DIVERSIDADE E BIOPROSPECÇÃO DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS ASSOCIADOS a Stryphnodendron Adstringens (Mart.) Coville (“Barbatimão” - Fabaceae)

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DIVERSIDADE E BIOPROSPECÇÃO DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS ASSOCIADOS a Stryphnodendron Adstringens (Mart.) Coville (“Barbatimão” - Fabaceae) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGIA DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO DIVERSIDADE E BIOPROSPECÇÃO DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS ASSOCIADOS A Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (“Barbatimão” - Fabaceae) Camila Rodrigues de Carvalho BELO HORIZONTE 2011 1 Camila Rodrigues de Carvalho DIVERSIDADE E BIOPROSPECÇÃO DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS ASSOCIADOS A Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (“Barbatimão” - Fabaceae) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas: Microbiologia Orientador: Luiz Henrique Rosa Laboratório de Microbiologia Polar e Conexões Tropicais – ICB/UFMG Coorientador: Carlos Augusto Rosa Laboratório de Taxonomia, Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia de Fungos – ICB/UFMG BELO HORIZONTE 2011 2 Colaboradores: Dr. Carlos Leomar Zani Drª. Tânia Maria de Almeida Alves Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ 3 AGRADECIMENTOS A DEUS, razão da minha eterna gratidão, agradeço pelo amor, fidelidade, por estar sempre ao meu lado e me fortalecer em todos os momentos da minha caminhada; A Maria, minha Mãe, obrigada pelo cuidado, intercessão e presença constante; Ao Prof. Luiz Rosa, agradeço pela orientação, oportunidade, discussões e ensinamentos. Obrigada também pelo apoio e amizade, essenciais para a realização deste trabalho; Ao Prof. Carlos Rosa, agradeço primeiramente por ter me recebido tão bem em seu laboratório. Muito obrigada pela orientação, correções, valiosas sugestões, paciência e confiança; Enfim, agradeço aos meus Orientadores, pelas oportunidades a mim dadas durante a realização deste trabalho, apoio e confiança. Foi um privilégio desenvolver esta dissertação sob a orientação de vocês e integrar este grupo de pesquisa; Aos membros da banca examinadora, Prof. Ludwig Heinrich Pfenning e Prof. Daniel de Assis Santos, por terem aceitado o convite e pelas contribuições que certamente serão muito importantes para a melhoria e continuidade dos nossos estudos; A Profª. Viviane Alves Gouveia, revisora desta dissertação, pelas sugestões e contribuições; Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, pela oportunidade, e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo apoio financeiro; A todos os funcionários do Departamento de Microbiologia, especialmente ao Douglas e à Fatinha; A todos os professores e colegas do curso de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia; 4 Aos botânicos Viviane Scalon (UFOP), Marcos Sobral (UFSJ), Pedro Viana e demais do Departamento de Botânica da UFMG, pela ajuda no reconhecimento dos exemplares de barbatimão; Ao Dr. Carlos Zani, Drª Tânia Maria Alves e demais do Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais (LQPN), pela colaboração e permissão para utilizar a infra- estrutura do laboratório; Ao Jamil, Laboratório de Enzimologia e Físico-Química de Proteínas, muito obrigada pela disponibilidade e ajuda na secagem dos extratos; Ao pessoal do LBEM/UFMG e LPCM/CPqRR-FIOCRUZ por disponibilizarem a infra- estrutura necessária para a realização dos sequenciamentos; À Suzana Johan pela atenção e dicas dadas para a realização dos ensaios de determinação antifúngica; Aos meus queridos amigos do Laboratório de Ecologia e Biotecnologia de Leveduras: Alice, Aline, Anne Carol, Antônio, Bárbara, Bruno, Camila, César, Cibele, Cris, Débora, Denise, Fátima, Fernanda Badotti, Fernanda Piló, Gabi, Helen, Iara, Inayara, Larissa, Laura, Lindi, Lília, Lorena, Luciana, Mari Costa (‘Zé’), Mari Vieira, Mariana Rezende, Michelle, Monaliza, Mônica, Natália, Nayara, Núbia, Paula Morais, Paula São Thiago, Priscila, Raquel, Renata (‘Rê’), Silvana (‘Sil’), Susana, Valéria de Macedo, Valéria Godinho, Victor e Vivi, agradeço pelos ótimos momentos que convivemos, ensinamentos e ajuda. Vocês são demais!!! Em especial a Mari Vieira e Cris pela amizade, paciência, ensinamento e ajuda nas coletas/processamento e ensaios biológicos; Em especial, a Vivi, minha irmã gêmea, agradeço imensamente pela fiel amizade durante esses dois anos. Obrigada pela paciência, apoio, ensinamentos, sorrisos, diversão e toda a ajuda desde o primeiro dia que entrei no lab.; Ao Thiago, Lorenna e Tayline obrigada pela ajuda nos experimentos; 5 A Rafa Avelar e Carol Barcelos, por dividirmos o mesmo sonho que hoje se concretiza; Aos meus pais, minha riqueza e exemplo de vida, muito obrigada pelo apoio, orações e por estarem sempre ao lado; Ao