Proceedings Prof

Exchange of knowledge and skills between SRI LANKA and TAIWAN

18 - 20 January 2017 Symposium and Workshop on Advances in Entomological Research

Postgraduate Institute of Science University of Peradeniya

Department of Zoology Department of Entomology Faculty of Science National Chung Hsing University

Diamond Jubilee Celebration - University of Peradeniya - 2017 SRI LANKA-TAIWAN JOINT SYMPOSIUM AND WORKSHOP ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of Knowledge and Skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

18 - 20 January 2017

POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA SRI LANKA

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA SRI LANKA

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY NATIONAL CHUNG HSING UNIVERSITY TAIWAN

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ISBN 978-955-8787-12-0

Published by Postgraduate Institute of Science (PGIS) University of Peradeniya Peradeniya 20400 SRI LANKA

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Printed in the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Organizing Committee ...... iv Workshop Program - Day I ...... v Workshop Program - Day II ...... vi Oral Presentations - List of Abstracts ...... vii Poster Presentations - List of Abstracts ...... x

Abstracts of Presentations Session I - Oral Presentations ...... 1 Session II - Oral Presentations ...... 7 Session III - Oral Presentations ...... 13 Session IV - Poster Presentations ...... 18

Author Index ...... 26

iii

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof. H.M.D. Namal Priyantha Director, Postgraduate Institute of Science

Coordinators of the Workshop and Symposium Dr. W.A.I.P. Karunaratne Dr. W.A.P.P. de Silva Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science

Editor of Proceedings Prof. J.P. Edirisnghe Emeritus Professor Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science

Cover design and Page setup Dr. S.P. Abeysundara Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science

PROGRAMME

WORKSHOP ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of knowledge and skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

18th-19th January, 2017

Day I 18th January 2017

Inaugural Session – PGIS Auditorium

8:00 - 8:30 a.m. Registration

8:30 - 9:00 a.m. Inauguration

9:00 - 9:30 a.m. Tea

Technical Sessions – Department of Zoology

9:30 - 12:30 p.m. Technical Session I: Survey of insect biodiversity and community

structure survey at family level

Prof. Jeng-Tze Yang, Mr. Ming-Shu Chan and Mr. Chi-Chun Liao

Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan

12:30 -1:30 p.m. Lunch

1:30 - 4:30 p.m. Technical Session II: Identification of common mosquitoes of Sri

Lanka

Ms. Thilini C. Weeraratne and Dr. Priyanka de Silva

Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

4:30 p.m. Tea

PROGRAMME

WORKSHOP ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of knowledge and skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

18th-19th January, 2017

Day II 19th January 2017

8:00 - 9:30 a.m. Technical Sessions III: Identification of common bees of Sri Lanka

Prof. J.P. Edirisinghe, Dr. W.A. Inoka P. Karunaratne and Ms. Saumya

Silva

Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

9:30 - 10:00 a.m. Tea

10:30 - 12:30 p.m. Technical Sessions III: Identification of bees (continued...)

12:30 - 1:30 p.m. Lunch

1:30 - 3:00 p.m. Technical Session IV: Application of local knowledge in Taiwan on

insect pest management

Prof. Lekhnath Kafle

Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation,

National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

3:00 – 4:30 p.m. Technical Session V: Application of classical conditioning techniques

on honey bee behaviour

Prof. En-Cheng Yang, Mr. Ting-Shuo Wang, and

Mr. Cheng-Kang Tang

Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

4:30 p.m. Tea

PROGRAMME

SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of knowledge and skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

20th January, 2017

Oral Presentations - List of Abstracts

SESSION I - PGIS

Title and Authors Page No.

