1 NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019

Launched in January 2016 by the Paris School of International Affairs at Sciences Po (PSIA), the Youth & Leaders Summit brings together today’s leading international affairs personalities with the next generation of world leaders and thinkers.

YOUTH & LEADERS: A UNIQUE CONCEPT Bringing a fresh perspective to university organised conferences, the Youth & Leaders Summit is an unparalleled event with an innovative underlying concept: fostering discussion and debate between leading global affairs actors and PSIA students on complex international issues. The impressive diversity and capacity of the PSIA student body provided the impetus for the Summit, and the idea has been met with great enthusiasm by over 80 of the world’s most prominent international actors for the first four editions. PSIA students are also at the heart of the organisation and execution of the Summit, working as a team of 39 dedicated logistics and communications assistants, speaker escorts and on-the-day event assistants. Their engagement is testament to the #PSIASpirit so characteristic of the school, and fundamental to the success of the Youth & Leaders Summit.

NEW TECHNOLOGY – 2019 THEME The Youth & Leaders Summit took place on January 21st 2019 at Sciences Po’s iconic Paris campus, as the fourth successful edition dedicated to exchange and dialogue on some of the most pressing global issues. The 2019 edition was dedicated to tackling the theme of New Technology, through a series of keynote speeches, panel debates and discussions with students. The current report is designed to showcase the major outcomes and recommendations made during the debates.

SCIENCES PO AND PSIA Sciences Po has been a pioneer of multidisciplinary education since 1872 and is constantly devising innovative approaches to tackling the most challenging global issues. Today, it is through PSIA that Sciences Po continues to play an active and important role in the international arena. PSIA is one of the most highly regarded International Affairs schools in the world (ranked #3 by the 2019 QS World Rankings), as well as the largest, with 1500 students from over 100 countries. Public debate is at the heart of PSIA life and, each year, the school hosts numerous high-level events and platforms for discussion. 2 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 1 #YLSummit19

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sciences Po and PSIA would like to extend their gratitude Acknowledgements p. xx to the sponsors, partners, faculty and students who were Summit Program p. xx involved in making the 2019 edition of the Youth & Leaders a resounding success. Kofi Annan Edition p. xx Keynote Speech, Giovanni Buttarelli p. xx We would especially like to thank our main sponsor SAP for their generous support, and The New York Times, our Keynote Speech, Gro Harlem Brundtland p. xx media partner, for championing and featuring the Summit. Panel 1 Summary p. xx A special word of appreciation must go to Lakhdar Brahimi Technological Challenges for a (More) Secure World for his intellectual contribution to designing the agenda for the 2019 edition of the Summit as well as his moving tribute Keynote Speech, Margrethe Vestager p. xx to Kofi Annan, to whom the Summit was dedicated. Panel 2 Summary p. xx Socioeconomic Implications of the Technological Revolution Thanks go also to Sciences Po’s Department of Communi- cations and to its Direction de la Stratégie et du Dévelop- Keynote Speech, Richard Branson p. xx pement for their indispensable support both in the lead-up Panel 3 Summary p. xx to and during the event. Governance and Ethics in the Digital Age And, last but not least, a very warm thanks is reserved for YLS Student Team p. xx the 39 student members of the PSIA Youth & Leaders Team, About the Paris School of International Affairs, Sciences Po p. xx who were all instrumental in the Summit’s success. Without them, the energy of the day simply would not have reflected the same #PSIASpirit that we hold dear and are so proud of.

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AFTERNOON SESSION MORNING SESSION 14:00 PANEL 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS 08:30 Welcome and registration OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION 09:00 WELCOME REMARKS Chair: Liz Alderman Chief business correspondent in Europe, New York Times President, Sciences Po Frédéric Mion With 09:10 KOFI ANNAN, A TRIBUTE Yann Algan Professor of Economics • Dean, School of Public Affairs, Sciences Po Lakhdar Brahimi Elder • Chairman, Strategic Committee, PSIA, Sciences Po • Houda-Imane Faraoun Minister of Post, Telecommunications, Technologies former UN Special Envoy for Syria • former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Algeria and Digitalization, Algeria 09:15 OPENING SPEECH Casper Klynge Tech Ambassador of Denmark Giovanni Buttarelli European Data Protection Supervisor PSIA Student Panel 09:30 KEYNOTE SPEECH Shashwat Koirala, Jonathan Roulot and Marusa Rus Gro Harlem Brundtland Elder • former Prime Minister of Norway • Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience former Director-General, World Health Organization • former UN Special Envoy on Climate Change 15:30 KEYNOTE SPEECH Sir Richard Branson Founder, Virgin Group (by video-conference) Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience In conversation with Lakhdar Brahimi, Elder 10:00 Break Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience 10:30 PANEL 1 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR A (MORE) SECURE WORLD 16:00 Break Chair: Adam Nossiter Paris correspondent, New York Times 16:30 PANEL 3 With GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS IN THE DIGITAL AGE Maria Chiara Carrozza Professor of BioRobotics, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Chair: Steven Erlanger Chief diplomatic correspondent in Europe, New York Times Studies, Pisa, Italy • Scientific Director, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi • former Minister for Education and Research, Italy With Dominique Cardon Professor of Sociology • Director, Medialab, Sciences Po Carlos Lopes former Executive Secretary, UN Economic Commission for Africa • Professor, Mandela School of Public Governance, University of Cape Town • Peter Cowhey Professor, Qualcomm Endowed Chair in Communications Visiting Professor, PSIA, Sciences Po and Technology Policy, UC San Diego • Dean, School of Global Policy and Strategy, UC San Diego Dan Smith Director, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Valerio Riavez Political campaign strategist PSIA Student Panel Head of Democracy Assessment and Political Analysis, Nicola Bressan, Vanessa Facon, Mathieu Joly and Wojciech Strupczewski Annika Silva-Leander International IDEA Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience PSIA Student Panel 12:00 KEYNOTE SPEECH Abraham Collier, Sara Furxhi, Caroline Milliotte and Alara Ucak Margrethe Vestager European Commissioner for Competition Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience Followed by a discussion with PSIA students and the audience 18:00 CONCLUDING REMARKS 12:30 Lunch break Enrico Letta Dean, PSIA, Sciences Po • former Prime Minister, Italy

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KOFI ANNAN EDITION

The 2019 Youth & Leaders Summit edition was dedicated to the memory of Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General (1997-2006), an advocate of peace and a beloved friend of PSIA.

