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Principles of Radical CV Phonology Is the Culmination of Many Years of Work and Principles of Reflection on the Nature of Phonological Representations Edinburgh Studies in Theoretical Linguistics CV Phonology Radical Principles of Books in the series address the core sub-disciplines of linguistics − phonology, Edinburgh Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 4 morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics − and their interfaces, with a particular focus on novel data from various sources and their challenges to linguistic theorising. ‘Principles of Radical CV Phonology is the culmination of many years of work and Principles of reflection on the nature of phonological representations. The theory, presented in a clear and thorough manner, builds on and synthesises ideas from a number of different theoretical and descriptive approaches. Its comprehensive treatment of Radical CV every major issue relating to the basic units of phonology makes this book a valuable resource for anyone with an interest in the cognitive organisation of speech sounds and its relation to phonetics.’ Elan Dresher, University of Toronto Phonology A new theory of the structure of phonological representations for segments and syllables A Theory of Based on 30 years of research, this book presents a theory about the ‘speech sounds’ that occur contrastively in human spoken and signed languages. Identifying the ultimate Segmental and Syllabic elements of which speech sounds consist, Harry van der Hulst proposes a radical theory that recognises only two elements: |C| and |V|. Based on a small set of first principles, Structure the book explains what a possible speech sound is and provides explicit structures for all speech sounds that occur contrastively in the world’s languages. With numerous examples from hundreds of languages, including Dutch, Czech, Japanese, Kabardian, Hungarian, Korean and Zulu, the book also provides insight into current theories of segmental structure, commonly used feature systems and recurrent controversies. Key Features • Presents detailed analysis of phonological contrast • Introduces the central role of dependency relations in phonological structure • Offers comparison to other models including dependency phonology and der Hulst Harry van government phonology • Covers both European and North-American theories • Contains introductions to many other theories including feature geometry models, the Toronto model, the parallel structure model and q-theory, which can be used for phonology courses • Relates theoretical proposals to a wide range of data as reported in several extensive typological surveys Harry van der Hulst is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Connecticut. He is the Editor-in-Chief of The Linguistic Review and co-editor of the series Studies in Generative Grammar. Cover design: Stuart Dalziel Harry van der Hulst 2373 eup_van der Huls_PPC.indd 1 19/06/2020 08:32 Principles of Radical CV Phonology Edinburgh Studies in Theoretical Linguistics Series Editors: Nikolas Gisborne, University of Edinburgh and Andrew Hippisley, Wichita State University Books in the series address the core sub-disciplines of linguistics – phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics – and their interfaces, with a particular focus on novel data from various sources and their challenges to linguistic theorising. Series Editors Nikolas Gisborne is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. Andrew Hippisley is Dean of Arts and Sciences at Wichita State University. Editorial Board Umberto Ansaldo, University of Sydney Balthasar Bickel, Universität Zürich Olivier Bonami, Université Paris Diderot Heinz Giegerich, University of Edinburgh Jen Hay, University of Canterbury Stefan Müller, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Mitsuhiko Ota, University of Edinburgh Robert Truswell, University of Edinburgh David Willis, University of Cambridge Alan Yu, University of Chicago Titles available in the series: 1 Lexical Structures: Compounding and the Modules of Grammar Heinz J. Giegerich 2 A Substance-free Framework for Phonology: An Analysis of the Breton Dialect of Bothoa Pavel Iosad 3 Principles of Radical CV Phonology: A Theory of Segmental and Syllabic Structure Harry van der Hulst Visit the Edinburgh Studies in Theoretical Linguistics website at www. edinburghuniversitypress.com/series-edinburgh-studies-in-theoretical- linguistics.html Principles of Radical CV Phonology A Theory of Segmental and Syllabic Structure Harry van der Hulst With the editorial assistance of Jeroen van de Weijer To Nancy Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Harry