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Agroforestry Forest Farming: Have Maples, Will Sugar… COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, LEXINGTON, KY, 40546 FOR-118 Agroforestry Forest Farming: Have Maples, Will Sugar… Deborah B. Hill, Department of Forestry All over Kentucky, but probably especially in the eastern part of the state, woodland owners may find that they have many maple trees in their woodlots. If these trees are larger than 10 inches in diameter, and if there are 25 to 40 maple trees per acre, wood- land owners might want to think about making maple syrup as a possibility for increased income from their woodlots. aple syrup has been produced One of the greatest annual maple How does one identify Min the United States since be- syrup productions on record was a tree that will produce fore Europeans arrived on this just over 4 million gallons in 1860! a lot of sap? continent, so much information This production was exceeded only has been printed in many different during World Wars I and II, when The things you are looking for in forms. New England, New York, Ohio, wartime activities made it difficult a good sap-producing tree are not Pennsylvania and Canada have been to get cane sugar. However, once necessarily the same kinds of things making syrup for market for many cane sugar became easily available you would be looking for in a good decades. Kentucky is not likely to and cheap, the demand for maple timber tree (although maples often become a major syrup producer, syrup declined, and it has become do make good timber). In a “sugar- but producers can find good op- more of a high value specialty or bush” (the term for a woodlot where portunities for producing Kentucky gourmet item since the mid-1940s. syrup production is the major use), or southern maple syrup on a small the trees are widely spaced so that scale, especially as a cooperative or What kinds of maple they will grow in diameter and make what is called a “cottage industry,” trees make the best syrup? large crowns, which is where the meaning small-scale production. food factories (leaves) grow. Trees All kinds of maples (Acer spp.) can with crowns greater than 30 feet in produce maple syrup. The difference What is maple syrup? diameter can produce as much as lies in how sweet the sap is to begin 100 percent more syrup from their Maple syrup is a natural, organic with. (Maple syrup is made from box sap (which can also be as much as sweetener, famous for its use on pan- elder [A. negundo] in Saskatchewan, 30 percent sweeter) than trees with cakes and waffles. It has been used Canada!). The higher the sugar con- narrower crowns. Crowns that are on this continent since people first tent of the sap, the fewer gallons it both broad and deep are the best lived here. It is made by concentrat- takes to make one gallon of syrup. for good sap production. If wood- ing the naturally sweet sap of maple Sugar maple (A. saccharum) and land owners want to manage their trees. Native Americans froze the black maple (A. nigrum) are thought woodlots for sap production, it is sap to concentrate it, but today the to be both the best producers (vol- probably a good idea to work with a sap is boiled down until it thickens ume of sap) and to have the highest professional forester, especially one into a sugary, sweet syrup. It takes sugar content in their saps. Seventy- who knows something about maple many gallons of sap to make one five percent of all commercial maple sap production. gallon of syrup; 40 gallons to one is syrup is tapped from sugar maples. the industry standard, which is why the real maple syrup is so expensive. Agriculture and Natural Resources • Family and Consumer Sciences • 4-H Youth Development • Community and Economic Development EXTENSION When do you tap maple What tree management numbers would be fairly typical for trees for their sap, and does the owner need maple sap—which is one reason it what weather conditions to do to improve sap takes so many gallons of raw sap to produce one gallon of finished maple are best for sap production? production? syrup). Outside temperature can af- For the northern part of Kentucky, A commercially profitable sugaring fect the Brix measurement, so it is it’s easy to remember to tap between business should have 70 to 90 taps important to adjust (subtract) the Valentine’s Day (February 14) and St. per acre and probably 20 or more “reading” according to the current Patrick’s Day (March 17). Further acres of woodland to tap. If the temperature when taking the sap south, it may be important to start syrup is intended only as a contrib- sample: earlier. It all depends on that cold uting part of the total farm/woodlot night/mild day combination. Howev- income, this process can be done Outside Brix er, it is wise to have all the necessary on only a few acres. Taking care of temperature (°F) adjustment (°) equipment ready any time after the the trees—paying attention to the 32-50 -0.4 New Year. One advantage of tapping guidelines, clearing competition 51-59 -0.3 for syrup is that it is a small “window” from around the sap trees, prun- 60-68 -0.2 of time—usually 4 to 6 weeks—in ing dead branches, etc. —is a good the late winter when other farm- or management practice. If sugaring Re-measure the degree of Brix in the woodland-related jobs may not be starts with most of the usable trees trees that are big enough to tap every demanding too much time. in the 10-inch size class, it will be year. Those whose sap measures less important to thin other trees from than 1 degree Brix probably should How many taps could you around the sap trees so that they not be used. The boiling process uses have in your woodlot? can grow larger diameters in a lots of firewood, so these trees could shorter period of time. Twenty-five Start by getting an estimate of how be cut for that purpose or allowed to thirty productive trees per acre is many maple trees you have per acre. to grow big enough for timber at a good goal to aim for. Ground cover Run a simple transect (straight line a later date. Boiling down the sap (herbs, grasses, etc.) is a good thing, on a compass bearing) and count takes plenty of time, energy and as it is important to protect the for- the number of trees within ten feet resources when the sap has a high est soil from erosion. The park-like of the line on either side for 100 Brix; it doesn’t make practical sense woods that may result from this feet. This will give some idea of how to use more of them all to produce management might look attractive dense the maples are in the woodlot. less syrup! as a place to graze livestock, but the Then measure a sample of the trees animals’ feet compact the soil, and For example, if you boil down 15 gal- at breast height (about 4½ feet from some—horses and goats in particu- lons of 1 degree Brix sap, it contains the ground). To protect the general lar—might also rub the bark off the the equivalent of 1.3 pounds of sugar health of the trees, do not put taps 1 trees. Thinning competing trees and will yield less than ⁄5 gallon of in any tree smaller than 10 inches in from around the sap trees should syrup. Fifteen gallons of 2 degree diameter. The guidelines are: result in trees whose crowns do not Brix sap contains the equivalent of touch, and which should be at least about 2.5 pounds of sugar and will Tree diameter Number 1 yield closer to ⁄3 gallon of syrup. (inches) of taps six feet apart. 10-15 1 How does one measure How does one make 16-20 2 the sweetness of the sap? the sap into syrup? 21-25 3 Sap sweetness is measured by taking The process of making maple syrup 25+ no more than 4 a small sample of sap from each tree from sap has three major steps be- and floating an instrument called fore bottling: It is important to follow these a hydrometer in it. A hydrometer • Withdrawing the sap from the guidelines. Overtapping harms the measures something called Brix, in trees through buckets, plastic trees; undertapping reduces the degrees. The degree measured shows bags, or plastic tubing yield of sap without doing anything that the solution (sap) has the same • Boiling the sap down to a Brix of positive for the trees. density as a solution containing a 55-60 degrees sugar percentage equal to the Brix • Boiling the sap further (in what is measurement (e.g., sap that measures called a “finishing pan”) to a Brix 2 or 3 degrees Brix has a 2 percent of about 66 deg rees (t he minimum or 3 percent sugar content—those Br i x mea surement for market able 2 maple syrup is 65.46 degrees at time, because before heating, the 68 degrees F; the best thickness treated sap is much more dense than [viscosity] and taste is at a Brix untreated sap. of 66-66.5 degrees at the same Look at the trade-offs with any new temperature.) product. Make sure that both costs Tapping the trees is done the same and benefits are carefully calcu- way, regardless of what is used for lated.
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