I have had the privilege of working with Kofi Annan at the UN. In his words: ‘You are never too young to lead or too old to learn.’ For me, this sums up perfectly the attitude for my generation of leaders when it comes to new technologies and adoption.

Gro Harlem Brundtland

Something that I learned from Kofi was his quiet diplomacy—he would always choose dialogue over confrontation.

Richard Branson

We owe it to him, to ourselves and to the future generations, to remember him, make use of his legacy and continue his work.

Lakhdar Brahimi

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The premise for EU data protection law is that technology should be designed to serve humankind.

The power to collect, analyse and profit from personal data has always raised questions of freedom and fairness.

Giovanni Buttarelli European Data Protection Supervisor

8 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 9 ing under the weight of the You have probably heard time this year. Giovanni Buttarelli ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’. about the so-called ‘right to The European Parliament be forgotten’. elections in May will be the European Data Protection Supervisor In your discussions today, I This is a slogan written into most important since the first would encourage you to think the GDPR by its authors. direct vote took place in 1979. for a moment about the su- It was conceived, in part, to At least 13 Member States will I would like to thank my We now live in a society and That is why we at EDPS have percomputer in your pockets. protect young people who, have national elections. dear friend Enrico Letta, economy where data has be- launched a global debate It is sucking up data – person- in the youthful enthusiasm, Outside the EU, the biggest Frédéric Mion and the Paris come valued above almost all about ethics and digital tech- al data – 24 hours a day, seven posted photos which their democracy in the world, India, School of International Affairs other things. nology. days a week. older adult selves might re- will also go to the polls. for the invitation to join you In the last quarter of 2018 sev- Because at present there is Data which will be stored for gret. Who knows - there may even today. en of the eight most highly no consensus about what is an indeterminate period in be another Brexit referen- valued companies were tech right and what is wrong when an enormous energy-inten- In fact, it is probably my dum? This is a wonderful event, companies – all based on the it comes to the development sive server somewhere on the generation which is guilty of Most voting is not yet digital, bringing together the leaders West Coast of the US or in and deployment of incredibly planet, contributing as much compromising the privacy of but the “public sphere” of po- of today with the leaders of China. powerful technologies. to climate change as the avi- today’s youth – when as par- litical discussions have gone tomorrow, and richly deserves It means that never in hu- On such questions the US has ation industry. ents we have naively filled the digital. its growing reputation. man history has informational for decades been our natural In poorer parts of the world internet with cute/ embar- What is and is not political is So it is a great honour to be power been concentrated in interlocutor and friendly rival. – especially sub-Saharan Afri- rassing pictures of you with no longer very clear. here, because my deepest so few hands – those of a few We share cultural roots and ca and central and southern chocolate on your faces and Accordingly to Chris Wylie, desire is to be able to pass companies and states, often deep historical ties. Asia – people are given smart in the bath. the Cambridge Analytica on what I have learned to the working in tandem. But these bonds are gradu- phones at an affordable price Digital literacy may be more whistle-blower, even fash- younger generation. The challenge is whether our ally weakening – a process with certain data-hungry apps necessary for the over 40s ion items make a statement Some of you may be won- values of democracy, rule of that started long before the preloaded. than the under 30s. about your political views. dering why a data protection law and fundamental rights current ‘America First’ admin- So in exchange for being That is why you are best And he said that before the authority should be on the can survive in the face of this istration. connected, people are being placed think about whether Gilets jaunes occupied the agenda of a day dedicated to concentration of informational farmed for their data. the digital dividend has been streets of this city and others, technology and disruption? power. Meanwhile we are already ap- Worse, they being treated like fairly allocated. which is another movement I shall try to explain. proaching the third decade of laboratory animals – tested The obvious imbalance be- owing its virality to the influ- Privacy – the universal need the so called ‘Chinese century’ for their reactions to different tween winners and losers calls ence of the dominant social The premise for EU data pro- to have space of different de- – and we are only just starting stimuli. for a new approach to regu- media platform. tection law is that “technol- grees of intimacy in our lives, to awaken to the challenge. Some argue that this is a new lation. So ask yourselves today - how ogy should be designed to communications and relation- Today, in China, over a million form of colonialism – data co- We can no longer afford to are you being manipulated serve humankind”. ships – is becoming a much Uyghurs are believed to be lonialism – with the most vul- observe the bureaucratic ni- when you check your phones? This is because data is the en- bigger challenge than simply imprisoned in ‘re-education nerable expected to sacrifice ceties and jurisprudential silos Think about who might be gine of technological develop- data protection. camps’; Xinjiang province has privacy, even their dignity, in of competition, consumer and behind the messages you see. ment. Visions are colliding between, become a digitally-enabled exchange for the privilege of data protection law. Work out how to hold to ac- Artificial intelligence, biotech, firstly, states like China who police state. participating in digital life. From now on, all of these count the companies and the internet of things, facial argue that the government And then there is the ‘Social Over half the world’s popula- arms of the supervision of the public bodies that benefit recognition – these are all determines the limits of free- Credit System’ – which seems tion is now connected to the digital economy and society from using your data, and technologies which require dom and ultimately owns data to elevate the “ethical” no- internet. need to be working together determining what you see on the processing of personal in- generated by digital technol- tion of “trustworthiness” over But, according Freedom and coherently. your newsfeeds, timelines and formation on a massive scale. ogy; secondly, the United rights and the rule of law, House, only 20% of them are I predict 2019 is going to be streaks. But the power to collect, ana- States, where, in the name of reducing human beings and experiencing a ‘free’ internet. a landmark year for Europe You have techniques for safe- lyse and profit from personal free markets, data is another their freedom to comput- China’s surveillance model again. guarding your digital freedom data has always raised ques- locus for competition between er-generated scores. is very attractive to govern- According to many reports, which my generation didn’t tions of freedom and fairness. companies and consumers: So digitisation and geopo- ments around the world who democracy is now in decline have. That is why data protection and thirdly Europe where ac- litical uncertainty combine feel threatened by a connect- around the world. laws appeared for the first cording to the European Con- to form an existential threat ed, digitally-literate popula- Studies also indicate that Thank you for listening and time, almost fifty years ago, to vention on Human Rights and to the careful balance which tion. young people in the US and my best wishes to you all. impose obligations on those the Charter of Fundamental we have forged Europe over in Europe are less enthusiastic who seek to benefit from us- Rights of the EU, data doesn’t many centuries. Most of you in the audience about democracy than previ- ing people’s data, and to give belong to anyone but privacy Concepts like territoriality, are, like my three children, ous generations. those people enforcement is something inalienable and sovereignty, human digni- digital natives: Generation Z Many people in this room are rights regarding how their personal data is something to ty and individual autonomy or iGen, they call you. going to be voting for the first data should be used. be treated with respect. and accountability are strain- 11 #YLSummit19

We live in the age of acceleration confronting three simultaneous processes of digitalisation, globalisation and climate change. We need to adapt and relearn.

