DISSERTATION ASSESSMENT PROFORMA: Empirical 1

Cardiff School of Sport DISSERTATION ASSESSMENT PROFORMA: Empirical 1

Student name: Student ID: Leon Goodman ST10000981

Programme: SPE

Southpaw and Orthodox styles in Professional Boxing. Dissertation title:

Supervisor: Peter O’Donoghue

Comments Section

Title and Abstract Title to include: A concise indication of the research question/problem. Abstract to include: A concise summary of the empirical study undertaken.

Introduction and literature review To include: outline of context (theoretical/conceptual/applied) for the question; analysis of findings of previous related research including gaps in the literature and relevant contributions; logical flow to, and clear presentation of the research problem/ question; an indication of any research expectations, (i.e., hypotheses if applicable).

Methods and Research Design To include: details of the research design and justification for the methods applied; participant details; comprehensive replicable protocol.

Results and Analysis 2

1 This form should be used for both quantitative and qualitative dissertations. The descriptors associated with both quantitative and qualitative dissertations should be referred to by both students and markers.

To include: description and justification of data treatment/ data analysis procedures; appropriate presentation of analysed data within text and in tables or figures; description of critical findings.

Discussion and Conclusions 2 To include: collation of information and ideas and evaluation of those ideas relative to the extant literature/concept/theory and research question/problem; adoption of a personal position on the study by linking and combining different elements of the data reported; discussion of the real-life impact of your research findings for coaches and/or practitioners (i.e. practical implications); discussion of the limitations and a critical reflection of the approach/process adopted; and indication of potential improvements and future developments building on the study; and a conclusion which summarises the relationship between the research question and the major findings.

Presentation To include: academic writing style; depth, scope and accuracy of referencing in the text and final reference list; clarity in organisation, formatting and visual presentation

2 There is scope within qualitative dissertations for the RESULTS and DISCUSSION sections to be presented as a combined section followed by an appropriate CONCLUSION. The mark distribution and criteria across these two sections should be aggregated in those circumstances.

CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd

CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS)

SPORT & PHYSICAL EDUCATION

SOUTHPAW AND ORTHODOX STYLES IN PROFESSIONAL BOXING

(Dissertation submitted under the discipline of Performance Analysis)

LEON GOODMAN

ST10000981

LEON GOODMAN

ST10000981

CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT

CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd

SOUTHPAW AND ORTHODOX STYLES IN PROFESSIONAL BOXING

Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd

Certificate of student By submitting this document, I certify that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort, that all quotations from books and journals have been acknowledged, and that the word count given below is a true and accurate record of the words contained (omitting contents pages, acknowledgements, indices, tables, figures, plates, reference list and appendices).

Word count: 8705 Date: 15/03/2013

Certificate of Dissertation Supervisor responsible I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own effort. I have received a dissertation verification file from this student

Name: Date:

Notes: The University owns the right to reprint all or part of this document.

CONTENTS PAGE

LIST OF TABLES i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMETS iii

ABSTRACT iv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 Purpose 3

1.3 Rationale 4

1.4 Scope and Limitations 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 5

2.1 Analysis of Tactics in Sport 6

2.2 Analysis in Combat Sports 9

2.3 Analysis of Tactics in Boxing 12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology 14

3.1 System Development 15

3.1.1 Performance Indicators & Action Variables 15

3.1.2 Manual Notation System 16

3.1.3 Pilot System 17

3.1.4 Reliability Testing 18

3.2 Matches Used 18

3.3 Data Analysis 19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 20

4.1 Introduction 21

4.2 Actual Data 21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion 29

5.1 Similarities 30

5.2 Differences 32

5.3 Opposition Effects 33

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Conclusions 36

6.1 Conclusion 37

6.2 Practical Recommendations 38

6.3 Areas for Future Research 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Operational definitions for the performance indicators

Table 1.1: Average punch type frequencies between each style.

Table 1.2: Percentage of Landed punches

Table 1.3: Southpaw vs. Orthodox punch outputs

Table 1.4: Orthodox vs. Orthodox punch outputs

Table 2: Southpaw vs. Southpaw punch outputs

Table 2.1: Orthodox vs. Southpaw punch outputs

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Average number of thrown Body/Head punches per style.

Figure 1.2: Landed Head/Body Punches per style.

Figure 1.3: Punch Frequencies in each style in different sections of the fight.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to my dissertation support tutor Peter O’Donoghue for all his help and guidance throughout this process.

iii

Abstract

The aim of the study was to identify the differences and similarities between southpaw and orthodox styles within the sport of professional boxing. It highlighted how their actions differentiate when competing against the same stance in comparison to the opposite stance. Also it illustrated the accuracy of individual actions and how they also differentiate between the styles. A sample of 24 current or previous world champions was used which were split into four separate style combinations. The combinations consisted of orthodox vs. southpaw, orthodox vs. orthodox, southpaw vs. southpaw and southpaw vs. orthodox with each combination consisting of 6 fights with each being analysed. 8 different performance indicators were obtained for the observations to gather raw data that could be interpreted and analyzed.

Mann Whitney U tests were used for the data analysis to highlight the significant differences between the different styles. Results showed several different opposition effects in when boxers face the same stance or the opposite stance. The findings showed that when an orthodox fighter is involved in a fight there is a higher frequency of thrown left hooks and left body shots. Additionally, when a southpaw fighter is involved the opposite occurs where there are greater frequencies of right hook punches and right body shots. Overall between the styles the most commonly thrown punch and least accurate was identified as the Jab. The most accurate punch overall was the right body shot. Also results identified a significant difference (P<0.05) in the frequencies of the straight right/left within the orthodox vs. southpaw (OS) and southpaw vs. orthodox (SO) styles in comparison to competing against the same stance.

