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The Status of Herpetofauna of Bhutan

The Status of Herpetofauna of Bhutan

Review Paper

The status of herpetofauna of

1* Jigme Tshelthrim Wangyal

Nanorana sp. from Rigsoom Gonpa, Trashiyangtse

Abstract gularis), Annandali’s Paa (Nanorana annandalii), and Pygmy Leaf (Chiromantis This paper presents the state-of-the-knowledge vittatus) bring the total number of on herpetofauna ( and ) of Bhutan. Through a comprehensive review of reported species, Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) andknown the in American Bhutan to Bull 191. Frog Two ( previouslyLithobates catesbeianus) are removed from the list. The oneliterature, caecilian the paperand a identifiesHimalayan 84 Salamander , 23 paper highlights which species need further knownlizards, 20to tortoisesoccur in andBhutan. turtles, Based 56 anurans,on the research or special conservation protection status.confirmation, and which warrant further (author’sOligodon field taeniolatus work, six), previouslyYunnan Bamboo unreported Pit speciesViper ( of herpetofauna cf. stejnegeri viz. Russel’s yunnanensis Kukri), Keywords: Tibetan (Trimeresurus cf. tibetanus), tortoises and turtles, amphibians, anurans, Bhutan Herpetofauna, snakes, lizards,

Blue Fan Throated Lizard (

1* Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] District Forest Office, District Administration, Trashigang, Bhutan

20 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

Introduction the population. As such, they indicate short- term changes in their environment. Therefore, depend on prosthetic devices to keep ourselves andWilson the (1998) biosphere states thatalive, “To thewe extentwill thatrender we Thisstudy paper of the presentstaxa is very a comprehensiveimportant. update on the herpetofauna of Bhutan, to promote the rest of life, we will impoverish our own attention for research priorities in the specieseverything for fragile.all time.” To He the offers extent a that tremendously we banish grave cautionary to Homo sapiens, a caution and the world as a whole. that on trying to use all the natural forces for foreseeable future, for the welfare of the taxa ourselves we risk our very survival. Therefore, it is time that we understand our environment Methods and its biodiversity so that we do not lose All data in this report are based on a literature loss of biodiversity according to Raven & the meaning of our existence. Further, global due to habitat degradation and destruction. untilsearch the beginning latest frompublished the first report ever report(Wangyal on BhutanBerg (2001) is not and immune many to others such isdegradation primarily the reptiles found in Bhutan by Biwas (1976) and destruction, which is manifested as reptiles. This paper reviewed the reports of deforestation for road construction, logging 2013) on the new records of amphibians and due to increased demand for timber, shifting listBustard of reptiles (1979, for 1980a, Bhutan, 1980b) and onDas crocodiles, and Palden of of towns, and other activities. It is important to Bauer and Günther (1992) on the preliminary agriculture practices, forest fires, expansions (2000) for a collection of herpetofauna. suchexamine as theherpetofauna, increasing developmentwhich receive impacts little The paper also analyzed the work of Mitra attentionon the country’s in Bhutan. biodiversity, including taxa Bumdeling(2009), and Wildlife the recent Sanctuary works region,of Wangyal Wangyal and Tenzin (2009) for the snakes and lizards from Compiling and interpreting the available data of Natural Resources (CNR) compound, and and Gurung (2010) on the snakes of the College for creating awareness of and interest in this ecologicallyon herpetofauna important, is an but important often overlooked, first step Wangyal (2011) on the reptiles of Bhutan. Further reports of the taxa including Wangyal herpetofauna, particularly the amphibians, have(2012) been and also Wangyal reviewed. et al.A report (2012) on and tortoises work indicatestaxon. The transformation presence orin habitat the absence (Pechmann of on amphibians (Wangyal & Gurung 2012 a, b)

reviewed.and turtles Finally, by Wangyal some et information al. (2012) andreported some conditionset al. 1991; where Blaustein they live,et al. so 1994; are responsive Fontenot toet new record reports (Wangyal 2013) have been changesal. 1996) in because precipitation they depend and moisture on wet weather in their author. Species from all the papers have been habitats. populations may decline listedhere are and from checked, personal and field a comprehensiveobservations of thelist has been prepared as a list of species known so far from Bhutan. or explode depending upon such changes in Manythe habitat species they of areamphibians in (Blaustein are also et al. known 1994; toPhelps indicate & Lancia climate 1995; change Gibbons through et al. 1997).which based on the recommendations of Whitaker necessary action can be taken for the safety Lists of expected species were developed of the earth. Amphibians depend on short- lived water sources, so a wet year can lead to turtlesand Captain and tortoises. (2004) for The snakes, species and distribution Bauer and successful breeding and ultimate increment of mapsGünther of (1992)the northeast and Wangyal Indian et al.species (2012) have for new recruits while during dry conditions, few or no additional individuals may be added to species for Bhutan. In addition, various other been taken as one basis to list the expected

21 Wangyal 2014 literatures were consulted to determine the

sameand Günther collection (1992). revealed In an that interesting the Common twist, Resultsglobal conservation and discussion significance of species. Tawnya review Cat conducted (Boiga by Tillackochracea (2006)) reported on the by Bauer and Günther turned out to be a Green Like many neighbouring countries, Bhutan Cat Snake (Boiga cyanea). Hence, the record has quite a number of reptiles and amphibians has been updated accordingly. for which no comprehensive list has been properly prepared. This discussion shall herpetofaunal collection the authors testudines, crocodiles) and amphibians Das and Palden (2000) reported on a (includingstart with anurans, reptiles (includinga lone salamander snakes, species lizards, workshop on herpetological techniques for and a caecilian). staffassembled of the protected while conducting areas of Bhutan, Bhutan’s at Royal first Manas National Park (Sarpang, Bhutan). They Reptiles added three new species of snakes to the list