Invited Presentation CONTROL OF VECTORS OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES IN SRI LANKA 01 S.H.P.P. Karunaratne

REGULATION OF GENES RELATED TO IMMUNE SIGNALING AND 02 DETOXIFICATION IN Apis mellifera (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) BY AN INHIBITOR OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION Y.T. Hu, C.K. Tang, E.C. Yang, P.C. Wu and Y.L. Wu

TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) 03 RECORDED FROM TWO DISTRICTS IN THE DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA R. K. Sriyani Dias, M. K. C. G. Gunathilake, K. R. K. A. Kosgamage and H. A. W. S. Peiris

DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLIES IN DIFFERENT HABITAT TYPES IN MATARA 04 DISTRICT, SRI LANKA G.P.K.S. Pathiraja, H.A.S.D.Perera and H.C.E.Wegiriya

FORM, FUNCTION, AND INSPIRATION: BIOMECHANICAL STRATEGIES 05 LEARNED FROM INSECT ATTACHMENT Y.C. Tsai, Y. Chen, W.T. Yueh, M.C. Shih and K.J. Chi

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF SRI 06 LANKAN ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) T.C. Weeraratne, S.N. Surendran and S.H.P.P. Karunaratne

vii

PROGRAMME

SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of knowledge and skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

20th January, 2017

Oral Presentations - List of Abstracts

SESSION II – PGIS

Title and Authors Page No.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF NEONICOTINOID 07 PESTICIDE RESIDUES C.H.Tsai, M.H. Ho, S.K. Lin, J.F. Sheen and J.C. Hsu

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ORNITHOPHILIC MOSQUITOES (CULICIDAE: 08 DIPTERA) OF SRI LANKA D. Chathuranga, S.H.P.P. Karunaratne and W.A.P.P. de Silva

EFFECT OF WILD AND ORNAMENTAL PLANT COMPOSITIONS ON INSECT 09 RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY S. A. E. C. Wijesinghe, W. A. I. P. Karunarathne and K. Yakandawala

THE FIRST RECORD AND STATUS OF ANEURETUS SIMONI EMERY, 1893 10 (FORMICIDAE, ANEURETINAE) IN LENAGALA FOREST RESERVE OF SRI LANKA AND A PRELIMINARY ANT INVENTORY OF THE FOREST W.S. Udayakantha and R.K.S. Dias

FIRST REPORT TO SHOW THE EMERGING RESISTANCE TO AMITRAZ AND 11 FLUMETHRIN IN RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS (BROWN DOG TICK) IN SRI LANKA: A CASE STUDY AT POLICE KENNELS, KANDY K.M.U.J.Bandara, D.M.A.P. Dissanayake, W.A.P.P. de Silva and S.H.P.P. Karunaratne

IDENTIFICATION OF WOLBACHIA STRAINS IN WILD MOSQUITO 12 POPULATIONS IN KANDY DISTRICTOF SRI LANKA N.W.N.P. Nugapola, W.A.P.P. de Silva and S.H.P.P. Karunaratne

viii

PROGRAMME

SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of knowledge and skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

20th January, 2017

Oral Presentations - List of Abstracts

SESSION III - PGIS Title and Authors Page No.

DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF MEALYBUGS (HEMIPTERA: 13 PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) IN DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF SRI LANKA U.G.A.I. Sirisena, G.W. Watson, K.S. Hemachandra and H.N.P. Wijayagunasekara

RECONSTRUCTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF HONEY BEE BRAIN BY USING 14 MICRO-CT TECHNOLOGY T.S. Wang, Y.F. Tsai, H.H. Chang, C.H. Cheng and E.C. Yang

COMBINED EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TISSUE TYPE ON 15 DEVELOPMENT OF LUCILIA CUPRINA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) Y.T.B. Bambaradeniya, W.A.I.P. Karunaratne, I. Goonerathne , R.B. Kotakadeniya and J.K.Tomberlin

NEWLY RECORDED FOREST TERMITE GENERA AND SPECIES FROM 16 CENTRAL HILLS OF SRI LANKA I.I. Hemachandra, J.P. Edirisinghe, W.A.I.P. Karunaratne and C.V.S. Gunatilleka

Invited Presentation TAXONOMY OF THE TAIWANESE LEAF BEETLES (CHRYSOMELIDAE): PAST, 17 PRESENT, AND FUTURE C.F. Lee

PROGRAMME

SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Exchange of knowledge and skills between Sri Lanka and Taiwan

20th January, 2017

Poster Presentations - List of Abstracts

SESSION IV - PGIS Title and Authors Page No.

