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Measuring Sap Flow and Stem Water Content in Trees: a Critical Analysis and Development of a New Heat Pulse Method (Sapflow+)

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Measuring Sap Flow and Stem Water Content in Trees: a Critical Analysis and Development of a New Heat Pulse Method (Sapflow+) Measuring sap flow and stem water content in trees: a critical analysis and development of a new heat pulse method (Sapflow+) 1 2 3 Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences by ir. Maurits Vandegehuchte May 2013 Promoter Prof. dr. ir. Kathy STEPPE Department of Applied Biology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Universiteit Gent Members of the examination board Prof. dr. ir. Patrick VAN DAMME Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany, Universiteit Gent Prof. dr. ir. Wim CORNELIS Department of Soil Management, Soil Physics SOPHY, Universiteit Gent Prof. dr. Nico KOEDAM Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Prof. dr. ir. Kris VERHEYEN Department of Forest and Water Management, Forest and Nature Lab, Universiteit Gent Prof. dr. Caroline VINCKE Earth and Life Institute, Forest Science and Engineering, Université Catholique de Louvain Dr. Melanie ZEPPEL Department of Biological Sciences, Climate and Forest Ecosystem Modelling group, Macquarie University Dean Prof. dr. ir. Guido VAN HUYLENBROECK Rector Prof. dr. Paul VAN CAUWENBERGE The research reported in this thesis was conducted at the Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology (Laboratory of Plant Ecology) of the Ghent University, Belgium. This research and the research stay on North Stradbroke Island were funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO, Flanders, Belgium). The author is a PhD fellow of the FWO-Flanders. Dutch translation of the title: Meten van sapstroom en stamwaterinhoud in bomen: een kritische analyse en ontwikkeling van een nieuwe warmtepuls methode (Sapflow+) Citation of this thesis: Vandegehuchte, M. W. (2013). Measuring sap flow and stem water content in trees: a critical analysis and development of a new heat pulse method (Sapflow+). PhD thesis, Ghent University, Belgium. ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-610-9 The author and the promoter give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Acknowledgement - Dankwoord Beste lezer, u behoort ongetwijfeld tot één van twee grote lezersgroepen. De ene groep bestaat uit zij die dit werk volledig doorlezen of hier en daar de delen eruit pikken waarin ze, vanuit wetenschappelijk oogpunt, geïnteresseerd zijn. De tweede zijn zij die enkel deze eerste bladzijden lezen uit interesse voor het meer menselijke aspect van de wetenschap of wie weet, in de hoop er ergens hun naam in terug te vinden. Toch zijn beide groepen voor dit doctoraat even belangrijk geweest. Ik hoop dan ook dat deze eerste en alle daaropvolgende bladzijden niemand van deze beide groepen teleur zullen stellen. Ten eerste wil ik mijn promotor, Kathy Steppe, bedanken. Niet omdat het zo hoort, wel omdat er niemand anders is die zoveel tot dit werk heeft bijgedragen als jij. Vier jaar geleden zorgde je enthousiasme als lesgever ervoor dat ik mijn thesis bij het Labo Plantecologie wou doen. Na een avontuur in Tunesië spoorde je me aan om te beginnen doctoreren en hielp je me mijn FWO beurs binnen te halen. Sindsdien heb ik altijd met veel plezier met je samen gewerkt. Je hielp me ideeën uitdenken en uitdagingen aan te gaan, waarbij je enthousiasme aanstekelijk werkte. Daarnaast verloor je nooit je geduld als ik weer eens een veel te gehaaste versie van een paper doorstuurde en jij er nauwgezet alle schrijf- en schoonheidsfoutjes uithaalde. Bovendien steunde je me steeds in mijn wilde plannen om een bestaande theorie op de korrel te nemen, in bomen te gaan slingeren of de gevaren van de mangroves te trotseren. En naast het wetenschappelijke aspect was er steeds tijd voor een leuke babbel of een toffe activiteit, of het nu in schaatsen in de buurt van Gent was of een kampvuur in de bergen van Obora. Bedankt om voor mij zoveel deuren te openen, mij te blijven vertrouwen in mijn werk en voor je creatieve inbreng in wat we tot i Acknowledgement stand hebben gebracht. Ik hoop dan ook dat ik nog een tijdje deel kan uitmaken van de toffe bende die het Labo Plantecologie onder jouw leiding geworden is. Dat brengt ons naadloos bij de rest van de bende, zonder wie het labo maar een stille en lege plaats zou zijn. Bedankt aan iedereen voor de gezellige koffiepauzes, middagpauzes, uitgelopen labo activiteiten en zoveel meer. De doc’s (Tommeke, Hans, Veerle en Wouter) wil ik bedanken om mij drie jaar geleden als groentje op te nemen in de groep. Nachtelijke zwempartijen, in bomen klimmen en avondlijke pintjes waren een goede