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This is the published version: Geng, Zhe and Jones, David 2012, The evolution of national level historic district registration and conservation in China : the Beijing Yandaixiejie and Beijing Guozijian districts in Beijing, China, in IFLA APR 2012 : Better landscape, better life : Proceedings of the International Federation of Landscape Architects Asia‐Pacific Region Conference, International Federation of Landscape Architects, Shanghai, China, pp. 1‐8. Available from Deakin Research Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30051746 Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that permission has been obtained for items included in Deakin Research Online. If you believe that your rights have been infringed by this repository, please contact [email protected] Copyright : 2012, International Federation of Landscape Architects The Evolution of National Level Historic District Registration and Conservation in China: The Beijing Yandaixiejie and Beijing Guozijian Districts in Beijing, China Zhe Geng PhD candidate, School of Architecture and Building, Deakin University, Australia [email protected] & Associate Professor David Jones Associate Head of School (Learning & Teaching), School of Architecture & Building, Deakin University, Australia [email protected] Abstract Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). They provide international framework for historic From the 1980s, Chinese experts from some areas conservation, including the Athens Charter mainland universities, such as Tongji Universtiy in (ICOMOS 1931), the Venice Charter (ICOMOS Shanghai and Tsinghua University in Beijing, 1964), the Washington Charter (ICOMOS 1987), the commenced research into heritage management and Nairobi Recommendation (UNESCO 1976) and the historic architectural conservation in China. With the Nara Document on Authenticity (ICOMOS 1994). announcement of the First and Second Lists of 10 The Chinese government became a signatory to the Chinese Historic and Cultural Districts in 2009 and ―Conservation Concerning the Protection of the 2010, the conservation of historic districts was World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO)ǁ in generally received and elevated in agreements from 1985 thereby requiring Chinese conservation work at state-level government to local level governments. heritage sites and historic sites to meet international This paper considers literature about international standards [1]. The Chinese Commission for the and Chinese regulations and presents the evolution of International Council on Monuments and Sites historic district conservation in China. The paper (China ICOMOS) was formed in 1993, supervised by explores the effective and ineffective results of the the Ministry of Culture of the People‘ s Republic of “ Sel ecti on Contest of Chi nese Top 10 Historic and China (PRC). With nine-year reviews of the viability Cul tur al Di str i cts” i n two cases sel ected fr om the of international Charter and Recommendations by First and Second Lists of 10 Chinese Historical and China ICOMOS, the Principles for the Conservation Cultural Districts during upon recent research and of Heritage Sites in China was adopted in 2002, as a investigations. In each example, the paper provides a result of international collaboration by the North detailed examination of public awareness and their American Getty Conservation institution, Australia evaluation of conservation effectiveness through ICOMOS and China ICOMOS [1]. The Chinese questionnaires. Principles provide a national approach to the conservation and management of heritage sites and Keywords: Historic District Conservation; addresses their historical, artistic and scientific values Chinese National Registration; Public Evaluation; in China. The Principles also provide feasible and Beijing Guozijian District; Beijing Yandaixiejie detailed processes for Chinese heritage conservation District [1]. 1. Introduction The legalization of cultural heritage conservation in China can be traced back to Chinese National The conservation of historic areas and monuments Government years before the establishment of New has internationally been the subject of discourse for China in 1949. The Chinese National Government many years. There are now numerous Charters, adopted some initial protection laws approaching to Recommendations and Guidelines adopted by the antiques and relics, such as the Antiques Protection International Council on Monuments and Sites Law in 1930 [2]. Until 1982, the first Law of the (ICOMOS) and the United Nations Educational, People of China for the Protection of Cultural Relics was adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People‘ s Congress. This Law required the initial stage of the establishment of registration conservation of cultural relics to be undertaken at a system of national-level historic districts. Beijing legal level. In the same year, the State Council of Guozijian District and Beijing Yandaixiejie District PRC announced the first batch of 24 National are selected from the first and second lists of Top 10 Historic and Cultural Cities, and there are now 101 Chinese historic and Cultural Districts as examples to designated National Historic and Cultural Cities in investigate the public awareness of the selection China. With the establishment of a registration contest and community evaluation of these two system of Chinese historic and cultural cities, the districts through questionnaires. Central Government has shifted the focus to historic villages and towns. In 2003, the first batch of 2. Definition and Scope of Historic National Historic and Cultural Towns and Villages Districts was announced by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage (SACH) and the State Ministry of The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Construction (SMC). There are now 181 designated Monuments (ICOMOS 1931) articulated the National Historic and Cultural Towns and 169 importance of protecting the surrounding areas of registered National Historic and Cultural Villages in historic monuments [5]. ‗Hi stori c si tes‘ , including the China. Over this period, several provincial urban and rural settings of sites, was clearly defined governments published provincial-level regulations as a part of the integrity of monuments‘ by the and laws to protect their cultural heritages and their Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration national-level Historic and Cultural Cities, Towns of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS 1964) [6]. The and Villages. Until 2008, the state-level Protection Washington Charter for the Conservation of Historic Regulations on Famous Historic and Cultural Cities, Towns and Urban Areas (ICOMOS 1987) Towns and Villages was formally announced by State encompassed the material and spiritual characteristics Council which ―further detailed various and of historic towns or urban areas as well as related ratification processes, protection details, planning protection principles [7]. The scope of historic guidelines, and protection measuresǁ [1]. The di stri cts was def i ned as ‗including historic villages concept of ―Historic and Cul tural Districtsǁ was and city quarters‘ by ICOMOS in The Hoi An defined in the supplementary articles of the Declaration (ICOMOS 2003) [4]. This Declaration ―Regulationsǁ. provided a clear definition that a historic district was not equal to a historic area. Early in The Nairobi Many significant frameworks on historic district Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and conservation have been appropriated from ICOMOS Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (UNESCO and UNESCO benchmarks. The Suzhou Declaration 1976), the scope of ‗hi stori c and archi tectural areas‘ on International Co-operation for the Safeguarding was also defined incl uding ‗prehistoric sites, historic and Development of Historic Cities (UNESCO 1998) towns, old urban quarters, villages and hamlets as expressed the important roles and the conservation well as homogeneous monumental groups‘ [8]. This objectives of historic districts [3]. In 2003, direction was reaffirmed in the Washington Charter international ICOMOS adopted The Hoi An with the addition of ‗historic centers‘ into ‗historic Declaration on Conservation of Historic Districts of areas‘ . Thus, it i s cl ear that ‗historic districts‘ are a Asia which provided professional and detailed part of ‗hi stori c areas‘ . The hi erarchi cal rel ati onshi p methods for conserving the cultural and historical between ‗historic areas‘ and ‗hi stori c di stri cts‘ i s features of historic districts in the Asian region. It sumarised in Chart 1. provided another international instrument for Chinese authorities to better guide historic district Historic Areas conservation [4]. In China, the legalization of specific historic district conservation commenced in the Prehistoric Sites, Historic Districts 1990s. The first structured regulations concerning Hamlets, historic district conservation - ―Administrative Monumental Group Historic Villages Regulations on Huangshan Tun Xi Old Historic and Cultural Districtsǁ - were adopted by a city Historic Towns City Quarters government - the People‘ s Government of Huangshan City. This law provided legal status of Chart 1. The Hierarchical Relationship Between conservation work for Huangshan Tun Xi Old historic areas and historic districts District. In 2009, a selection contest of ‗Chinese (Source: Author) Hi stori c and Cul tural Di stri cts‘ was hel d to regi ster the national-level historic districts, which was the Whilst such Charters and Recommendations
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