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Monitoring the Impact of the Biological Control Agent Aculus Hyperici on Hypericum Perforatum Across South Eastern Australia

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Monitoring the Impact of the Biological Control Agent Aculus Hyperici on Hypericum Perforatum Across South Eastern Australia Twelfth Australian Weeds Conference MONITORING THE IMPACT OF THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT ACULUS HYPERICI ON HYPERICUM PERFORATUM ACROSS SOUTH EASTERN AUSTRALIA Franz A. Mahr1, Gwen Mayo2, Nigel Ainsworth1 and Paul Jupp3. 1 CRC for Weed Management Systems, Keith Turnbull Research Institute, Agriculture Victoria, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, P.O. Box 48, Frankston, Vic. 3199, Australia 2 CRC for Weed Management Systems, Waite Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia 3 Animal and Plant Control Commission, GPO Box 1671, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Abstract The eriophyid mite, Aculus hyperici was John’s wort infested approximately 360,000 ha (Camp- introduced into Australia for the biological control of bell 1976, Shepherd 1983). Due to the perennial na- St John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum in 1991. The ture and lack of natural herbivores, St John’s wort is agent established readily and spread at a rate of ap- capable of developing large root reserves enabling it proximately 1-2 kilometres per year. A large-scale co- to survive during periods of drought. This ability al- ordinated release program in 1995 resulted in wide- lows for quick colonisation and domination once con- spread establishment of the mite throughout south east- ditions improve. ern Australia. High control levels were expected from St John’s wort was first targeted for biological control the mite. European studies showed all life stages of during the 1930’s and over the last seventy years, the mite to feed on the plant causing stunting and a twelve agents have been released in Australia (Briese, decrease in plant vigour, leaving the plant vulnerable 1997). Only one of these agents to date is considered to climatic stresses such as drought or frost, which of- to have had any significant impact on the weed. The St ten resulted in high plant mortality. Continual failure John’s wort beetle, Chrysolina quadrigemina of mite establishment at a few sites prompted a study (Suffrian), offers sporadic control by temporarily re- into the genetic variability of H. perforatum. Bioassays ducing local infestations in some years through heavy of plant material from several sites across New South defoliation, but studies have shown that C. Wales indicate the presence of mite-resistant forms of quadrigemina is incapable of controlling St John’s wort H. perforatum. Genetic variation among H. perforatum by itself (Briese, 1985). Further studies were under- populations may account for variation in mite suscep- taken in Europe to determine the most damaging or- tibility, and must be considered in an overall manage- ganisms on St John’s wort. Agrilus hyperici (Cruetzer), ment program for the weed. a root boring beetle and Aculus hyperici (Liro), a sap Impact assessment studies were conducted from 1991 sucking mite were noted as being the major contribu- to 1995 but were discontinued due to funding con- tors to the regulation of St John’s wort populations. straints. However with these studies indicating that the Despite several attempts to establish Agrilus hyperici mite was beginning to have a significant impact on H. in the 1940’s, this agent is known to be surviving in perforatum, the studies were resumed in 1996, funded very low numbers only at two locations in New South by the Cooperative Research Centre for Weed Man- Wales. Collections of Agrilus hyperici from France agement Systems (CRCWMS). Two long term moni- were released at Belair National Park in South Aus- toring sites in New South Wales (Mudgee) were main- tralia in 1997, but results of the releases are not yet tained and three new sites were set up in Victoria at known (Briese and Roush, unpublished). Castlemaine (2 sites) and Beechworth (1 site). This The mite A. hyperici was first released in 1991 and paper reports on the results collected from the impact has since established at 108 known sites across Aus- assessment studies in Victoria since 1996. tralia. This paper reports on the impact of A. hyperici, INTRODUCTION particularly on St John’s wort populations at 2 study sites at Mt Alexander in central Victoria, but also de- The noxious weed St John’s wort, Hypericum scribes resistance to the mite in some populations of perforatum (family Clusiaceae) is a serious problem the weed. across southeast Australia in both natural and pastoral ecosystems. Reports from the 1970’s indicated St 335 Twelfth Australian Weeds Conference METHOD AND MATERIALS time. The initial plot count was conducted in May, re- lying on the flowering stems from the previous season Mt Alexander is a granite mountain composed of dry and ratings for condition used the surviving plant ma- sclerophyll