The results highlighted several significant differences (P<0.05) that can be used to enhance training practices and to highlight different techniques that are used within orthodox and southpaw styles allowing a formation of pre-fight strategies. Prospective studies need to identify the impact of these actions in relation to successful performance and also highlight defensive variables that can also affect performance.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

Boxing matches have been recognized as far back as ancient Greece and Rome, where the fighters would wrap their hands in leather (Jordan and Herrera, 2008). These traditional matches were commonly referred to as ‘prize fighting’ that highlighted the barbaric nature of the sport. Today professional boxing is categorized into a series of weight classes that are intended to promote fair competition by matching opponents of equal stature and body mass (commonly referred to as weight in the sport (Morton et al, 2010). A contestant attempts to win by either knocking out their opponent or scoring more points after an agreed-upon number of rounds (Crego 2003). In modern professional boxing the rounds are usually contested at 3 minute rounds with 1-minute rest periods participated under the Queensbury Rules. During each round, judges assess the individual scores of each boxer according to the amount of scoring clean punches made with the knuckle part of the glove against the target region of the opponent. (El Ashker 2011).

The sport of Boxing has insufficient available literature that identifies limitations within the boxing performance. There is also a lack of research that has highlighted the significant performance indicators within the sport of boxing that can be used to improve the overall performance. A technique that is now used to provide coaches with a greater range of more accurate and reliable information is performance analysis. The International Society of Performance Analysis of Sport (ISPAS) defines performance analysis as ‘an objective way of recording performance so that key elements of that performance can be quantified in a valid and consistent manner’ (ISPAS, 2009). Also O’Donoghue (2006) stated that the primary purpose of performance analysis in a coaching context is to provide information (feedback) about sports performance that will assist coach and player decision making, whether on tactics during a match or to inform team and individual coaching content in training sessions. Therefore it can be used to improve knowledge of how to improve the overall performance and to 2

increase the probability of success within the sport of boxing. The two styles being analyzed within the current study are southpaw and orthodox. A ‘southpaw’ is a boxer with a stance in which he keeps his right arm and right foot forward. His left hand is generally the better one (Unterharnscheidt 2003). An orthodox fighter therefore, is the opposite who leads with their left arm with their left foot forward. When the both styles are matched against one another there are various techniques that are advised to gain an advantage over the opposite style. As advised by Hatmaker and Werner (2004) when facing a southpaw an orthodox fighter should lead with the right hand to set-up combinations to land scoring blows, so therefore the current study will highlight the different actions used between the two styles southpaw and orthodox.

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify successful and non-successful actions between four different combinations of the two different styles when competing against each other in professional boxing. A further aim is to highlight the most frequently used actions between the styles known as southpaw and orthodox and how the actions used change when competing against each other. These can be classified into body and head punches with the study portraying the accuracy of these punches and how they alter between each style. It identified the four different fight combinations as southpaw vs. southpaw, orthodox vs. orthodox, orthodox vs. southpaw and southpaw vs. orthodox. The findings of the study can highlight the relationship between frequently used successful actions and successful performance and can be implemented into training to develop pre-fight strategies when competing against different types of opponent.

1.3 Rationale

There is very limited research that has been conducted on analyzing performance within the sport of boxing. The majority of literature has focused on the health implications of participating within the sport other than focusing on enhancing performance. Through the current study and further research significant strategies and tactics can be highlighted to aid the coaching process and improve the overall performance. Also this study will be the first to identify how world-class competitors alter their actions when competing against different styles portraying the most effective techniques that can be used to enhance performance. Overall the rationale of the study is to use performance analysis to highlight the significant performance indicators within the sport of boxing to increase the knowledge on improving performance.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

The study analysed 24 elite professional boxing matches focusing on the two styles southpaw and orthodox. This enabled the analysis to highlight the different actions used between each style and portray the successful and unsuccessful actions. With further research the study can be used to implement fight strategies and alter training methods to increase the chances of success when competing against different styles of opponent. However, there are limitations to the current study as that from the fights that have been analyzed some have failed to go the full distance as a technical knockout (TKO) or knockout (KO) has occurred. This has prevented a complete analysis of the action variables as the fight has ended prematurely and may alter the number of punches thrown during a fight. Also the performance indicators used in the study are all attacking variables and to create a stronger correlation between the actions identified and the performance outcome defensive variables such as blocking and holding would need to be considered. Other considerations such as individual decision- making and the quality of the video footage analyzed differ between fight to fight and can be seen as limitations to the study. 4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Literature Review

This section will first explore the value of tactics in sport through performance analysis and highlight their significance in various sporting examples. It will also illustrate the impact of notational analysis and the use of performance indicators in the analysis of tactics. Then to narrow the focus the second section will analyze specific literature on the performance variables within martial arts and combat sports. It will highlight previous studies within combat sports and convey different aspects that have been found to enhance performance. The final section will portray the tactics employed in professional boxing and critique previous literature that relates to the analysis of boxing.

2.1 Analysis of Tactics in Sport

Tactics are moment to moment decisions made during the competition by players based on the options available to them and the perceived risks and opportunities associated with these options (Fuller and Alderson 1990). Talented players make good use of situational probability during rapid decision-making in sport (Singer and Janelle, 1999). Different players employ different tactics within the same situation depending on the options available. Due to tactics being an internal decision made by an individual and altering between performances the analysis can be a problematic process. This is highlighted by Grehaigne et al (1999) as it informs that tactics are executed in order to adapt to an ever-changing opposition and their spontaneous actions indicating the irregular patterns and difficulty in recording tactics in performance. However, by analysing frequently used tactics they can be recorded and portray the playing styles of different players and teams. For example an article by Hayward (2009) underlined the style of play of Barcelona as being flowing forward play that is supported by a grid system. Therefore as an opposing team, the strategy can be altered to implement different tactics to gain an advantage to overcome this style of play. Knowledge therefore of an opposition can aid performance in the preparation of a strategy and what tactics should be used. 6

Strategy and tactics are related concepts in sports performance. A strategy is planned prior to competition (O’Donoghue, 2010). Tactics within a performance are highly dependant upon the strategy employed underlying the choice of actions available. These actions can be quantified and measured as performance indicators.

