70-1 4 ,UlU BELFIGLIO, Valentine John, 1934- THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF INDIA WITH BHUTAN, . SIKKIM AND NEPAL BETWEEN 1947-1967: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF BIG POWER-SMALL POWER RELATIONS. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1970 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © VALENTINE JOHN BELFIGLIO 1970 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF INDIA WITH BHUTAN, SIKKIM AND NEPAL BETWEEN 1947-196?: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF BIG POWER-SMALL POWER RELATIONS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ,1^ VALENTINE J. BELFIGLIO Norman, Oklahoma 1970 THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF INDIA WITH BHUTAN, SIKKIM AND NEPAL BETWEEN 1947-196?: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF BIG POWER-SMALL POWER RELATIONS APPROVED BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PREFACE The following International Relations study is an effort to provide a new classification tool for the examination of big power-small power relationships. The purpose of the study is to provide definitive categories which may be used in the examination of relationships between nations of varying political power. The rela­ tionships of India with Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal were selected for these reasons. Three different types of relationships each of a distinct and unique nature are evident. Indian- Sikkimese relations provide a situation in which the large power (India) controls the defenses, foreign rela­ tions and internal affairs of the small power. Indian- Bhutanese relations demonstrates a situation in which the larger power controls the foreign relations of the smaller power, but management over internal affairs and defenses remains in the hands of the smaller nation. Indian-Nepalese relations is characterized by a situation in which defenses, control over foreign and internal affairs; remain in the hands of the smaller power, yet there exists strong historical and cultural ties between the two nations. My second reason for selecting the nations involved, is the fact that in all three relationships the big power, namely India, remains constant. Hence, the policy making environment of the big power in all three cases remains the same. By the policy making environment is meant such internal factors as public opinion, interest groups, legis­ lative blocs, political parties, the executive establish­ ment, press, policy making processes, etc. The same would be true for external pressures which might effect the policy making environment. The relative geographical isolation of the small powers under consideration and resultant limited foreign relations contacts (especially in the case of Bhutan and Sikkim) also makes them excel­ lent specimens for study. In the third place, the special relationships existing between India and the three Himalayan Kingdoms are unique, and as yet no specialized attempt to study these relationships has been attempted. Hence this work seeks to add to the body of knowledge of Indian foreign policy. It is sui generis in that it attempts to provide a definitive category scheme designed in the first instance to explicate the special relationships which India has with the Himalayan States of Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal. This writing also endeavors to maks a iv contribution to the field of international relations in that the definitive categories arrived at are intended to provide a means of defining the relationships of nations of divergent political power throughout the international scene. I hope that this dissertation will provide an interesting and enlightening insight into the foreign relations of India with the Himalayan Kingdoms under study, and that the new classification scheme will purvey another tool in the never ending search for knowledge about the relations between nations. I am most grateful to the Embassy of India, and in particular to Secretary G, V. Shukla of that embassy for his generous cooperation in supplying requested data for this work. Without that cooperation this disserta­ tion could not have been written. Special mention must also be given to assistance rendered from: 1. Mr. Lester S. Jayson, Director- of the Legis­ lative Reference Service of the Library of Congress. 2. Mrs. Mai-y Lee DeVilkiss, of the Interlibrary Loan Service of &he University of Oklahoma Library. 76 80 84 96 36" 36 NORTHEAST INDIA KM Cf WEST PAKISTAN V U 1 TIBET 80' 9684 TABLS ÜF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ............................................ iii MAP ................................................... Vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Snyder y Paige Decision Maying Process . 1 The Realist Theory • ........ *••••. 2 Systems Theories . ................... 