We need to show humility to learn, when it comes to new ideas and adoption. Rather than sticking to familiar processes.

Gro Harlem Brundtland Elder, former Prime Minister of Norway

12 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 13 ty and drones are all driving economic change, and all of ployees and consumers that Gro Harlem Brundtland innovation in areas from diag- this has consequences for businesses and companies nosis and monitoring of con- the future of its public health use their moral as well as Elder, former Prime Minister of Norway ditions to surgical interven- policy. economic voice as they pur- tions and wider pastoral care. But the most impressive de- sue sustainability. The rapid growth of mobile velopment we saw was a Geoengineering has the pos- Dear Enrico [Letta], dis- For me, this sums up perfect- “disruptive” does not neces- and specifically smartphone small neighbourhood clinic in sibility to help us contain cli- tinguished guests, ladies and ly the attitude that people of sarily mean having a negative use in the developing world a poor district of Delhi, where mate change, but could have gentlemen, my generation, and the gen- or distracting influence. means people have far great- doctors deliver basic services unforeseen and unintended It is a privilege to be with eration of leaders currently in New technology can be dis- er access to health informa- free of charge to local resi- consequences. you here today for the Youth power, need to adopt when ruptive in the sense that it tion and can more easily con- dents. These so-called “Mo- We do not know yet what and Leaders Summit to dis- considering the vast array of can break down barriers and tact medical services. This is halla” clinics have been set the impact will be on global cuss such an important topic, new technologies at our dis- monopolies, empower peo- critically important, especial- up by the Delhi State Govern- ecosystems and particularly which is relevant to so many posal. ple who may previously have ly for women and for many ment and do an excellent job on those regions and com- pressing social, economic We need to show the humil- been disenfranchised, and marginalised communities. of increasing basic service munities already vulnerable and political issues of our ity to learn and be receptive extend the reach of commu- However, we must remember provision and realising poor to climate change. age. to new ideas and platforms, nications platforms to make that technology, however in- citizens’ right to healthcare. If we are to pursue forms of It is also a privilege to speak rather than sticking to famil- them more interactive and novative or disruptive of past Surely, this model is more geoengineering, then a trans- here at such a distinguished iar if outdated methods and responsive. practices, is not a universal “disruptive” – in the positive parent, participatory and ac- institution where Prime Min- processes. This is certainly true in two panacea. The key to improv- sense of the word – to old countable international gov- ister Enrico Letta has given One of the biggest challeng- areas that are particular- ing health access and out- orthodoxies and assump- ernance system needs to be new inspiration and dyna- es in the decades to come ly close to my heart and to comes remains: politics. tions than even the most in- established. mism. will be how we secure equal which I have dedicated so Without the political will to novative technological break- It is in all our interests to use It is a particular honour to access to education, not only much of my engagement in confront vested interests through? the political, legislative, and be at this session dedicated in the key formative years of public life: health and climate and increase public funding, By the same token, it is clear social means at our disposal to the life and memory of youth, but throughout life. change. decent healthcare in many that harnessing the potential to deliver an achievable tran- my dear and dearly-missed As Thomas Friedman of the These two issues require the countries will remain the pre- of new technologies is an in- sition to a zero-carbon econ- friend Kofi Annan. New York Times put it, we holistic approach that we see serve of the rich and privi- dispensable element of the omy based on renewable en- Like Lakhdar Brahimi, I had live in the «Age of Accelera- under the umbrella of sus- leged. fight against climate change. ergy and keep temperature the privilege of working tion», confronted with three tainable development. Even in the United States, the Without bold and disruptive rises to below 1.5 degrees with Kofi for decades – at simultaneous processes of This is the best way of meet- richest country on Earth and thinking, the world will not be Celsius, especially in light the UN, where he offered change; from digitalization, ing the basic needs of all and home to some of the most on track to meet the targets of the most recent dramat- invaluable support when I globalization and climate securing equal opportunity, skilled medical institutions of the Paris Agreement on ic report from the Intergov- was Director-General of the change. dignity and human rights for and practitioners, 30 mil- climate change and the wid- ernmental Panel on Climate World Health Organization, We need to adapt and re- all. lion people still live without er Sustainable Development Change. and then as members of The learn again and again. And for both health and cli- basic health insurance and Goals. At its heart, climate change Elders as we continued to We need to listen to young mate change, technology can face crippling poverty due to We will simply need both is a matter of justice and hu- work to support peace, jus- people such as yourselves help advance a progressive medical bills. disruptive technologies and man rights, and any sustain- tice and human rights across who have grown up in the agenda when it is applied in Technology alone will never disruptive politics to move able and effective response the globe. digital age, and understand a transparent and responsible address these fundamental forward, as we share the bur- must have these concepts Lakhdar has already spoken how you use these new tech- manner. inequalities, which are born dens of transition much more embedded into its policies. so eloquently about Kofi’s re- nologies, the benefits they The link between health and of deliberate political choices fairly. The world cannot afford for markable life and the contri- can bring to society, and the technology has been funda- and priorities. From ever-more efficient disruptive technological in- butions he made to the caus- innovation and creativity they mental to the development The test of our political sys- development of renewable novation simply to further es he held dear. can inspire in individuals and of medical science and public tems will be our ability to energy sources to the pros- reinforce or replicate existing Whilst preparing this speech I institutions. health for centuries, from the make technology work for all pects of prosperity, jobs and models of economic and po- kept thinking of how serious- At the same time, we need ground-breaking discoveries and not only the privileged energy security offered by litical inequality – as has, I fear, ly and importantly Kofi treat- to carefully consider every of Edward Jenner and Marie few. cleantech industries, tech- been the case to a certain ex- ed the