Performance indicators are used to represent important and valid aspects of sports performance including tactical aspects (Hughes and Bartlett, 2002). For example as identified by Unierzyski and Wieczorek, (2004); the distribution of service directions in tennis can be represented by the percentage of services played to the left and right thirds of the target service court. Performance indicators can measure different game situations allowing performance profiles to be constructed illustrating frequently used tactics. Performance indicators should be measures of valid and important aspects of performance and have an objective measurement procedure and a valid means of interpretation (O’Donoghue 2010). Hand notation systems can be designed to identify specific performance indicators to aid and enhance performance. They can identify the frequency and type of tactic employed allowing enthusiasts to collect data known as notational analysis. Notational analysts can help coaches to identify good and bad performances of athletes and to perform comparative analysis of different teams and/or performers (Bartlett, 2001). For example within a rugby match player A could have had 6 possible opportunities on scoring a try but passed 3 of those times, whereas player B could have had 6 opportunities and each time went for the try however; through notational analysis it can highlight the tactical play of the team and indicate which player made the right decisions at the right time. Correct interpretation of notational analysis data allows coaches to provide appropriate feedback, monitor improvements and provide valuable insight into the athletes’ strengths and weaknesses in order to allocate practice time effectively (Byra & Scott, 1983). Notational Analysis has been used extensively to study the tactical aspects of a variety of sports. A study by Hughes et al (2009) used notational analysis to study the tactical use of the T 7

area within squash. Through the analysis they identified that time in the T area indicated dominance in rallies and through further analysis could enhance the knowledge of tactics in the play of squash. Also the study by Eaves et al (2008) used a hand notation system to highlight if the rule changes between 1992 and 2000 had an effect on tactical variables within professional rugby league football in the UK. They found several small changes through the notational analysis, however the rule change did not have a significant impact on their patterns of play. Csatalijay et al. (2009) underlined that to develop optimal tactics in sport and make good decisions throughout a match, coaches should be acquainted with which elements of matches are the most important ones and through notational analysis this can be recorded. Although tactics are spontaneous decisions and change frequently, through notational analysis and the use of performance indicators they can be recorded underlining the strategy employed by the opposition. This gives an advantage prior to the game and greater knowledge on tactics that are likely to occur during the game.

2.2 Analysis in combat sports.

Combat sports have a long-standing history and primarily originate in the Asiatic countries. Japan, Korea, China and Thailand have significant roots within a range of combat sports such as Muay Thai, Tae-Kwon-Do, Sumo wrestling and Judo. Combat sports are dynamic and high-intensity intermittent activities that require complex skills and tactical excellence for success (Matsushigue et al; 2009). Psychological and mental skills, technical-tactical skills and conditioning are all significant factors.

Many studies have focused on conditioning and how it affects performance within combat sports. A previous study by Karnincic et al. (2009) highlighted blood lactate levels between elite and non-elite wrestlers during and after performances. The study found that post-blood lactate did not differ between participants but there was a greater blood lactate evident during performance in the less proficient wrestlers (club wrestlers). This resulted in a decrease in the level of activity as the matches progressed and as the blood-lactate increased. This has had a detrimental affect on their performance as the blood-lactate has directly impacted on their ability to maintain the same workload. However, the study has not accounted that the less proficient wrestlers may not be as advanced technically or tactically as the elite wrestlers. The elite wrestlers could have had a greater economy of movement exerting a minimum amount of energy and preventing the build up of lactate. Through further studies on technical-tactical factors and a more advanced physiological analysis, specific training can take place to maintain the workload to increase their activity levels and enhance their overall performance.

Another study that focused on conditioning was conducted by McGuigan et al. (2006). It found that wrestling is a sport that requires high levels of strength and power and through testing isometric strength it has discovered that it may differentiate between successful and less successful athletes. However

McGuigan et al. (2006) stated that other physiological variables could determine a successful performance such as body composition and muscular endurance that are of similar significance that were not tested within the study. The generalizability of the study can be questioned due to the small number of participants used to represent college wrestling.

Other variables such as psychological and mental factors have a significant role in determining successful and unsuccessful performance. Devonport (2006) identified mental skills and psychological attributes that are perceived to contribute to success in elite kickboxing. The study found that mental preparation and the formation of psychological strategies are important considerations for success. Also Devonport (2006) suggested that martial artists used long and short-tern psychological strategies in preparing for competition. However, from the results produced the three participants involved did not give a clear representation of the general kickboxing population; therefore highlighting a major limitation to the study. Also as mental skills training are unsystematic and psychological test procedures have generally not been applied there is insufficient evidence to underpin any noticeable improvements in performance.

Within another study by Kuan and Roy (2007), mental toughness was assessed and its influence on performance outcomes among Wushu athletes. It found significant differences in medalist and non-medalist athletes in self- confidence and negative attitude control with the latter having significantly lower results. This indicates that mental toughness directly affects performance. Also Loehr (1982; 1986) suggested that fifty percent of success in competitions could be attributed to mental toughness in athletes. Psychological and mental factors are significant performance variables that can be focused upon to enhance performance.

However, Boguszewski (2011) suggested that the most differentiating factors in combat sports concern technical and tactical abilities. A previous study by Silva et al. (2011) analyzed the time structure and effort level in Muay Thai and Kickboxing amateur matches. The study had three phases of combat 10

presenting the technical-tactical values used in the fights recorded. It highlighted the observation phase to be longer than the other phases in both sports suggesting similar physiological and technical-tactical demands. The study recorded frequencies of different actions employed over different time periods to enhance their knowledge on effort level and how to improve their preparation allowing greater specificity within their training. However as the analysis has focused on amateur level matches the results for an elite selection may differ completely; therefore only being able to aid preparation on tactics at an amateur level when entering the competitions.

Also Bridge et al. (2011) analyzed the activities and activity profiles of different weight categories in elite male competitors during international Taekwondo competitions. Again this study was broken down into four independent activity phases illustrating the tactics employed in each phase through the different weight categories. The study found a variety of different tactics employed in each weight category, for example during the nonpreparatory phase fin weights spent greater total time engaged in active movements than featherweights. This indicates that the lighter weight division that they are in (fin) causes them to engage in greater movements due to them being quicker and more mobile.

There are several performance variables that need to be considered for success within combat sports. As identified within several studies they all have significance in determining success in combat sports and with further research on each aspect training can be adapted to ensure success in competitions.

