Videorecenzie Ako Fenomén Filmovej Kritiky V Digitálnej Ére

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Videorecenzie Ako Fenomén Filmovej Kritiky V Digitálnej Ére Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav Hudební vědy Management v kultuře Bc. Juraj Štecák Magisterská diplomová práca Videorecenzie ako fenomén filmovej kritiky v digitálnej ére Vedúci práce: Mgr. Viktor Pantůček, Ph.D. Brno 2019 Prehlásenie Čestne prehlasujem, ţe táto práca je mojím pôvodným autorským dielom, ktoré som vypracoval samostatne a pouţil som informácie len z uvedených zdrojov. ......................... V Brne 10.5.2019 Juraj Štecák Poďakovanie Na tomto mieste by som chcel poďakovať Mgr. Viktorovi Pantůčkovi, Ph.D. za ochotné a vecné pripomienky a vedenie tejto magisterskej diplomovej práce. Rovnako by som sa chcel poďakovať aj svojej rodine za podporu pri mojom vysokoškolskom štúdiu. Obsah 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Videorecenzie .................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1. Kvalifikácie a zárobky ľudových kritikov ............................................................................. 16 2.2. Tradiční kritici a videorecenzia ............................................................................................. 18 3. Videorecenzie formou satiry ......................................................................................................... 22 3.1. Mr. Plinkett Reviews ............................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1. Videorecenzia na Skrytú hrozbu ..................................................................................... 24 3.2. Half in the Bag ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1. Videorecenzia na Moje bláznivé dvojča ......................................................................... 32 3.3. The Nostalgia Critic ................................................................................................................ 41 3.3.1. Videorecenzia na Batman a Robin ................................................................................. 42 3.4. Spoločné a odlišné charakteristiky ....................................................................................... 47 3.5. Ďalšie humorné série .............................................................................................................. 49 4. Fanúšikovstvo ................................................................................................................................. 51 5. Autorské práva a filmové videorecenzie ...................................................................................... 57 6. Videorecenzie v českej filmovej kritike........................................................................................ 59 7. Záver ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Resumé ................................................................................................................................................. 64 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 64 Резюме ................................................................................................................................................. 65 Zdroje ................................................................................................................................................... 66 Literatúra ......................................................................................................................................... 66 Webové zdroje ................................................................................................................................. 66 Audiovizuálne zdroje ...................................................................................................................... 73 Pouţité databázy ............................................................................................................................. 75 Zoznam vyobrazení............................................................................................................................. 76 Prílohy .................................................................................................................................................. 78 1. Úvod Podľa niektorých hlasov z oblasti filmovej kritiky za posledné roky sa zdá byť táto sféra filmu v ohrození. „Potrebujeme ešte kritikov?