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The Monocots!

We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the angiosperms and take a look at the - those possessing one seed Diversity and Floristics leaf. The other main features of the monocots separating of Monocots them from all other flowering are: ! 1. 3 merous flowers

. . . aquatics, aroids, lilies . . . !

The Monocots! The Monocots!

We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf. leaf. The other main features of the monocots separating The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are: them from all other flowering plants are:

1. 3 merous flowers 1. 3 merous flowers 2. Parallel-veined leaves 2. Parallel-veined leaves 3. Absence of woody tissue

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The Aquatic Monocots! The Aquatic Monocots! emergent Associated with the aquatic habit is Emergent, floating, or submerged the trend from insect-pollinated, aquatic group of monocots showy flowers to water-pollinated, reduced flowers These are the first diverging monocots The group shows increasing effort to vegetative reproduction over sexual reproduction

submerged

Showy flowers, insect-pollinated

Reduced unisexual flowers, water-pollinated floating

Butomaceae - flowering rush family! *Alismataceae - water plantain family! Emergent aquatic family Aquatic or wetland family, especially in Leaves show no obvious blade and north temperate regions petiole differentiation Leaves long petioled, often with CA 3 CO 3 A 9 G 6 sagittate-shaped leaves

Flowers in umbels, unsealed carpels at top form Tubers starchy, often edible follicles

Butomus umbellatus - flowering rush Sagittaria - arrowhead non-native, potentially invasive!

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*Alismataceae - water plantain family! *Alismataceae - water plantain family! CA 3 CO 3 A 6-∞ G 6-∞

Calyx of 3 green , corolla of 3 white petals

Carpels apocarpic

1-seeded achenes

Flowers can be unisexual Head of achenes

Similar to Sagittaria, but with carpels in one ring rather than globose head

Sagittaria - arrowhead Alisma plantago-aquatica - water plantain (or A. subcordatum)

Juncaginaceae - arrowgrass family! Hydrocharitaceae - frog bit family! Submersed or floating aquatic plants Various forms of water pollination present Aquatic plants of swamps, bogs, or lake edges Our native species of Elodea has a whorl of 3

leaves; cultivated and escaped E. densa from Leaves basal, fleshy Argentina has a whorl of 6 leaves

Inflorescence terminal spike or raceme explodes out and floats

CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G 3,6

Both species in Wisconsin are considered “special concern” but are often overlooked because of size; this species has 6 carpels, the other 3

Triglochin maritima - arrowgrass Elodea canadensis - waterweed

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Hydrocharitaceae - frog bit family! Hydrocharitaceae - frog bit family!

Vallisneria (tapegrasses, eelgrasses) are composed of two species, one New World, Male flower in clusters; female flower single one Old World Pollen water boat floats and attaches to 3 broad stigma of the female flower; flower retracts and forms fruit under water

Vallisneria spiralis - tapegrass (OW)

Note the floating male flowers and one large Vallisneria americana - tapegrass female with 3 stigmatic areas on a long (with Hydrilla verticillata) peduncle Vallisneria americana - tapegrass Vallisneria americana - tapegrass (with floating flowers)

*Potamogetonaceae - pondweed family! *Potamogetonaceae - pondweed family!

Aquatic plants with dimorphic leaves CA 0,4 CO 0 A 4 G 4

25 species in Wisconsin difficult to identify, hybridize, and some are Perianth of 4 clawed segments if present troublesome weeds typically of 4 free, 1-ovuled carpels Fruit drupe-like

Potomogeton sp. - pondweed

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*Potamogetonaceae - pondweed family! **Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family! Large family primarily of the tropics Vegetative parts often containing raphides in Mainly epiphytic, others terrestrial, a few the vacuoles with mucilage; raphides often aquatic calcium oxalate - an irritant

Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, surrounded by bract called the spathe

CA 0 CO 0 A 6-∞ G (2-3)

Flowers unisexual or perfect Fruits berries clustered on spadix spadix

Spathe (cut away

Potomogeton nodosus - pondweed Flowers (top) and fruits (bottom) Symplocarpus foetidus - skunk cabbage Arisaema triphyllum - jack-in-the pulpit

**Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family! **Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family! Rotting flesh odor, mottled purple and yellow-green coloration indicate specialized pollination syndrome

JACK JILL urban legend!

flesh flies - Sarcophagidae

gnats - Mycetophilidae

carrion flies - Calliphoridae Arisaema triphyllum - jack-in-the pulpit Symplocarpus foetidus - skunk cabbage [or jill-in-the-pulpit ?]

