DOCSLIB.ORG

Growing Tree Fruits Successfully

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growing Tree Fruits Successfully Presentation Topics Growing Tree Fruits Site and Soil Successfully Prepare Site and Irrigation Rootstock and Varieties Planting Pruning and Thinning Fruit Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Common Pests of Tree Fruits Presented by Tree Fruit Specialists Maintenance Schedule Site Considerations Spacing Recommendations Why are site conditions so important? Distance between fruit trees Spacing Recommendations Apple, Standard 30 ft. Sunlight Requirements Apple, Semi-Dwarf 15 ft. Micro-Climates Apple, Dwarf 10 ft. Pear, Standard 20 ft. Pear, Semi-Dwarf 15 ft. Plum 15 ft. Cherry, Sweet 20 ft. 30’ x 30’ = 1 Standard Apple Tree 30’ x 30’ = 4 Semi-Dwarf Apple Trees How to space the trees? Or 30’ x 30’ = 9 Dwarf Apple Trees Sunlight Requirements Ideally 8 to 10 hours, for optimum... Growth Blossoming and pollination Fruit set and production Minimum of 6 to 8 hours Cold Air Goes to the Micro-Climates Bottom of a Slope Variation in elevation Structures near your orchard site Surrounding trees, forests and fields Know your directional exposure Sun, wind, rain and frost pockets Source: http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/frostpock.htm You Can Divert the Cold Air Flow Soil Assessment Soil Percolation Test Soil Texture Send your soil to a soil lab for testing Source: http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/frostpock.htm Soil Percolation Test Soil Percolation Test Tree fruits need well drained soils A soil percolation test measures the water Do a percolation test: absorption rate of your garden soil. Dig a hole 1 ½’ to 3’ deep and 6” to 12” wide Fill the hole with water, let it drain Fill the hole a second time and measure how much water drains per hour • A rate of 1 to 2 inches per hour is ideal 50% Sand 40% Silt Soil Texture 10% Clay Feel Test : Ribbon Test Rub a small amount of DRY soil in the palm of your hand. What does it feel like? Gritty, smooth, floury? Source: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/la/la_001.cfm Send your soil to a lab for testing A List of Analytical Labs Serving Oregon: OSU Extension Publication EM8677 What to test for? pH (tree fruits prefer a soil pH of 6.5 to 6.8) P (phosphorus) K (potassium) Ca (calcium) Mg (magnesium) B (boron) - ask for this test specifically Source: California Fertilizer Association. 1998. Western Fertilizer Handbook. Interpreting Soil Test Results luxury consumption “yes”“maybe” “no” Nutrient Units Low Medium High Excessive P ppm <20 20-40 40-100 >100 K ppm <150 150-250 250-800 >800 Yes Maybe No Ca ppm <1000 1000-2000 >2000 >>2000 Mg ppm <60 60-180 >180 >>180 B ppm <0.5 0.5-2 >2 >>2 Nutrient Units Low Medium High Excessive K meq/100 g <0.4 0.4-0.6 0.6-2.0 >2.0 Ca meq/100 g <5 5-10 >10 >>10 Mg meq/100 g <0.5 0.5-1.5 >1.5 >>1.5 For More Soil Information... Presentation Topics View the Lane County Soil Survey at the Site and Soil NRCS Office Prepare Site and Irrigation 780 Bailey Hill Road, Eugene 97405 Rootstock and Varieties 541-465-6443 Planting Soil Survey information is also available Pruning and Thinning Fruit online at... http://www.or.nrcs.usda.gov/soils.html Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Prepare the Site Irrigation Clear the area of weeds Establish an irrigation system and rocks Water needs to reach all trees Amend the soil Avoid overhead watering Consider incorporating organic matter into the Summer watering soil throughout the entire orchard Water new trees weekly Recommendations from soil test Water established trees monthly • If lime is needed, it is best to add it ~6 months in advance of the planting date Irrigation Check Presentation Topics Do a test run of irrigation system Site and Soil At the drip line of the tree, use a shovel or Prepare Site and Irrigation soil probe to obtain a handful of soil from Rootstock and Varieties about 8 inches deep Planting Grab the soil - it should be Pruning and Thinning Fruit moist, but not wet Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and You will soon learn your soil! Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Source: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/la/la_001.cfm Choosing a Rootstock Spacing of Trees What size of tree is best? The EASY answer: The height is the How much space do you have? distance between trees Do you have deer? Dwarf: 1 to 8 feet tall No ladder or ladder work Semi-dwarf: 16 feet tall Differences between Standard, Semi-Dwarf, Standard: 25 to 30 feet…and taller if not and Dwarf trees pruned Apple Rootstocks How to Select Varieties Select disease-resistant varieties Semi-standard Standard Seedling Select varieties with maintenance 16 Semi-dwarf MM111 16 MM106 14 Dwarf 14 requirements in mind 12 M7 12 Sub- 10 M26 10 8 dwarf M9 8 Size 6 M27 6 4 4 How much fruit do you want? 2 2 Pollination Bud 9 G.11 G.30 G.65 Supporter 4 Apple Varieties Common PNW Apple Varieties Until 1950, ~1,200 varieties of apples had Akane Granny Smith been developed Braeburn Gravenstein 1950 – 2011, over 200 varieties of apples Earligold Jonagold developed Elstar Lodi Empire Newton Fuji Red Delicious Gala Golden Delicious Apple Scab-Resistant Varieties Common PNW Pear Varieties Akane (Tokyo Rose) European Asian Chehalis Anjou (Green and Red) Chojuro Enterprise* Bartlett (Yellow and Red) Hosui Liberty Bosc Kosui Comice Nijisseki Prima Reimer Red Shinseiki Pristine* Seckel Tydeman Red Starkcrimson * also powdery mildew-resistant Common PNW Plum Varieties Common PNW Cherry Varieties European Asian Bada Stella Brooks (prune) Burbank Compact Stella Sweetheart Italian (prune) Early Golden Kordia (Attika) Moyer (prune) Red Heart Lambert Parsons Shiro Lapins Stanley Regina Royal Ann How much fruit do you Common PNW Peach Varieties REALLY eat? Early Elberta Mature Apple Tree Frost* Standard: 20 boxes Genetic dwarfs Semi-Dwarf: 6 to 10 boxes July Elberta Dwarf: 3 to 6 boxes Red Haven Note: One box/bushel is equal to 42 pounds Rochester Veteran *leaf curl resistant Years to Fruit Pollination Apple: 2-5 Most fruit trees either require another variety for Apricot: 2-5 pollination or produce better when pollinated by another variety Cherry, sweet: 4-7 The bloom time of a pollinizer must be similar to Cherry, sour: 3-5 that of the variety to be pollinated Nectarine: 2-4 Pollination charts identify suitable pollinizers Peach: 2-4 There are NO comprehensive pollination charts! Some varieties of fruit trees cannot be used as Pear: 4-6 pollinizers Plum: 3-6 • For example, see ‘Winesap’ on the following slide Apple Pollination Pollination Chart Several species of bees pollinate fruit trees, including honey bees and bumble bees Orchard mason bees ( Osmia lignaria ), are exceptional pollinators that are active in the cool weather of early spring Pesticides may adversely affect Photo Source: Wikipedia pollinators. ALWAYS follow label directions! Source: “Pollination of Fruits & Nuts,” Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service Presentation Topics Planting Site and Soil When trees are available in nurseries Prepare Site and Irrigation Dig the hole as deep as the root ball and Rootstock and Varieties twice as wide as the root ball Planting Leave a small mound of dirt in the hole Pruning and Thinning Fruit Soak bare root trees for ½ hour Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Spread roots out uniformly over mound Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Planting Planting Plant with the graft union at least 3” above Dwarf trees should be staked ground level Wrap trunk with flexible mouse guard Back fill hole with native soil (optional) Water and mulch Paint trunk with white latex paint (optional) Water deeply once a week first year 50/50 mix of paint and water Remove any plastic or metal labels Record variety and rootstock Trunk Wraps and Painting Presentation Topics Site and Soil Prepare Site and Irrigation Rootstock and Varieties Planting Pruning and Thinning Fruit Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule Why Prune? When to Prune? To maintain tree health Best when trees are dormant To increase air flow and light penetration November – March To improve natural form July 15 – August 15 To control size Or when you need to do it! Cherries generally pruned in summer to To increase fruit production minimize bacterial canker Anatomy of a Tree Parts of the Branch Terminal Bud Leaf Bud Terminal Bud Leaf Bud Bud Scar Flower Bud Fruit Spur Flower Bud Fruit Spur Bud Scar Only two types of pruning cuts: Fruiting Wood Thinning & Heading Apple : 2 nd year wood (that which grew the year before last) Cherry : 1 st & 2 nd year wood (look for spurs) Nectarine : 1 st year wood (that which grew last year) Peach : 1 st year wood Pear : 2 nd year wood Plum/Prune : 1 st year wood Spur versus Tip Bearing Training for Proper Crotch Angle Most apple varieties bear on spur systems Avoid unnecessary spur removal A few apple varieties bear at the tips of branches Avoid unnecessary heading cuts Photo Source: University of Wisconsin Common varieties include: Cortland, Fuji, King, Granny Smith Training for Fruit Production Types of Tree Forms Central Modified Central Vase or Leader Leader Multiple Leader Example of Training Tree Fruits Pruning Tools Hand Pruners Long-handled Loppers Hand-saw Rubbing alcohol works well to disinfect tools Three Legged Fruit Thinning Ladder Increases the size of fruit (optional) Stops biennial production When fruit is the size of a Quarter Between about May 15 - June 15 Thinning also protects the branches from breakage Pruning classes Presentation Topics List dates and locations for 2012 Site and Soil Prepare Site and Irrigation Rootstock and Varieties Planting Pruning and Thinning Fruit Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Common Pests of Tree Fruits Maintenance Schedule What IPM is Definition of Pest IPM is a comprehensive system of orchard We will be using the term “PEST” to mean management that incorporates sound insects and diseases.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Apples Catalogue 2019
    ADAMS PEARMAIN Herefordshire, England 1862 Oct 15 Nov Mar 14 Adams Pearmain is a an old-fashioned late dessert apple, one of the most popular varieties in Victorian England. It has an attractive 'pearmain' shape. This is a fairly dry apple - which is perhaps not regarded as a desirable attribute today. In spite of this it is actually a very enjoyable apple, with a rich aromatic flavour which in apple terms is usually described as Although it had 'shelf appeal' for the Victorian housewife, its autumnal colouring is probably too subdued to compete with the bright young things of the modern supermarket shelves. Perhaps this is part of its appeal; it recalls a bygone era where subtlety of flavour was appreciated - a lovely apple to savour in front of an open fire on a cold winter's day. Tree hardy. Does will in all soils, even clay. AERLIE RED FLESH (Hidden Rose, Mountain Rose) California 1930’s 19 20 20 Cook Oct 20 15 An amazing red fleshed apple, discovered in Aerlie, Oregon, which may be the best of all red fleshed varieties and indeed would be an outstandingly delicious apple no matter what color the flesh is. A choice seedling, Aerlie Red Flesh has a beautiful yellow skin with pale whitish dots, but it is inside that it excels. Deep rose red flesh, juicy, crisp, hard, sugary and richly flavored, ripening late (October) and keeping throughout the winter. The late Conrad Gemmer, an astute observer of apples with 500 varieties in his collection, rated Hidden Rose an outstanding variety of top quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Variety Description Origin Approximate Ripening Uses
