora tezinden hazırlanmış- tır. Makale metni 05.10.2004 tarihinde dergiye ulaşmış, 25.11.2004 tarihinde basım kararı alınmıştır. Makale ile ilgili tartışmalar 31.05.2006 tarihine kadar dergiye gönderilmelidir. O. Tan, T. Taymaz Giriş remler dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde ve farklı Yunanistan’dan Hazar Denizi’ne kadar uzanan tektonik çevrelerde meydana gelmiştir. Ayrıca geniş bir alanı kaplayan Doğu Akdeniz bölgesi sismolojik kayıtların olmadığı tarihsel deprem- tektonik olarak iki büyük levha hareketinin etkisi ler de hesaplamalara dahil edilmektedir. Za- altındadır. Bunlardan biri Helen (Ege) Yayı bo- manda çok gerilere giderek veri sayısını artırma yunca gözlenen dalma-batma, diğeri ise Arabis- düşüncesi doğru gibi görünse de bu depremlere tan Levhası’nın kuzeye doğru olan hareketidir. ait değerler (örn. sismik moment) göreceli ola- Arabistan Levhası’nın bu davranışı Avrasya rak hesaplanır. Yeni ilişki bağıntıları bularak Levhası ile çarpışmasına neden olmuş ve dünya- geçmişteki depremler hakkında bilgi edinmeye da gözlenen en geç ve aktif kıtasal çarpışmala- çalışırken, onlarla ilgili ikincil yollardan elde rından birini oluşturmuştur. Günümüz GPS ça- edilmiş verileri kullanmanın çok doğru olduğu- lışmalarında levhaların ve aralarında kalan daha nu söyleyemeyiz. Yapılması gereken, güncel küçük ölçekli blokların birbirlerine göre teknoloji ile toplanan verilerle belirlenen bağın- hereketleri net olarak gözlenmektedir (Şekil 1). tılar yardımıyla tarihsel depremlere bir yaklaşım Bu tektonik davranış, aktif faylanmaları meydana yapmaktır. Bunun yanında bölgesel özellikleri getirmektedir ve deprem dağılımları bu zonlar küresel ilişki bağıntıları içinde kaybetmemek için boyunca yoğunlaşmaktadır (Şekil 2). Yer bilim- ilgilenilen bölgedeki depremlerin parametrelerini leri açısından doğal bir laboratuvar olan Doğu kullanmak daha doğru olacaktır. Bu nedenle, bu Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin batısında baskın hareket çalışmada sadece incelenen bölge içinde meyda- Ege Denizi altına doğru olan dalma-batma ve na gelmiş depremlere ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Anadolu Bloğu’nun saatin tersi yöndeki rotas- yonla güneybatıya ilerlemesidir. Hem açılma re- Depremlerin davranışını anlamak için fay alanı jimi hem de yanal hareketler nedeniyle normal ve ve yer değiştirme miktarı gibi faylanma para- doğrultu atımlı faylar tüm Ege Bölgesi’nde etkin metrelerinin birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri bazı rol oynar. Doğuda ise normal faylanmalar yerine araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmiştir (örn. Aki, bindirme ve ters faylar ağırlıkla görülmektedir. 1967; Scholz, 1982; Wells ve Coppersmith, Bugüne kadar yapılan odak mekanizması çözüm- 1994; Mai ve Beroza, 2000; Stirling vd., 2002). leri bölgedeki genel davranışı gösterse de her bir Bu çalışmaların bazılarında parametre ilişkileri depremi tek tek ele aldığımızda faylanma özellik- için deneysel bağıntılar da verilmiştir. Wells ve lerinin farklılaştığı görülür. Bunun yanında hem Coppersmith (1994), 1800'lü yıllardan günümü- sismolojik hem de jeolojik gözlemlerden elde ze kadar meydana gelmiş çok sayıda depreme edilen yerel faylanma özellikleriyle tam olarak (M>4.5) ait dinamik parametreleri ilişkilendirir- uyuşmayan deprem mekanizmalarına da rastlan- ken, Mai ve Beroza (2000) sadece