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The Challenges of Translating Fantasy Fiction from English Into German The Challenges of Translating Fantasy Fiction from English into German: Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, and Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire: A Game of Thrones Masterarbeit Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) An der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Vorgelegt von Alexandra Bergmann Am Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik Begutachter: Keiper, Hugo, Ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Graz, 2017 1 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. ________________________ _________________________________________ (Datum) (Unterschrift) 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 2. Translation Studies ............................................................................................ 6 2.1. A Brief Overview of Translation Studies then and now ..................................... 7 2.2. Literary Translation ......................................................................................................... 13 2.3. The Role of the Literary Translator – A Performer without a Stage? ......... 16 3. Fantasy as a literary and transmedial Narrative Genre ................................... 19 3.1. What is Fantasy Fiction? A Definition .................................................................... 20 3.2. Characteristics .................................................................................................................... 21 3.3. Origins and the Rise of Fantasy Fiction .................................................................. 23 4. Challenges and Problems in the Translation of Fantasy Fiction ..................... 24 4.1. The Translation Process ................................................................................................. 25 4.2. Challenges in the Translation of Fantasy Fiction ................................................ 28 4.2.1. Cultural Transfer ................................................................................. 29 4.2.2. Style, Register, Tone, and Language Varieties ................................... 31 4.2.3. Names and Places ............................................................................... 38 4.2.4. Poems and Songs ................................................................................ 39 4.2.5. Fantasy Languages .............................................................................. 40 4.2.6. The Title .............................................................................................. 40 4.2.7. A Translator’s Relationship with the Source Text Author ................. 42 5. Analysis and Examples ................................................................................... 43 5.1. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring ............................................ 45 5.1.1. J.R.R. Tolkien and his Translators ...................................................... 47 5.1.2. The Re-Translation of The Lord of the Rings as an Example for Differences in Translating Style and Register .............................................. 48 5.1.3. The Translation of Names and Places in The Lord of the Rings ........ 51 5.1.4. The Translation of Poems and Songs in The Fellowship of the Ring 53 3 5.1.5. Translation and Tolkien’s Web of Languages .................................... 54 5.2. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone ............................................................. 55 5.2.1. Transferring Rowling’s Universe to another Culture ......................... 57 5.2.2. The Translation of Names and Places in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone ...................................................................................... 62 5.2.3. The Translation of Language Varieties in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone ...................................................................................... 64 5.3. A Song of Ice and Fire: A Game of Thrones .......................................................... 66 5.3.1. The Translation of Tone in A Game of Thrones ................................. 68 5.3.2. The Translation of Names and Places in A Game of Thrones ............ 71 5.3.3. A Game of Thrones as an Example for Misleading Title Translation 72 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 74 7. Bibliography .................................................................................................... 76 4 1. Introduction At a time when all of humanity spoke the same language, people agreed to build a city with a tower tall enough to reach heaven, as a symbol for how great they have made their nation. God, angered by this endeavor and mankind’s arrogance, confuses their speech so they can no longer communicate with each other in the building of the tower, and they ultimately scatter across the whole Earth. This is the story of the Tower of Babel, a myth that is related in the Book of Genesis (11: 1-9, cf. Online 1) and that is meant to explain why different languages are spoken by the different peoples of the world. This curse that was placed on humankind, the curse of not understanding each other’s languages, can be defeated by only one way: by translating. Robert Wechsler states that: Thus translation is ultimately a clever form of blasphemy, the building of many little bridges instead of one big tower. Mankind has invented numerous ways to overcome the part of the curse that spread us across the face of the earth: ships, roads, airplanes, the Internet. But translation is the only way that has been invented to overcome the curse of a profusion of languages. (1998: 56) According to Hatim and Mason (1997: 2), translating can be seen as “an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication.” ‘Communication’ is the common thread in this definition, independent from the text type: spoken or written, literary or non-literary, technical or non-technical, source text or target text. The translator thus becomes a special type of communicator, a sender and receiver. While spoken and written translations of different texts (oftentimes for scholarly and religious purposes) have played a crucial role in interhuman communication throughout history, the study of translation as an academic subject has been largely dismissed and has only really begun in the last part of the twentieth century. Even though it is increasingly necessary in our globalized world, translation as a profession is still undervalued, no matter if it is literary or non-literary translation, and problems of low pay or lack of recognition are still current issues (cf. Wright 2016: 2). “A translation is a text that has originated in a culture other than the reader’s own, but which has now entered a new Kulturkreis and as such is operating outside the boundaries of the context in which it was created,” Chantal Wright explains in her Literary Translation (2016: 7). As a result, translation is what makes world literature possible and what enables us to read beyond the border of our native language. The literary genre of fantasy fiction has been frowned upon and not been taken seriously until a man named John Ronald Reuel Tolkien penned his The Lord of the Rings and has heralded 5 the triumph of fantasy literature, a rise that also started in the second half of the twentieth century. This master’s thesis seeks to investigate what problems and challenges for translators are raised by particular elements in the translation of works of fantasy fiction, and what means translators have found of solving them. The first chapter of the thesis gives a general overview on the history of translation and the development of Translation Studies, and takes a look at literary translation and the important role of the literary translator. The second chapter then discusses the literary and transmedial genre of fantasy fiction, outlining narrative characteristics and origins of the genre. In the practical part of the thesis, the third and fourth chapter, the translation process is examined in more detail, and seven challenges are explained that may pose special difficulties in the translation of fantasy fiction. Finally, three popular and well- known works of fantasy fiction are used for analysis: J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, and George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire: A game of Thrones. Select pieces of text from and information on the chosen novels are compared and discussed in order to demonstrate individual translators’ solutions to specific translational challenges. 2. Translation Studies Even though the practice of translating has long been established, the research area of Translation Studies is a relatively new one, and there has been a boom in recent years (more precisely, in the second half of the twentieth century) when it expanded explosively
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