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**Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family! Endogenous heating of skunk cabbage (S. renifolius) spadix

Cabbage-like leaves emerge later in the spring

Foetid smelling inflorescence emerges early in spring or late winter; attracts carrion flies by heating up and volatizing off the odor

Symplocarpus foetidus - skunk cabbage

Onda Y. et.al. Physiol. 2008:146:636-645

**Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family! **Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family!

Floating or submersed aquatics derived from within jack- in-the-pulpit family

Vegetative reproduction primarily

Lemna turionifera - perennial duckweed

Lemna minor - small duckweed

Includes the smallest angiosperm, and the smallest flower

Inflorescence reduced to 1 female and 1-2 male flowers Calla palustris - water arum Our emergent aquatic member of the family

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**Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family! Acoraceae - sweetflag family! Emergent aquatic plants with ethereal oils and Spirodela polyrhiza no raphides – first diverging monocot! great duckweed 2 species, one in both the old world and new world; both are in Wisconsin Largest of the aquatics

Inflorescence with spathe and spadix, flowers bisexual

Smallest member of the family and the angiosperms

Wolffia columbiana - water meal americanus - sweet flag

Lilioid Monocots ( + )! (Liliales + Asparagales)!

The lilioid monocots represent two orders and The lilioid monocots represent two orders and contain most of the showy monocots such as contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids

They are defined by 3 features: They are defined by 3 features:

1. Geophytes: herbaceous above ground with 1. Geophytes: herbaceous above ground with bulbs, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers as modified, corms, rhizomes, tubers as modified, perennial perennial stems below ground stems below ground

2. Tepals: showy perianth in 2 series of 3 each; usually all petaloid, or outer series not green and -like

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Lilioid Monocots (Liliales + Asparagales)! **Liliaceae s.l. - lily family!

The orders of Liliales and Asparagales contain 15 families in the new classification The lilioid monocots represent two orders and system, but these are not well demarcated based on morphological features. contain most of the showy monocots such as lilies, tulips, blue flags, and orchids Warning! The families used and placement of genera in the Field Manual of the Michigan Flora is often wrong (as they are in Wisflora). See the handout provided They are defined by 3 features: and on the Student Herbarium cabinets for correct naming and placements.

1. Geophytes: herbaceous above ground with bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers as modified, perennial stems below ground

The family comprises herbaceous 2. Tepals: showy perianth in 2 series of 3 each; perennials common in the north usually all petaloid, or outer series not green and temperate forests sepal-like Leaves usually do not have a well- 3. Nectaries: usually well-developed nectar tissue developed petioles and leaves are at the base of ovary or stamens; insect or bird- either sessile or basal pollinated

**Liliaceae s.l. - lily family! **Liliaceae s.l. - lily family!

__ CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3)

Flowers are showy and 3 merous with 6 tepals

3 fused carpels (either superior or inferior) form capsule or berry Lilium michiganense - Turk’s cap lily Medeola virginica - Indian cucumber root with numerous seeds

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**Liliaceae s.l. - lily family! **Liliaceae s.l. - lily family!

Erythronium americanum - yellow trout lily

Clintonia borealis - Yellow bead lily

Tulipa sp. - tulip

*Melanthiaceae Ð trillium family! *Colchicaceae Ð bellwort family!

Trillium grandiflorum - large flowered trillium [Melanthiaceae]

Trillium recurvatum - prairie trillium [Melanthiaceae]

Uvularia grandiflora - bellwort

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*Asparagaceae Ð asparagus family! *Asparagaceae Ð asparagus family!

Maianthemum canadense - wild lily of the valley

Asparagus officinalis Ð asparagus adventive, cultivated

*Asparagaceae Ð asparagus family! *Asparagaceae Ð asparagus family!

Maianthemum racemosum - False Solomon’s-seal

[= Smilacina racemosa]

Polygonatum pubescens - Solomon’s-seal

Maianthemum stellatum - Starry false Solomon’s-seal

[= Smilacina stellata]

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Amaryllidaceae Ð amaryllis family! some common cultivated species!

Scilla sibirica - English bluebell [Asparagaceae] cultivated

Narcissus sp. - daffodil [Amaryllidaceae] Cultivated, note corona

Allium tricoccum - Wild leak

some common cultivated species! *Smilacaceae - catbriar family! Small family, mainly of South Hemisphere Climbing via tendrils (modified stipules) Starchy tubers, edible

Distinctive with large, net-veined leaves and definite petioles

Hemerocallis fulva - day lily [Xanthorrheaceae] Smilax herbacea - bristly greenbriar cultivated

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*Smilacaceae - catbriar family! Flowers unisexual, dioecious plants; carrion flowers are foetid

Smilax herbacea - common carrion-flower Male umbel Female umbel

Fruit an umbel of black berries (red berries is from jack-in-the pulpit)

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