    Approximate Variety Description Origin Ripening Uses Yellow Transparent Tart, crisp Imported from Russia by USDA in 1870s Early July All-purpose Lodi Tart, somewhat firm New York, Early 1900s. Montgomery x Transparent. Early July Baking, sauce Pristine Sweet-tart PRI (Purdue Rutgers Illinois) release, 1994. Mid-late July All-purpose Dandee Red Sweet-tart, semi-tender New Ohio variety. An improved PaulaRed type. Early August Eating, cooking Redfree Mildly tart and crunchy PRI release, 1981. Early-mid August Eating Sansa Sweet, crunchy, juicy Japan, 1988. Akane x Gala. Mid August Eating Ginger Gold G. Delicious type, tangier G Delicious seedling found in Virginia, late 1960s. Mid August All-purpose Zestar! Sweet-tart, crunchy, juicy U Minn, 1999. State Fair x MN 1691. Mid August Eating, cooking St Edmund's Pippin Juicy, crisp, rich flavor From Bury St Edmunds, 1870. Mid August Eating, cider Chenango Strawberry Mildly tart, berry flavors 1850s, Chenango County, NY Mid August Eating, cooking Summer Rambo Juicy, tart, aromatic 16th century, Rambure, France. Mid-late August Eating, sauce Honeycrisp Sweet, very crunchy, juicy U Minn, 1991. Unknown parentage. Late Aug.-early Sept. Eating Burgundy Tart, crisp 1974, from NY state Late Aug.-early Sept. All-purpose Blondee Sweet, crunchy, juicy New Ohio apple. Related to Gala. Late Aug.-early Sept. Eating Gala Sweet, crisp New Zealand, 1934. Golden Delicious x Cox Orange. Late Aug.-early Sept. Eating Swiss Gourmet Sweet-tart, juicy Switzerland. Golden x Idared. Late Aug.-early Sept. All-purpose Golden Supreme Sweet, Golden Delcious type Idaho, 1960. Golden Delicious seedling Early September Eating, cooking Pink Pearl Sweet-tart, bright pink flesh California, 1944, developed from Surprise Early September All-purpose Autumn Crisp Juicy, slow to brown Golden Delicious x Monroe.
    [Show full text]
  • Treeid Variety Run 2 DNA Milb005 American Summer Pearmain
    TreeID Variety Run 2 DNA Run 1 DNA DNA Sa… Sourc… Field Notes milb005 American Summer Pearmain/ "Sara's Polka American Summer Pearmain we2g016 AmericanDot" Summer Pearmain/ "Sara's Polka American Summer Pearmain we2f017 AmericanDot" Summer Pearmain/ "Sara's Polka American Summer Pearmain we2f018 AmericanDot" Summer Pearmain/ "Sara's Polka American Summer Pearmain eckh001 BaldwinDot" Baldwin-SSE6 eckh008 Baldwin Baldwin-SSE6 2lwt007 Baldwin Baldwin-SSE6 2lwt011 Baldwin Baldwin-SSE6 schd019 Ben Davis Ben Davis mild006 Ben Davis Ben Davis wayb004 Ben Davis Ben Davis andt019 Ben Davis Ben Davis ostt014 Ben Davis Ben Davis watt008 Ben Davis Ben Davis wida036 Ben Davis Ben Davis eckg002 Ben Davis Ben Davis frea009 Ben Davis Ben Davis frei009 Ben Davis Ben Davis frem009 Ben Davis Ben Davis fres009 Ben Davis Ben Davis wedg004 Ben Davis Ben Davis frai006 Ben Davis Ben Davis frag004 Ben Davis Ben Davis frai004 Ben Davis Ben Davis fram006 Ben Davis Ben Davis spor004 Ben Davis Ben Davis coue002 Ben Davis Ben Davis couf001 Ben Davis Ben Davis coug008 Ben Davis Ben Davis, error on DNA sample list, listed as we2a023 Ben Davis Bencoug006 Davis cria001 Ben Davis Ben Davis cria008 Ben Davis Ben Davis we2v002 Ben Davis Ben Davis we2z007 Ben Davis Ben Davis rilcolo Ben Davis Ben Davis koct004 Ben Davis Ben Davis koct005 Ben Davis Ben Davis mush002 Ben Davis Ben Davis sc3b005-gan Ben Davis Ben Davis sche019 Ben Davis, poss Black Ben Ben Davis sche020 Ben Davis, poss Gano Ben Davis schi020 Ben Davis, poss Gano Ben Davis ca2e001 Bietigheimer Bietigheimer/Sweet
    [Show full text]
  • Handling of Apple Transport Techniques and Efficiency Vibration, Damage and Bruising Texture, Firmness and Quality
