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The Identity of Clarias Batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the Designation of a Neotype (Teleostei: Clariidae)

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The Identity of Clarias Batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the Designation of a Neotype (Teleostei: Clariidae) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 725–732. With 4 figures The identity of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the designation of a neotype (Teleostei: Clariidae) HEOK HEE NG1*† and MAURICE KOTTELAT2 1Fish Division, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA 2Case Postale 57, Cornol, CH-2952, Switzerland Received 11 November 2006; accepted for publication 25 July 2007 The identity of Clarias batrachus, a species hitherto thought to be widely distributed throughout South and Southeast Asia, is clarified by the designation of a neotype. The neotype designation is necessary because of the ambiguous data in Linnaeus’ original description and it fixes the type locality to Java. The variability observed in what is currently recognized as C. batrachus is discussed; morphological and karyological data indicate that four species are confused under the name C. batrachus. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 725–732. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: catfish – Clariidae – Ostariophysi – Siluriformes – taxonomy – walking catfish. INTRODUCTION common species widely distributed throughout South and Southeast Asia (e.g. Hora, 1936; Kottelat, 2001). Clarias Scopoli, 1777 is the largest genus in the Old While trying to establish the identity of C. batra- World catfish family Clariidae, with about 48 species chus for the description of a new Clarias from Pulau (Teugels, 1986; Ng, 2004) distributed in Africa and Redang (Ng, 2004), we discovered problems with the Asia. Of the 16 Asian species, perhaps none is more identity and nomenclature of C. batrachus, necessi- well studied than Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758). tating the designation of a neotype. This neotype It is a species widely utilized in aquaculture, has designation forms the basis of this study. Further, we appeared in the aquarium fish trade, and has been re-described the species on the basis of material from the subject of numerous studies on its biochemistry Java (where the type locality is located). (e.g. Triparthi & Verma, 2003), behaviour (e.g. Ghosh & Pati, 2004), culture (e.g. Verreth et al., 1993; Sahoo, Giri & Sahoo, 2004), toxicology (e.g. Chakraborty MATERIAL AND METHODS et al., 1998) among others. The species is also of Measurements were made point to point with dial concern, because it has been introduced in many callipers and data recorded to tenths of a millimetre. parts of the world (reviewed in Lever, 1996). Despite Counts and measurements were made on the left side (or perhaps because of) the economic importance and of specimens whenever possible. Subunits of the head the wealth of studies conducted about this species, are presented as proportions of head length (HL). the identity of C. batrachus has been assumed to be Head length and measurements of body parts are without problem and has never been seriously ques- given as proportions of standard length (SL). Mea- tioned. To date, C. batrachus is believed to be a surements follow those of Ng (1999). Asterisks after meristic counts indicate values for neotype. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of specimens *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] examined. †Current address: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Material examined in this study is deposited in the Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, #03-01, Singapore 117546. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (NRM), the © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 725–732 725 726 H. H. NG and M. KOTTELAT Java: vicinity of Jakarta. UMMZ 155809 (1), 187.5 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Tasikmalaja. UMMZ 213398 (1), 170.4 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Bobotsari (near Gunung Slamet). ZRC 2585 (4), 170.1– 244.8 mm SL; Java: Cilebut. Diagnosis: Clarias batrachus is distinguished from all Asian congeners in having a narrow snout, in dorsal view with straight lateral outline and convex anteri- orly (Fig. 1). It can be further distinguished from all Asian congeners in having a unique combination of the following characters: 63–74 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 82–108 in C. nigricans, C. nieuhofii and C. pseudo- nieuhofii; 56–63 in C. fuscus), 47–58 anal-fin rays (vs. 56–96 in C. anfractus, C. nigricans, C. nieuhofii, C. pseudonieuhofii and C. sulcatus), 54–60 vertebrae (vs. 61–71 in C. anfractus, C. batu, C. insolitus, C. leiacanthus, C. microstomus and C. planiceps), distance between occipital process and dorsal fin 5.5– 8.9% SL (vs. 1.2–5.6% in C. intermedius, C. macro- cephalus, C. meladerma and C. pseudoleiacanthus; 9.9–13.1% in C. batu, C. insolitus and C. microsto- Figure 1. Clarias batrachus, neotype, NRM 54718, mus), frontal fontanelle long and thin (vs. short and 174.1 mm SL. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views. squat in C. anfractus, C. brachysoma, C. dussumieri, C. kapuasensis, C. leiacanthus, C. olivaceus, C. plan- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann iceps and C. pseudoleiacanthus), anterior margin of Arbor (UMMZ) and the Zoological Reference Collec- pectoral spine rugose and with irregular bumps tion, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, (vs. smooth in C. anfractus, C. kapuasensis and Singapore (ZRC). C. pseudoleiacanthus and with distinct serrations in C. brachysoma, C. dussumieri, C. fuscus, C. insolitus, C. intermedius, C. magur, C. meladerma, C. olivaceus CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) and C. planiceps). FIG.1 Silurus batrachus Linnaeus, 1758: 305 (type locality: Description: Biometric data as in Table 1. Head Asia, Africa). depressed; dorsal profile slightly convex and ventral profile almost straight. Snout narrow, lateral outline Neotype: NRM 54718, 174.1 mm SL; Java: vicinity of straight and anterior outline convex when viewed Bandung; C. L. Hubbs, 22.v.1929. dorsally. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin; bones not readily visible, but Other material examined: UMMZ 155807 (3), 168.0– sutures sometimes evident. Frontal fontanelle long 215.0 mm SL; data as for neotype. UMMZ 70684 (1), and thin (‘knife-shaped’ of Teugels, 1986: 6); anterior 101.2 mm SL; Java: Kali Mandiku Jember. UMMZ tip reaching just posterior to line through posterior 155704 (3), 193.1–206.2 mm SL; Java: vicinity of orbital margin. Occipital process rounded. Eye ovoid, Bogor. UMMZ 155708 (3), 136.8–153.0 mm SL; horizontal axis longest, subcutaneous; located dorso- UMMZ 155710 (5), 55.3–139.0 mm SL; UMMZ 155711 laterally on head. Gill openings narrow, extending (5), 162.0–209.0 mm SL; Java: Ranu Lamongan, lake from dorsalmost point of pectoral-fin base to isthmus. at Klakah. UMMZ 155709 (1), 172.2 mm SL; Java: Gill membranes free from but united to each other Ranu Klidungan. UMMZ 155801 (1), 116.6 mm SL; across isthmus. Java: Cikedang, tributary to Citanduy, 1.5 km N of Mouth narrow and subterminal, with fleshy, plicate Ciawi. UMMZ 155802 (2), 128.7–131.9 mm SL; Java: lips. Oral teeth small and in irregular rows on all Ciwalen, tributary of Citanduy at Godebak between tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary tooth band Panaunbangan and Panjalu. UMMZ 155803 (5), rectangular, with median notch on posterior edge. 128.0–152.0 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Singaparna. Dentary tooth band much narrower than premaxil- UMMZ 155805 (3), 81.8–159.7 mm SL; Java: Citi’is lary tooth band at symphysis, tapering laterally. (creek), just below road near mouth in Cimanuk, 3 km Vomerine tooth band unpaired, continuous across N of Garut. UMMZ 155806 (3), 153.6–183.9 mm SL; midline; crescentic and smoothly arched along ante- © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 153, 725–732 IDENTITY OF CLARIAS BATRACHUS 727 Table 1. Morphometric data for Clarias batrachus (N = 20) Neotype Range Mean ± SD Standard length (mm) 174.1 81.8–215.0 %SL Predorsal length 34.7 32.9–37.8 35.1 ± 1.5 Preanal length 51.8 49.6–54.0 52.4 ± 1.4 Prepelvic length 43.7 42.4–46.9 44.4 ± 1.4 Prepectoral length 21.9 19.0–23.3 21.5 ± 1.4 Length of dorsal-fin base 68.7 61.2–70.0 66.0 ± 2.7 Anal-fin length 48.2 44.0–50.1 47.2 ± 1.9 Pelvic-fin length 10.5 9.3–10.5 9.8 ± 0.5 Pectoral-fin length 16.0 12.5–16.0 14.4 ± 1.1 Pectoral-spine length 13.3 8.7–13.5 11.8 ± 1.5 Caudal-fin length 14.7 13.7–17.8 15.4 ± 1.4 Body depth at anus 14.9 12.5–15.9 14.2 ± 1.0 Caudal peduncle depth 6.8 6.6–8.1 7.2 ± 0.5 Distance between occipital process and dorsal fin 6.4 5.5–8.9 7.1 ± 1.1 Head length 28.8 26.8–30.4 28.6 ± 1.2 Head width 19.7 17.9–20.5 19.4 ± 0.9 Head depth 13.3 11.5–14.0 12.8 ± 0.9 %HL Snout length 27.3 26.1–33.6 29.1 ± 2.3 Interorbital distance 42.8 41.1–44.6 42.4 ± 1.1 Eye diameter 6.2 5.5–9.2 6.7 ± 1.2 Frontal fontanelle length 22.3 18.8–28.5 22.9 ± 2.7 Frontal fontanelle width 6.2 3.6–6.4 5.4 ± 0.9 Occipital fontanelle length 13.1 6.8–13.1 10.8 ± 2.1 Occipital fontanelle width 4.0 2.7–6.9 4.8 ± 1.2 Occipital process length 13.1 12.5–17.4 14.5 ± 1.8 Occipital process width 30.1 26.1–30.7 28.6 ± 1.7 Nasal barbel length 68.9 54.4–83.0 68.8 ± 8.0 Maxillary barbel length 105.1 84.7–130.2 104.2 ± 11.7 Inner mandibular barbel length 68.5 51.2–80.9 63.2 ± 9.0 Outer mandibular barbel length 83.7 73.9–99.7 85.0 ± 8.5 rior margin, posterior margin with a median posteri- Skin smooth.
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