(Psammodynastes pulverulentus), Cantor’s has been no serious study on reptiles of Black-headedof snakes of BhutanSnake ( (TableSibynophis 1): Mocksagittarius Viper), Other than opportunistic species lists, there and Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus). They

Bhutan. As a first preliminary list of reptiles of (Naja naja), formerly reported by Mahendra Bhutan, Bauer and Günther (1992) reported 18 also confirmed the record of Spectacled Cobra snakes and four lizards. They based their list on specimens collected by a 1972 expedition of the (1984) without any locality data. toBasel compile Natural a list History of the Museum reptiles (Switzerland)of Bumdeling Wildlifein Bhutan. Sanctuary Wangyal and(Trashiyangtse, Tenzin (2009) Bhutan) tried asMitra new (2009), records based for Bhutan. on his He collection made a from list but could not come up with a comprehensive , reported 16 snake species list due to lack of information on the Bhutanese reptiles. Some sporadic works on reptiles Greenof 32 snakesRat Snake from was Bhutan reported with twice, at least once two as Ptyasspecies nigromarginatus being misidentified and another and repeated: time as Zaocys nigromarginatus include Das and Palden (2000), Wangyal (2011, also reported as both Orthriophis cantoris and reptiles2012 and of Bhutan 2013) are and given Wangyal below. and Gurung Gyonosoma cantoris. Therefore,; Eastern his Trinket list needs was (2010). The synopses of the records of various to be reviewed thoroughly before validating his Snakes

2009 reports. species of snakes from Bumdeling Wildlife species,The first King ever Cobra report (Ophiphagus exclusively hannah on reptiles) and SanctuaryLater Wangyal region, (2011)which covers reported the whole 30 new or Himalayanof Bhutan Keelback (Das 1976) (Amphiesma records twoplatyceps snake). parts of three districts in Bhutan (Mongar, Trashiyangtse and Lhuentse). But he did not species of snakes based the on specimens Bauer and Günther (1992) added 11 new Therefore, species such as Eastern Trinket Basel Natural History Museum. However, (consultOrthriophis the listcantoris provided), White by MitraBarred (2009). Kukri theircollected record by on the Indian 1972 Rock expedition Python (Python of the Snake ( albocinctus), Collared Black- morulus headed Snake (Sibynophis collaris), Banded they based their record report on Harris et Trinket Snake (Oreocryptophis porphyracea ) may need further confirmation since porphyracea), Günther’s False Wolf Snake is very common in the Duar plains of Bhutan. (Dinodon septentrionalis), and Indo-Chinese al. (1964), who mentioned that this species Rat Snake (Ptyas korros) were mistakenly Indian Rock Python in Bhutan, after Bauer There are no confirmed sightings of the considered new reports by Wangyal (2011).

22 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

TABLESl. 1 No. List of Family snakes. Species Remarks 1 Ahaetulla nasuta (Lacepede 1789)

2 Ahaetulla prasina (Boie 1827)

3 Amphiesma parallelum ( David et al. 1998)

4 Amphiesma platyceps (Blyth 1854)

5 Amphiesma sieboldii (Günther 1860)

6 Amphiesma sp. BWS, Trashiyangtse 7 Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus 1758)

8 Boiga cyanea (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril 1854)

9 Boiga gokool (Gray 1835)

10 Boiga multifasciata (Blyth 1861)

11 Boiga ochracea ochracea (Günther 1868)

12 Boiga ochracea stoliczkae (Wall 1909)

13 Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw 1902)

14 Coelognathus radiates (Boie 1827)

15 Dendrelaphis cyanochloris (Wall 1921)

16 Dendrelephis pictus (Gmelin 1789)

17 Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin 1803)

18 Dinodon gammiei (Blandford 1878)

19 Dinodon septentrionalis (Günther 1858)

20 Dryocalamus cf. davisonii (Nutphand 1986) BWS, Bumdeling 21 Enhydris enhydris (Schneider 1799) 22 Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus 1758)

23 Lycodon fasciatus (Anderson 1879)

24 Lycodon jara (Shaw 1802)

25 Oligodon albocinctus (Cantor 1839)

26 Oligodon cinereus (Günther 1864)

27 Oligodon cyclurus cyclurus (Cantor 1839)

28 Oligodon dorsalis (Gray & Hardwake 1835)

29 Oligodon juglandifer (Wall 1909)

30 Oligodon sp . BWS, Bumdeling 31 Oreocryptophis porphyracea porphyracea (Cantor 1839)

32 Orthriophis cantoris (Cantor 1839)

33 Orthriophis taeniurus (Anderson 1879)

34 Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie 1827)

35 Psedoxenodon macrops (Blyth 1855) 36 Ptyas korros (Schlegel 1837) 37 Ptyas nigromarginatus (Blyth 1854) 38 Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus 1758) 39 Rhabdophis himalayanus (Günther 1864) 40 Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel 1837) 41 Sibynophis collaris (Gray 1853) 42 Sibynophis sagittarius (Cantor 1839)