2.3 Analysis of tactics in Boxing

Investigations of boxing performance are limited, and thus far based on data of selected technical elements rather than fighting actions (Smith 2006). Certain studies have conveyed the significance of tactics within combat sports (Bridge et al 2011, Boguszewski 2011) suggesting that to enhance performance greater tactical analysis on boxing should occur. Also because of the time constraints on action, boxers need to narrow down the minimal information needed to select a stroke and to regulate their movements from the enormous amount in the performance environment (Hristovski et al 2006). Therefore knowledge of significant fighting actions need to be known prior to performance to allow good decision-making from the actions available to speed up the decision making process.

A study by El Ashker (2011) highlighted the actions of winning and losing boxers based on the use of technical and tactical elements. The results showed that winners were higher developed than losers in performing offensive skills directed to head or body, total, lead and rear hand punches, boxing combinations and defensive skills. The study also identified the most frequently used and most efficient action being straight punches. This is a significant finding to construct different tactics within training as the study has identified successful actions. However, although the study is up to date (2011) and used several elite boxers with inter-reliability, to confirm the findings further research needs to be conducted to add statistical power. There are other performance variables need to be considered before these actions can be applied in a competition. In boxing to chose the best tactics in the fight, it is the more relevant information about the opponent: recent results, the style of engagement, experience, good and bad characteristics, techniques commonly used in attack, defense etc (Kacar 2012). For example Hughes and Franks (2004) outlined an international five round heavy weight fight between Mike Tyson and Frank Bruno. The results conveyed Bruno throwing 41 percent of his

punches whilst holding; this is an indication that due to Tyson’s renown punching power Bruno’s tactics was to get as close as possible to Tyson preventing him offloading his powerful punches. Therefore it is evident that Bruno changed his strategy and tactics when facing Tyson to try and eliminate his strengths.

The study published by O’Donoghue and Harries (2012) relates closely to the current study as it explores boxing combinations between three weight divisions: lightweight, middleweight and heavyweight. The results conveyed no significant difference between each weight category and highlighted a high percentage of combinations starting with a jab through each weight division. This portrays a similarity in the results found by Ashker (2011) as the jab is a straight punch and has commonly been used. With further research and greater analysis frequently used tactics can be highlighted to improve knowledge on the successful actions.

3. METHODS

3.0 Methodology

The aim of the study was to highlight the frequencies and distribution of different types of punches between two different styles within professional boxing. The data was collected through the analysis of 24 professional fights throughout three weight divisions- welterweight, middleweight and super middleweight. The analysis occurred through the use of public video footage in YouTube and also through pre-recorded DVD footage.

3.1 System Development

The hand notation system was developed to identify the actions of the two different styles known as orthodox and southpaw that could be tallied and used to portray successful and non-successful actions. The current study used the following performance indicators:

1. Jab 2. Straight right/Straight left, 3.Left Hook, 4.Right Hook, 5.Left Uppercut, 6.Right Uppercut, 7.Left Body Shot 8. Right Body Shot,

These were decided as an accurate representation of movements performed in a boxing match. The system had two sections that recorded each action with a Hit or Miss that could be recorded in live play as the footage was paused and the action tallied.

3.1.1 Performance indicators & action variables

The performance indicators have been used as the frequencies within the 15

study, so to allow the observer to identify the performance variables operational definitions were established. There were eight different actions that needed to be notified.

Table 1: Operational definitions for the action variables

Jab When in a fighting stance the lead fist is thrown straight ahead until the arm is fully extended and retracted back into the guard position. Straight Right/Straight When in a fighting stance the rear fist is thrown Left straight ahead across the body until the arm is fully extended and retracted back into the guard position. Left Hook The left fist is thrown at a 90 degree angle (horizontal arc) towards the opponent. Right Hook The right fist is thrown at a 90 degree angle (horizontal arc) at the opponent. Left Uppercut The left fist is thrown upwards with a bent arm aiming for the opponents chin. Right Uppercut The right fist is thrown upwards with a bent arm aiming for the opponents chin. Left Body Shot Using any type of punch the left fist delivers a blow to the body of the opponent. Right Body Shot Using any type of punch the right fist delivers a blow to the body of the opponent.

3.1.2 Manual Notation System

The final hand notation system consisted of three forms. The first form consisted of two separate fighters, Fighter A and Fighter B with each having two sections named Hit or Miss to identify successful or non-successful actions. It included each performance indicator to be noted and tallied to identify actions used throughout the fight. When an action was performed the

observer would pause the video footage and tally the action in the appropriate section highlighting if it was a Hit or Miss and which fighter it had come from. Fighter A and Fighter B were representations of the different styles that were being analysed in the current study.

The second form consisted of individual rounds 1-12 for Fighter A that also identified the performance indicators. However, after every round throughout the boxing match the observer would pause the fight and tally the separate punches used and scored with their also being a Hit and Miss section on each individual round. This allowed the observer to identify the scoring throughout each round and analyse what performance variables were the most successful and non-successful throughout that round. The third form replicated the second however was used for Fighter B. This system allowed a total tally of the individual actions performed throughout the fight highlighting the significant performance indicators used for each style.

3.1.3 Pilot System

During the piloting of the system two full professional fights over 12 rounds were analyzed to indicate the feasibility of the system. Initially coding of the punches was going to be used to identify the performance indicators similar to the coding used by Hughes and Franks (2004) on Bruno vs. Tyson. However, it was too complicated when analyzing both fighters, so it was easier to tally the performance indicators individually. Also it was found when combinations were thrown or when both fighters offloaded punches at the same time the viewing of the footage would have to be repeated, as it was too quick to notate every action first time. This made the process of notating and tallying take 120 minutes per fight depending on the pace set and actions used by the individual fighters.

3.1.4 Reliability Testing

As identified by Cooper et al (2007) the key factor in the analysis of sports performance that uses a new analysis system for data collection purposes is whether the data is reliable. During the current study intra-operator reliability was conducted with two full 12 round fights being analyzed with one full fight for each style. The operator was trained on how to notate the fight with clear operational definitions of the performance indicators. The raw results were entered into Microsoft Excel to be compared highlighting the percentage error to identify the reliability of the study. The mean values of the first fight that were analyzed was obtained from the SO style between Zab Judah and Floyd Mayweather, which portrayed an error of 1.3 and a percentage error of 14.9%. The second fight that was analyzed was from the SS style between Paul Williams and Winky Wright, which conveyed an error of 1.4 and a percentage error of 5.7%.