issue of new technol- aspect of the “disruptive” Curie to modern techniques Last year, I travelled to India nology can take the lead tent with the growth of the ogies and the implications of elements of these new tech- of computer-aided surgery with Ban Ki-moon as part when politicians fail to show internet and its attendant in- their use for peace, develop- nologies. and non-invasive treatment of The Elders’ initiative to the necessary courage, or dustrial giants in Silicon Valley ment and human rights. Although these are not that would have been un- promote Universal Health remain beholden to the cor- and across the globe. One of his watchwords was words you might usually hear thinkable even five or ten Coverage. India is a country porate interests of the fossil Nor can the world ignore the “you are never too old to from the podium of a lecture years ago. undergoing rapid and disrup- fuel lobby, also inspired by a profound moral and human learn, and never too young hall in a venerable university Artificial intelligence, robot- tive technological, social and growing demand from em- rights implications to lead”. such as Sciences Po, being ics, automation, virtual reali- ... /... 15 of new technologies such as At the same time, through ety, and between the people of those of us who came of on Elections and Democracy to address challenges that artificial intelligence and ro- the more secretive world of and their rulers. age in the “analogue world” in the Digital Age will identi- would not only impact on to- botics being used in a mili- spyware, some of the world’s Such a situation will only but who recognise that pow- fy and frame the challenges day’s world but generations tary context. authoritarian governments benefit those who engage er structures and psychol- to electoral integrity arising to come. How do the Geneva Conven- have gained the ability to in the politics of division, na- ogies persist and adapt to from digital technologies and I hope a similar spirit will di- tions and the wider rules of hack the personal phones tionalism, xenophobia and new contexts – for better or social media platforms, draw- rect our discussions today, war apply to robots, drones and computers of those they cynical self-interest. worse. ing together experts from in- so we can be disruptive in and fully-automated weap- see as dissidents – anywhere It will impede if not derail the This is why I am delighted dustry, politics, international a positive sense and ensure ons systems? The technology in the world. And this is not collective efforts we urgently that, just last week, the Kofi organisations and civil soci- that the undoubted benefits may be disruptive, but their just secretive, of course; Chi- need to tackle the existen- Annan Foundation launched ety. of technological innovation impact threatens to be dan- na’s system is quite out in the tial threats facing our plan- a new initiative at Stanford It was Kofi’s last major policy across all spheres can be en- gerously destructive. open! et: climate change, nuclear University in California, pre- initiative for his Foundation joyed in full by everyone. “Move fast and break things”, Social media platforms have proliferation, pandemics and cisely to stimulate debate before his untimely death last the memorable phrase at- an urgent responsibility to disease. and address some of these August, and it shows how, Thank you. tributed to Facebook found- reform and strengthen their Moreover, it will make it hard- questions. right up to the end, he was er Mark Zuckerberg, vivid- internal procedures and reg- er to address in a meaning- The Kofi Annan Commission facing the future and working ly sums up the more literal ulations to do more to pro- ful way the profound moral sense of the disruptive spirit tect users’ rights, and prevent debates posed by innovative behind the internet and social the spread of so-called “fake and disruptive technologies media technology boom of news” and hate speech. such as artificial intelligence recent years. In the words of a recent edi- and robotics, and the impli- But in today’s fractured and torial in Le Monde: cations of their use on human fractious cultural and political “Social networks can offer a rights, security and dignity. landscape, we should reflect great space for freedom of You students and young that one of the most precious expression. But it is simply leaders in the hall here today things that can be broken unacceptable when they en- already face a very different when technology moves too able the worst forms of ha- world of work to the one fast and without sufficient tred to circulate widely with I grew up with. oversight is: trust itself. full impunity, especially when If technology can be har- There is a growing body of those companies’ owners nessed to make human be- evidence that platforms such barely seem to be concerned, ings more productive, cre- as Facebook have been used and their moderating systems ative, and better at fulfilling by malign actors to disrupt appear useless, outdated and their potential, it will vastly democratic elections world- complacent.” improve standards of living wide, through the spread of Balancing the imperatives of around the world. deliberate disinformation or free speech and civic respon- But this will require policy misuse of personal data. sibility is a debate that has action at a government and Such abuses have not only run for centuries, from Vol- intergovernmental level to taken place in developing taire and Rousseau to Jean- ensure that education sys- countries with fragile civic Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, tems prepare young people and political infrastructure and remains an acute ques- to adapt to new technologies but some of the most es- tion in today’s digital age. – and that social safety nets tablished democracies in the Governments and ordinary are there for those whose world: for example the US citizens must be active par- jobs may become obsolete. Presidential election in 2016, ticipants in this debate. We How to develop, encourage and the United Kingdom’s all have a responsibility, on a and harness disruptive new referendum on leaving the personal and collective basis, technologies for the benefit European Union in the same to uphold basic standards of of all humanity is one of the year. decency and honesty in pub- defining questions of our age. The way Facebook and oth- lic discourse, whether on- or It requires a collective, er social media platforms offline. inclusive effort across the collect, store and share data In the absence of such a shift, generations, listening to the has profound implications trust will remain broken: be- voices of young people who for the very concept of pri- tween technology and its us- are “digital natives”, but also vacy and individual rights. ers, between media and soci- drawing on the experiences

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> NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR A (MORE) SECURE WORLD

“Climate change requires a lot of creativity and so does democracy, we have to find a creative way to change the world.” Maria Chiara Carrozza

“Are politicians going to be legitimate and ethical enough when dealing with technology?” Carlos Lopes

“If there are solutions to human security and insecurity, they lie in the human realm. They lie in the health and strength of political institutions; they don’t reside in robots or technology.” Dan Smith

