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The Boko Haram Conflict in Cameroon Why Is Peace So Elusive? Pr Secur nd ity a S e e c r i a e e s P FES Pr. Ntuda Ebode Joseph Vincent Pr. Mark Bolak Funteh Dr. Mbarkoutou Mahamat Henri Mr. Nkalwo Ngoula Joseph Léa THE BOKO HARAM CONFLICT IN CAMEROON Why is peace so elusive? Pr. Ntuda Ebode Joseph Vincent Pr. Mark Bolak Funteh Dr. Mbarkoutou Mahamat Henri Mr. Nkalwo Ngoula Joseph Léa THE BOKO HARAM CONFLICT IN CAMEROON Why is peace so elusive? Translated from the French by Diom Richard Ngong [email protected] © Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Yaoundé (Cameroun), 2017. Tél. 00 237 222 21 29 96 / 00 237 222 21 52 92 B.P. 11 939 Yaoundé / Fax: 00 237 222 21 52 74 E-mail : [email protected] Site : www.fes-kamerun.org Réalisation éditoriale : PUA : www.aes-pua.com ISBN: 978-9956-532-05-3 Any commercial use of publications, brochures or other printed materials of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung is strictly forbidden unless otherwise authorized in writing by the publisher This publication is not for sale All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm, translation or other means without written permission from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ………………………………………………….....……………....................…………..................... 5 Abbreviations and acronyms ………………………………………...........…………………………….................... 6 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………....................………………....….................... 7 Chapter I – Background and context of the emergence of Boko Haram in Cameroon ……………………………………………………………………………………....................………….................... 8 A. Historical background to the crisis in the Far North region ……………..……….................... 8 B. Genesis of the Boko Haram conflict ………………………………………………..................................... 10 Chapter II - Actors, challenges and prospects of a complex conflict ……………....... 12 A. Actors and the challenges of the Boko Haram conflict …………………………….....................12 1. The Cameroonian Boko Haram faction and its support network……………............... 12 2. The political and military offensive by the Cameroonian government ……………. 16 3. Responses by regional organizations and international partners ……...…....................16 4. Mobilization of vigilante committees ………………………………………………........................... 18 B. The socioeconomic and political impact of the Boko Haram conflict crisis …….......... 18 C. Prospects for security in the Far North Region of Cameroon ………………......................... 19 Chapter III – Why is peace so elusive?………………………………………................……….................... 22 A. An inadequate security response ………………………………………………........................................... 22 B. The emergence of a crime entrepreneurship ………………………………………………..................24 C. Lack of a de-radicalization strategy ………………………………………………...................................... 25 D. The impact of mal-governance ………………………………………………................................................ 26 Chapter IV - Recommendations …………………………......………....................……………….................... 27 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….................……………………………….................... 29 References ……………………………………………………………………………………...................…………....................30 The Boko Haram conflict in Cameroon. Why is peace so elusive? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Commission (LCBC) and Mr. Amadou DIONGUE, Coordinator for the West This publication is the product of many Africa and the Sahel Peace and Security working sessions with experts of the Department of the African Union, who Security Think Tank set up by the Friedrich graciously accepted to travel from the LCBC Ebert Siftung (FES) Cameroon, to examine and the AU respectively, to shed light on the the various facets of the Boko Haram con- efforts being made by their institutions in flict and to suggest new approaches and the fight against terrorism in the Lake Chad collective responses. Basin. We would like here to sincerely thank all the Sincere thanks also go to Mr. Nkalwo Ngoula experts who actively participated and pro- Joseph Léa of the University of Douala who vided their multidisciplinary and multi-sec- drafted this publication. toral insights to this collegial effort. Finally we would like to especially thank FES hereby expresses its heartfelt gratitude the former Resident Representative, Mrs. to Pr. Ntuda Ebode Joseph Vincent, Director Susanne Stollreiter, and the Peace and of the Centre de Recherche et d’Etudes Security Program Coordinator, Mrs. Susan Politiques et Stratégiques (CREPS), Pr. Mark Bamuh Apara, who worked tirelessly to Bolak Funteh and Dr. Mbarkoutou Mahamat organize the security workshops and also Henri of the University of Maroua for their participated in the drafting and