3.2 Matches Used

This study analyzed 24 elite professional matches over three-weight divisions- Welterweight, Middleweight, and Super middleweight. The chosen weight categories are reasonably similar ranging from 147lb to 168lb. The fighters that have been used within the study are world champions or have previously held world championship titles proving their given elite status. Also the fights that have been analyzed are both current and dated world title fights that range from the 1980s to 2011. Within the sport of boxing there are two main styles known as orthodox or southpaw and in the study these styles were analyzed. The analysis occurred through four different combinations:

1.southpaw vs. southpaw (SS) 2.orthodox vs. orthodox (OO) 3.southpaw vs. orthodox (SO) 4.orthodox vs. southpaw (OS)

Six fights were analyzed per combination. Each fight was analyzed over the 18

12 round distance with the shortest fight lasting eight rounds due to a technical knockout.

The findings of the study illustrate the different total frequencies of the individual actions used and were grouped into the rounds 1-3, 4-6 and from round 7 onwards. This allowed a more detailed analysis of the data conveying punch frequencies through different rounds between the different styles.

3.3 Data Analysis

In the analysis of the study the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the independent samples between both styles identifying 4 different combinations. It has been used to compare two independent variables at a time, which will show any significant differences (P<0.05) between the styles. The combinations that can be compared are SO vs. OS, SS vs. OO, OS vs. SS, OO vs. SO and OO vs. OS. These comparisons portrayed the main findings of the study and highlighted the significant differences between the styles.

RESULTS

4.0 Results

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will present the data collected and report findings between the different fight combinations that were analysed. It will highlight the frequencies and percentages of the punches thrown and punches landed illustrating the significant differences.

4.2 Actual Data

Throughout the six fights analysed per style the total number of body shots and headshots could be calculated separately. The study found on average each style threw over 250 head punches per fight within the southpaw vs. orthodox (SO) and orthodox vs. southpaw (OS) combinations throwing the most. Also the frequencies for body shots thrown ranged from 44-60 punches between the styles with their being a common trend that there were a greater number of headshots in comparison to body shots in each of the styles.

Average Number of Punches per Style

400

350

300

250 Total Number Of Body 200 Punches Total Number Of Head 150 Punches

100

0 SO OO SS OS

Fig 1: Average number of thrown Body/Head punches per style.

Using a Mann Whitney U test it revealed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the highest and lowest number of headshots that were thrown with a value of .069. Also, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) evident between the highest and lowest frequencies of the body punches thrown.

As shown in Figure 2 below, the percentage of landed body shots in comparison to landed headshots were greater overall throughout the styles. The OS and SO combinations had the greatest success landing 74% and 75% of their body punches consecutively. The accuracy of the thrown head punches were considerably lower with the least accurate being the Southpaw vs. Southpaw (SS) style that landed 35% of their head punches and the OS style being the most accurate landing 49% of their total head punches. When the styles faced their own style within the combinations OO and SS it is evident that the percentages of landed head/body punches are very similar.

Percentage of Landed Head/Body Punches. 80 70 60 50 40 %HeadHit 30 %BodyHit 20 10 0 SO OO SS OS

Fig 2: Landed Head/Body Punches per style.

Table 1.1: Average punch type frequencies between each style.

Style SO OO SS OS Punch Type Jab 135.4 133.4 118.3 121.7 Straight Right/Left 66.6 53.3 54.3 75.0 Left Hook 31.4 49.5 14.8 47.8 Right Hook 20.8 13.8 46.3 39.0 Left Uppercut 9.8 5.3 9.8 15.0 Right Uppercut 5.6 6.5 8.9 12.7 Left Body Shot 24.6 26.0 17.4 23.7 Right Body Shot 33.9 18.1 43.1 23.7

When observing individual punch frequencies for the four styles as shown in Table 1.1 there are many differences that can be highlighted. The SO and OO styles threw a similar amount of jabs over the distance and in comparison to the two other styles they threw a far greater amount. Also it is evident that when competing against each other the straight right/left punch was thrown the greatest. Within the styles OS and SO 66.6±51.1 and 75±20.5 straight right/left punches were thrown consecutively, in comparison to 53.3±15.6 and 54.3±27.7 straight right/left punches that were thrown whilst competing against the same stance.

However, the Mann Whitney U test revealed no significance difference (P>0.05) between jab outputs and a significant difference (P<0.05) in the straight right/straight left punch outputs when competing against the opposite stance in comparison to the same stance with a significant value of .013.

The left hook has also been thrown considerably more when an orthodox fighter is involved with the opposite occurring with the right hook when a southpaw fighter is involved. The left hook was thrown 49.5±17.9 and 47.8±33.9 times by the OO and OS styles in comparison to 14.8±14.7 left hooks thrown within the SS style. When a southpaw fighter is involved the styles OS and SS have thrown 46.3±21.8 and 39±24.1 right hooks in comparison to the OO style where only 13.8±8.7 right hooks were thrown. 23

However, after analysing the data using a Mann Whitney U test it revealed significant differences (P<0.05) between the frequencies of the left hook when an orthodox fighter is involved in comparison to the SS style when they are not involved. Also it identified a significant difference of a value .000 in the right hook frequencies when a southpaw fighter is involved in comparison to when they are also not involved. This is a key finding within the study.

This has also been identified in the frequencies of the left and right body shots as the involvement of an orthodox fighter has resulted in a greater number of left body punches in comparison to the SS style and the involvement of a southpaw fighter has a greater number of right body shots in comparison to the OO style.

The analysis revealed a significant value of .045 (P<0.05) where left body shots were thrown between the fights involving a southpaw and orthodox fighter and a value of .028 was evident between the both styles in the frequencies of right body shot punches in comparison to the OO style.

The observation allowed the punch frequencies to be analysed and to identify the percentages of landed punches between the styles as shown in Table 1.2 below.