23

Wangyal 2014

TABLESl. 1 No. (cont’d) Family Species Remarks 43 Trachischium cf . leave (Peraca 1904)

44 Trachischium guentheri (Boulenger 1890)

45 Colubridae Trachischium sp. BWS, Bumdeling 46 Trachischium tenuiceps (Blyth 1854)

47 Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider 1799)

48 Bungarus bungaroides (Cantor 1839)

49 Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider 1801)

50 Bungarus niger (Wall 1908)

51 Elapidae Naja kaouthia (Lesson 1831)

52 Naja naja (Linnaeus 1758)

53 Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor 1836)

54 Sinomicrurus macclellandii (Reinhradt 1844)

55 Python molurus (Linnaeus 1758) Pythonidae 56 Python bivittatus (Kuhl 1820)

57 Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin 1803)

58 Typhlopidae Typhlops jerdonii (Bourret 1936)

59 Typhlops diardii (Schlegel 1839)

60 Daboia russelii (Shaw & Nodder 1797)

61 himalayanus (Günther 1864)

62 Ovophis monticola (Günther 1864)

63 Protobothrops jerdonii (Günther 1875) 64 Trimeresurus jerdonii (Guenther 1857)

65 (Gray 1842)

66 Trimeresurus erythrurus (Cantor 1839)

67 Protobothrops himalayanus (Pan et al. 2013) Latest Viper

(Dinodon gammiei), a subject of interest locality data for two records, the Himalayan currently considered a rare species by ViperAnother (Gloydius deficiency himalayanus in his report) and is Spot-tailedthe lack of many herpetologists in the region. Pan et al. Pit Viper (Trimeresurus erythrurus). species, Himalayan Pit Viper (Protobothrops himalayanus(2013) reported), from the Haa presence and Paro of a newarea viperwith pictorial proof. The species was seen and CommonPrior to Wolf the reportSnake ( ofLycodon Wangyal aulicus (2011),) as collected by an American tourist and deposited aWangyal new record and Gurungfrom the (2010) College reported of Natural the Resources compound (Punakha, Bhutan). Bhutanese authors, however, could not describe theat the species College at the of Naturaltime, so Resourcesit was described in 2009. by of snakes as new records. But a proper authors outside the country, using specimens literatureFurther, Wangyal review (2012) revealed reported that tenBrahminy species from outside Bhutan. Worm Snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus), Common Wolf Snake and Spectacled Cobra had been previously reported by others. of snakes from Bhutan in their pictorial guide.Ahmed Some et al. of(2009) these mentioned records require many localityspecies data, providing a scope for further study by of colubrid, False Wolf Snake Bhutanese researchers. Wangyal (2013) reported another species

24 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

Snake species reported without proper

Lizards identificationMany snake species have been reported with Calotes There are 23 species of lizards in Bhutan (Table 2). A report describing a new species of identification only up to the level. At species by S. Biswas from Zoological Survey of Bumdelingleast four Wildlife colubrid Sanctuary snakes (Tablearea. Therefore, 1) were speciesIndia (ZSI) was in part 1976 of wasa larger the firstcollection ever document of reported without proper identification from speciesexclusively reported on the by reptiles Dr. B. Biswas of Bhutan. and Thehis team new much necessary. while they were on birding trips in Bhutan further exploration on these species is very

Conservation status of snakes between 1966 and 1967. Dr. Biswas and his beenteam named recorded after five Bhutan species as the of Bhutan reptiles Agama (two According to the Forest and Nature (snakesCalotes andbhutanensis three lizards),). However, one of Bauer which and has

since it is very similar to Common Garden areConservation protected and Act they of Bhutan can only 1995 be used (FNCA or GüntherCalotes (1992) versicolor question), the this only identification differences taken1995), sectionafter obtaining 22 (b), all necessary in permits general being delineated by the author based on minor from the relevant authorities. Even by way of differencesLizard ( in scalation and colours. Further Buddhist religion, snakes receive protection as they are considered deities and protectors required by matching with the type specimen of the earth with a network of knots on which confirmation of the species identification is the earth rests. maintained at the ZSI in Kolkata, . Therefore, in Bhutan the safety of snakes from harvest or wanton killing is assured. But unlike Bauer and Günther (1992) reported ten includedspecies of a lizards, description three ofof which a new had alreadyspecies that receive special attention, snakes are not been reported by Biswas (1975). TheirEutropis report includedsome species in the of protected importance list of from any otherschedules taxa quadratilobus reptilesof scincid by the lizard, Natural Bhutan History Museum ( of ) from the 1972 collection of Someunder FNCAsnake 1995. species found in Bhutan are it” worry, further study on this species that was classified as vulnerable in the International collectedBasel, Switzerland. from western Except Samtse for the would “who be will very do Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) interesting as the species is endemic to Bhutan. Red List of Threatened Species. Bhutan should consider protecting such species, which include King Cobra and Burmese of Khasi Hills Bent-toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus Rock Python (Python bivittatus). More khasiensisDas and Palden (2000) reported the presence research should be conducted to obtain baseline information on the abundance and Eutropis macularia) in Sershong,) from Sarpang, Gelephu. and They of Bronze also distribution of these species in Bhutan. The Mabuya (also known as Bronze Grass Skink, Monocellate Cobra (Naja kaouthia), which (Hemidactylus garnotii). is very common in most parts of Bhutan reported a sighting of the Indo-Pacific Gecko but not adequately reported, may also require protection in the long run due to its Calotes jerdonii), Keeled Indian Mabuya (WangyalEutropis carinata (2011) ), Dotted reported Garden Jerdon’s Skink ( ForestRiopa foster illegal harvest. More generally, further punctataLizard ( Varanus medicinal value (Das et al. 2013), which may flavescens) as new records. Further, Wangyal a robust list of species with information on ), and Yellow Monitor Lizard ( rarity,study on endemism the taxon and should distribution. focus on compiling Litter Skink (Sphenomorphus maculatus) and (2012) affirmed the presence of Spotted

