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Ekološke Značajke Školjkaša Venus Verrucosa L. (Bivalvia: Veneridae) U Jadranu

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Ekološke Značajke Školjkaša Venus Verrucosa L. (Bivalvia: Veneridae) U Jadranu Sveučilište u Splitu i Sveučilište u Dubrovniku Međusveučilišni poslijediplomski doktorski studij ''Primijenjene znanosti o moru'' Zvjezdana Popović BIOLOŠKO – EKOLOŠKE ZNAČAJKE ŠKOLJKAŠA VENUS VERRUCOSA L. (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) U JADRANU Doktorska disertacija Split, prosinac 2012. Sveučilište u Splitu i Sveučilište u Dubrovniku Međusveučilišni poslijediplomski doktorski studij ''Primijenjene znanosti o moru'' Zvjezdana Popović BIOLOŠKO – EKOLOŠKE ZNAČAJKE ŠKOLJKAŠA VENUS VERRUCOSA L. (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) U JADRANU Doktorska disertacija Split, prosinac 2012. I Ova je doktorska disertracija izrađena na Institutu za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu, pod vodstvom mentorice prof.dr.sc. Anamarije Frankić i komentorice prof.dr.sc. Melite Peharde Uljević, u sklopu Međusveučilišnog poslijediplomskog doktorskog studija „Primijenjene znanosti o moru“ pri Sveučilištu u Splitu, Sveučilištu u Dubrovniku i Institutu za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu. II ZAHVALE Na prvom se mjestu posebno zahvaljujem mentorici prof. dr. sc. Anamariji Frankić i komentorici prof. dr. sc. Meliti Pehardi Uljević na ukazanom povjerenju, brojnim savjetima, raspravama i poticajima tijekom istraživanja i pisanja ovog rada. Pored toga, zahvalila bih se i na prenošnju znanja i iskustava te velikom utjecaju na moj profesionalni razvoj posljednjih godina. Zahvaljujem se članovima povjerenstva za ocjenu ovog doktorskog rada prof. dr. sc. Sanji Matić Skoko, prof. dr. sc. Nedi Vrgoču i doc. dr. sc. Ivani Bočini koji su svojim korisnim savjetima pridonijeli njegovu konačnom obliku. Zahvalila bih se i Dariji Ezgeta Balić na nesebičnoj pomoći tijekom sakupljanja i obrade uzoraka, posebice na korisnim savjetima tijekom njihove obrade u laboratoriju. Također, zahvaljujem Ivici Matijaci i Marinu Rinčiću na logističkoj potpori prilikom uzorkovanja te gosp. Josipu Furčiću iz Uprave za ribarstvo na ustupljenim podatcima. Zahvaljujem se i djelatnicim Laboratorija za akvakulturu, a posebno prof. dr. sc. Ivoni Mladineo za srdačnost, susretljivost i pomoć tijekom mog istraživačkog rada. Također, zahvalila bih se i Željki Trumbić na pruženoj pomoći kada mi je najviše bila potrebna te na svoj pomoći tijekom izrade histoloških preparata. Zahvalila bih se svojim dragim prijateljicama Martini i Niki koje su me pratile na putu prema doktoratu znanosti te pružale veliku pomoć i ohrabrenje koji su mi puno značili. Zahvaljujem i svim ostalim kolegama i prijateljima koji su na bilo koji način doprinjeli izradi ovog rada. I na kraju, najveću zahvalnost želim izraziti svojim roditeljima, bratu i Damiru na beskrajnoj podršci i razumijevanju tijekom svih ovih godina. Hvala vam na ljubavi i ohrabrenju koju mi svakodnevno pružate. III SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD 1 1.1. Svrha i ciljevi istraživanja ........................................................................................... 5 2. DOSADAŠNJE SPOZNAJE 6 2.1. Značajke razreda školjkaša (Bivalvia) ......................................................................... 6 2.2. Dosadašnja istraživanja sastava populacija i dinamike rasta školjkaša u Jadranu .... 10 2.3. Dosadašnja istraživanja razmnožavanja školjkaša u Jadranu .................................... 12 2.4. Dosadašnja istraživanja školjkaša iz porodice Veneridae ......................................... 12 2.4.1. Pregled porodice Veneridae ............................................................................... 12 2.4.2. Biološke i ekološke značajke brbavice Venus verrucosa ................................... 14 2.4.3. Dosadašnja istraživanja brbavice Venus verrucosa ........................................... 17 2.5. Izlov školjkaša ........................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1. Izlov i akvakultura brbavice Venus verrucosa ................................................... 23 3. MATERIJALI I METODE 24 3.1. Područje i dinamika uzorkovanja školjkaša .............................................................. 24 3.1.1. Uzorkovanje školjkaša hidrauličnom dredžom vongolarom .............................. 24 3.1.2. Uzorkovanja školjkaša metodom autonomnog ronjenja .................................... 26 3.2. Osnovni hidrografski parametri ................................................................................. 27 3.3. Analiza starosti i rasta ................................................................................................ 28 3.4. Histološka analiza uzoraka ........................................................................................ 30 3.5. Analiza indeksa kondicije .......................................................................................... 