meu querido irmão e amigo João Paulo, agradeço simplesmente por existir e alegrar os meus dias; A minha família Rodrigues e Carvalho, obrigada pelo amor, suporte e por estarem sempre presentes; As minhas queridas do dia a dia, Marina, Camila, Roberta e Maísa, ‘bendito encontro na vida’, obrigada pela adorável convivência, carinho e apoio. Em especial a Mary, pela paciência e por estar sempre ali ao lado! E aos agregados, Rei, Ramon e Lucas!!! As minhas mais que amigas e praticamente irmãs, Ma, Sil, Mariela, Lorena, Ma Mendes, Jackie, Ju e Elis, obrigada por se fazerem sempre presentes apesar da distância física e por compreenderem a minha ausência; Aos novos e já muito especiais amigos, Plínio, Luciano, Gi, João e Dani, agradeço pelas boas risadas, apoio e carinho; A todos do Ministério de Música Sementes da Trindade e do EJC, Encontro de Jovens com Cristo, pelas orações e convivência; 6 SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................... 9 LISTA DE TABELAS ............................................................................................ 11 RESUMO .............................................................................................................. 12 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... 14 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................. 16 1 RELEVÂNCIA E JUSTIFICATIVA ..................................................................... 20 2 REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA .............................................................................. 22 2.1 Microrganismos endofíticos ........................................................................ 22 2.2 Diversidade de fungos filamentosos endofíticos associados a folhas e caules .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Interações entre fungos endofíticos e plantas hospedeiras ........................ 27 2.4 Metabólitos bioativos produzidos por fungos endofíticos ............................ 29 2.5 Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Fabaceae) ........................... 36 3 OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Objetivo Geral ............................................................................................. 41 3.2 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................. 41 4 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .................................................................................. 42 4.1 Áreas de Coleta .......................................................................................... 42 4.2 Coleta, isolamento e preservação dos fungos endofíticos .......................... 43 4.3 Identificação dos fungos endofíticos isolados ............................................. 45 4.3.1 Fungos filamentosos ............................................................................ 45 4.3.1.1 Extração do DNA total ................................................................... 45 4.3.1.2 Amplificação utilizando os iniciadores IT1 e IT4 ............................ 46 4.3.1.3 Purificação dos amplicons ............................................................. 46 4.3.1.4 Reações de sequenciamento......................................................... 47 4.3.1.5 Análise computacional das sequências ......................................... 48 4.4 Diversidade da comunidade fúngica: cálculo dos índices de abundância, riqueza e equitabilidade .................................................................................... 49 4.5 Cultivo dos fungos e preparo dos extratos .................................................. 49 4.5.1 Fungos filamentosos ............................................................................ 49 4.5.2 Extratos dos vegetais ........................................................................... 50 7 4.6 Ensaios Biológicos ...................................................................................... 50 4.6.1 Determinação da atividade antifúngica ................................................. 50 4.6.2 Padronização dos inóculos ................................................................... 51 4.6.3 Ensaio antifúngico ................................................................................ 52 4.6.4 Ensaio de toxicidade para células tumorais humanas .......................... 53 4.6.5 Ensaio in vitro com a forma amastigota-like de Leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis ................................................................................................. 54 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ......................................................................... 55 5.1 Coleta, isolamento e preservação dos fungos endofíticos .......................... 55 5.2 Identificação
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