25 Wangyal 2014

TableSl. No. 2 List ofFamily lizards. Species Remarks 1 Calotes bhutanensis (Biswas 1975) 2 Calotes jerdonii (Guenther 1870) 3 Calotes versicolor (Daudin 1802) 4 Japalura variegata (Gray 1853) 5 Anguidae Ophisaurus gracilis (Gray 1845) 6 Cyrtodactylus khasiensis (Jerdon 1870) 7 Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758) 8 Hemidactylus brookii (Gray 1845) Gekkonidae 9 Hemidactylus frenatus (Duméril & Bibron 1836) 10 Hemidactylus garnotii (Duméril & Bibron 1836) 11 Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider 1792) 12 Asymblepharus sp. BWS, Khoma 13 Asymblepharus sikimmensis (Blyth 1854) 14 Eutropis carinata (Schneider 1801) 15 Eutropis macularia (Blyth 1853) 16 Scincidae Eutropis quadratilobus (Bauer & Günther 1992) 17 punctata (Linnaeus 1766; Gray 1845) 18 Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray 1853) 19 Sphenomorphus maculatus (Blyth 1853) 20 Sphenomorphus sp. Serzhong, BWS 21 Varanus bengalensis (Daudin 1802) Varanidae 22 Varanus flavescens(Hardwicke & Gray 1827)

formally reported the presence of Tokay Gekko (Gekko gecko) in Bhutan. Lizard species reported without proper identificationBy An from Asymblepharus and Sphenomorphus is the protection given to Tokay Gekko. Today, way of lizards, there are at least two species if a amazing person aspectis caught of Bhutanese poaching conservationthe species, Therefore,genera (Table studies 2) on from these Bumdeling two species Wildlife may beSanctuary conducted that thoroughly need further for authentication confirmation. of bya penaltythe relevant of Nu. authorities. 1,000,000 This (Ngultrum might need one a their presence. seriousmillion) review equivalent because to US$ the species 16,667 is not imposed at all lists, and the IUCN has yet to assess the status categorized in any of the country’s protected of the species although hunting of the species Conservation status of lizards is discouraged. The penalty for poaching of protected only through a blanket law that statesAs with that all snakes, animals lizards in Bhutan in are Bhutan protected are decreased after thorough review of the status ofTokay the species. Gekko may be justifiably increased or of the Bhutanese conservation system is that (FNCA 1995, Section 22 (b)). But the beauty

26 Herpetofauna of Bhutan a species can be taken up for strict protection (not just normal protection with nominal population of Gharial in the Indian portion of penalty but severe penalties) if that particular Manasin Bhutan. River. Whitaker But the latest (1987) report recorded by Das a smallet al. species is found to be under threat for any Gharial in the river systems of , of the Tokay Gekko, which is rumoured to have established(2011), on assessmentthat northeast of assisted India andrecovery Bhutan of reason. An example is the complete protection do not have any viable population of Gharial. The report mentions that even the best natural medicinal value though these benefits have habitat of the species—the Bhutan stretch of Anothernot been speciesconfirmed that scientifically. may warrant protection is the Bhutan Agama, which occurs in Pang no longer support the Gharial because of the dammingManas, as of suggested the rivers by upstream. Bustard (1980)—can However, if Bhutan considers reintroducing the species in thatZor Mani,the species Trongsa, is a and separate was initially entity, reportedit would the long run, it is possible if done with utmost by Biswas (1975). If proven beyond doubt care and prudence, since the habitat is under and could be considered for special protection. the protected area system of the country. But for Yetconstitute another one species of Bhutan’s of interest few endemic is the presence lizards, now, this paper considers that there are no wild Ophisaurus gracilis) at the crocodile rearing centre in Phuntsholing. of Burmese Glass Lizard ( Gharial in Bhutan except for a few individuals afrom detailed Zhemgang study reportedof the species by Wangyal is warranted, (2013) through data from his field colleagues. Probably, Tortoises and turtles reported so far. being the only legless lizard the country has

Crocodiles ofThere Yellow are sixTortoises species of(Indotestudo tortoises andelongata turtles) (Table 3) known in Bhutan. The presence

Conservation Commercial Farming, which was first formally reported from Manas, Bustard (1979) wrote a paper on Crocodile occurrenceSarpang, by of Wangyalfour turtle (2011). species, Wangyal Malayan et the Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus). Around the al. (2012) alsoCuora was theamboinensis first to report), Keeled the was later followed by a 1980 status report on Cuora mouhotii), Indian Leaf TurtleBox Turtle(Cyclemys ( gemeli), and Tricarinate same time Bustard (1980b) also reported on TurtleBox Turtle (Melanochelys ( tricarinata) in Bhutan, the extinction of the Gharial in Bhutan. Ross (1989) listed Bhutan as part of the Gharial of Yellow Tortoises. The record of Keeled range, contrary to Bustard’s (1979, 1908a, in addition to reconfirming the presence 1980b) earlier claims that the species had been extirpated from its primary habitat in Box Turtle represented a significant range reintroducingthe country, the the Manas species River. to suitable Bustard habitats (1980a borderextension from to the the west same while landscape Malayan in Box adjacent Turtle & 1980b) and Groombridge (1987) suggested represented a range extension across a political

List of tortoises and turtles.