forest and surrounded by farmland, ap- terial surrounding the plot. proximately 10 km east of Castlemaine, Victoria. A. hyperici was released at this location in 1992 and rapid Early in the release program, it was apparent that it dispersal across the entire mountain occurred within was very difficult to colonise the mites at some sites in two years of being released, with signs of mite impact New South Wales. Investigations at CSIRO entomol- becoming apparent. ogy of plants from seeds collected at these sites (Jupp, 1997) showed that the plants inhibited the increase of Two mite exclusion study sites were set up in 1997. mite numbers compared to plants from other sites. To Site A (Castlemaine lower) is situated on the south further test for resistance and its underlying genetic east side towards the base of the mountain and site B basis, five plant accessions were collected from NSW (Castlemaine upper) is located approximately 1.5 kms (Mudgee, Turon River, Wyangle, Cowra and Cassilis) away at the top of the mountain. Each site exhibits and one from South Australia (Scott Creek). Approxi- different microclimates, with site B receiving a higher mately 500 mites were applied to each of six layered dewfall than site A. clones per plant accession. Whole plants were har- At each of the two study sites, 40, 0.25 m2 quadrats vested into 95% ethanol after 8 weeks to extract mites were randomly selected from a 1600 m2 grid. Twenty for counting. In addition, restriction fragment length plots were sprayed with the miticide Omite® (active polymorphism (RFLP) microsatellite fingerprints were constituent: propargite) to remove mites and twenty generated from total genomic DNA restricted with Hae were sprayed with water once every two weeks. Omite® III and probed with M13 phage DNA. was shown by Willis (1994) to have no significant ef- RESULTS fect on plant growth and tissue nutrients (total nitro- gen and phosphorus). The sites were oversprayed to Plant density (Figure 1a and 1b) Figure 1a, shows include the surrounding 0.75 m2 to allow for destruc- on average a 12% increase in control plot density from tive sampling to occur outside the quadrats without May 1997 to Nov 1998, against a 58% increase in the affecting the plants within the long term study quadrats. Omite® sprayed plots. The increase in total number of Resistance to Omite® does not seem to have developed, plants from both treatments is probably due to the however total exclusion of A.hyperici from the sprayed drought conditions in 1996 suppressing the growth of plots has been impossible to achieve due to the rapid plants and mite populations. Good winter and spring recolonisation of the plots from nearby A. hyperici rains throughout 1997 may then have allowed for plants populations. As the plots are sprayed every fortnight, in the control plots to regenerate faster than the mite survival of recruited mites is short but potential for population. some impact exists. From each plot the following in- The total number of plants in the control plots was formation was recorded: plant position, plant height, reduced by 29%, while the Omite® sprayed plots in- number of seed capsules, presence of other biological creased by 65% (fig. 1b). Because of the increased control agents (e.g. Chrysolina), growth stage and plant moisture availability at site B, the plants did not suffer condition. Plant condition was gauged on a rating scale as badly during the drought conditions in 1996. of 1-3, based on the following criteria: The effect of Omite® treatment on the number of plants 1 = healthy fleshy leaves, minimal mite symptoms present was analysed by calculating the change in present, large healthy flowers. number of plants in each plot between May 1997 and 2 = partially dwarfed plant, groups of stunted November 1998, treating the two sites separately. The leaves, some flowers deformed. changes were then tested for a treatment effect by one- way analysis of variance. Both sites showed a signifi- 3 = heavily dwarfed plant, majority of leaves cant treatment effect (Site B, P=0.012; Site A, stunted, small deformed flowers. P=0.014). Mean change in number of plants per plot Plot counts were conducted during the flowering pe- was -1.35 with mites, +1.60 without (Site B) and +0.35 riod when the majority of plants had reached their with mites, +2.20 without mites (Site A). maximum height. Differentiating between flowering and non flowering plants is also made easier at this 336 Twelfth Australian Weeds Conference Plant condition (Figure 2a and 2b) Plant condition removal of the mite but research needs to be contin- prior to the start of the trial differs quite strongly be- ued at all five sites with the possibility of additional tween the two sites. At site B (fig. 2b) the majority of locations being included on the basis of mite suscepti- plants rated a 2 (partially dwarfed plant, groups of bility. Destructive sampling is due to occur in Nov stunted leaves present, some flowers deformed.), while 1999, dry weight of stem and root material will be site A (fig.
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