20 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 21 PANEL 1 Technology & Security to watches, will play an increasing role in human society and security. Whether or not in the Developing World they are a force for peace will depend on > NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE An important point brought up by Lopes how robots are “socialised” and whether the involved the increasing role of the developing benefits of robotics are reserved for the few— TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES world as the economy shifts from oil to increasing inequality—or spread throughout electricity dependence. As an example, the society. Lopes expanded from this to an overall FOR A (MORE) SECURE WORLD Democratic Republic of the Congo contains view of technological revolutions, explaining the vast majority of the world’s supply of that every wave of technological change in cobalt, necessary for most rechargeable history upsets the status quo and brings a Chair batteries. Given the political instability in sense of unpredictability. Regulation, social Adam Nossiter Paris correspondent, New York Times many of these countries, this could either be welfare and cybersecurity must be updated as With an opportunity to help with development or quickly as possible to stave off social upheaval. Maria Chiara Carrozza Professor of BioRobotics, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy • Scientific Director, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi • a potential source of conflict. Smith agreed, former Minister for Education and Research, Italy adding that resources, political incompetence, An answer Smith gave to a student question Carlos Lopes former Executive Secretary, UN Economic Commission for Africa • and the colonial legacy could all contribute summarised an important thread which ran Professor, Mandela School of Public Governance, University of Cape Town • to conflict. The international community has through many comments: “I would say that, Visiting Professor, PSIA, Sciences Po been unable to resolve these issues so far; if if there are solutions to human security and Dan Smith Director, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) it continues to do so, the instability will only insecurity, they lie in the human realm. They PSIA Student Panel get worse as the resources become more lie in the health and strength of political Nicola Bressan, Vanessa Facon, Mathieu Joly and Wojciech Strupczewski important. institutions; they don’t reside in robots or technology.” Robotics & Technological Revolutions Carrozza emphasised the role of robot- Panel Summary by The Rise of Cybersecurity Artificial Intelligence human interaction in the current technological Abraham Collier revolution. Wearable robots, from exoskeletons Master in International Public Management We are living in a new anthropological & Autonomous Weapons era because we live between two spaces: The growth of artificial intelligence is changing cyberspace and real space. So argued Maria the calculus of world security, explained Smith. Chiara Carrozza, a professor and bio-robotics However, in response to a question from the expert, in her opening. Cyberspace—while student panel, he added that the threat from useful—is immaterial, composed of data and AI and autonomous weapons—“killer robots”— information flows. Real space is physical, the may not merit the international outcry they space in which we and our communities live. provoke: there are 49 weapon systems with But real space is increasingly affected by some autonomy already in operation, yet they cyberspace; understanding and controlling have been relatively uncontroversial so far. that interaction will be vital in the coming decades. Dan Smith, director of the Stockholm Whether they are dangerous to civilians or International Peace Research Institute, and to the international balance of power in the Carlos Lopes, former Executive Secretary of the future will largely depend on how they are UN Economic Commission for Africa, expanded programmed. However, Carrozza offered an on this idea, emphasising that it will be more alternative perspective, pointing out that important to protect electricity grids, satellites, drones are one of those weapons with partial and undersea cables than trade routes and oil autonomy, and they have attracted some fields in the future. The growing importance severe censure. She emphasised that reducing of cyber “No First Use” agreements in the these threats will require the international international sphere is a particularly poignant community to understand artificial intelligence, example of the growing role of cybersecurity, who has it, and how it will interact with the added Smith—and those agreements have not cloud and the private sector. been signed by three digital giants: China, the United States, and Russia.

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Disruption in itself is not a value. Society that serves its citizens, that’s a value. Technology that serves its people, that’s a value.

Competition is the guarantee of a fair deal for us as consumers. Competition is what gives us the power to demand affordable prices. Margrethe Vestager European Commissioner for Competition

