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Histriophoca Fasciata) NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-191 Status Review of the Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) by P. L. Boveng, J. L. Bengtson, T. W. Buckley, M. F. Cameron, S. P. Dahle, B. A. Megrey, J. E. Overland, and N. J. Williamson U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center December 2008 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Boveng, P. L., J. L. Bengtson, T. W. Buckley, M. F. Cameron, S. P. Dahle, B. A. Megrey, J. E. Overland, and N. J. Williamson. 2008. Status review of the ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata). U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-191, 115 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-191 Status Review of the Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) by P. L. Boveng 1, J. L. Bengtson 1, T. W. Buckley 1, M. F. Cameron 1, S. P. Dahle 1, B. A. Megrey 1, J. E. Overland 2, and N. J. Williamson 1 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration William J. Brennan, Acting Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Balsiger, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries December 2008 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov STATUS REVIEW OF THE RIBBON SEAL (Histriophoca fasciata) Prepared and Edited by: The 2008 Ribbon Seal Biological Review Team Peter L. Boveng1 (Chair), John L. Bengtson1, Troy W. Buckley1, Michael F. Cameron1, Shawn P. Dahle1, Bernard A. Megrey1, James E. Overland2, and Neal J. Williamson1 With Contributions by: Dee M. Allen1, James N. Ianelli1, Josh M. London1, Phyllis J. Stabeno2, and James M. Wilder3 1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 2 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 3 Alaska Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, 222 West 7th Ave., Anchorage, AK 99513 19 December 2008 CONTENT Content ....................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Species Background .............................................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Taxonomy and Phylogeny ................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Species Description ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Ecological Adaptations ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.4 Behavior .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2.5 Distribution, Habitat Use, and Movements ........................................................................................ 6 2.6 Life History ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.7 Vital Parameters ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.8 Feeding Habits ................................................................................................................................... 17 2.9 Historic and Current Abundance and Trends .................................................................................... 22 3 Species Delineation ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1 Evaluation of Discreteness ................................................................................................................ 25 3.2 Determination of Species/Distinct Population Segments ................................................................. 25 4 Extinction Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................. 26 4.1e Tim Frame: The Foreseeable Future ............................................................................................... 26 4.2 Analysis of Demographic Risks .......................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Abundance ................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.2 Productivity ................................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.3 Spatial Structure ......................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Diversity ..................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.5 Relevant Modifying or Mitigating Factors ................................................................................. 32 4.2.6 Discussion of Demographic Risks and Needed Research ........................................................... 33 4.3 Analysis of Factors Listed Under Section 4(a)(1) of the Endangered Species Act ............................ 33 4.3.1 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of the Species’ Habitat or Range .................................................................................................................................................. 33 4.3.2 Over‐utilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes ................. 53 vii 4.3.3 Diseases, Parasites, and Predation ............................................................................................ 57 4.3.4 Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ........................................................................ 65 4.3.5 Other Natural or Human Factors Affecting the Species’ Continued Existence .......................... 69 4.3.6 Discussion of Factors and the Species’ Response to Threats .................................................... 80 4.4 Conclusions of the Extinction Risk Assessment ................................................................................ 83 5 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 87 6 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................... 89 7 Appendix 1: Estimates of Current Ribbon Seal Abundance .............................................................. 109 7.1 Field Methods ................................................................................................................................. 109 7.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 109 8 Appendix 2: Glossary of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 114 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This status review is intended to be a compilation of the best available information concerning the status of ribbon seals (Histriophoca fasciata), including the past, present, and future threats to this species. It was compiled by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Biological Review Team (BRT) in response to a petition filed by the Center for Biological Diversity to list the ribbon seal as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) (ESA), primarily due to concern about threats to this species’ habitat from climate warming and loss of sea ice. There are two key tasks associated with conducting an ESA status review: The first is to delineate the taxonomic group under consideration; the second is to conduct
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