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CHARLES UNIVERSITY in PRAGUE the Usage and Meaning of Extinct CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature Josef Kales The Usage and Meaning of Extinct Germanic Languages in the Novels of J. R. R. Tolkien Bachelor Thesis Prague 2010 Author: Josef Kales Supervisor: Mgr. Jakub Ženíšek Bibliographical Note KALES, Josef. The Usage and Meaning of Extinct Germanic Languages in the Novels of J. R. R. Tolkien . Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education, Department of English Language and Literature, 2010. 160 p. Supervisor: Mgr. Jakub Ženíšek. Shrnutí (Summary) Bakalá řskou práci tvo ří komentovaný vý čet proprií, jež anglický spisovatel a znalec zaniklých germánských jazyk ů J. R. R. Tolkien z těchto jazyk ů a jimi psaných st ředov ěkých literárních d ěl vyp ůjčil za ú čelem literární domestikace systému jazyk ů, kultur a názosloví dějové oblasti román ů Hobit a Pán prsten ů. Práce přibližuje etymologický p ůvod jednotlivých jmen v historické struktu ře evropských jazyk ů a ve zobecn ěné rovin ě jej porovnává s literární rolí, kterou autor danému jménu či skupin ě jmen v románech či v jejich ran ějších rukopisech přisoudil. Práce dokumentuje význam, jaký Tolkien přikládal literární charakterizaci primárního sv ěta pomocí diachronických jazykových vrstev sv ěta reálného. Sou časn ě nasti ňuje přibližný model, jejž autor pro tuto charakterizaci během let postupn ě vytvo řil a o n ěmž se ve svých poznámkách sám zmi ňuje, a ov ěř uje všeobecnou platnost tohoto modelu u jednotlivých použitých proprií, případn ě v omezené mí ře nazna čuje d ůvody, pro n ěž n ěkteré skupiny proprií tento model nenapodobují. Klí čová slova J. R. R. Tolkien, Pán prsten ů, germánské jazyky, anglosaština. Keywords J. R. R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Germanic languages, Anglo-Saxon. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalá řskou práci vypracoval osobn ě a samostatn ě, výlu čně s použitím pramen ů a literatury, uvedených v příslušné části práce. Zárove ň svoluji k jejímu uložení a zp řístupn ění ke studijním ú čel ům v příslušné knihovn ě či databázi Univerzity Karlovy v Praze v souladu s autorským právem. Declaration I hereby declare that I have drawn the present thesis in person and on my own and by using no sources save those referred to in the thesis. I also agree with the thesis being filed and made available for academic purposes in the appropriate library or database of Charles University in Prague in accordance with copyright laws. V Praze dne 28. 6. 2010 __________________ In Prague on Jun 28 2010 Josef Kales Acknowledgements The author of the present thesis wishes to gratefully acknowledge Mgr. Jakub Ženíšek for his invaluable assistance and advice on several tiresome issues of special importance. His broadmindedness and generosity of spirit surpassed those of the author himself. Special thanks should also be addressed to the author’s relatives, friends, and colleagues, whose suffering upon seeing the thesis grow without being finished cannot be overestimated. Furthermore, this humble contribution to an already crowded tolkienian literature might never have come into being in full extent and colour had it not been for but for advice given by Ond řej Tichý and also for enduring technical support kindly provided by Markéta Peterková. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................7 1.1 The Focus................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 The Structure.............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Conventions and Abbreviations............................................................................................... 10 1.4 The Constitution of the Glossary............................................................................................. 12 2. THE REPRESENTATION OF TONGUES............................................................................ 15 2.1 A Mythology for England........................................................................................................ 15 2.2 The Englishmen of the Shire.................................................................................................... 18 2.3 The Anglo-Saxons of Rohan.................................................................................................... 22 2.4 The Quest for Old Norse and Gothic....................................................................................... 24 2.5 Tolkien the Pseudotranslator.................................................................................................... 27 3. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................ 30 3.1 The Glossary Digested............................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Presumed Benefits of the Thesis.............................................................................................. 32 WORKS CITED..................................................................................................................................... 33 WORKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE................................................................................................ 36 APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................ 39 A The Glossary............................................................................................................................ 40 A.1 General Notes on the Glossary................................................................................................. 40 A.2 Archaic Nomenclature of the Shire.......................................................................................... 41 A.3 Exotic Nomenclature of the Shire............................................................................................ 56 A.4 Nomenclature of Men of Rohan............................................................................................... 66 A.5 Nomenclature of Men of Dale................................................................................................ 111 A.6 Nomenclature of Men of Rhovanion...................................................................................... 128 A.7 Nomenclature of Men of Anduin Vale and of Assorted Locations...................................... 131 B ‘Völuspá’ – Eddaic Names of the Dwarves........................................................................... 139 C The Inscription on Balin’s Tomb in Moria............................................................................ 140 D Primary Sources Analyzed..................................................................................................... 141 E Expanded Bibliography.......................................................................................................... 144 F Diachronic Structure of Tongues (timeline).......................................................................... 150 G Topographic Relations of Toponyms (map).......................................................................... 151 INDEX OF NAMES............................................................................................................................ 152 - 6 - 1.1.The Focus 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Focus The purpose of the thesis presented below is to demonstrate the system of European languages as it was conceived and used by the writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien as a literary means of representing the complex and highly interlaced linguistic landscape of his fictional world of Middle-Earth. Such demonstration has been done (and can only be done) by a careful excerption of all relevant proper names and phrases from languages other than English and than the text-world tongues. The excerption involved both principal narratives, The Hobbit (first published in 1937) and The Lord of the Rings (1954-55), earlier and abandoned or replaced versions of both works published posthumously, and also a collection of later essays and supplementary narratives published posthumously as Unfinished Tales (1980). In both structure and disposition, the thesis is virtually a glossary of toponyms and anthroponyms, sorted according to their relevance within Tolkien’s narrative, briefly annotated and placed in its entirety in the huge Appendix A (pp. 41-138). The main body proper, consequently, aims at providing the necessary text-world linguistic context and at showing some of the most relevant Tolkien’s principles and views on the topic, those explicitly voiced as well as those merely inferred. Secondly, the main body points out some general findings that have been arrived at in the process of putting the glossary together. The thesis is by no means a survey into etymology of Germanic languages (because of proficiency limits), neither is it a thorough literary analysis (because of the limitations of a required Bc thesis format). Tolkien’s inspiration by Germanic literary sources, huge and decisive as it was, has been analyzed only on the level of languages - 7 - 1.2.The Structure and individual words, not that of topics, motives, or characters. Special attention is paid in this respect to the manner in which Tolkien presented himself, i.e. as a translator and scholarly editor of a ‘found
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