24 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 25 for competition. cially worrying is that it could So Google called in the power Margrethe Vestager At that conference, and also happen, not just in one or two of its platform. It made sure in the more than a hundred areas, but in dozens of mar- its own comparison shopping European Commissioner for Competition written contributions we got kets that all rely on the plat- service systematically ap- in advance, a few issues kept form. peared at the top of the first coming up. Some were about There’s a common theme that page of search results, while Introduction potential if we have a place to that the markets which these data, or the threat to compe- you see in a lot of science fic- its rivals were demoted so Good afternoon meet, a way to find the peo- platforms run – just like the tition when big businesses try tion movies, where giant cor- they only appeared, on aver- It’s such a pleasure to be here ple and businesses we want wider market around them – to protect their position by porations control every con- age, on page four. in Paris. And I’m very glad to connect to. work fairly for everyone. buying innovative startups, ceivable part of life. Just think And for Google, that change you’ve chosen to spend this And that’s why, in our digital That’s why, in April, the Com- so they don’t find their own of the Company in the Alien worked. Some of its rivals im- day talking about one of the world, online platforms are so mission proposed new laws to business disrupted in the way films – or if your tastes are mediately lost 90% or more most vital questions our soci- important. make platforms deal openly they once disrupted others’. more whimsical, Buy n Large of their clicks. Meanwhile, ety faces – the way technolo- Because it’s those platforms and fairly with their business But one of the main concerns in the film Wall-E. Google thrived – it increased gy is disrupting the world we – the search engines and the customers. And I hope the was how platform business- Those stories aren’t quite re- its own traffic as much as 45 know. online marketplaces, the news European Parliament and the es that are also users of their alistic, of course. The writers times in some countries. But When I look round this room, aggregators and the social Council will very soon make own platform could deny rival have clearly forgotten about that success came at the ex- I’d guess that many of you media sites – that turn those those proposals into law. users a chance to compete. the competition rules. But pense of consumers – who probably came into the world billions of possible connec- One important part of those It’s not hard to see the temp- they do reflect, in a dramatic found themselves with less just about the same time as tions into something we can proposals is to make sure that tation, in a situation like that, way, a worry that many peo- choice, and missed out on the notion of disruptive inno- use. platforms are open about for a powerful platform busi- ple share. That if we don’t the hope of new, innovative vation. It was 24 years ago, in whether they’re treating their ness to undermine competi- stop companies misusing services. the Harvard Business Review, The power of platforms own services more favourably tion; for it to manipulate the the power of their platforms, We’ve also started to look at that the term was first intro- But that can also give these than their customers’. way the platform works, to the effects could stretch not Amazon’s position, as both duced to the world. platforms enormous power Because businesses that rely give its own services a head just to a few markets, but player and referee, and its And today, of course, disrup- over the people and business- on platforms sometimes find start, and make it hard for throughout our economy. possible impact. tion is very much in fashion. es that rely on them. Because themselves competing with a others to compete. So it’s vital that competition Amazon’s Marketplace is a The technology industry aims we need them, to function part of the very company that And if that’s happening, then enforcers play their part, platform that links sellers to produce innovations that in our connected world. And runs that vital platform. Like a there’s reason to be worried. to make sure those night- and buyers. But Amazon also don’t just do things better, but though there may be millions comparison shopping provid- Because competition is a vi- mares don’t happen in reality. sells products directly – of- disrupt entire markets. of sellers out there, billions of er that has to compete with a tal guarantee of a fair deal for To make sure platform busi- ten in competition with the So we’re all used to the idea pages of information, there service offered by the search consumers. nesses don’t misuse their very same sellers. That raises that technology can – even are often just a few platforms engine that it relies on to Competition gives consumers power to drive out competi- the question of how Amazon should – be disruptive. But we can use to track them bring in customers. Or a sell- the power to demand lower tion. uses the data it collects about despite that, I think we’re only down. er on an online marketplace prices, better quality, more other sellers through the plat- just starting to appreciate In a recent study that was that finds that the owner of innovative products – no mat- form, and whether that use how deeply digital technology done for the European Com- that marketplace is compet- Dealing with platforms ter how big the companies leads to unfair competition is transforming our lives. mission, companies that de- ing with it to sell, say, TVs or in practice are that they’re dealing with. And that, of course, is exactly against them. pend heavily on online plat- computer games. Because each business knows what we’ve been doing. This is still at a very early The role of online platforms forms said their relationships That’s an uncomfortable place that consumers can always It’s what we did in 2017, for in- stage. We certainly can’t say We live in a world where with those platforms could to be – and not surprisingly. walk away and go to some- stance, when we fined Google today that Amazon has done everything is connected. be rocky. Three quarters of Because there’s a serious risk one else, if they don’t like the close to two and a half billion anything wrong. But one Somewhere out there on the them said they’d had prob- here of a conflict of interests, deal they’re getting. euros, for abusing the power thing is clear – we need to Internet, there’s a seller for lems or disagreements with when the same company is But when businesses mis- of its search engine to make keep a close eye on whether every buyer, an answer for platforms. And a third of them both the platform, and on the use their power to drive out it hard for rivals to compete platform businesses are using every question, a friend – or said that those problems were platform, at the same time – competition, things go wrong with its comparison shopping the power of their platforms perhaps more than a friend – frequent. when it acts as both player for consumers. Prices go up. service. to undermine competition in for every lonely person. And Of course, this sort of prob- and referee. Quality falls. And innova- That service, which lets con- other markets. we can make those connec- lem doesn’t happen all the tion falters – so we lose out sumers compare prices for a tions instantly, wherever we time. But in a world that’s in- Platforms and competition on the fundamental promise product from different sellers, are in the world. creasingly networked, where Last week in Brussels, we The future of platforms that the digital world offers, was known at first as Froog- But the thing is, all those con- businesses – and individuals held a conference with some and competition the promise that tomorrow’s le – and it wasn’t a huge suc- So we’ve shown we can take nections are no good to an- – depend on just a few plat- of the world’s leading experts technology will be even more cess. As one Google executive action to deal with the sort yone, unless there’s a way to forms, we need a way to be on technology and society, to advanced than today’s. put it, ”Froogle simply doesn’t of concerns that people have pick out the right ones. So the confident that they will use talk about the future of digital And what makes this espe- work.” about platforms. Internet can only live up to its their power responsibly. So technology and what it means ... /... 27 But the more our lives move much wider debate that we online, the more the power need in our society. of these platforms The competition rules can will grow. So we also need to help to make sure platforms look forward – to think about don’t misuse their power to how competition rules can entrench their positions, or protect consumers, well into take over new markets. So the future. they can help to make sure Last week’s conference was consumers get a fair deal. an important part of that re- But on their own, they won’t flection. But it’s only one part change the fact that big on- of the work that we’re doing. line platforms will still have a I’ve already mentioned the lot of power in our lives. contributions we got before In this modern world, we de- the conference, setting out pend on those platforms, al- the views of more than a most as much as we depend hundred individuals and or- on the electricity or the water ganisations – contributions that run into our homes. And which you can read on our we need to discuss what that website. And we want to use dependence means for us. We the conference to spark off need to think about the rules even more new and interest- that we want to put in place – ing ideas. besides the competition rules That’s why, for example, we’ve – to make sure platforms be- set up a Student Challenge, to have in a way that’s good for collect ideas from students all society. over Europe. You can find all Because in the end, the effect the details of that challenge digital technology has on our on our website – and I’m look- lives is not really a question ing forward to meeting the about technology at all. It’s winners in Brussels in March. a question about society – And meanwhile, three special about the way we respond to advisers have been working the changes that technology on a report on how digitisa- is causing to our world. tion will affect consumers, And no one has more at and how competition policy stake, when it comes to that should respond. I’ve asked response, than young people. them to produce their report More than anyone, it’s your by the end of March – and it lives, your opportunities, your should give us more useful freedoms that will depend on insights, to help our thinking whether we get this right. on how competition policy So I have one final request to should face the future. you all. This is your future. So My hope is that, when we’ve please speak up. put together all this informa- tion, we’ll have a better idea Thank you. of the challenges that compe- tition policy will face.