    Centre of Excellence AGROPHYSICS for Applied Physics in Sustainable Agriculture Handling of Apple transport techniques and efficiency vibration, damage and bruising texture, firmness and quality Bohdan Dobrzañski, jr. Jacek Rabcewicz Rafa³ Rybczyñski B. Dobrzañski Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence AGROPHYSICS for Applied Physics in Sustainable Agriculture Handling of Apple transport techniques and efficiency vibration, damage and bruising texture, firmness and quality Bohdan Dobrzañski, jr. Jacek Rabcewicz Rafa³ Rybczyñski B. Dobrzañski Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences PUBLISHED BY: B. DOBRZAŃSKI INSTITUTE OF AGROPHYSICS OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ACTIVITIES OF WP9 IN THE CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE AGROPHYSICS CONTRACT NO: QLAM-2001-00428 CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR APPLIED PHYSICS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE WITH THE th ACRONYM AGROPHYSICS IS FOUNDED UNDER 5 EU FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES GENERAL SUPERVISOR OF THE CENTRE: PROF. DR. RYSZARD T. WALCZAK, MEMBER OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROJECT COORDINATOR: DR. ENG. ANDRZEJ STĘPNIEWSKI WP9: PHYSICAL METHODS OF EVALUATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE QUALITY LEADER OF WP9: PROF. DR. ENG. BOHDAN DOBRZAŃSKI, JR. REVIEWED BY PROF. DR. ENG. JÓZEF KOWALCZUK TRANSLATED (EXCEPT CHAPTERS: 1, 2, 6-9) BY M.SC. TOMASZ BYLICA THE RESULTS OF STUDY PRESENTED IN THE MONOGRAPH ARE SUPPORTED BY: THE STATE COMMITTEE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNDER GRANT NO. 5 P06F 012 19 AND ORDERED PROJECT NO. PBZ-51-02 RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF POMOLOGY AND FLORICULTURE B. DOBRZAŃSKI INSTITUTE OF AGROPHYSICS OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ©Copyright by BOHDAN DOBRZAŃSKI INSTITUTE OF AGROPHYSICS OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LUBLIN 2006 ISBN 83-89969-55-6 ST 1 EDITION - ISBN 83-89969-55-6 (IN ENGLISH) 180 COPIES, PRINTED SHEETS (16.8) PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER IN POLAND BY: ALF-GRAF, UL.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Quarterly SPRING 2013 Leadership and Accountability
    NEW YORK Editorial Fruit Quarterly SPRING 2013 Leadership and Accountability here are those who spend their hours discussing how to invest would not really harm their current operations but difficult and unfair the current times are. There are those would insure successful future ones. Twho reflect longingly about how wonderful and simple life used to be. There are also those who simply fail to see anything Today is always here and the future is always slightly out of positive until it is taken away from them. Then there are those your reach. The true mark of a leader is that they can function that we call “leaders” who are too busy looking forward to be within both. Like in years past we will and forever need to dragged down by all of this meaningless discussion. be investing in innovative research programs to improve our industry. There are those who may wish to have this I travel from west to east across New York and have done so accomplished entirely public funding. When you leave your all of my six decades. I am humbled by what I recall and what I future entirely to the fickle whims of the political world you currently see. The fruit industry has made enormous up- grades are not being “accountable” for the research programs you to its commercial farming practices in a very short period of desperately require for success in the years ahead. A shared time. Orchard acreage in New York State is down but our financial cash flow would be ideal. productivity and quality have never been at this high level.