― pýta sa Sarah Donaldson z denníka The Guardian.1 Thomas Doherty, profesor americký štúdií z Brandeis University, zase prehlasuje „smrť filmovej kritiky― a smúti za časmi, kedy sa slávni filmoví kritici Andrew Sarris a Pauline Kael hádali o teórií auteura.2 V iných prípadoch je to tým, ţe sa kritici píšuci pre tradičné novinové publikácie cítia ohrození rastúcim počtom amatérskych kritikov alebo tým, ţe sú čoraz populárnejšie stránky ako International Movie Database, Rotten Tomatoes alebo Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze. Jedno majú takéto argumenty spoločné a tým je, ţe ich v mnohých prípadoch spôsobil nástup digitálnej éry. Spočiatku sa jednalo len o blogy, ktoré si mohol zaloţiť „ktokoľvek― s klávesnicou a prístupom na internet a stať sa tak filmovým kritikom. Mattias Frey v eseji The New Democracy: Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic, Twitter, and IMDb tvrdí: „[...] today´s critics feel undermined by bloggers and other ‚citizen journalists‗ because of the way in which the practice of criticism by ‚anyone‘ degrades the professional distinction of working critics.―3 Blogy sú typické pre Web 1.0. Postupom času, ale digitalizácia viedla k vzniku Webu 2.0 a ovplyvnilo to aj filmovú kritiku. Web 2.0 je charakteristický tým, ţe mení pevný obsah internetu na taký, na ktorom sa dá podieľať na tvorbe webu uverejňovaním vlastného obsahu. Uţívateľ internetu uţ nie je len konzumentom obsahu, uţ ho aj produkuje. Z takéhoto uţívateľa sa stáva prozument.4 Typickými príkladmi webových stránok, ktoré patria do Webu 2.0 sú sociálne siete Facebook, Twitter alebo Wikipedia, kde môţu byť príspevky napísané kýmkoľvek. Takéto prozumentské webové stránky sa rozšírili aj v oblasti filmu. Mattias Frey preskúmal hlavné média 1 DONALDSON, Sarah. Do we still need critics in this age of opinion? The Guardian.[online]. 2018 [cit. 12. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z: <https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/nov/18/do-we-still-need- critics-susannah-clapp-simran-hans>. 2 DOHERTY, Thomas. The Death of Film Criticism. The Chronicle of Higher Education. [online]. 2010 [cit. 12. 4. 2019]. Dostupné z: <https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Death-of-Film- Criticism/64352>. 3 FREY, Mattias. The New Democracy: Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic, Twitter, and IMDb. In FREY, Mattias – SAYAD, Cecilia (eds.). Film Criticism in the Digital Age. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2015, s. 83. 4 V anglickom jazyku na takéhoto uţívateľa existuje výraz prosumer (spojenie „producer― a „consumer―), v českom jazyku sa zvykne pouţívať aj výraz „protřebitel― alebo teda „prozument―. 4 novej digitálnej kritiky a zoskupil ich do štyroch širokých kategórií: 1. on-line filmové recenzie tradičných novinových periodík, napr. The New York Times, 2. stránky, ktoré síce sú primárne určené na komunikáciu o filme, ale tieţ poskytujú fóra pre uţívateľov na komentovanie, napr. International Movie Database (IMDb), 3. sociálne siete, ktoré sa môţu okrem iného vyuţívať ako nástroj na hodnotenie filmov, napr. Facebook alebo Twitter, 4. súhrnné stránky, ktoré zbierajú široké spektrum kritických názorov a pouţívajú algoritmus, aby poskytli hodnotenie filmu, napr. Rotten Tomatoes alebo Metacritic.5 Jednou z najpopulárnejších webových stránok, čo sa týka oblasti filmu, a ktorá je azda aj tou najkontroverznejšou je uţ spomínaná Rotten Tomatoes. Táto stránka zhromaţďuje filmové recenzie, z čoho vytvorí percentuálne hodnotenie filmu na základe toho koľko z recenzií je pozitívnych. Okrem toho stránka obsahuje priestor pre divácke recenzie, články, rozhovory s hercami a základne informácie o filme ako obsadenie alebo upútavku na film. Názov stránky v preklade znamená „zhnité paradajky― a vychádza zo zvyku hádzať zhnité paradajky na javisko po zlom predstavení. Preto aj keď film získa menej ako 60% pozitívne ladených recenzií je označené ako „rotten―, teda zhnitý a keď získa viac ako 60% je „fresh―, teda čerstvý. Keď získa film viac ako 75% pozitívnych recenzií a je ich v počte aspoň 80 (a z toho päť je od „top kritikov―), tak dostane pečať s popisom „certified fresh―, teda certifikovane čerstvý. Od roku svojho vzniku v 1998 sa Rotten Tomatoes stali témou mnohých debát, či uţ v pozitívnom alebo väčšinou v negatívnom zmysle. Zdá sa, ţe Rotten Tomatoes je podľa všetkého jedným z dôvodov, prečo mnohí tvrdia, ţe filmová kritika je v kríze. Často sú terčom filmových štúdií, pretoţe existuje názor, ţe percentuálne hodnotenie môţe v prípade zhnitého filmu negatívne ovplyvniť divácku návštevnosť v kinách.6 Veľa fanúšikov alebo divákov sa rozhodlo spísať petície práve kvôli hodnoteniu filmu, či uţ bolo zhnité7 alebo certifikovane čerstvé.8 5 FREY, Mattias. The New Democracy: Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic, Twitter, and IMDb. In FREY, Mattias – SAYAD, Cecilia (eds.). Film Criticism in the Digital Age. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2015, s. 84. 6 RODRIGUEZ, Ashley. Hollywood
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