Conclusion But we mustn’t let the de- bate about competition pol- icy – important though it is – become a substitute for the

28 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 29 PANEL 2 #YLSummit19

> NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

“We haven’t yet found the ideal social contract for this new economy.” Yann Algan

“In July 2016, UN declared internet a basic human right. Yet it seems that our money and intelligence is being used to make the next generation of wireless or slimmer smartphones when much of the world is not even connected to 2G.” Houda-Imane Faraoun

“The fundamental question at the beginning of 2019 is whether technology is going to be a means of freedom and rights or whether technology will be used to control people.” Casper Klynge

30 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 31 PANEL 2

> NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

Chair Liz Alderman Chief business correspondent in Europe, New York Times

With Yann Algan Professor of Economics • Dean, School of Public Affairs, Sciences Po Houda-Imane Faraoun Minister of Post, Telecommunications, Technologies and Digitalization, Algeria Casper Klynge Tech Ambassador of Denmark

PSIA Student Panel Shashwat Koirala, Jonathan Roulot and Marusa Rus

Cause for optimism shared in that optimism. He served up an when taking into consideration the younger question formulated by a PSIA student panel, anecdote on how he was given the runaround generation. “Most likely they will take small the Danish Tech Ambassador emphasised The technological revolution, as a harbinger of during an important meeting at a huge tech ships, go through the Mediterranean Sea and the EU’s crucial function in implementing the times to come, remains a deeply divisive company. Klynge argued that it justified the go somewhere where telecommunications regulation and holding tech giants accountable subject. The optimism of a better world need for more ambassadors like him, with the infrastructure does exist,” argued Faraoun. for their actions. “Between the Wild West of brought about by technological progress is need to hold these tech giants accountable. the Silicon Valley and the Wild East of China, challenged by the ineluctable fear that the He also downplayed criticism that his new role She also pointed out the fact that these I think Europe has an important role to play,” more vulnerable are being left behind. This was could potentially play into the hands of the infrastructures are usually provided by foreign posited Klynge. the dichotomous scene set by Liz Alderman, tech companies. “This role is about defending entities, meaning that the financial benefits Chief business correspondent in Europe for the core interests of Denmark,” he stated. would usually be taken out of the African Unsurprisingly, the panel remained unwavering The New York Times, who chaired this panel. economy. As a result, even though she did in its own beliefs on the pros and cons of the The African problem acknowledge the benefits of the technological technological revolution. There was also the Yann Algan, economics professor and Dean revolution, such as better healthcare and a desire to balance everything with a dose of of the School of Public Affairs at Sciences Po, Houda-Imane Faraoun, ICT minister from better education system, the minister claimed hope. While Faraoun appealed for an African played down many of the fears associated Algeria, was not swayed by the enthusiasm that the technological progress should be solution to an African problem, Klynge with the technological revolution. Addressing demonstrated by her fellow panellists. She slowed down to allow for the socioeconomic expressed his satisfaction that EU regulations the claims that technology would cause havoc lamented the fact that about a billion people component to catch up. While Klynge were becoming more acceptable by the tech in the job market, Algan argued that the on the African continent do not have access to recognised the challenges plaguing Africa, giants. Algan summed up the debate with a pessimism is misguided because technological the internet due to lower penetration rates and he suggested that stunting the technological look to the future. “Technology has a lot of revolutions usually bring about new jobs in the prohibitive costs. Faraoun was also critical of revolution would not be a suitable solution. value added but we may need a new model, long run. “We need to find new forms of jobs world experts preaching to the African youth maybe a more humanist model,” he concluded that can bring hope to all those who lost their on the wonders of technology start-ups, The role of Europe jobs, but there is room for hope,” said Algan. regardless of the level of telecommunications Panel Summary by infrastructure available. Unfortunately, this is However, it was the role of Europe that shaped Shanda Moorghen Casper Klynge, Tech Ambassador of Denmark, leading to brain drain on the continent, mostly the next part of the debate. Responding to a Master in Environmental Policy

32 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 33 #YLSummit19

You learn a lot in fifty years of being an entrepreneur. You come in contact with a lot of people; you see a lot of injustice in the world. And I think if every business could adopt a problem, we would get on top of most of the problems of the world.

There are occasions in life when you see something going so grossly wrong that you just have to be brave, speak out, and suffer the consequences.

The governments can do so much, the social sector can do so much, but businesspeople are often entrepreneurial—they see problems differently. They should use those entrepreneurial skills to get out and sort out the problems of the world.

Sir Richard Branson Founder, Virgin Group

34 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 35 PANEL 3 #YLSummit19

> NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

“We need to pay close attention to what is happening in France now. It’s not a need for direct democracy. It’s a need for participatory and deliberative democracy.” Dominique Cardon

“We are in a period where technology creates a number of fundamental uncertainties.” Peter Cowhey

“The campaign that brought the systematic use of big data into political campaigning was the campaign of Barack Obama.” Valerio Riavez

“The velocity of new technologies is one of the factors that contribute to making it potentially a threat to democracy.” Annika Silva-Leander

