TERMS

1. Ath. Pol. (Constitution of the Athenians) - written by Aristotle, but some say it was another author or a pupil of Aristotle’s. The reasons why are the language used in the Ath.Pol. is different from his other works, Politics, which was also written by Aristotle, disagrees with the Ath.Pol, and third it contains false information like how “the constitution of Draco” in chapter four is agreed to be forgery. That is why we write [Aristotle]. This text gives us literary evidence of Archaic - Athens before the 6th century. A inside look at how the classical form of democracy came into existence. Stands for Constitution of the Athenians.

2. Cylon - Athenian who won foot race at 640 Olympics. Wife was daughter of Theagenes of Megara. He wanted to be a tyrant so he goes to Delphi and Oracle tells him to seize the acropolis at the most important festival. He should have gone to Attica, not the Olympics. He stormed the acropolis and soon became surrounded. The Archons had trouble disposing of the intruders. Cylon and his brother escaped, and the rest of his followers made a deal with the Archons(who were Alcmaeonids). The deal was they would leave if they didn’t get killed. The Archons lied and killed the men on the alter which is very bad. They go to trail, cause now they have a curse on the living and the dead. A wise man from Crete came in to purify the city and the Alcmaeonids were forced to leave but eventually came back. Terminus Post Quem is 640 which is the Olympics that Cylon won. Terminus Ante Quem 621/0 which is when Draco writes his laws. The revolt of Cylon most likely happened in 636 or 632 cause the Olympics were those years.

3. Alcmaeonids - Family belonging to the central plain. Killed Cylons followers on the steps of the acropolis around 636-632. They go to trail, cause now they have a curse on the living and the dead. Alcmaeonids were forced to leave but eventually came back. In 513 group of exiled Alcamaeonids tried to get back in but were fought out. In 508/7 and 700 Alcamaeonids were exiled by Cleomenes and Isagoras.

4. Draco - commissioned to write up laws in 621/0. He writes up the 1st law code and his homicide laws stayed intact even after Solon. In 408/9 his laws were republished. Penalty for unintentional homicide is exile out of Attica and other border nations by trade, festivals, and games. Allowed to kill in self defense, see someone stealing, boxing match, or if someone is fucking your family. Victim’s family is very important cause on prosecution. Weregild-killer compensates his victims’s relatives with a payment of valuables and brings the blood fued to an end. The courts were Areopagus which would hear cases. The Palladium which was comprised of 51 ephetai. The Delphinium dealt with cases where the person admitted that he did wrong. Phreatto heard cases that dealt with someone who was a multiple homicide offender. The Prytaneon which dealt with homicide involving an inanimate object or animal. Speaking of animals Draco is greek for serpent. Some believed Draco to be a snake creature, but most likely it was two law givers who wrote Draco’s laws. Dispute going on if laws were written before or after Cylon.

5. Solon - Archon in 594/3, but there is debate over that date. The four important things that he did were 1. He freed the Hektemoroi (sixth partners) and Seisachtheia (Shaking off of burdens)-abolished loans and freed slaves. 2. No exports. There was a grain crises so the only thing that could be sold was olive oil. This helped with the economy. 3. Implemented new weights and measures, but not coins. He increased everything. 4. Founder of criminal law. Example Graphe. He did other things too like sumptuary laws that dealt with marriage and funerals. He brought the classes closer together. Debate on whether Council of 400 is real or fake. He made a timocracy, not a democracy. Paved the way for cliesthenes. Revolutionized constitution and society.

6. graphe - A public procedure implemented by Solon in 594/3. Allows any citizen to prosecute. Originally the victim does the prosecuting. Made so people had each other’s backs.

7. Peisistratus - Public Relations Genius. Obtained the support of the people before taking power. Managed to get a body guard by injuring himself and blaming it on his enemies.