APPLICATION OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON MANAGEMENT OF 18 DIAMONDBACK MOTH IN CABBAGE Lekhnath Kafle and Mandira Katwal

MORPHOLOGY OF MANDIBLE ADAPTATIONS IN GRASSHOPPERS 19 (ORTHOPTERA: CAELIFERA) TO FOOD PLANTS FROM SUBTROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM, CENTRAL TAIWAN T.F. Hsiao, J.T. Yang and M.Y. Chen

ESTIMATIONOF TIME OF COLONIZATION USING ANIMAL WOUND MYIASIS- 20 CAUSING FLY, CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA: A CASE STUDY W.R.U.A. Bandara, W.A.I.P. Karunaratne, R.M. Fuward, A. Dangolla and A.D.H. Yasakeerthi

THE NOTCHED-FRONS KATYDID FROM TAIWAN (ORTHOPTERA: 21 TETTIGONIIDAE: CONOCEPHALINAE: COPIPHORINI): REDESCRIPTIONS AND KEYS C. Sri-In and J.T. Yang

PATTERN OF ELEVATION DISTRIBUTION OF ORTHOPTERA IN TAIWAN 22 M.S. Chan and J.T. Yang

EVALUATION OF TAXONOMIC CHARACTER OF COXAL SPINES IN FORELEG 23 OF Hierodula patellifera (MANTODEA: MANTIDAE) C.C. Liao and J.T. Yang

IMPORTANCE OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN A HOME GARDEN TO SUSTAIN 24 HONEYBEE COLONIES E.M.M. Edirisinghe and W.A.I.P. Karunaratne

EFFECT OF WILD BEE POLLINATION ON POD AND SEED SET IN OKRA, 25 Abelmoschus esculentus R.A.S.N. Perera and W.A.I.P. Karunaratne

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Invited Presentation Session I

CONTROL OF VECTORS OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASES IN SRI LANKA

S.H.P.P. Karunaratne

National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Rd., Kandy, Sri Lanka. Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. [email protected]

Improved vector control is essential for elimination of vector borne diseases. In Sri Lanka, four major mosquito-borne diseases i.e. dengue, malaria, filariasis and Japanese encephalitis (JE) have been of public health concern for several decades. Mosquito control programmes mainly depend on chemical control, biological control and environmental management. Chemical control is carried out through spraying larvicides and adulticides and use of insecticide impregnated bed nets. Bacillus thuringiensis and larvivorous fish are commonly used in biological control. Environmental management is mainly achieved via elimination of mosquito breeding sites. Although adverse to the environment, chemical control is the cheapest and the most effective means of mosquito control, especially during disease outbreaks. However, insecticide resistance, developed through increased metabolism and target site insensitivity in mosquito populations, has become a major obstacle to control programmes. JE is a viral disease transmitted by paddy field breeding mosquitoes Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus. Birds act as reservoir hosts and pigs act as amplifying hosts. Two major JE outbreaks that occurred during 1985/1988 in the North Central Province resulted in more than 1000 cases and 256 deaths. Large scale new settlements of non-immune immigrants, expansion of paddy cultivation and establishment of piggeries were claimed to be responsible for these outbreaks. Intensified vector control programmes, removal of piggeries and immunization programmes significantly reduced the burden and the number of cases currently reported is less than ten per year. Filariasis is caused by the nematode worm Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by the mosquito Cx. quinquefasciatus. The disease prevails mainly in South Western coastal belt of the country. Intensified mosquito control efforts together with other activities reduced disease transmission. In 2016, WHO officially declared Sri Lanka as a ‘filariasis free’ country. Malaria is caused by the protozoan, Plasmodium falciparum and transmitted mainly by Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus. Sri Lanka experienced the severest outbreak of malaria in 1934 with 80,000 deaths. After much effort, country could eliminate malaria in 2015. Rapid urbanization effectively reduced available breeding sites for malaria vector mosquitoes but increased the same for dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Dengue is a viral disease and since 1989/90 the country has been experiencing progressively larger epidemics with more severe and fatal cases. More than 50,000 cases and 85 deaths have been reported for the year 2016. Control of dengue vectors has become the biggest challenge today. Rapid development programmes and limited exposure of vectors to insecticides are major problems faced by dengue vector control programmes. New interventions such as the use of the symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria, genetically modified mosquitoes and innovative cross-disciplinary technologies are critical to reduce high transmission of dengue.