Table 1.2: Percentage of Landed punches

Punch Type/Style SO OO SS OS Jab 29.8% 31.5% 28.7% 41.3% Straight

Right/Left 40.4% 45.5% 39.2% 47.2% Left Hook 45.4% 41.1% 54.2% 59.2% Right Hook 51.4% 40.4% 42.6% 49.6% Left Uppercut 39.8% 22.2% 24.6% 62.8%

Right Uppercut 41.8% 53.8% 48.6% 60.5% Left Body Shot 53.6% 53.8% 54.5% 73.6% Right Body Shot 72.5% 71.0% 62.7% 78.9%

Although thrown a greater number of times only 41.1%±21.4% of Left Hooks landed in the OO style in comparison to the 54.2%±23.6% in the SS style. The results of landed right body shots also highlight the greater accuracy between the other styles in comparison to the right-handed stance (SS). The SS style landed 62.7%±38.2% of right body shots in comparison to the other styles where 72.5%±34% landed by the SO style, 71%±32.6% by the OO style and 78.9%±38.6% landed by the OS style.

Also the left uppercut had considerably more success when orthodox and southpaw fighters fought against each other than when competing against the same stance that could be identified in both fight combinations. The SO style landed 39.8%±21.1% of left uppercuts and the OS style landed 62.8%±14.7% in comparison to 22.2%±9.9% by the OO style and 24.6%±8.2% by the SS style. As a grouped result the least accurate punch was highlighted as the Jab, with landed jabs ranging from 29.3%±12.4% to 41.3%±18.4%. A significant difference value of .001 (P<0.05) was observed when comparing landed left uppercuts between the OS style in comparison to the OO style.

160

140 Average Punch Frequencies

120

100 SO

80 OO SS 60 OS 40

0 Rnds1-3 Rnds4-6 Rnds7+

Fig 3: Punch Frequencies in each style in different sections of the fight.

Punch frequencies for different sections of the fight can highlight the differences between the styles and indicate if the actions have altered throughout the course of the fight. The findings identified that the punch outputs in the fight types OS, OO and SS all increased as the fights progressed from rounds 4-6 to 7+. The OS punch frequencies increased by an average of 36.2±12.1 punches with the OO style increasing by 43.9±22.2 punches and SS style increasing by 28.4±13 punches. However, the frequency of actions decreased between 4-6 rounds and 7+ rounds for the SO fight type. They decreased by an average of 19.1±6.2 punches in the latter rounds. This was found to have a significant difference (P<0.05) with a value of .044.

Also between 1-3 rounds and 4-7 rounds each style had a reduction in the punch outputs before the three styles punch frequencies increased and the SO style continued to decrease; however there was no significant difference (P>0.05) evident in these punch frequencies. The tables below identify frequencies for specific punches in each section of the fight between the styles that were analysed.

Table 1.3: Southpaw vs. Orthodox

Type 1-3rnds 4-6rnds 7+rnds Jab 43 51 41 Straight Right/Left 21 23 23 Left Hook 14 10 7 Right Hook 9 7 5 Left Uppercut 4 2 4 Right Uppercut 1 2 3 Left Body Shot 10 8 7 Right Body Shot 11 14 8

Table 1.4: Orthodox vs. Orthodox

Type 1-3rnds 4-6rnds 7+rnds Jab 42 38 53 Straight Right/Left 14 15 24

Left Hook 16 17 16

Right Hook 1 6 6 Left Uppercut 1 2 2 Right Uppercut 3 1 2 Left Body Shot 9 5 12 Right Body Shot 7 3 8

Table 2: Southpaw vs. Southpaw

Type 1-3rnds 4-6rnds 7+rnds Jab 38 38 42 Straight Right/Left 14 19 21 Left Hook 4 3 9

Right Hook 13 11 22 Left Uppercut 2 2 6 Right Uppercut 3 4 2 Left Body Shot 9 4 4 Right Body Shot 20 10 13

Table 2:1 Orthodox vs. Southpaw

Type 1-3rnds 4-6rnds 7+rnds Jab 34 26 62 Straight Right/Left 24 29 22 Left Hook 12 23 13

Right Hook 9 8 22 Left Uppercut 5 5 9 Right Uppercut 3 5 5 Left Body Shot 8 8 8 Right Body Shot 7 8 3

The styles OS, OO and SS all had an increase in the number of Jabs thrown after 7+ rounds with the style SO increasing the number of jabs in the middle of the fight but decreasing as the fight progressed into the later rounds. The

observation highlighted that the jabs thrown between the styles in the 7+ rounds were 62.3±21.7, 42.3±20.7, 53±22.4 and 41±15.3 respectively. However, the Mann Whitney U test revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) between the frequencies of the jab in the latter rounds.

The findings also highlighted high punch frequencies for the straight right/left punch that had been used continuously throughout the fight between all styles. Throughout each section of the fight there were no significant alterations in the individual styles usage of the straight right/left.

The OS type had large increases in the number of Jabs and Right Hooks in the 7+ rounds in comparison to the SO type where it was the opposite effect of higher frequencies in the earlier rounds. The OS style threw 62.7±8.9 jabs and 22±6.7 right hooks in the later stages of the fight with the SO style throwing 43.1±18.4 jabs and 9.2±3.6 right hooks in the early stages of the fight.

It is also evident that the left uppercut and right uppercut were used the least between all the styles with the highest number of uppercuts being used in the OS styles with their being 9.4±3 left uppercuts in the 7+ rounds.

The data analysis highlighted that there is a significant difference (p<0.05) between the frequencies of the jab and right hook in the later rounds when comparing the OS and SO styles, however there being no significant difference (P>0.05) between the same frequencies in the early stages of the fight.