CHRONOLOGY: - Herodotus and Ath Pol disagree on key dates - only 2 secure dates: 1. 561/60= 1st tyranny 2. 528/7= death (the rest we are unsure of) 1. 1st exile in 561/0 - while deposed from tyranny, didn't flea from Attica. Once removed, Athens became a 2 party civil strife: Plain vs. Shore. Megaclese (shore) was loosing. Formed a new alliance with Peisistratus. Peisistratus would marry ' daughter and support his return to tyranny. - Finds in a village, a woman, both beautiful and abnormally tall. Her name was Phye (stature). Dresses her up as goddess Athena, drive a chariot into Athens, with him next to her and told people Athena brought him back. ATHENIANS BELIEVE THIS. Herodotus is disgusted by the Athenians and calls the entire scheme "silly" HOW COULD THEY HAVE BELIEVED IM? Played along. 2. 2nd tyranny in 566/5 - Megaclese condition was to marry his daughter. Peisistratus married her but not willing to have kids with her because she belonged to the Outmanian family and remained under a curse. Peisistratus doesn't want more kids, no kid under a religious curse because of this Peisistratus had sex with her "unusually". Megacless was so upset, he reconciled with Lycurgus and willing to join together in hopes of getting rid of Peisistratus. 3. 2nd exile in 566/5 - remained abroad for 10 years 4. 3rd tyranny in 546/5 - He was still famous while in exile. ALl the men joined him when he arrived. Disarmed Athenian population in Ath Pol-only temporary. Once had a firm hand, he gave his weapons back. He became tyrant again. Unlike the first and second tyranny, this lasted for 18 years. - DOMESTIC POLICIES: Herodotus, Thucydides and Ath Pol give rave reviews to his tyranny. He ruled as a good tyrant. Practiced virtue and decorated city, performed sacrifices, etc. In 525/4 Cleisthenese, the Athenian son of Peisistratus, rival Megaclese. Praised for Constitutional rule= served as tyrant, so secure he didn't annul the law of tyrant and was a ____

· Seized Acropolis in 561/0 – First Tyranny (Only lasts a few months) · Once exiled, he comes back and joins with Megacles against Lycurgus, taking advantage of regional party strife. Phye-5 foot 8 woman dressed as Athena rode in on chariot and regained Tyranny in a grand religious showing in 556/5. – Second Tyranny. Left again after a few months cause Megacles was mad that he didn’t have kids with his daughter and Peisistratus felt a power shift. · Begins to rebuild support by making alliances with other cities. Also establishes a Mining Enterprise that he uses to fund a mercenary army. Eventually retakes Athens with this army 10 years. Establishes 3rd Tyranny in 546/5. Dies 528/7. Economically · Raised the tax 5%. This was low compared to other tyrants. · Also instituted Athenian owl coins. · Facilitated internal production of olive oil and pottery, and allowed these to be exported all over the Aegean. Black Pottery and Red Figure Pottery is exported so much that Athens became the new leader of the Pottery Industry internationally. This insured that Athens made lots of money. · Transformed Athens into an economic power. Administration · Made sure one of his sons was elected Archon each year. Ensured that his family remained in control and that his policies would be passed at all times. Socially · Considered a good Tyrant because he did not interfere with religious and legal traditions. He even went to court when he was accused of homicide, publically demonstrating the appearance that no one is above the law. · Public Works: Fountain of Nine Streams. Refurbished the Temple of Athena and built a new temple to Zeus. · Held a festival for Athena. Also published a template of texts for Rhapsodes, which focused primarily on glorious history of Athens. · Patron the Arts. Has festival of Dionysus which becomes drama festival.

8. Phye - 5 ft 8 woman who rode into Athens on chariot with Peisistratus dressed as Athena. Convinced Athenians that she was the real deal, but there is debate.

9. Cimon the Stupid - assassinated by and Hipparchus who were co-tyrants after their father Peisistratus. He went into exile during Peisistratus’s 3rd tyranny. He was a great chariot racer and won 3 olympics. He dedicated his win to Peisistratus and the tyrants became jealous and assassinated him.

10. Miltiades (II, son of Cimon the Stupid) Also 493 Miltiades, tyrant of Churstadese and son of Cymon the Stupid made his return to Athens. Under the Peisistradid Tyrant, the Cymonid family, had set up their own semi-independent private tyranny with Athenian back up. This Miltiades had become tyrant with the blessing and the backing of Churstadese until 493. In 493 se sees which ways the winds are blowing and hearing the Persian invasion, decides to return home to Attica. When he returns, promptly charged with exercising tyranny=even attempting tyranny is a capital offense. Miltiadese however was acquitted of the tyranny charge but Athenians also elected him to board of generals- SAGACIOUS MOVE -Tyrant in 516-493. Fears the Persians and goes back to Attica. He was charged with Tyranny, but acquitted and made general. He was a hero during the . In 489 he took 70 ships and attacked Paros. Went for money more than revenge. Militades hates Paros cause they ushered him out when the Persians came. He and the Athenians couldn’t capture Paros and was crippled due to the war. He was later sentenced and fined 50 talents. He couldn’t pay so he went to prison where he died of an infection due to his leg wound from the war in 488/7.