van der Hulst, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in Sabon by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 5466 7 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 5468 1 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 5469 8 (epub) The right of Harry van der Hulst to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents Preface xi List of abbreviations xiv Introduction: contents of this book 1 1 Basic assumptions about phonology 2 2 Background: Dependency and Government Phonology 3 3 Radical CV Phonology 3 4 Manner 3 5 Place 3 6 Laryngeal: phonation and tone 4 7 Special structures 4 8 Predictability and preference 4 9 Minimal specification 5 10 Radical CV Phonology applied to sign phonology 5 11 Comparison to other models 5 12 Conclusions 6 Chapter 1 Basic assumptions about phonology 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 What is phonology? 7 1.3 Six theses concerning phonological primes 17 1.3.1 Are features based on perception or articulation? 18 1.3.2 Are features innate? 18 1.3.3 Are features, or is phonology in general, substance-free? 19 1.3.4 Are phonological representations fully specified? 20 1.3.5 Is there such a thing as a segment inventory? 21 1.3.6 Are there still phonemes? 22 1.4 Is phonology different? 26 1.5 Alternations and processes 28 1.6 Summary and concluding remarks 34 vi Contents Chapter 2 Background: Dependency and Government Phonology 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Monovalency, grouping, dependency and contrastivity 35 2.2.1 Monovalency 36 2.2.2 The triangular set 40 2.2.3 Grouping and elements in Dependency Phonology 45 2.2.4 Developments in Dependency Phonology 56 2.2.5 Minimal specification and polysystematicity 58 2.3 Government Phonology 60 2.4 Towards Radical CV Phonology 69 2.5 Summary and concluding remarks 71 Chapter 3 Radical CV Phonology 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 An outline of Radical CV Phonology 73 3.2.1 The segmental model 73 3.2.2 Syllable structure 89 3.2.3 Empirical issues 96 3.2.4 The segment–syllable connection 98 3.2.5 Recursivity in syllables or foot structure in Radical CV Phonology 100 3.3 Summary and concluding remarks 105 Chapter 4 Manner 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Onset 109 4.2.1 Edge (onset head): obstruents 110 4.2.1.1 Edge (onset head): head class 110 4.2.1.2 Edge (onset head): dependent class 120 4.2.2 Bridge (onset dependent): sonorants 131 4.2.3 Sonorant consonants as onset heads (including taps/flaps) 138 4.2.4 Laryngeal consonants 147 4.3 Rhyme 150 4.3.1 Nucleus (rhyme head): vowels 150 4.3.1.1 Nucleus (rhyme head): head class 150 4.3.1.2 Nucleus (rhyme head): dependent class 154 4.3.2 Coda (rhyme dependent): sonorants 164 4.3.3 Coda conditions 165 4.4 Syllabic consonants (sonorants) 173 4.5 Long vowels, diphthongs and geminates 174 4.6 Summary and concluding remarks 176 Contents vii Chapter 5 Place 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 Edge (onset head): obstruents 179 5.2.1 Edge (onset head): head class 180 5.2.2 Edge (onset head): dependent class 187 5.2.3 Post-velar consonants: pharyngeals and laryngeals 192 5.2.4 Place distinctions for sonorant consonants in the edge 197 5.3 Nucleus (rhyme head): vowels 198 5.3.1 Nucleus (rhyme head): head class 199 5.3.2 Nucleus (rhyme head): dependent class 201 5.3.3 Syllabic consonants (sonorants) 202 5.4 Bridge and coda 204 5.5 Summary and concluding remarks 204 Chapter 6 Laryngeal: phonation and tone 207 6.1 Introduction 207 6.2 Edge (onset head): consonants (phonation) 207 6.3 Nucleus (rhyme head): vowels (tone) 217 6.4 Four issues 224 6.4.1 Phonation oppositions in obstruents and sonorants 225 6.4.2 Laryngeal realism 230 6.4.3 Phonation in the nucleus 235 6.4.4 The correlation between tone and phonation 238 6.5 Bridge and coda 240 6.6 Summary and concluding remarks 240 Chapter 7 Special structures 242 7.1 Introduction 242 7.2 Incomplete structures 243 7.2.1 No content at all 243 7.2.1.1 Vowel/zero alternations 244 7.2.1.2 Consonant clusters 249 7.2.1.3 Initial geminates 257 7.2.1.4 Schwa 258 7.2.1.5 Consonant/zero alternations 258 7.2.1.6 Ghost consonants 259 7.2.1.7 Morphological templates 260 7.2.2 Partial content 261 7.2.2.1 No ‘no manner’ 261 7.2.2.2 Manner only 261 viii Contents 7.3 Overcomplete structures 263 7.3.1 Complex consonants 263 7.3.1.1 Affricates 264 7.3.1.2 Consonants with secondary manner 265 7.3.1.3 Consonants with secondary place 265 7.3.2 Consonants with two major places (clicks and multiply-articulated consonants) 266 7.3.3 Complex vowels 279 7.3.3.1 Short diphthongs 279 7.3.3.2 Vowels with contour
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