TableSl. No. 3 Family Species Remarks 1 Cuora amboinensis (Daudin 1801) 2 Cuora mouhotii (Gray 1842) 3 Geoemydidae Cyclemys gemeli (Fritz et al. 2008) 4 Melanochelys tricarinata (Blyth 1856) 5 Melanochelys trijuga (Annandale 1930) 6 Testudinidae Indotestudo elongate (Blyth 1853) Reported widely

27 Wangyal 2014 northeast India. The other three species, Indian Leaf Turtle, Tricarinate Turtle, and Yellow Wangyal (2012) studied the amphibians (ofTylototriton Punakha–Wangdiphodrang verrucosus) reported valley by Frost and TurtleTortoises, (Melanochelys filled geographic trijuga gaps), was in theirreported known by reconfirmed the presence of Himalayan Newts distributions. The sixth species, Black Pond Bhutan(1985) andCat-eyed Palden Toad (2003). (Scutiger However, bhutanensis his study) Wangyal (2013) from the Royal Manas National andcould Point-nosed not confirm Frog presence (Clinotarsus of an endemicalticola) Park (RMNP) area with information from field Conservationofficials of the RMNP. status of tortoises and turtles ofreported the Common by Ahmed, Asiatic Das Toad and ( DuttaDuttaphrynus (2009). melanostictusWorks of Das), and Marbled Palden Sucker (2000) Frog on (presenceAmolops As in the case of other herpetofauna, none of the marmoratus), Indian Skipping Frog (Euphlyctis tortoises and turtles is listed in any schedule cyanophlyctis), Indian Bull Frog (Hoplobatrachus of the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of tigerinus), and Indian Cricket Frog (Fejervarya cf. limnocharis (Rana (Sylvirana) sp.) from southern Bhutan TortoiseBhutan (1995), and Tricarinate but the safetyTurtle of are all considered species is ) with an exception of a ranid coveredendangered under and the vulnerable same FNCA respectively 1995. Yellow by IUCN, so the species may warrant special reportedare all well the verified. presence Deuti in Haa (2010), District based of Liebig’s on the Hill1969 Frog collection (Nanorana of Zoological liebigii), which Survey is also of India, well Turtle may also be considered for additional conservationlisting after thorough protection study. as Theit is Malayan under Boxthe (Duttaphrynus cf. stuarti), Mountain Cascade vulnerable category of IUCN. verified.Frog (Amolops Reports cf. of monticola new species—Stuart’s), Nangkiang Toad (Xenophrys cf. nankiangensis), Himalayan Tree Amphibians Frog ( cf. himalayensis) and an undescribed species of Nanorana genus—by There were no studies on amphibians herpetofaunal collection during the Royal Wangyal and Gurung (2012) may need further Manasof Bhutan National until Park Das workshop. and Palden’s They reported (2000) verification and closer study. seven amphibians from three families (one species records of herpetofauna. He reported thirteenIn 2013, new Wangyal species published of anurans a paper that included on new which were all new records for Bhutan. The megophryid, one bufonid, and five ranids), amphibians, but some of these species are sincesix dicroglossids, the collections three are megophryids based on andsporadic four country thus far has recorded 58 species of ranids for the first time from Bhutan. However, identified only to the genus level (Table 4 for information from field foresters, further areanurans). missing Therefore, must continue further as work an urgent to confirm work Thisconfirmation report isconsiders necessary. Chunam Tree Frog bythe the species relevant whose research species institutions specific epithets of the (Polypedates maculatus Frog ( maximus ) (Fig. 1) and Large Tree Bullcountry. Frog Wangyal(Lithobates (2011) catesbeianus reported), which eight is ; Fig. 2) as new almostspecies certainly (Table a 4) blunder including for the an amphibians American areasmentions although (Table there 4) becauseare no formal the species reports areon list of Bhutan. With this paper, the species thevery species much availablein journals in orZhemgang other documents. and Sarpang that that the species in question was indeed Research on endemic species such as the anremains Indian deleted Bull Frog because and not it the was American later verified Bull Bhutan Cat-eyed Toad must be carried out and Hyla cf. annectans if at all they are part of the country’s endemic Frog. Further, Wangyal’s (2011) record of their presence in the country confirmed. And must also be verified.

28 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

List of anurans (but note that Lithobates catesbeianus was wrongly reported).