    [Show full text]
  • Marktbericht Für Die Obstregion Bodensee
    Marktbericht für die Obstregion Bodensee 50. Jahrgang, Nr. 09 Mittwoch, den 1. September 2010 Aufnahmefähig er Markt Frankr. lose 132150 Der Verkauf der Frühsorten ist durch die guten Absatzmöglichkeiten wei- Niederl. lose 90 90 terhin flüssig. Im Gegensatz zum Vorjahr ist genügend Spielraum zur Plat- Gala Spanien 75/80 144144 zierung von Tafeläpfeln vorhanden, sodass sich die Preislage deutlich stabi- Goden D. Frankr. 75/80 165 0 ler gestaltet als zu Beginn der letzten Saison. Aus Südtirol erreichten erste Italien 70/75 105105 Gala den deutschen Markt. G. Smith Frankr. lose 125108 Spanien lose 152156 Gravenst. Deutschl. lose 129135 Jamba Deutschl. lose 81 85 Bodensee J. Grieve Deutschl. lose 100 110 In der vergangenen Woche gab es Jerseymac Frankr. lose 85 84 Aktuelle Notierung vom 31. August Jonagold Deutschl. lose 62 72 auf dem Apfelmarkt durch die zu- 2010, Kl.1, in €/dt Jonagored Deutschl. lose 55 56 friedenstellende Nachfrage ausrei- Woche 35 ± Abst. 23 20 Sonst. Sorten Deutschl. lose 107 110 chend Möglichkeiten zum Absatz Delbarestivale Niederl. lose 130130 von Frühäpfeln und Birnen. Das be- 75/80/90 75 9:0 - - Summerred Deutschl. lose 98101 traf vor allem Delbarestivale und 70/75 70 9:0 - - Royal Gala Deutschl. lose 123 0 Summered. Ebenfalls im Sortiment 65/70 55 7:2 - - Frankr. lose 128132 60/65 44 7:2 - - vertreten sind Gravensteiner, Dis- Italien lose 112 115 70+ Kl.2 40 8:0 - - covery, Piros und Lodi. In der ers- Birnen Elstar CA Abate Fetel Italien 75/80 210 0 ten Notierung der neuen Saison 80/85 75 8:0 - 57 wurde neben Delbarestivale und C.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife And
    Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals Production and Wildlife of Adaptation Assessing Environmental the Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and • Edward Narayan Edward • Production Animals Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Edited by Edward Narayan Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Animals www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Assessing the Environmental Adaptation of Wildlife and Production Animals: Applications of Physiological Indices and Welfare Assessment Tools Editor Edward Narayan MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Edward Narayan The University of Queensland Australia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Animals (ISSN 2076-2615) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals/special issues/ environmental adaptation). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0142-0 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0143-7 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher areproperly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress in Apple Improvement
    PROGRESS IN APPLE IMPROVEMENT J. R. MAGNESS, Principal Pomologisi, 13ivision of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, liureau of Plant Industry ^ A HE apple we liave today is J^u" rciuovod from tlic "gift of the gods'' wliich prehistoric man found in roaming the woods of western Asia and temperate Europe. We can judge that apple only by the wild apples that grow today in the area between tlie Caspian Sea and Europe, which is believed to be the original habitat of the apple. These apples are generally onl>r 1 to 2 inches in diameter, are acici and astringent, and are far inferior io the choice modern horticultural varieties. The improvement of the apple through tlie selection of the best types of the wild seedlings goes far baclv to the very beginning of history. Methods of budding and grafting fiiiits were Icnown more than 2,000 years ago. According to linger, C^ato (third