publication valuable academic contributions, expertise of this book. and suggestions that have enriched this work. M. Friedrich Kramme-Stermose We also express our appreciation to H. Resident Representative E. Mamman NUHU, Political Adviser to FES Cameroon and Central Africa the Head of Mission of the Multinational Joint Task Force of the Lake Chad Basin 5 Ntuda Ebode Joseph Vincent - Mark Bolak Funteh - Mbarkoutou Mahamat Henri - Nkalwo Ngoula Joseph Léa ABREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees ACF: Action against hunger ICG: International crisis group ACLED: Armed conflict location & event IED: Improvised Explosive Devices data project IGA: Income Generating Activities AFD: French Development Agency INS: National Statistics Institute ANIF: National financial investigation ISS: Institute for Security Studies agency JMTF: Multinational Joint Task Force AU: African Union LCBC: Lake Chad Basin Commission BH: Boko Haram MINEPIA: Ministry of Livestock Fisheries BIR: Rapid Intervention Unit and Animal Industries BUCRES: Central Bureau of Census and MSF: Doctors without borders Population Studies OCHA: Office for the Coordination of Hu- COPAX: Central African Peace and Security manitarian Affairs Council NGO: Non Governmental organization CSO: Civil society organizations PAIC: Community initiatives support DTM: Displacement tracking matrix program ECCAS: Economic Community of Central SME: Small and Medium Sized Enterprise African States UNDP: United Nations Development ELECAM: Elections Cameroon Program FAO: United Nations Food and Agricultural UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund Organization UNICEF: United Nations Children Emergen- FES: Friedrich Ebert Siftung cy Fund GABAC: Task Force on Money Laundering USAID: United States Agency for Interna- in Central Africa tional Development GIZ: German international development WB: World Bank cooperation Agency WDYP: World Dynamics of Young People GRIP: Group for Research and Information WFP: World Food Program on Peace and Security 6 The Boko Haram conflict in Cameroon. Why is peace so elusive? GENERAL INTRODUCTION local populations to understand how indi- viduals and groups of individuals become The Far North Region of Cameroon is the radicalized (UNDP, 2017); and an instru- theatre of horrendous violence by the mental approach that seeks to understand terrorist sect Boko Haram. This part of the rationale behind Boko Haram attacks the country, with its exotic landscape, is as well as their military and communication suffering from what is arguably one of the strategies and tactics in Cameroon (Christian worst catastrophes of the Lake Chad Basin; Seignobos, 2015 ; Elodie Apard, 2015). a tragedy that has forcefully displaced per- This study has adopted a new and different sons and led to the death of thousands. In approach: it identifies the various actors in- spite of mobilization by the international volved, examines their political, economic, community and considerable efforts by the social and symbolic interests, and analyses Cameroonian government and its partners the correlation between the attainment of of the Lake Chad Basin, the terrorist threat these objectives and the prolongation of has not subsided; rather it has persisted the conflict. A close look at the interests as and is evolving constantly. The crisis is now well as the political and economic alliances bogged down, and recent events on the among the parties involved, can shed ground have given the lie to declarations new light on the dynamics of this complex by some government officials that Boko conflict. Haram is on its last legs. Even the research To achieve its objective, the Friedrich Ebert community has been unable to properly cir- Foundation organized a series of security cumscribe this complex phenomenon using workshops between 2016 and 2017 that traditional analytical tools. brought together experts from academic, A lot has been written about the Boko military, media, political and civil society in- Haram conflict in Cameroon. However, till stitutions as well as from international orga- date, this literature has focused more on nizations. This publication is the outcome of the general and specific descriptions of the discussions, semi-structured interviews with conflict than on detailed and innovative various stakeholders, relevant documentary analyses. The approaches adopted in the research and analyses of empirical data by studies so far can be grouped into three members of the working group. categories: a multi-causal approach that The study, which is based on an analyti- examines the social, economic, political, cal, empirical and prospective approach, security, cultural and religious environment, examines the genesis of the conflict and that fostered the growth of Boko Haram’s the context that led to the emergence violent
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