Keywords: Dengue, Malaria, Mosquito borne diseases, Vector control, Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session I

REGULATION OF GENES RELATED TO IMMUNE SIGNALING AND DETOXIFICATION IN Apis mellifera (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) BY AN INHIBITOR OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION

Y.T. Hu, C.K. Tang, E.C. Yang, P.C. Wu, Y.L. Wu*

Department and Graduate Institute of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. *[email protected]

The western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is essential for the global economy due to its important role in ecosystems and agriculture as a pollinator of numerous flowering plants and crops. Pesticide abuse has greatly impacted honeybees and caused tremendous loss of honeybee colonies worldwide. The reasons for colony loss remain unclear, but involvement of pesticides and pathogen-pesticide interactions has been hypothesized. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) inhibit the activity of histone acetylase, which causes the hyperacetylation of histone cores and influences gene expression. In this study, sodium butyrate, an HDACi, was used as a dietary supplement for honeybees; after treatment, gene expression profiles were analyzed using quantitative PCR. The results showed that sodium butyrate up-regulated genes involved in anti-pathogen and detoxification pathways. The bioassay results showed that honeybees treated with sodium butyrate were more tolerant to imidacloprid. Additionally, sodium butyrate strengthened the immune response of honeybees to invasions of Nosema ceranae and viral infections. We also performed a bioassay in which honeybees were exposed to pesticides and pathogens. Our results provide additional data regarding the mechanism by which honeybees react to stress and the potential application of HDACis in beekeeping.

Keywords: Apis mellifera, HDAC inhibitor, Immune-related gene, Detoxification gene, Sodium butyrate.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session I

TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) RECORDED FROM TWO DISTRICTS IN THE DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA

R. K. Sriyani Dias*, M. K. C. G. Gunathilake, K. R. K. A. Kosgamage and H. A. W. S. Peiris

Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

Ants are a major biotic component in any terrestrial environment. The objectives of present ant surveys were to list the taxonomic diversity and to prepare a preliminary ant inventory of the Dry Zone. Localities selected were; Anuradhapura Forest, Thambuththegama Forest, Kahalle-Pallekele Forest, Nachchaduwa Forest, Mihinthale Forest, Anuradhapura Sanctuary, Mihinthale Sanctuary, Mahakanadarawa Forest, Giritale Forest, Nagalakanda Forest, Somawathiya Sanctuary, Polonnaruwa Sanctuary, Dambulla Forest in Polonnaruwa and Kalahagala Forest, 12 cultivated lands and 14 bare lands in Anuradhapura and Polonnnaruwa Districts. Selected localities were surveyed for ant fauna using honey baiting and soil sifting only in four of the localities and soil sifting, litter sifting, honey baiting, honey-baited pitfall trapping and hand collection in the other localities during 2006 - 2008. Six subfamilies, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Leptanillinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae and Pseudomyrmecinae, 41 genera, 91 species and morphospecies from Anuradhapura District and eight subfamilies with additional Amblyoponinae and Dorylinae, 34 genera and 73 species and morpho-species were recorded from Polonnaruwa District. Sixty three known species (excluding many morpho-species) in 42 genera and 8 subfamilies, Amblyoponinae, Dolichoderinae, Dorylinae, Formicinae, Leptanillinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae and Pseudomyrmecinae, recorded from the two Districts, after incorporating the recent, global taxonomic revisions of ants, can be considered a preliminary ant inventory of the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka and would provide baseline information to future ant research.