39 3.6. Analiza izlova ............................................................................................................ 39 4. REZULTATI 43 4.1. Osnovni hidrogafski parametri .................................................................................. 43 4.2. Analiza unutarnjih prstenova rasta brbavice Venus verrucosa .................................. 44 4.2.1. Vrednovanje formiranja prstenova rasta ............................................................ 44 4.2.2. Analiza starosti i rasta ........................................................................................ 46 4.2.3. Analiza sastava populacija ................................................................................. 53 4.3. Histološka analiza gonada brbavice Venus verrucosa ............................................... 62 4.3.1. Kvalitativna histološka analiza ........................................................................... 63 4.3.2. Kvantitativna histološka analiza ......................................................................... 74 4.3.3. Prva spolna zrelost ............................................................................................. 77 IV 4.4. Analiza indeksa kondicije brbavice Venus verrucosa ............................................... 79 4.5. Analiza izlova brbavice Venus verrucosa ................................................................. 81 5. RASPRAVA 89 6. ZAKLJUČCI 102 7. LITERATURA 105 8. ŽIVOTOPIS 120 V TEMELJNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA KARTICA Sveučilište u Splitu i Sveučilište u Dubrovniku Doktorska disertacija BIOLOŠKO – EKOLOŠKE ZNAČAJKE ŠKOLJKAŠA VENUS VERRUCOSA L. (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) U JADRANU Zvjezdana Popović Sveučilište u Splitu, Sveučilišni odjel za studije mora Sažetak Istraživanje je provedeno na vrsti Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 (brbavica) na pet područja u istočnom Jadranu uključujući zapadnu obalu Istre, Paški zaljev, Starigrad-Paklenicu, Kašelanski zaljev i Mali Ston. Uzorci su prikupljeni pomoću hidraulične dredže vongolare i metodom autonomnog ronjenja. Rezultati analize rubnog prirasta pokazali su godišnju periodičnost formiranja prestenova rasta te je utvrđeno da nastaju u ljetnom razdoblju. Prikupljeni su podatci o sastavu populacija i dinamici rasta te su izračunati parametri von Bertalanffy krivulje rasta s rasponima vrijednosti za asimptotsku duljinu ljušture (L∞) od 48,2 mm (Istra) do 57,9 mm (Paški zaljev), i koeficijent rasta (k) od 0,20 godina-1 (Paški zaljev) do 0,31 godina-1 (Istra). Raspon vrijednosti phi-prime indeksa (ø') varirao je od 2,80 (Sarigrad-Paklenica) do 2,92 (Kaštelanski zaljev). Starije jedinke, preko deset godina, predstavljale su mali udio ulova s 11% u Malom Stonu, 9% u Paškom zaljevu, 5% u Istri, 2% u Starigrad-Paklenici i 1% u Kaštelanskom zaljevu. Omjer spolova nije značajno odstupao od omjera 1:1, a dvospolci nisu pronađeni. U istraživanju je 50% jedinki dostiglo prvu spolnu zrelost pri dužini od 25,8 mm. Reproduktivni ciklus vrste je pokazao kontinuiranu godišnju gametogenetsku aktivnost, bez razdoblja mirovanja. Opseg jajnih stanica je varirao od 8 do 836 µm, sa srednjacima od 163,7 ± 72,4 µm u ožujku do 370,6 ± 95,2 µm u listopadu. Promjene indeksa kondicije su približno slijedile promjene u reproduktivnom ciklusu, dok je promatrano smanjenje vrijednosti indeksa kondicije u razdoblju od srpnja do studenog odražavalo produženo razdoblja mrijesta ove vrste. Srednji mjesečni gonadni indeks oba spola je bio najviši u razdoblju od lipnja do listopada. Analizom izlova brbavice V. verrucosa u razdoblju od 2008. do 2011. godine pokazalo se da je izlovljavanje najviše u područnim jedinicama Split i Pula te u ribolovnim zonama G i A. (122 stranica, 57 slika, 25 tablica, 189 literaturna navoda, jezik izvornika: hrvatski) Rad je pohranjen u: Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu te Sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Splitu Ključne riječi: Jadransko more; Venus verrucosa; histologija; starost; rast; indeks kondicije; opseg oocita; spolna zrelost; razmnožavanje Mentor/komentor: prof. dr. sc. Anamarija Frankić, izvanredni profesor prof. dr.sc. Melita Peharda Uljević, izvanredni profesor Ocjenjivači: 1. Prof. dr. sc. Sanja Matić Skoko, izvanredni profesor 2. Prof. dr. sc. Nedo Vrgoč, izvanredni profesor 3. Doc. dr. sc. Ivana Bočina, docent Rad prihvaćen: 18. prosinca 2012. BASIC DOCUMENTATION CARD University of Split and University of Dubrovnik Ph.D. thesis BIOLOGICAL – ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIVALVE VENUS VERRUCOSA L. (BIVALVIA: VENERIDAE) IN THE ADRIATIC SEA Zvjezdana Popović University of Split, University Department of Marine Sciences Abstract The study analyzed samples of Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 collected from five areas in the eastern Adriatic including western coast of Istra, Paški Bay, Starigrad-Paklenica, Kaštela Bay and Mali Ston. Samples were collected with hydraulic dredge vongolara and SCUBA diving.
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