3 The Dahl Classification Scheme ...... 7 A New Classification. Plan ........ 8 II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION..................... 20 A. Nepal ........ .............. 20 Geography « .............. 20 Demography......................... 21 Political History ........ .... 23 Contemporary Political Scene .... 25 B. Bhutan ............. 28 Geography ................ 28 Demography « 30 Political History «. ............ 31 Contemporary Political Scene .... 33 C. SiRkirn ............a... 3 5 Geography ............. 35 Demography ............. 36 Political History ......... 38 Contemporary Political Scene .... kO III. TERRITORIAL DISPUTES INVOLVING COMMUNIST CHINA, INDIA AND THE HIMALAYAN KINGDOMS . k k A. The 1950 Invasion of Tibet ...... 45 E. The Sino-Indian Border Dispute .... 49 C. Disputes Involving the Himalayan Kingdoms ............ 54 N e p a l ................ 56 Bhutan ......... 71 Sxklcirn ......... 38 vii Chili) ter i'ag© ÜASXC TÜNÜTS Ob' IbîUlAN FORÜlGN POhiCÏ .\ND îilE HIMALAYAN STAT8S ................ 99 A, Indian Foreign Policy (1947-1962) • 99 D. Indian Foroigîi Policy (1963-196?) • 110 C, Indian Hi nia lay an Defense Strategy . ll6 D* Basic Similarities in the Foreign Policies of Sikkim, Hliutem and Nopal i22 V. INDIA'S iiCONüHIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH NEPAL .... .................... Indian Aid Pi.ogra.iS . 134 Foreign Inveatxiên la ......... 153 Indian-Nepalese Trade Relations . 155 Politico-Legal Relatione ....... i64 Defenses ............... 178 VI. INDIA'S ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH BHUTAN ........................... 184 Indian Aid Prograr,8 ........ 184 Foreign Investnenr.a ......... 194 liidian-Dhutaiiese Trade Relations . 195 Politico-Legal Relations ....... 196 Defenses 20a VII. INDIA'S ECONOMIC .Mfii POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH S I K K I M .......... ................ 2l4 Indian Aid and Investment Prugrao.s . 214 Indian-Sikkimese Trade Kolacions . 225 Politico-Legal Relations ....... 227 Defenses .......... 237 VIII. INDIAN CULTURAL SIFULARITIES ;\ND DISSIMI­ LARITIES WITH BHUTAN, SIKKIM AND NEPAL . , 242 Ethnic end Social Characteristics 242 A. Indian Etlmic and Racial Characteristics ..... 242 B. Nepalese Ethnic and Racial Characteristics ..... 244 C. Bhutanese Etlmic and Racial Characteristics ..... 244 D. Sikkimese Ethnic and Racial Characteristics ..... 245 II. Religious Considerations . 245 A. Indian Religious Character! tics 245 Ü. Nepalese Religious Charac­ teristics ........ 246 QUutanoso Religious Ciiarac- teriscics ........ 247 D. Sikkimese Religious Chaiuc- lOi-isti.s .......... 247 VilX Chapter rage III. Linguistic Considerations . 248 A, Indian Linguistic Charac­ teristics ■ ••«•••• 248 B, Nepali Linguistic Charac­ teristics ............ 250 C. Bhutanese Linguistic Charac­ teristics . 250 0 . Sikkimese Linguistic Chara teristics ........ 251 iV, Traditional economic and Kiaturi cal Comparisons . ............ 252 Ai Nepalese Traditional Eco- no! lie and Historical Ties 252 B. Traditional Bhutanese Eco­ nomic and Historical Ties 253 C. Traditional Sikkimese Eco­ nomic and Historical Ties 255 IX. CONCLUSION 258 APPENBIXES . 271 BIBLIOGRAPHY 314 IX LIST OF TABLES Tabla Pago 1. Tno Character and Degree of Big Power Control over the Defenses« External Solations and Internal Relations of the Small Power ........ .............. 9 2. Elemental Components of the Internal Rela­ tions, External Relations and Defenses of Any Given Nation ......... l4 3. Definitive Categories Designed for Use in the Study of Big-Power-Small Power Rela­ tionships ........... 15 4. Major Foreign Aid Contributors to Nepal 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 6................................. 7 150 5 . The Nepal Budget, 1964-1905 . « .............. 151 6 . Major Foreign Industrial Investments in Nepal During 1963-1964 154 7. Direction of Nopal’s Foreign Trade ..... 157 8. Indian Expenditures Allocated to Bhutan During the I96I-I966 Five Year Plan .... I86 9» Expenditures Allocated to Sikkim Dming the 1954-1961 Seven Year Plan ........ 21o 10. Expenditures Allocated to Sikkim Dui'ing the 1961-1966 Five Year Plan ......... 217 1 1 . Major Religions of India, 196? ....... 246 12. Major Languages of India, 1963 ....... 249 1 3. Cultural Similarities Between India and the Kingdoms of Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal . 255 14. India’s Relations with Nepal ........ 259 X Table Page 15o India’s Relations with Bhutan ........ 260 1Ô. India's Relations with Sikkim ........ 26l 1 7. The Character and Degree of Indian Control over the Defenses, External Rolati ns and Internal Relations of Nepal ........ 263 1 8. The Character and Degree of Indian Control over the Defenses, External Relations, and Internal Relations of Bhutan ..... 264 1 9. The