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The Food Sharing Revolution: How Start-Ups, Pop-Ups, 161 and Co-Ops Are Changing the Way We Eat, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-887-9, © 2018 Michael S Notes Introduction: Ownership through Sharing 1. Jim Blasingame, “Business Ownership Comes with Privileges,” Forbes, April 1, 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/jimblasingame/2013/04/01/business -ownership-comes-with-privileges/#18da39bd6f43, accessed December 5, 2016. 2. Juli Obudzinski, “Beginning Farmer Policy Options for the Next Farm Bill,” Choices, 4th quarter 2016, www.choicesmagazine.org/choices-magazine /theme-articles/theme-overview-addressing-the-challenges-of-entry-into -farming/beginning-farmer-policy-options-for-the-next-farm-bill. 3. Alicia Harvie, “A Looming Crisis on American Farms,” Farm Aid, April 13, 2017, www.farmaid.org/blog/fact-sheet/looming-crisis-american-farms/. 4. Jarrett Bellini, “The No. 1 Thing to Consider before Opening a Restau- rant,” CNBC, March 15, 2016, www.cnbc.com/2016/01/20/heres-the-real -reason-why-most-restaurants-fail.html. 5. Adam Ozimek, “No, Most Restaurants Don’t Fail in the First Year,” Forbes, January 29, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/modeledbehavior/2017/01/29/no -most-restaurants-dont-fail-in-the-first-year/#14d9b48d4fcc. 6. “The Rise of the Sharing Economy,” Economist, March 9, 2013, www .economist.com/news/leaders/21573104-internet-everything-hire-rise -sharing-economy. Michael S. Carolan, The Food Sharing Revolution: How Start-Ups, Pop-Ups, 161 And Co-Ops Are Changing The Way We Eat, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-887-9, © 2018 Michael S. Carolan. 162 NOTES 7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources; Summary Report,” 2013, www.fao .org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf. See also, e.g., Anna Lee, “We’re Throw- ing Away Tons of Fruits and Veggies for Not Being Pretty Enough,” Wash- ington Post, March 13, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/eat-the -crooked-carrot-save-the-world/2015/03/13/d6899452-c7fb-11e4-a199 -6cb5e63819d2_story.html?utm_term=.249b006fe5e6. 8. See, e.g., Robert McHugh, “Aldi Ireland Donates 500,000 Meals to Charity through FoodCloud,” Business World, November 14, 2016, www .businessworld.ie/agricultural-news/Aldi-Ireland-donates-500-000-meals -to-charity-through-FoodCloud-566538.html, accessed June 11, 2017. 9. “How Much Are People Making from the Sharing Economy?,” Earnest (blog), June 13, 2017, www.earnest.com/blog/sharing-economy-income -data/. 10. Harry Campbell, “RSG 2017 Survey Results: Driver Earnings, Satisfaction, and Demographics,” The Rideshare Guy (blog), January 17, 2017, https://the rideshareguy.com/rsg-2017-survey-results-driver-earnings-satisfaction-and -demographics/. 11. See, e.g., Joann Weiner, “The Hidden Costs of Being an Uber Driver,” Wash- ington Post, February 20, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/get-there /wp/2015/02/20/the-hidden-costs-of-being-an-uber-driver/?utm_term =.5540ab991241. 12. See Alexandrea J. Ravenelle, “Sharing Economy Workers: Selling, Not Sharing,” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 10, no. 2 (July 2017): 281–295, doi:10.1093/cjres/rsw043; Juliet B. Schor, “Does the Sharing Economy Increase Inequality within the Eighty Percent? Findings from a Qualitative Study of Platform Providers,” Cambridge Journal of Re- gions, Economy and Society 10, no. 2 (July 2017): 263–279, doi:10.1093/cjres /rsw047. 13. David Kocieniewski, “The Sharing Economy Doesn’t Share the Wealth,” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 6, 2016, www.bloomberg.com/news/arti cles/2016-04-06/the-sharing-economy-doesn-t-share-the-wealth, accessed June 17, 2017. 14. Casey Newton, “This Is Uber’s Playbook for Sabotaging Lyft,” Verge, Au- gust 26, 2014, www.theverge.com/2014/8/26/6067663/this-is-ubers-play book-for-sabotaging-lyft. NOTES 163 15. Dara Kerr, “Uber Tests Taking 30% Commission from New Drivers,” CNET, May 18, 2015, www.cnet.com/news/uber-tests-30-commission-for -new-drivers-in-san-francisco/, accessed January 18, 2018. 16. Paul Goddin, “Uber’s Plan for Self-Driving Cars Bigger than Its Taxi Disruption,” Mobility Lab, August 18, 2015, https://mobilitylab.org/2015 /08/18/ubers-plan-for-self-driving-cars-bigger-than-its-taxi-disruption/, accessed January 18, 2017. 17. See, e.g., Matt Ovenden, “Why the Peer-to-Peer Phenomenon Is the Next Big Thing,” Talk Business, September 14, 2017, www.talk-business.co.uk /2017/09/14/why-the-peer-to-peer-phenomenon-is-the-next-big-thing/, accessed January 18, 2018. 18. Names of respondents have been changed to fulfill my promise of pro- tecting their anonymity in exchange for being provided frank, honest re- sponses. 19. While often attributed to the 1996 World Food Summit, the actual gene- alogy of the term is contested. See Marc Edelman, “Food Sovereignty: For- gotten Genealogies and Future Regulatory Challenges,” Journal of Peasant Studies 41, no. 6 (January 2014): 959–978, doi:10.1080/03066150.2013. 876998. 