Financial support from Kelaniya University Research Grant (RP/03/02/07/01/2005) and National Science Foundation Research Grant (RG 2007/EB/03) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Agricultural fields, Ant inventory, Ant surveys, Dry zone ants, Forest ants.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session I

DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLIES IN DIFFERENT HABITAT TYPES IN MATARA DISTRICT, SRI LANKA

G.P.K.S. Pathiraja1*, H.A.S.D. Perera2 and H.C.E. Wegiriya1

1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka. 2Department of Limnology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences & Technology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

The distribution of butterflies in a given area is known to change with the climate and other topographical conditions. This study was carried out with the objective of recording the diversity of butterfly fauna in a variety of habitat types in the Matara district, Sri Lanka. The five habitats types selected were; natural forest in Kekanadura, bank/bund of Dandeniya reservoir, wetland in Kiralakale, disturbed habitat in Wellamadama premises of the University of Ruhuna and costal belt in Thalalla. Butterflies were sampled using the standard method and collections were made on non-rainy days from 7.00-17.00 h, along a 100 m line transect. Butterflies were sampled twice every month from August to October 2016 and were identified using standard identification guides. The species composition of the butterfly fauna varied with the habitat type. In the natural forest in Kekanadura, there were 27 butterfly species belonging to eight (8) families, that included one (1) endemic species (Idea iasonia), five (5) threatened species, (Euthalia lubentina, Ariadne merione, Nacaduba beroe, Idea iasonia and Tagiades litigiosa). In the costal belt in Thalalla, seven (7) butterfly species belonging to four (4) families were recorded. Catopsilia pomona was the most abundant species in the area. In the banks/bunds of Dandeniya reservoir, 26 butterfly species belonging to eight (8) families, were recorded that included four (4) threatened species, (Nacaduba beroe, Tagiades litigiosa, Ideopsis similis and Ariadne merione). Acraea violae (Tawny Coster) was the most abundant species along the banks. In Kirala-kele wetland, 26 butterfly species belonging to eight (8) families were recorded; one (1) threatened species (Ideopsis similis). Ypthima ceylonica (White Four-ring), being the most abundant species. In the disturbed Wellamadama premises, 26 butterfly species belonging to eight (8) families were recorded. Ypthima ceylonica (White Four-ring) was the most abundant species. The diversity of butterflies along the Dandeniya reservoir banks (H= 1.156) was higher than the in other habitats. Checklists of recorded butterflies in the selected habitat-sites were prepared. The major factors contributing to the diversity of butterflies appeared to be presence of breeding and feeding plants and favourable environmental conditions. Since all the study sites-habitat types sampled are under pressure of anthropogenic impact, it is important to identify and protect these habitats of butterflies for their conservation.

Financial assistance from Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (Grant No: 03/05/BD/19/011 (2016)) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Butterflies, Catopsilia pomona, Diversity, Matara.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session I

FORM, FUNCTION, AND INSPIRATION: BIOMECHANICAL STRATEGIES LEARNED FROM INSECT ATTACHMENTS

Y.C. Tsai, Y. Chen, W.T. Yueh, M.C. Shih and K.J. Chi*

Department of Physics & Institute of Biophysics, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan. *[email protected]