DISCUSSION

5.0 Discussion

5.1 Similarities

Through observing the southpaw and orthodox styles and the formation of their different fight types the study has highlighted several similarities. Between the different fight types it was shown that as a whole each style threw more head shots than body shots. This has previously been identified in previous research (Ashker 2011) and as suggested by Enamait (2002) it may be the result of them being counterpunched when attempting body punches from the outside. Generally, it was identified that the rates of punches to the body are lower than the rates of punches to the head; but the body punches have a higher accuracy rate with them being in agreement with Enamait (2002) and Ashker (2011). Observing the frequencies of punches between the styles it was evident that the least occurring action was the left and right uppercut from each style. Despite this being in agreement with findings of previous research (Kapo et al., 2008), the reasoning behind it may differ; previous literature suggested that the fighters were not fully trained, in terms of technique. This may not be correct as the fighters in this present study were world level fighters, which suggests that this may be down to the fighters having difficulty in finding the opportunity to throw the punch without leaving themselves open (Hristovski et al., 2006). However, it can be debated that a boxer’s career is not long enough to attain all of the technical and tactical skills (Bonacin 2006). Again after establishing punch frequencies it was evident that between the styles the straight right/left was one of the most commonly used punches. These results are in agreement with that of previous research (Ashker, 2011) and confirm the suggestion that the most efficient punch used in boxing is the straight punch (Hickey, 2006; Blower, 2007). This also relates to the jab that was the most frequently used punch between each style and it is suggested this is because it can be thrown quickly without compromising a boxer’s defensive posture (Werner, 2010). Also Ashker (2011) reasoned that they are a relatively easy method of achieving accurate performance, requiring a low amount of energy to accomplish, therefore it being the most commonly used. 30

However, within the current study there are contrasting findings as the jab was identified as the least accurate punch but as suggested in previous research (Enamait 2002 & Werner 2010) the jab is the most commonly used as it allows a boxer to find their range to land power punches. Pruden (2010) also suggested that the jab is used to set up bigger punches such as body shots and also to keep opponents at bay and to wear them down. This indicates that the jab is not necessarily thrown to land but to set up and to allow other punches to connect. This may be the reasoning within the current study as the jab is the most frequently used between all the styles even though it is the least accurate. Both styles in all of the observed fight types threw over a total of 250 punches illustrating the large demanding efforts of a typical boxing match. This has been shown in previous studies (Ashker 2004) were it is notable that boxers need to be prepared for large efforts in boxing matches. Also as identified by Khanna and Manna (2006) Boxing’s work ratio is 3:1 with it requiring significant anaerobic fitness, and operating within a well-developed aerobic system reasoning with the high punch outputs within the current study. It has been shown that the styles OS, OO and SS all increased their punch outputs in the later rounds from 7+ rounds onwards in comparison to the other sections. This may be due to the fights that lasted the 12 round distances, so there were more rounds to be accounted for meaning more punches could occur. However, although the SS style had 3 fights out of the 6 analyzed stopped prematurely during the 8th, 9th and 8th rounds their punch frequencies still increased. The findings of the increased punch outputs in the later rounds within the current study can be debated as it has been found that boxing is a high intensity sport where fatigue will depend on numerous demands including technical performance, physical performance and mental preparation (Ashker 2011). However, due to the participants analyzed being world-class operators it may indicate their high levels of fitness and their physical attributes that enable them to increase their punch outputs in the second half of the fight.

5.2 Style Differences

When observing the differences between the styles, it is evident that when competing against the opposite style in the fight types OS and SO there are significantly (P<0.05) higher frequencies of the straight right/left. The reasoning behind the findings may be due to the different angles opposed between the two stances in comparison to two orthodox fighters or two southpaw fighters facing each other. Hatmaker and Werner (2004) suggest when fighting a southpaw to break one of the primary rules of boxing and to lead with the rear hand to set up other combinations, which may have been the case within the current study. This has also been illustrated in other research (Enamait 2002) as it suggests that against a southpaw a keypunch is to lead with the straight right that can set up a left hook. Grehaigne et al (1999) also suggested tactics within all sports are influenced by the strengths and weaknesses of an opposition with it relating to the current study as to exploit the opposite style within the sport of boxing the straight right/left can be employed as an effective tactic.

Also within the current study the fights that involved an orthodox fighter had a greater frequency of left hooks and the fights that involved a southpaw fighter had a greater number of right hooks. This can be due to the lead hand and foot of the orthodox fighter being on their left side with the opposite also applying to the southpaw fighter. As the jab is also the lead hand and has been identified as being the most frequently used punch in the current study and within previous research, it may be the reason why the frequencies of the left/right hook differ between the two stances. Onello (2007) informed that the left and right hook land with an element of surprise and can be extremely powerful. Therefore, for a southpaw it is effective to throw the right hook as soon as they see the jab coming (Enmait 2002). Also as these differences have been proven to be significant (P<0.05) they can be used to construct a pre-fight strategy, as there is now greater knowledge on what to expect from the opposing fighter depending on their style. It can be used to overcome the higher frequencies of the left or right hook and may lead to an effect on the overall performance. O’Donoghue (2010) stated that within sport the 32

strategies are planned prior to competition indicating that the findings of the current study can be implemented to gain an advantage on the opposition.

An observation that is open to discussion is the greater accuracy of landed left uppercuts when competing against the opposite style. The reasoning might be from the counterpunching of the lead hand of the opposite style. Enamait (2002) illustrated that a significant counterpunch to the jab from a southpaw is the left uppercut that can be very effective for an orthodox fighter and may explain these findings. As the landed percentage of the left uppercuts has been proven to be significant (P<0.05) it may be a key technique to use to gain an advantage when fighting against the opposite stance and again may impact the overall performance.

The findings highlighted that the SO style punch frequencies decreased in the later rounds from 7+ rounds in comparison to earlier outputs. This may have been because there were 3 fights out of the analysed 6 that failed to go the distance and were stopped prematurely in the 11th, 10th and 10th that may have prevented the higher frequencies within the latter rounds. However, again this can be debated due to the SS style also having 3 fights stopped prematurely but still increasing their punch frequencies. It indicates that each fight is individual and depending on the fighters individual tactics punch outputs will differ from fight to fight that are not influenced by the different styles.