20. Claire Provost, “La Via Campesina Celebrates 20 Years of Standing Up for Food Sovereignty,” Guardian (US edition), June 17, 2013, www.the guardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jun/17/la-via -campesina-food-sovereignty. 21. Michael Carolan, The Real Cost of Cheap Food, 2nd ed. (New York: Rout- ledge, 2018). 22. See also Ashley M. Colpaart, “Exploring Personal, Business, and Commu- nity Barriers and Opportunities for Food Entrepreneurs” (PhD diss., Col- orado State University, Fort Collins, 2017), https://search.proquest.com /openview/f6b0da9f807878951b7dc6b7b6cd8a59/1?pq-origsite=gscholar &cbl=18750&diss=y, accessed January 17, 2018. 23. This quote comes from Alexander den Heijer; see, e.g., www.alexander denheijer.com/single-post/2016/08/05/When-a-flower-doesnt-bloom. Chapter 1: A Nightmare Realized 1. Jesse Newman, “U.S. Farm Income to Fall to Lowest Level in Nine Years,” Wall Street Journal, August 25, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-farm-income 164 NOTES -to-fall-to-lowest-level-in-nine-years-1440521337, accessed December 7, 2016; U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Highlights from the November 2016 Farm Income Forecast,” 2016, www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy /farm-sector-income-finances/highlights-from-the-farm-income-forecast/, accessed December 7, 2016. 2. Minus food wholesaler numbers for New Zealand, as those data could not be obtained. 3. Kyle Wiens, “We Can’t Let John Deere Destroy the Very Idea of Owner- ship,” Wired, April 21, 2015, www.wired.com/2015/04/dmca-ownership -john-deere/, accessed December 14, 2016. 4. Thomas Fox-Brewster, “DMCA Ruling Ensures You Can’t Be Sued for Hack- ing Your Car, Your Games, or Your iPhone,” Forbes, October 27, 2015, www .forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/10/27/right-to-tinker-victory /#58a0f4b838ae, accessed December 14, 2016. 5. John Deere Shared Services, Inc., “License Agreement for John Deere Em- bedded Software,” www.deere.com/privacy_and_data/docs/agreement_pdfs /english/2016-10-28-Embedded-Software-EULA.pdf. 6. Sterling A. Bone, Glenn L. Christensen, and Jerome D. Williams, “Re- jected, Shackled, and Alone: The Impact of Systemic Restricted Choice on Minority Consumers’ Construction of Self,” Journal of Consumer Research 41, no. 2 (August 2014): 451–474, doi:10.1086/676689. Chapter 2: When Sharing Is Illegal 1. In Tony and Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor, 471 U.S. 290, 302 (1985), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that even those who “vehemently protest coverage under the Act” must be treated to the same legal tests as everyone else on the question of what labor projections apply to them. 2. See the U.S. Supreme Court case Tennessee Coal Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, 321 U.S. 590 (1944). The Court ruled as follows: “The Act [Fair Labor Standards Act] thus requires that appropriate compensation be paid for such work. Any other conclusion would deprive the iron ore miners of the just remuneration guaranteed them by the Act for contributing their time, liberty, and strength primarily for the benefit of others” (my emphasis). 3. The question of entrepreneurial control is also important. See, e.g., Restate- ment of Employment Law § 1.01(b) (Am. Law Inst. 2015): “An individual renders services as an independent businessperson and not as an employee NOTES 165 when the individual in his or her own interest exercises entrepreneurial control over important business decisions, including whether to hire and where to assign assistants, whether to purchase and where to deploy equip- ment, and whether and when to provide service to other customers.” And yet, for example, members of a cooperative, who collectively own a busi- ness, never have individual entrepreneurial control over their actions. 4. The Court, with this quote, was interpreting the Fair Labor Standards Act. Tony and Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor. 5. Environmental Working Group, “USDA Subsidies in the United States To- taled $322.7 Billion from 1995–2014,” n.d., https://farm.ewg.org/progdetail .php?fips=00000&progcode=total&page=conc, accessed October 3, 2016. 6. Bobilin v. Board of Education, State of Hawaii, 403 F. Supp. 1095 (D. Haw. 1975), http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/403/1095 /1568389/, accessed October 3, 2016. 7. See, e.g., Janelle Orsi, Practicing Law in the Sharing Economy: Helping People Build Cooperatives, Social Enterprise, and Local Sustainable Economies (Chi- cago: ABA Publishing, 2012), p. 377. 8. 29 U.S.C. § 203(e)(1). 9. Sarah Han, “Oakland Food Startup Josephine Announces It Will Shut Down Operations,” Berkeleyside, February 2, 2018, www.berkeleyside.com /2018/02/02/josephine-announces-it-will-close/. 10. Cotter v. Lyft, Inc., 60 F. Supp. 3d 1067, 1081 (N.D. Cal. 2015). 11. Ibid. 12. In legal theory as well as in common law, most exchanges, loosely defined, can be placed within one of two boxes: commercial and private. See, e.g., Adolf A. Berle, “Property, Production, and Revolution,” Columbia Law Re- view 65, no. 1 (January 1965): 1–20, doi:10.2307/1120512.
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