One of the key steps for bio-inspired design is to extract the essence of the form, function, and underlying mechanisms employed by the organisms. Mechanical or physical analyses of biological systems inevitably help identify life’s challenges and elucidate the solutions evolved in nature. This study will focuses on the insect attachment devices and their functioning principles specialized for different substrates and conditions: ants on smooth to rough terrestrial substrates, and male diving beetles subject to dislodging in the water. For both insect groups, we directly measured the attachment forces and associated them with functioning processes and contact surface morphology, from which we further proposed biomechanical mechanisms. Our results on the ants suggest that on substrates of broad roughness range, arboreal ants maintain similar performance by engaging different part(s) of the arolium-claw system for different surface categories, which explains their wide distribution on the canopy. Our study on the adhesion of a single seta of male diving beetle reveals that the circular setae behave like typical suckers, whereas the spatula ones with a modified shallow sucker and channels use the combined mechanisms of suction and viscous resistance for adhesion. The velocity-dependent adhesion of the spatula setae allows the male beetles to succeed the pre-mating courtship mount and easy release for respiration. In conclusion, identifying the challenges faced by the organisms and thorough examination of their biomechanical strategies could provide us insights for bio-inspired design. The ant’s switching mechanisms for different substrates can be applied to omnipotent terrestrial attachment, whereas the tuneable mechanisms uncovered in the male diving beetle inspire design of underwater adhesion devices.

Keywords: Ants, Arolium-claw system, Biomechanics, Diving beetles, Viscous adhesion.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session I

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF SRI LANKAN ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

T.C. Weeraratne1, S.N. Surendran2 and S.H.P.P. Karunaratne1,3*

1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. 3National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Rd., Kandy, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

DNA barcoding is a powerful tool in molecular characterization and the present study characterized 23 morphologically identified Sri Lankan Anopheles species using two genetic markers; Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2). Population structure of An. subpictus (secondary vector of malaria), An. peditaeniatus and An. subpictus (potential vectors) were also studied using COI sequences. Adult mosquitoes, collected from eight districts using cattle baited huts and human landing collections, were morphologically identified into 15 species i.e. An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. barbirostris, An. culicifacies, An. jamseii, An. karwari, An. maculatus, An. nigerrimus, An. pallidus, An. peditaneatus, An. pseudojamsei, An. subpictus, An. tessellatus, An. vagus, and An. varuna. Molecular analysis with 123 COI and 88 ITS2 sequences were 100% comparable with the morphological identification of the species except An. subpictus (Neighbor Joining tree with 16 strongly supported clades and inter- specific distance of >3%). Morphologically identified An. subpictus comprised of two genetic entities; An. subpictus from all the districts except from Jaffna belonged to sibling species A and all the Jaffna specimens belonged to sibling species B. COI sequences of An. peditaeniatus, An. subpictus, An. vagus from the districts Ampara, Badulla, Batticoloa, Jaffna and Kurunegala were used for population genetic structure analysis. All three species had high genetic diversities. According to neutrality tests, there is no positive selection driven in any of these species. There were no significant pairwise differences or genetic structure variations among An. peditaenatus or An. vagus populations, showing that geographic distance between populations of these two species has no effect on their population structures. A significant pairwise difference was observed between An. subpictus populations from Jaffna and Kurunegala districts (FST= 0.965). Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) results showed 82.21% significant genetic structure variation between An. subpictus populations (FCT= 0.822) verifying the existence of two different sibling species. Hence, the application of control measures against An. subpictus must be carried out with close monitoring since uniform control measures may not be equally effective for both sibling species.

Financial assistance from International Research Centre of University of Peradeniya (InRC/RG/13/21) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Anopheles, DNA barcoding, Population genetic structure, Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session II

DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF NEONICOTINOID PESTICIDE RESIDUES

C.H. Tsai1, M.H. Ho2, S.K. Lin2, J.F. Sheen3 and J.C. Hsu1*

1Department and Graduate Institute of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. 2Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taichung 413, Taiwan. 3Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan. *[email protected]