TableSl. No. 4 Family Species Remarks 1 Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider 1799) 2 Bufonidae Duttaphrynus cf. stuarti (Smith 1929) 3 Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther 1864) 4 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider 1799) 5 Fejervarya cf. limnocharis (Gravenhorst 1829) 6 Fejervarya nepalensis (Dubois 1975) 7 Fejervarya pierrei (Dubois 1975) 8 Fejervarya teraiensis (Dubois 1984) 9 Dicroglossidae Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin 1802) 10 Nanorana conaensis (Fei & Huang 1981) 11 Nanorana liebigii (Guenther 1860) 12 Nanorana blanfordii (Boulenger 1882) 13 Nanorana pleskei (Günther 1896) 14 Nanorana sp. , Dochula 15 Hylidae Hyla cf. annectans (Jerdon 1870) Locality data 16 Xenophrys cf. nankiangensis (Liu & Hu 1966) Punakha, Menchuna 17 Scutiger bhutanensis (Delorme & Dubois 2001) 18 Scutiger sikimmensis (Edward Blyth 1855) 19 Megophrydae Megophrys parva (Boulenger 1908) 20 Xenophrys glandulosa (Fei, Ye & Huang 1991) 21 Xenophrys major (Boulenger 1908) 22 Xenophrys minor (Stejneger 1926) 23 Microhylidae Microhyla ornata (Duméril and Bibron 1841) 24 Amolops marmoratus (Blyth 1855) 25 Amolops cf. monticola (Anderson 1871) Burichu, Wangdiphodrang 26 Clinotarsus alticola (Boulenger 1882) 27 Rana (Sylvirana) sp. 28 Hylarana sp. Ranidae 29 Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw 1802) Wrongly reported 30 Amolops mantzorum (David 1872) 31 Hylarana taipehensis (van Denburgh 1909) 32 Sylvirana leptoglossa (Cope 1868) 33 Sylvirana cf. guentheri (Boulenger 1882) Lingmeythang, Mongar 34 Polypedates cf. himalayensis (Annandale 1912) 35 Polypedates maculatus (Gray 1830) New mention 36 Rhacophorus maximus (Günther 1858) New mention species, they should be given protected species status since they are found only in Bhutan. presenceBhutan, which of the wasspecies later in confirmedPunakha and by WangdiPalden Phodrang(2003). Wangyalvalley including (2012) a small reconfirmed population the in properlyOtherwise, recorded. chances are that the species might Dagana’s Tshangkha Lake. go locally extinct even before their presence is Salamanders The conservation of Himalayan Salamander has not been considered important by the state since there are no obvious immediate threats. reported the presence of Himalayan Newt However, the species may warrant protection as orFrost Salamander (1985), without (Tylototriton any locality verrucosus information,) in it is the only salamander known in the country.

29 Wangyal 2014

Chunam Tree Frog (Polypedates maculatus) from

Figure 1 Zhemgang. (Photo Credit: , Zhemgang)

Large Tree Frog (Rhacophorus maximus) from

Figure 2 Zhemgang. (Photo Credit: Bep Tshering, Pema Gatshel) Amphibian species reported without Gymnophiona

Northeast India has three species of caecilians, proper identification namely Sikkim Caecilian (Ichthyophis There are at least five species of anurans sikkimensis), Hussain’s Caecilian (Ichthyophis athat Nanorana need further sp. from confirmation Dochula (Tablereported 4) by as husaini), and Garo Hills Caecilian (Ichthyophis they may have beenHyla misidentified. cf. annectans They, which are garoensis need locality data, Xenophrys cf. nankiangensis, WangyalAmolops (2012),cf. monticola and Sylvirana cf. the presence) (Ahmed of Sikkim et al. Caecilian 2009). Consideringin Bhutan. guentherii. Therefore, studies on these species However,the proximity, further Bhutan work canon the safely species assume is in the near future. are expected to further confirm their presence required to confirm the presence adequately.

30 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

Conservation of amphibians Indian Bull Frog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus). The author bought the live specimens to verify No amphibians of Bhutan are recorded in the the species. If such incidences go unchecked, protected list, but all are afforded protection chances are that the species might go locally time to look into conservation issues for the are to be eaten, farmers in the long run may be amphibians,by the blanket especially law (FNCA anurans, 1995). It because may be encouragedextinct some to day. breed However, the if and at all make the some frogs there are instances and informal reports of income after proper and relevant studies. frogs being eaten by people in various parts of Bhutan. In one such incident personally of Annandali’s Paa (Nanorana annandalii) in Jomotshangkha, Samdrup Jongkhar District, andThere Blandford’s are also confirmed Paa (Nanoran cases ofblandfordii consumption) by waswitnessed found by facilitatingthis author inthe 2013, sale a householdof frogs the residents of Sakteng, Trashigang District. (supposedly Paa frogs) collected by an Indian. Perhaps a study should be conducted to assess Many frogs were being dried in the household’s the status of these species so that protection status can be given by the state if the research is no evidence to prove that the frogs were collectedmakeshift from kitchen India. (Fig. Further, 3). Unless it was verified, found there that there are good numbers of both the species in the species in question was not a Paa but rather finds imminent threat to the species. At present,

the stream near Sakteng village (Fig. 4).

Mass frog drying up for consumption at Jomotshangkha.

Figure 3

Sakteng valley, habitat for Annandali’s Paa and Blandford’s Paa.