century, B. C.) knew seven different apple varieties, l^liny (first centiuy, A. D.) knew^ 36 different kinds. By tlie time the iirst settlers froni Europe were coming to the sliores of North America., himdreds of apple varieties had been named in European <M)unt]*ies, The superior varieties grown in l^^urope in the seventeenth century had, so far as is known, all developed as chance seedlings, but garden- ers had selected the best of the s(>edling trees îvnd propagated them vegetatively. The early American settlers, ptirticiilarly those from the temperate portions of Europe, who came to the eastern coast of North Amer- ica, brought with them seeds and in some cases grafted trees of European varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Uses for Different Apple Types
    Uses for Different Apple Types EX=Excellent, GD=Good, FR=Fair, NR=Not Recommended Flavor Harvest Begins: Eating Salads Sauce Pies Baking Characteristics & Texture This makes the ultimate apple Lodi Tart, NR NR EX FR NR sauce for the beginning of the (Early July) Green in Color summer apple season. Summer Rambo Tart, This is an old-time favorite all- NR NR EX EX FR (Early-Mid August) Green in Color purpose apple. Crispy Multi-purpose apple Ginger Gold CRISP EX EX EX GD GD that does not discolor, making (Mid August) it a salad favorite! Sweet, Sansa Royal Gala EX EX FR FR NR First Cousin to Royal Gala. (Mid August) Taste Very sweet apple. Perfect for Royal Gala Sweet, EX EX FR FR NR a delicous snack and a school (Early September) Juicy lunch favorite! Extremely popular sweet Honey Crisp tasting apple. Our most crispy CRISP EX EX EX EX FR (Early September) and juiciest apple perfect for a sweet snack! MacIntosh Semi-Sweet/ General all purpose apple. EX GD EX EX FR (Mid September) Tart Nice sweet-tart apple. Exclusively sold at Milburn Orange Honey Sweet, EX EX EX EX FR Orchards. Some say equal to (Mid September) Crisp Honey Crisp! Crispy, tart flavor. This apple is available before Stayman Jonathan CRISP/ EX GD GD EX EX Winesap and a perfect (Mid September) Tart substitute. Multi-Purpose apple. Cortland Semi- Multi-Purpose apple. Next GD GD EX EX FR (Mid September) Tart best thing to MacIntosh. Sweet, An offspring of Fuji, same September Fuji Juicy, EX EX GD EX GD qualities but 4 weeks (Mid September) Not very earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Apples to Apples 10/2010
    Comparing Apples to Apples 10/2010 This is a summary of recommended uses for some of the more popular apple varieties. Some apples are better suited for eating raw because of their texture and flavor, others are better for pies and baking because they hold their shape when cooked, and others have the texture and flavor for better applesauce. KEY: =highly recommended =recommended =not recommended APPLE TYPE RAW PIES BAKING SAUCE JUICE COMMENTS Baldwin Tart,crisp, great for baking Braeburn Crisp, all-purpose Cameo Crisp, tart, juicy Cortland Tart,crisp;slow to brown Crispin Sweet, firm Empire Sweet,crisp,firm Fuji Sweet,crisp,juicy Gala Mild,sweet,crisp Golden Delicious Sweet, juicy, best all-purpose Granny Smith Tart, crisp, juicy, great in salads Honey Crisp Sweet,crisp Idared Tart,crisp,firm,store well Jonagold Both sweet & tart Jonathan Sweet,acidic McIntosh Sweet,juicy,less firm Pink Lady Sweet, crisp Red Delicious Bland, crisp Rome Beauty Sweet,firm Stayman Juicy,tart,store well Sources: U.S. Apple Association, Cook’s Illustrated, www.pickyourown/apples.com Summary of recommendations: • Raw for snacking and salads —Personal taste and preferences vary widely—it’s up to you whether you prefer sweet or tart. Fuji and Honey Crisp are currently the most popular varieties. • Pies and baking —Choose only apples that hold their shape well during cooking. Golden Delicious, Baldwin, Cortland, and Idareds are highly recommended by Cook’s Illustrated. • Sauce —Choose sweeter apples if you prefer unsweetened or low-sugar applesauce. Gala, Rome Beauty, Stayman, and Golden Delicious are highly recommended. • Juice —Choose a combination of apples to achieve the sweet/tart flavor you prefer.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Evaluation and Description of Domestic and Introduced Fruit Plants S