Neonicotinoid pesticides are used extensively in the field due to their systemic characteristics, high effectiveness, and high specificity. However, research has shown that some neonicotinoid pesticides such as imidacloprid may contribute to colony collapse disorders (CCD) in honey bees. As a result, detection of these pesticides in water, fruits, and vegetables have become a very important issue. Up until now, the most popular pesticide detection methods use GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS, but these are expensive and time-consuming, and also require pretreatment and cleanup processes prior to pesticide detection. By contrast, immunoassays use monoclonal antibodies as detection reagents, and can provide an easier, faster, and cheaper method for detecting pesticides with only minimal need for cleanup. In this study, we selected a monoclonal antibody that recognizes imidacloprid and shows high specificity and low detection limits. This monoclonal antibody can be used for two immunoassays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assays (ICA). ELISA is a quantitative assay which can detect 10 ng/mL of imidacloprid (dynamic range from 10 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL). Approximately 50 samples can be analysed simultaneously on a 96-well plate. An alternative cut off detection method is the ICA. The visual cut off dose of ICA can be as low as 50 ng/mL imidacloprid. Use of ICA for pesticide detection, yields results in 10 minutes and requires no additional equipment. Both of these immunoassays can simplify pesticide detection and be used in a variety of scenarios.

Keywords: Imidacloprid, Monoclonal antibody, Pesticide detection.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session II

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ORNITHOPHILIC MOSQUITOES (CULICIDAE: DIPTERA) OF SRI LANKA

D. Chathuranga1,2, S.H.P.P. Karunaratne1,3, W.A.P.P. de Silva1*

1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 3National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

In nature, wild birds are known to serve as amplifying hosts for many viruses and pathogens that are transmitted to humans and other wildlife, through mosquito bites. Such disease causing pathogens are transmitted from wild birds to humans by mosquitoes that prefer to feed on bird blood (Ornithophilic mosquitoes). In Sri Lanka, ornithophilic mosquitoes and their role in transmitting diseases from wild birds to humans and wildlife are not well studied. The objectives of this preliminary study were to report (i) the diversity, (ii) distribution, and (iii) abundance of ornithophilic mosquitoes in two sites; a human habitation and a wildlife sanctuary in Sri Lanka. Ornithophilic mosquitoes were collected from the premises of the University of Peradeniya, Kandy district (UOP) (7° 44’N, 80° 30’E) and Anawilundawa Bird Sanctuary, Puttalam district (ABS) (7o 42`N, 79o 49`E) from September to December 2016 from 18.00 to 20.00 hrs; two days per week from UOP premises and twice a month from ABS. Mosquitoes were collected using two types of bird baited traps. Trap type-1 was a custom-designed black cylinder trap (70cm-long and 35cm-wide) with a central animal compartment, which was suspended with a rope from a tree branch at a height of 1.5 m from ground. Trap type-2 was a modified version of CDC miniature light trap with a cubic animal compartment (20x20x20 cm), which was placed at ground level using a custom-designed stand. Chicks were used as the bird bait for both trap types. Traps without birds were used as controls. The collection chambers of the traps, on removal, were frozen to euthanize the collected insects. Collected mosquitoes were identified to species level using standard taxonomic keys. A total of 49 individual mosquitoes were collected from the two types of bird baited trap catches during the three months period. They belonged to six genera; namely Culex (54.5%), Eumelanomyia (9.1%), Aedes (9.1%), Anopheles (9.1%), Armigeres (9.1%) and Mansonia (9.1%). The identified ornithophilic mosquito species were; Culex quinquefasciatus, C. sitiens, C. pseudovishnui, C. bitaeniorhynchus, and C. hutchinsoni, Aedes albopictus, Eumelanomyia brevipalpis, Anopheles jamesii, Armigeres sp. and Mansonia sp. The two most abundant species in UOP and ABS were Culex sitiens (76.2%) and Culex quinquefasciatus (22.7%), the former species was the only species common to both locations. The present study, although of a preliminary nature is the very first study on ornithophilic mosquitoes in Sri Lanka. Further studies will be carried out in several other locations to record basic information on ornithophilic mosquitoes and to investigate their potential zoonotic capabilities, to fully understand their role.