kayma dağı- maktadır. Bu durumda her bir depremin özellik- lımı incelenen son 20 yıl içindeki bazı deprem- lerini daha ayrıntılı öğrenmek tektonik problem- leri (Mw>5.5) kullanmışlardır. Ancak günümüz- leri aydınlatmada önemli yararlar sağlayacaktır. de kırılmanın fay düzlemi üzerindeki dağılımını Bugüne kadar yapılan GPS incelemeleri bölgenin incelemek ve daha gerçekçi kırılma parametre- kinematik özellikleri hakkında genel bilgiler leri belirlemek için yapılan çalışma sayısı azdır. vermektedir. Ancak, her bir fay sistemi üzerinde Arabistan-Avrasya kıtasal çarpışma bölgesini hatta aynı fay zonu üzerindeki değişik kesimlerde içine alan Türkiye, Kafkasya ve Kuzeybatı meydana gelen depremlerin birbirlerinden farklı İran’daki depremler için ise (17 Ağustos 1999 davranış özellikleri gösterdiği görülmektedir. Gölcük-İzmit depremi hariç; Yagi ve Kikuchi, 2000) benzer analizler yapılmamıştır. Bu neden- Depremlerin oluşum süreçlerinin birbirlerine le bu konuda çok fazla veri eksiği bulunmakta- olan benzerliğini (self-similarity) incelerken di- dır. Sismolojik ve jeodetik verilere bağlı yapılan namik parametrelerin ölçeklenmesinde kullanı- daha doğru gözlemlerle bölgesel deprem davra- lan veri grubu önem taşır. Özellikle parametre- nışları ortaya konabilirse tarihsel depremlere lerin belirlenmesinde izlenen yola göre birbirin- ilişkin daha iyi yaklaşımlar yapılabilir. Bu ça- den farklı ilişki değerleri bulunmuş olabilir. Di- lışmada elde edilen deprem parametreleri bu ve- ğer yandan bu tip çalışmalarda kullanılan dep- ri grubuna yeni katkılar sağlayacaktır. 106 Arabistan-Avrasya kıtasal çarpışma bölgesindeki depremler Şekil 1. Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi’ndeki ana tektonik unsurlar ve GPS hız vektörleri Daireler %95 güvenlik elipslerini temsil eder (McClusky vd., 2000) Şekil 2. Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin 1964-2001 yılları arasındaki depremselliği (ISC, M≥4.0) Topoğrafya için NASA-SRTM verisi kullanılmıştır. 107 O. Tan, T. Taymaz Veri Bu yöntemde, en küçük hatalı odak mekanizma- Bu çalışmada kullanılan deprem verilerini iki sı çözümüyle belirlenen doğrultu, dalım, kayma kısımda toplamak gerekir. İlk grupta depremle- açısı, derinlik ve sismik moment parametrele- rin büyüklük ilişkilerinin incelenmesi için kul- rinden yararlanılmıştır. Yüksek frekanslı (0.01- lanılan odak mekanizması ters çözümü sonuçla- 1.00 Hz) geniş-bant (BB) P kayıtları ters çözüle- rı, diğeri ise kırılma yayılımı ve faylanma alanı rek kırılmanın fay düzlemi üzerinde zaman hakkında genel bilgiler veren kayma dağılımı içindeki yayılımı belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. modellemesi sonuçlarıdır. Bu amaçla fay düzlemi MxN parçaya bölünmüş ve her bir parçadaki kırılma L adet ikizkenar Bölgede meydana gelen depremlerin büyüklüğü üçgenden oluşan kaynak zaman fonksiyonu ile ve sismik momentleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incele- tanımlanır. Yapay olarak üretilen dalga şekille- mek için dalga şekli ters çözümü ile belirlenen rinin gözlemsel veri ile uyumuna bakılarak en sismik moment değerleri dikkate alınmıştır. küçük hatalı çözüme karar verilir. Ancak burada Dalga şekli ters çözümü son 20 yıldır bir çok dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta kırılma şeklinin depremin kırılma mekanizmasını anlamak
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