36 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 37 PANEL 3 political participation and political activism, from responsibility, fomenting hate speech and facilitating social mobilization. A prime example cyberbullying. This increases social polarization, of this would be the important role social media which is damaging for a healthy democratic > NEW TECHNOLOGY AS A DISRUPTIVE GLOBAL FORCE played during the Arab Spring movement. The debate and climate. In the most extreme cases, protection given by the anonymity provided by online anonymity can facilitate interference in GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS online engagement has also broadened the range political processes, such as in elections. She of issues that are discussed in the public debate, explained that negative online interactions such IN THE DIGITAL AGE thereby broadening and the public agenda and as cyberbullying, can then be transferred into the democratic discourse. These are all essential offline engagement, citing the example of the Chair elements for healthy and vibrant democracies. Polish mayor who was recently killed, after having Steven Erlanger Chief diplomatic correspondent in Europe, New York Times been exposed to cyberbullying. Riavez mentioned With According to Valerio Riavez, Political Campaign that with regard to politics, social media has Dominique Cardon Professor of Sociology • Director, Medialab, Sciences Po Strategist, social media has proven to be a good proven to create polarization. Peter Cowhey Professor, Qualcomm Endowed Chair in Communications and Technology tool for discussions and opinions related to Policy, UC San Diego • Dean, School of Global Policy and Strategy, UC San Diego politics. Through this, one can examine the actual For instance, a prime example of this would be Valerio Riavez Political campaign strategist penetration of social media and the critical nature the presidential campaign of Donald Trump in Annika Silva-Leander Head of Democracy Assessment and Political Analysis, of the public. Essentially, new technologies and the United States, where bots were used online International IDEA social media have given citizens new tools to to diffuse messages on social media. Cowhey PSIA Student Panel hold political leaders accountable. Silva-Leander elaborated upon how government intervention Abraham Collier, Sara Furxhi, Caroline Milliotte and Alara Ucak recalled how digital media platforms have and the protection of liberty in the digital age are helped to expose corruption cases in a number issues that need to be focussed upon. During a of countries. Also, social media reduces the panel discussion with the students, a question distance between politicians and voters, allowing on whether mainstream political parties should The importance of technological the School of Global Policy and Strategy at UC policy makers to inform citizens about their views utilise social media, considering the dangers it transparency and regulation San Diego elaborated upon the point of public on specific issues, while the interaction of online presents was asked. Silva-Leander responded to authority versus the market and the importance debate also forces politicians to argue and clarify the question with an example about how populist While examining government and ethics in the of early regulation of digital platforms. According their stances on these issues. However, while the parties, for instance, in Sweden have gained digital age, the panel explored diverse topics to Cowhey, it is important not to evaluate these positive impact of digital media technologies prominence and have been increasingly savvy ranging from the role of big data and artificial digital platforms alone, but in tandem with the is explored, it is important to also look at the with using social media to reach out to voters with intelligence in creating transparent systems status quo. While transparency and regulation are negative aspects. their messages. She emphasised that mainstream to the power of social media and its negative key aspects that need to be addressed, ultimately, political parties can stand to learn from the use implications during political campaigns. “Big technological systems focus on making society The negative impact of digital of social media as a tool to communicate with data contributes to representing society in a new collectively more intelligent. After all, artificial voters. She continued to mention that while this way,” explained Dominique Cardon, Professor intelligence is essentially using data from the past platforms on governance cannot be prevented, the important way to move of Sociology at Sciences Po in his opening to predict the future. forward would be to focus upon ethical regulation statement. Cardon further explained that this Steven Erlanger, Chief diplomatic correspondent of the activities of these parties on social media. data which is collated, enables us to look into The positive impact of digital in Europe for The New York Times, while On that note, Riavez closed the discussion with individual behaviour through the use of artificial moderating the panel, mentioned how it the importance of digital regulation upon political intelligence, machine learning and deep learning. technologies on democracies sometimes might feel like we are living between campaigns. He then posed to the audience a However, it is important to note that it is humans Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George disturbing question we all need to think about, who create the models that we use to understand Annika Silva-Leander, Head of Democracy Orwell’s 1984. Silva-Leander and Riavez both “A lot of the information you get on your devices, and interpret things. Assessment and Political Analysis at International pointed out that one of the major negative (for instance) you will receive memes and so IDEA, discussed the opportunities new impacts of digital platforms is reinforcing on, whenever you receive that information, ask According to Cardon, a close supervision of technologies present for democracies, including sensationalism and spreading disinformation. yourself, who from the political spectrum will the kind of data we put at the entrance of a how social media has democratized access to Erlanger further added that it is not merely a benefit from this message being shared?” system is required. The main idea is to focus and production of information, enabling people question of fake news but a manipulation of on transparency of technological systems, as to make more informed choices, including voting one’s reality. Silva-Leander emphasises that Panel Summary by well as attention paid to the quality of the data choices. Technology has helped to break down while the anonymity online platforms provide Shashwati Shankar created by the system. Peter Cowhey, Dean of physical, geographical and gender barriers to can protect speakers, it can also shield them Master in Environmental Policy

38 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 39 YOUTH AND LEADERS SUMMIT #YLSummit19 STUDENT SIMULATION

Selected PSIA students simulated the Summit on Friday 18 January 2019 by participating in three mock panel discussions and feeding their key findings in to the corresponding Leaders’ panels during the Summit.

> PANEL 1 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR A (MORE) SECURE WORLD Chaired by Riva Kastoryano, Professor, Sciences Po

Nicola Bressan, Master in International Security Vanessa Facon, Master in International Security Mathieu Joly, Master in International Security Wojciech Strupczewski, Master in International Security

> PANEL 2 GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS IN THE DIGITAL AGE Chaired by Mark Maloney, Vice Dean, PSIA

Abraham Collier, Master in International Public Management Sara Furxhi, Master in International Security Caroline Milliotte, Master in Advanced Global Studies Alara Ucak, Master in International Security

> PANEL 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION Chaired by Jean-Pierre Landau, Faculty member, Sciences Po

Shashwat Koirala, Master in International Economic Policy Jonathan Roulot, Master in International Energy Marusa Rus, Master in International Public Management

40 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 41 YLS STUDENT TEAM

Chiara ACHERMANN, Switzerland, Special Guests Escort Laura ASTIER, France, Greeter Marie BERG, Germany, Special Guests Escort Victoria CENO FREIIN VON STENGEL, Spain, Greeter Abraham COLLIER, United States, Editorial Assistant Dimitrios DAVIAS, Greece, Greeter Tenzin DEKYI, Tibet, Greeter Charlotte FESTA, Austria, Special Guests Escort Valeria FILIPPOVA, Russia, Special Guests Escort Andrew FINDELL-AGHNATIOS, Great Britain-Australia, Greeter Kanak GOKARN, India, Greeter Lucie HAYE, France, Special Guests Escort John HELFERICH, Germany, Special Guests Escort Julian JOSWIG, Germany, Greeter Dennis KABUTHA, Kenya, Greeter Razan KANAAN, France-Lebanon, Event Assistant Nazwa KHALID, United States, Special Guests Escort Hanna KIM, Korea, Greeter Shashwat KOIRALA, Canada, Greeter Lysiane LEFEBVRE, Canada, Special Guests Escort Matija LOJPUR, Serbia-Israel, Greeter Marco LOTZ, Germany, Special Guests Escort Marta LOVISOLO, Italia, Special Guests Escort Caterina MASSAZZA, Italia, Special Guests Escort Shanda MOORGHEN, Mauritius, Editorial Assistant Amanda ORPANA, Sweden, Greeter Logan PASBEAU, France, Greeter Vlad PETREA, Romania, Event Assistant Arleen PIMENTEL VASQUEZ, Dominican Republic, Special Guests Escort Fatima-Sarah RICO, Philippines, Greeter Jonathan ROULOT, France, Special Guests Escort Shashwati SHANKAR, India, Editorial Assistant Anissa SIDHOUM, France-Algeria, Greeter Karanveer SINGH, India, Greeter Lucia SOLDA, Italia, Greeter Yi-hsin TUAN, Taiwan, Greeter David VIGOUREUX, Great Britain, Special Guests Escort Daria WEINZETTEL, Russia, Greeter René ZOU, Canada, Greeter

42 YOUTH & LEADERS SUMMIT REPORT MONDAY 21 JANUARY 2019 43 44

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