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota State University Agricultural Bulletins Experiment Station 6-1-1958 Preliminary Evaluation and Description of Domestic and Introduced Fruit Plants S. A. McCrory Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins Recommended Citation McCrory, S. A., "Preliminary Evaluation and Description of Domestic and Introduced Fruit Plants" (1958). Bulletins. Paper 471. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/471 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BULLETIN 471 JUNE 1958 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL PUBLICATION NO. 90 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION AND DESCRIPTIONS OF DOMESTIC AND INTRODUCED fruit plants Agricultural Experiment Stations of Alaska Missouri Illinois Nebraska Indiana North Dakota Iowa Ohio Kansas Michigan South Dakota Minnesota Wisconsin U.S. Department of Agriculture HORTICULTURE-FORESTRY DEPARTMENT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION soun--1 DAKOTA STATE COLLEGE ·:· BROOKINGS Technical Committee for North Central Region Project NC-7 The Introduction, Testing, Multiplication and Preservation of New and Useful Plants of Potential Value for Industrial and Other Uses and for the Preservation of Valuable Germ Plasm of Economic Plants. Administrative Advisor-£. F. Frolik, South Dakota-S. A. McCrory Nebraska Wisconsin-W. H. Gabelman Illinois-£. B. Patterson A1aska-M. F. Babb Indiana-H. H. Kramer Regional Station-W.
    [Show full text]
  • Ranking of Dog Events Many Clubs Have Two Or More Shows Each Year
    Ranking of Dog Events Many clubs have two or more shows each year. The number in parenthesis indicates the month and day of the show. Note: Ties for shows with the same number of entries have the same ranking. SHOW AND LOCATION DOGS IN POSITION COMPETITION ALL BREED SHOWS 2002 2001 2002 2001 Ashtabula KC,(07/13),Madison,OH ................. 914 1000 706 586 Atlanta KC,(09/21),Atlanta,GA ........................ 2152 1927 51 99 TOP 25 ALL BREED SHOWS BY ENTRY Augusta KC,(10/05),North Augusta,SC........... 370 383 1384 1360 Austin KC,(07/13),San Antonio,TX.................. 2117 1707 57 152 SHOW AND LOCATION DOGS IN POSITION Austin KC,(07/11),San Antonio,TX.................. 1736 1623 144 179 COMPETITION Back Mountain KC,(11/02),Bloomsburg,PA .... 1054 875 533 735 2002 2001 2002 2001 Back Mountain KC,(11/03),Bloomsburg,PA..... 945 N/C 663 N/C Badger KC,(05/05),Madison,WI ...................... 1863 1741 116 140 Kennel Cl Palm Springs,(01/05),Indio,CA................... 3457 3349 1 2 Badger KC,(05/03),Madison,WI ...................... 1381 1202 283 392 Kennel Cl Palm Springs,(01/06),Indio,CA................... 3254 3220 2 7 Bahia Sur KC of Chula Vis,(06/15), Kennel Cl Columbus IN,(03/15),Louisville,KY............ 3213 3239 3 6 Chula Vista,CA............................................. 854 912 784 692 Evansville KC,(03/16),Louisville,KY ............................. 3205 3336 4 3 Bahia Sur KC of Chula Vis,(06/16), Louisville KC,(03/17),Louisville,KY............................... 3117 3244 5 5 Chula Vista,CA............................................. 822 898 826 710 Beaver Co KC,(08/03),Canfield,OH ...........................
    [Show full text]