Figure 4

31 Wangyal 2014 Therefore, further studies on amphibians, Total herpetofauna in Bhutan especially of those that are under local and global threats and those that are considered by IUCN as vulnerable or endangered, may be conducted so that baseline data on species of Considering all the species that are confirmed conservation importance can be obtained to theas welltotal asnumber those of that herpetofauna are expected known plus and the author’s six new species records in this report,

Expectedavert local extinctionspecies ofof species. herpetofauna in expected in Bhutan is 191 species (84 snakes Bhutan of which 67 are confirmed and 17 expected; 23 lizards of which one is expected while 22 are confirmed; 20 tortoises and turtles of which 14 are expected and 6 confirmed; 56 anurans of There are at least 43 species of herpetofauna recordswhich 21 by are the expected author in while this report).35 are confirmed; American expected to occur in Bhutan, but not yet Bullone caecilianFrog and and Gharial one salamander;are deleted from and sixthe new list reported. These include 17 species of snakes, of herpetofauna of Bhutan with this status one lizard, 21 anurans and 14 species of distributiontortoises and and turtles on recommendations (Tables 5–7). The by list the of species reported only once, and those reported authorsexpected ofspecies various is basedpapers on ontheir herpetofauna geographic report. Further study is necessary to confirm of Bhutan and northeast India. As such, there is still much scope for further research on Accordingwith identification to a news only uparticle to the posted genera on level. the herpetology in Bhutan.

New species records conductedIndian express at the websiteborder of by Bhutan Samudra and Indian Gupta ManasKashyap as on a 9th transboundary July 2014, a recentconservation survey

TheThis reportphotographic includes data six new in speciesthis report records were of Froginitiative (Roaorchestes discovered chalazodes 20 amphibian), Twin species Spotted and herpetofauna in Bhutan (Table 8, Figs. 5–10). Tree35 reptile Frog species(Rhacophorus including bipunctatus the Bubble), NestBlue personal friends of the author. All photos are Ptyctolaemus gularis), reprintedcollected fromhere with various permission. field offices and from King Cobra (Ophiphagus hannah) and Pope’s Fan-throated Lizard (

TableSl. No. 5 List ofFamily expected snakes and lizards. Species Remarks 1 Pareas macularius (Theobald 1868) 2 Elaphe prasina (Blyth 1854) 3 Coelognathus helena helena (Daudin 1803) 4 Orthriophis hodgsonii (Günther 1860) 5 Argyrogena fasciolata (Shaw 1802) 6 Liopeltis frenata (Günther 1858) 7 Lycodon laoensis (Günther 1864) 8 Colubridae Amphiesma khasiense (Boulenger 1890) 9 Xenochrophis sanctijohannis (Boulenger 1890) Based on Whitaker and 10 Blythia reticulata (Blyth 1854) Captain (2004) 11 Boiga multomaculata (Boie 1827) 12 Boiga trigonata (Schneider 1802) 13 Boiga ocellata (Kroon 1973) 14 Boiga forsteni (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril 1854) 15 Enhydris seiboldii (Schlegel 1837) 16 Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider 1801) Elapidae 17 Calliophis melanurus (Shaw 1802) 18 Varanidae Varanus salvator (Laurenti 1768)

32 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

TableSl. No. 6 List ofFamily expected anurans. Species Remarks 1 Nanorana vicina (Stoliczka 1872) 2 Nanorana polunini (Smith 1951) 3 Ingerana borealis (Annandale 1912) Dicroglossidae 4 Ombrana sikimensis (Jerdon 1870) 5 Allopaa hazarensis (Dubois & Khan 1979) 6 Scutiger boulengeri (Bedriaga 1898) 7 Amolops formosus (Günther 1876) 8 Amolops himalayanus (Boulenger 1888) 9 Amolops gerbillus (Annandale 1912) Ranidae 10 Humerana humeralis (Boulenger 1887) Based on Amphibia web 11 Hylarana nigrovittata(Blyth 1856) 12 Hylarana tytleri (Theobald 1868) 13 Rhacophorus tuberculatus (Anderson 1871) 14 Theloderma andersoni (Ahl 1927) 15 Theloderma asperum (Boulenger 1886) 16 Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger 1906) 17 Rhacophoridae Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst 1829) 18 Pseudophilautus annandali (Annandale 1913). 19 Theloderma moloch (Annandale 1912) 20 Sphaerotheca maskeyi (Schleich and Anders 1998) 21 (Ahl 1927)

TableSl. No. 7 List ofFamily expected tortoises and turtles. Species Remarks 1 Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1830) 2 Hardella thurjii (Gray 1831) 3 Kachuga dhongoka (Gray 1832) 4 Kachuga kachuga (Gray 1831) 5 Geoemydidae Morenia petersi (Anderson 1879) 6 Pangshura smithii (Gray 1863) 7 Pangshura sylhetensis (Jerdon 1870) Suggested by Bauer & Günther (1992) and Pangshura tectum 8 (Gray 1831) Wangyal et al. (2012) 9 Pangshura tentoria (Gray 1834) 10 Chitra indica (Gray 1831) 11 Lissemys punctata (Lacépède 1788) 12 Trionychidae Nilssonia gangeticus (Cuvier 1825) 13 Nilssonia hurum (Gray 1830) 14 Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson 1875)

33 Wangyal 2014

TABLESl. No.7 List ofFamily expected tortoises andSpecies turtles. Remarks 1 Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1830) 2 Hardella thurjii (Gray 1831) 3 Kachuga dhongoka Gray ( 1832) 4 Kachuga kachuga (Gray 1831) 5 Geoemydidae Morenia petersi (Anderson 1879) 6 Pangshura smithii (Gray 1863) 7 Pangshura sylhetensis (Jerdon 1870) Suggested by Bauer & Günther (1992) and 8 Pangshura tectum (Gray 1831) Wangyal et al. (2012) 9 Pangshura tentoria (Gray 1834) 10 Chitra indica (Gray 1831) 11 Lissemys punctata (Lacépède 1788) 12 Trionychidae Nilssonia gangeticus (Cuvier 1825) 13 Nilssonia hurum (Gray 1830) 14 Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson 1875)