afwisseling tussen het wetenschappelijke werk door, ik hoop dan ook dat er nog veel dergelijke ondernemingen mogen volgen! Tom, hopelijk zien we je af en toe nog eens opduiken nu je bij ILVO werkt. Wouter, veel succes in Australië, als je iemand nodig hebt om de mangroves in te duiken, weet je me te vinden. Hans, hopelijk kan ik je binnenkort prof noemen en mag ik eens wat sapstroom gaan meten op je lianen. Veerle, nogmaals sorry voor het stelen van uw bureau. Jasper en Annelies, van studiegenoten zijn we geëvolueerd tot collega’s. Bedankt voor die leuke eerste jaren op ons eiland. En dan is er natuurlijk ook de ‘nieuwere’ generatie. Naast Jochen en Marjolein, wil ik vooral Lidewei, Elizabeth, Ingvar en Bart bedanken voor de fijne momenten op ‘onze’ bureau. Muren intrappen, pseudowetenschappelijke discussies voeren en al typend met twee vingers ‘hard werken’ heeft al voor veel plezante momenten gezorgd. En dan kom ik bij de eigenlijke helden van ons labo: Geert en Philip. Zonder jullie was dit boekje er niet geweest. De vele uren die jullie hebben besteed aan het mee ontwerpen en maken van sensoren, het omhakken van bomen (met gevaar voor eigen leven), het installeren van de gemaakte sensoren, heen en weer rijden naar Wageningen en Gontrode… ze zijn ontelbaar. Om nog maar te zwijgen van de laatste spurt voor ik naar Australië vertrok. Het samenwerken was altijd een genoegen, de frietjes tussendoor meer dan verdiend. En nu dit boekje er ligt, wordt het tijd om de belofte in te lossen: ‘het stoveke’ wacht op jullie… Natuurlijk wil ik hier ook de latere aanvulling van het technisch team bedanken. Erik en Thomas, zonder jullie was de Sapflow+ er niet geweest in zijn huidige vorm. Ann, Margot en Pui Yi, jullie counterden mijn slordigheid met administratieve punctualiteit en steeds met de glimlach. I <3 SAP maar jullie toch nog meer. Bedankt voor al jullie harde werk, ik apprecieer het enorm. ii Acknowledgement Los van de Labo collega’s, zijn er nog vele andere collega’s die hier verdienen vermeld te worden. First of all, I would like to thank Leonardo Reyes, partner in science crime. Both our collaboration in Ghent as our work afterwards have made me appreciate you as a person, yes, as a friend. I hope that your new life in London gives you al the (scientific) challenges you are looking for. I would also like to express my gratitude towards prof. Nadja Nadezhdina and prof. Jan Cermak for the great week at Obora and for introducing me to the world of sap flow. It is wonderful that, besides a sometimes different point of view on sap flow methodology, we have been able to work so well together. Ook prof. Frank Sterck, Paul Copini en Edo Gerkema van Wageningen UR wil ik bedanken voor de fijne samenwerking gedurende de MRI meetcampagne. Dirk De Pauw wil ik enorm bedanken voor alle steun die hij gegeven heeft bij mijn modelleeravonturen, de software ontwikkeling en de vlotte respons op mijn suggesties en vragen. Je hebt me in totaal waarschijnlijk meer dan een half jaar tijd bespaard. Finally, for the science part, I am most grateful to prof. David Lockington, dr. Adrien Guyot and the entire MBRS crew for giving me the opportunity to conduct experiments in the wonderful mangrove ecosystem of Straddie. Adrien and Nina, thanks for the warm welcome, the help with setting up the sensors and the nice moments in between it all. I hope you find your way in the future, whether in Grenoble or still in Brissie with or without the mime guy. Captain Matt, without you the Belgies would not have been able to work at one of the most beautiful sites in the world. You brought us there and back safely on your vessel, played Santa bringing us food and lightened the work with your fine sense of humour. Shark’s alley will never be the same again, many thanks for all the great Ozzie moments. En natuurlijk mag ik de Belgies zelf niet vergeten, Michiel, Mieke, Stefanie en Niels, het was een waar genoegen om jullie ‘meneer den tutor’ te zijn gedurende die twee maanden. Maar gelukkig was er naast de wetenschap afgelopen jaren ook nog voldoende tijd voor zoveel meer. Daarom bedankt aan iedereen die er de laatste jaren buiten het werk voor me was. Jantje en Sabine, Anneke en Vinnie, Stijntje en Valerie, Cilia en Charles en Karel en Caroline, tof om te zien dat we na onze gezamenlijke unieftijd nog steeds samen plezier maken. Ik hoop dat we dat zo kunnen houden en kijk al iii Acknowledgement uit naar wat de toekomst jullie allemaal brengt. Jan, extra bedankt voor de twee leuke jaren dat we samen op kot zaten en dat je me vorig jaar onder je dak hebt laten kamperen. Ik zal dan ook mijn uiterste best doen zo goed mogelijk te getuigen volgende week. Boys, bedankt voor de vele banquets. Binnenkort is het dringend weer eens mijn beurt.
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