11. earth and water For a Greek city to give earth and water was called Medism (siding with the Medes). Greeks don't distinguish between Medes and Persians. All the Islands as well as many of the cities Medize with 2 exceptions: Athens and Sparta. When Darius' heralds went to Athens demanding earth and water, the Athenians threw them to the pit where exiled were sent. The Spartans threw the Persian heralds into a well. = They are executed by throwing them into a pit and well, and these 2 are major violations of the rules of ancient diplomacy. YOU ARE NOT PERMITTED TO HARM HERALDS, no matter how obnoxious, THEY ARE THE DIPLOMATIC ENVOIS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

12. Harmodius and Aristogeiton - Harmodius and Aristogeiton- Hipparchus the tyrant liked Harmodius, but he had a boyfriend named Aristogeiton which is reffered to as the erotic accident. Hipparchus who is jealous insults Harmodius’s sister, who was holding a basket, at the Pan Helenic contest. This causes Harmodius and Aristogeiton to plan an assassination on both tyrants. The plan was botched and they hastily killed Hipparchus before being killed themselves in 514. Hippias goes mad and steps down in 511. The two lovers were viewed as heroes who paved the way for democracy. Their families received tax exemption.

13. Isagoras - Hippocledes of Tisander not brother of Isagoras, but probably related. Was believed to be a Philaid. Cleisthenes vs Isagoras for Athens in 508/7. Was tyrant and a member of the council of the Areopagus that year. Cleisthenes was promising the people reforms. Isagoras is pissed so he brings in Cleomenes who is the king of Sparta and they siege the acropolis. Isagoras’s wife is sleeping with Cleomenes. They exile Cleisthenes and get rid of the 700 Alcmaeonids. The siege only lasts two days and the Athenians make terms to Cleomenes which are to leave Athens immediately. Isagoras and Cleomenes leave and Cleisthenes comes back. 14. Cleomenes - Spartan king who was sleeping with Isagoras’s wife. Him and Isagoras siege the acropolis,( which lasts only two days), get rid of the 700 Alcmaeonids and disband the Council of the Areopagus. Athenians make terms to Cleomenes which are to leave Athens immediately. Isagoras and Cleomenes leave and Cleisthenes comes back. Cleomenes wants revenge. He gathers an army that includes the Pelopenesians, but once they find out that they are going to take down Cleisthenes the army disbands. Later asked by Aristagoras of Miletus to help fight Persia and offers 50 talents. He refuses. He also crushed Argives at Battle of Sepia.

15. ostracism - We know this info from Herodotus and the Ath. Pol. 508/7 was when it was when Cleisthenes put it into effect. The first one happened to Hipparchus son of Charmus in 488/7. Every year question was asked to the assembly “do you wish for an ostracism?” Yes or No. In Athens any citizen could vote and write name on a piece of pottery. 6,000 votes for a quorum. You could vote anonymously. Whoever receives the most votes gets ostracized for ten years. Have to leave Attica within ten days, but you retain your property rights and citizenship. Can come back once ten years are up, but most were allowed to come back before the ten years. If you came back before ten years any citizen could kill you on sight. Debate over when ostracism was invented because the Athenians waited 20 years. Maybe they were overwhelmed with the power? Example could be the impeachment law in the US. This law was to safeguard from tyranny. 487/6 Megacles son of Hippocrates ostracized because his family might have been responsible for shining the shield for the Persians. If you were possible friends with a tyrant you could be exiled. Another example would be Aristides the Just in 483/2.

16. Hipparchus son of Charmus - 1st to be ostracized in 488/7 by Athenians. He was a relative to Peisistratidae. Was Archon in 496/5 and a possible allay with the Persians.

17. Gyges - (685-652) Bodyguard of Candaules-King of Lydia. Candaules tries to prove how hot his wife is so he told Gyges to hide and watch his wife undress. He reluctantly complies and the wife sees him. She gives him two choices. 1. Die or 2. Marry her, but kill her husband. He chooses option two and starts the Mermnads dynasty and becomes monarch of Lydia. Gugu is real name of Gyges. He was a contemporary of Archilochus. Mermnad dynasty developed relations with Greek cities and oracles, and Greeks were impressed by their wealth. Gyges raided Miletus and Smyrna and captured the citadel of Colophon. This dynasty ends in the 5th century by Croesus in 560. This dynasty known for its riches.