Wangyal 2014

TSl. ABLE No. 8 List ofFamily new species recorded. Species Remarks Russel’s Kukri (Oligodon taeniolatus, Jerdon 1 Colubridae Trashigang 1853) Bamboo Pit Viper (Trimeresurus cf. Nangla Geog , 2 stejnegeri yunnanensis, Schmidt 1925) Panbang, Zhemgang Viperidae Tibetan Bamboo Pit Viper (Trimeresurus cf. Trongsa proper, 3 tibetanus, Huang 1982) Trongsa Blue Fan-­‐throated Lizard (Ptyctolaemus 4 Agamidae Samdrup Jongkhar gularis, Peters 1864) Annandali’s Spiny Frog (Nanorana 5 Dicroglossiade Jakar, Bumthang annandalii, Boulenger 1920) Striped Pygmy Tree Frog (Chiromantis Pelingtsho, Nganglam, 6 Rhacophoridae vittatus, Boulenger 1887) Pema Gatshel

40

Russel’s Kukri, Oligodon taeniolatus

Figure 5 (Jerdon, 1 853) from Trashigang (Photo Credit: Sonam Lhendup).

Yunnan Bamboo Pit Viper, Trimeresurus cf. stejnegeri yunnanensis Figure 6 (Photo Credit: Reta Bahadur). (Schmidt, 1925) from Zhemgang

34 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

Tibetan Bamboo Pit Viper, Trimeresurus cf. tibetanus Trongsa (Photo Credit: Jigme Tshering, Trongsa). Figure 7 (Huang, 1982)from

, Ptyctolaemus gularis Samdrup Jongkhar (Photo Credit: Ugyen Chophel, Samdrup Jongkhar). Figure 8 Blue Fan-throated Lizard (Peters, 1864) from

Nanorana annandalii

Figure 9 Annandali’s Spiny Frog, (Boulenger, 1920) from Sakteng, Trashigang.

35 Wangyal 2014

Chiromantis vittatus

Credit:Figure Watershed 10 Striped Management Pygmy Tree Division,Frog, DoFPS, Thimphu). (Boulenger, 1887) from Peling Tsho, Pema Gatshel (Photo

Pit Viper (Trimeresurus popeiorum), which Bhutan Skink, and Bhutan Cat-eyed Toad. These species are endemic to Bhutan and value. A technical report on this survey is pending.are supposed While to some be of species significant are new conservation to Bhutan, habitat and other ecological characteristics most of the species are supposed to have been arefurther important study as to the confirm studies their could abundance, help save already known to occur on the Indian side of them from imminent threats if any. They may the survey area. also be considered for special protection status by listing them in the schedule of protected Whatever the case, Bhutan at the moment might species in the relevant acts and rules of the focus study on the occurrence and ecology of country if it is found necessary. Sikkim Caecilian, a Nanorana sp. from Dochula, Hyla cf. annectans, Xenophrys cf. nankiangensis from Menchuna, Wangdiphodrang, Amolops Turtle must be thoroughly studied because cf. monticola from Burichu, Wangdhiphodrang theyFurther, belong Yellow to the Tortoises endangered and Keeledcategory Box of and Sylvirana cf. guentherii from Lingmeythang, Turtle must be studied as it is also listed in the species have been reported only once and vulnerablespecies in the category IUCN Red of the List. IUCN Even Red Malayan List. This Box Mongar, reported by Wangyal (2012). These paper also would like to recommend Bhutan to consider thorough study of King Cobra and Somefurther other confirmation important is speciesvery much of herpetofauna necessary. Burmese Rock Python, for they are considered that need further studies are Bhutan Agama, vulnerable species by IUCN.

36 Herpetofauna of Bhutan

Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and congratulate (Gavialus gangeticus Gmelin) in Bhutan. Bustard,Journal H. R.of the 1980a. Bombay Status Natural of the History gharial Society symposium. I also acknowledge the the organizers of the first Bhutan Ecological Society 77:150. works of my office colleagues at Trashigang (Gavialus gangeticus) in Bhutan. British Bustard, H. R. 1980b. Extinction of the Gharial Bhutan,Dzong whoI owe support them so me much in for my giving everyday me allworks. information And to allon my herpetofauna field colleagues of Bhutan. across Journal of Herpetology 6:68. For helping me translate the abstract into the national language, I would like to thank Mr. at http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom Available Thinley Namgyal, Vice Principal of Trashigang Middle Secondary School. Last but not the October 2014). least I would like to thank Rufford Small Grants Das, A., A. K. Das, P. K. Sarma, and A. K. Singh. Foundation for supporting my herpetofauna study in Bhutan. I am glad to have received the of gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in river 2011. An assessment of assisted recovery second grant without which some important systems of Northeast India. Final Technical information in this paper could have well been missed. I look forward to having such support Report. Aaranyak. 57 pp. in the future as well. Das, D., N. Urs, V. Hiremath, B. S. Vishwanath,

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