5.3 Opposition Effects

Orthodox opponents of southpaws are often confused when they fight against a southpaw; they have to move to the left instead of the right to find an opening (Unterharnscheidt 2003). This indicates that moving to the left allows an orthodox fighter to avoid the southpaws’ straight left to prevent the southpaw from scoring and to score their own left hook. However, within the current study there are contrasting findings on the accuracy of landed left hooks when competing against the opposite style. The OS style landed

59.2%±21.6% of left hooks with the SO style landing only 45.4%±21.4%. This may be because the different fighters that were analyzed employed different strategies when facing the opposite stance. Also as each individual fight is different the tactics used are dependant on the choices of each individual boxer. This is also evident within the accuracy of landed straight right/left punches as 40.4%±18.6% landed from the SO style and 47.2%±21.2% landed from the OS style indicating that it is dependant on the individual fighters ability on how they avoid the straight right/left when facing the opposite style. To identify opposition effects by comparing the similarities between the OO and OS styles in comparison to the SO and SS styles it highlights how the punch frequencies differ between the styles. It was found within the current study that frequencies of the left hook were lower in the SO and SS styles where 31.4±12.2 and 14.8±14.7 left hooks were thrown. The OO and OS styles threw 49.5±17.9 and 47.8±33.9 left hooks indicating that when competing against an orthodox fighter the left hook is a far more frequent punch that is thrown in comparison to when fighting against a southpaw fighter. The left hook has been identified in Onello (2007) as a mighty weapon in boxing and that it comes from the arm, legs, hips and torso. However, it was also suggested that it is most effective when used inside when in close to the opponent. This may be the reasoning of the varying accuracy of the left hook between the styles and may depend on the individual fighters ability level.

The straight right/left has been found to be more accurate within the OO and OS combinations in comparison to the other styles landing 45.5%±22.3% and 47.2%±21.2% of the straight right/left punches indicating that overall orthodox fighters have a greater accuracy of straight right punches against both stances. This can have a huge impact on performance as the straight right is known as a power punch. Lachica and Werner (2010) highlighted that unlike the jab, which is an arm powered punch, the right is powered by a torquing torso and pivoting right foot and because of the weight transfer is considered a power punch. The differences identified have also been found to be significant (P<0.05). Therefore, as the orthodox fighters have displayed 34

greater accuracy in the straight right it indicates that there is a greater possibility of a knockout occurring with the straight right when an orthodox fighter is involved.

Additionally, when comparing the four styles the most successful punch overall was highlighted as the right body shot. Within the SO and OS styles 72.5%±34% and 78.9%±38.6% landed consecutively illustrating that more right body punches are landed against the opposite style than when competing against the same stance. Also after observing the right body shots throughout the styles it is evident that although the southpaw fighters throw a greater number of right body shots the orthodox fighters have greater accuracy in landing the right body shot. This is portrayed in the findings as within the OO style they still landed 71%±32.6% in comparison to the SS style where both fighters are southpaws with them landing only 62.7%±38.2% of their shots. A correctly delivered body punch may not knock your opponent out, but if you leave him winded and breathless, it leaves you in a much better position to land more head shots (Bean 2009). This can be seen as an advantage for the orthodox boxer as successful body shots can be a determinant of successful performance and as identified by Bean (2009) can have an impact on landing more head shots.

The straight right/left and left/right body punches are two main techniques that are used as attacking variables in determining a successful performance; and as highlighted within the current study the orthodox stance has been found to have greater accuracy in both techniques in comparison to the southpaw stance portraying a style advantage between the two styles.

CONCLUSION

6.0 Conclusions

6.1 Conclusion

The aim of the study was to observe the styles southpaw and orthodox and identify how their actions change when competing against each other in comparison to when competing against the same stance. Also it was to find out if there were any significant differences (P<0.05) in the punch frequencies of the individual punches in different sections of the fight.

A main finding of the study highlighted that between both styles and all four combinations head punches were thrown more frequently than body punches, but body punches had a greater accuracy. Also when competing against the opposite stance there were greater punch outputs of head punches in comparison to competing against the same stance, however there was no highlighted significant difference (P>0.05). Additionally, a significant difference (P<0.05) was evident for the punch frequencies of the straight right/left between fighting against the same stance and fighting against the opposing stance.

During a fight the involvement of an orthodox style portrayed greater accuracy in the straight right/left punch where a significant difference (P<0.05) between the styles was evident. The analysis also identified that the orthodox fighter threw more left hooks and left body shots and the southpaw fighter threw more right hooks and right body shots against both the same stance and opposing stance where a significant difference (P<0.05) was identified.

Another main finding of the study was the accuracy of landed left uppercuts, which was also found to be significantly different (P<0.05) between when the styles fought against each other and when they fought against their same stance. It was apparent that when competing against the opposing style the left uppercut had a far greater success rate than against the same style. However, the findings illustrated that the most accurate punches between 37

both stances overall were left and right body punches with the orthodox fighter having greater accuracy when targeting the body.

Finally, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the individual punch types and their frequencies in different sections of the fight; although the overall punch frequencies were significantly different (P<0.05) in the 7+ rounds between the OS and SO style where the SO punch outputs decreased and the OS punch outputs increased.

6.2 Practical Recommendations

As identified within the current study that left hook and left body shots are frequently used by the orthodox fighter this can be used in preparation for a southpaw fighter to construct a strategy to counter these techniques. A recommendation would be to counterpunch by blocking the left hook leaving an opening and immediately following with the straight left from the southpaw fighter. This is also recommended for the orthodox fighter as the southpaw stance has been found to frequently throw right hooks and right body shots that can be countered by blocking and following with a straight right. Also as the left uppercut has been found to have greater accuracy when competing against the opposite stance it is recommended to allow preparation that focuses on using this technique against the opposite stance.

6.3 Areas for Future Research

To obtain statistical power it is recommended that further research within this area is vital to verify the findings of the current study. Also future research should consider other factors such as movement patterns and defensive actions that need to be taken into consideration to show their impact on performance. As the current study has identified different actions that occur between the southpaw and orthodox styles further research can now identify the relationship between the success of the different actions and their impact on the overall performance. To further enhance the knowledge upon style differences within professional boxing further research can now be conducted 38

with the use of a non-elite group to highlight key findings on the similarities and differences that can be compared to the findings of the current study. Also to enhance training methods and develop correct strategies further studies need to relate findings of successful and non-successful actions when competing against different styles to successful performance.

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