Financial assistance from National Research Council (Grant No:16-059) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Bird-baited traps, Ornithophilic mosquitoes, Vector-borne Diseases, Wild birds, Zoonosis.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session II

EFFECT OF WILD AND ORNAMENTAL PLANT COMPOSITIONS ON INSECT RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY

S. A. E. C Wijesinghe1 , W.A.I.P. Karunarathne2 and K. Yakandawala1*

1Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), Sri Lanka. 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

Insects play a major role in ecosystem diversity and sustainability as the most diverse group of organisms in the world. The composition of plants in an ecosystem plays an important role in the population dynamics of insects that inhabit, as the plants provide food, habitat and breeding sites for insects. This study was carried out with the objective of determining the insect richness and diversity under different wild and ornamental plant compositions, in order to promote suitable plant communities in disturbed and designed sites. For the present study, Spermacoce assurgens, Leucas zeylanica, Tridax procumbens, Merremia tridentate, Emilia sonchifolia, Ipomoea triloba, Cyanthillium cinereum were selected as wild plants while Zinnia elegans was selected as the ornamental plant, based on a previous study. Three experimental plots (3 m x 3 m), each with only wild plants, wild plants incorporated with Z. elegans and with only Z. elegans, with four replicates were established as Completely Randomized Designs (CRD), in the university premises. Following flowering, insects were monitored at hourly intervals from 7.00 am to 6.00 pm, on 10 sunny days in December 2015. The highest insect species richness (88) was recorded in plots with wild plants incorporated with Z. elegans followed by plots with only wild plants (78) and plots with only Z. elegans (43). Insect diversity too followed a similar pattern where plots with only wild plants recorded the highest diversity followed by plots with wild plants incorporated Z. elegans and plots with only Z. eleganans. Bees, wasps and butterflies were the predominant groups of insects in all three types of plots. The peak activity period of insects was from 10.00 am to 12.00 noon, in all the three types of plots, most likely due to the availability of nectar and pollen. Even though the highest number of insect visits (mean number -259.6) was recorded in plots with only wild species, it was not significantly different from plots with wild plants incorporated with Z. elegans (198.3). A significantly lower number of visits (119.1) were recorded in plots with only Z. elegans. Plots where wild plants were incorporated with Z. elegans recorded the high insect richness, diversity, and visitation due to the high plant diversity that would provide floral resources, habitats and breeding sites for a wide range of insects. Therefore, a combination of wild plants with Z. elegans could be recommended to promote conservation of insects while improving the aesthetic appearance in disturbed and designed sites in urban areas.

Financial assistance from the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka (Grant No: SRHDC/RP/04/13- 03) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Insect diversity, Insect richness, Insect visitation, Plant compositions.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session II

THE FIRST RECORD AND STATUS OF ANEURETUS SIMONI EMERY, 1893 (FORMICIDAE, ANEURETINAE) IN LENAGALA FOREST RESERVE OF SRI LANKA AND A PRELIMINARY ANT INVENTORY OF THE FOREST

W.S. Udayakantha* and R.K.S. Dias

Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

Aneuretus simoni, the island-endemic, sole extant ant species of the subfamily Aneuretinae has been recorded recently from several wet and intermediate zone forests in Sri Lanka. Ant fauna of two selected localities at 255 m and 280 m elevations in Lenagala Forest Reserve, another lowland rainforest located in Kegalle District of the Wet zone, was surveyed by quadrate sampling and pitfall trapping in September, 2016. Twenty, 1 m x 1 m quadrates were laid within each of the two 10 m2 plots for the estimation of nest density and frequency of nest occurrence of each species. Hundred pitfall traps were set at 4 m distance along eight transects at each locality and collected after six hours for the estimation of percentage frequency of worker ant occurrence of each species. Collected ants were preserved in 80 % ethanol and identified to the highest possible taxonomic level using a Low Power Stereo-microscope and relevant taxonomic keys. Selected parameters, 27 °C of mean air temperature and 22 °C - 22.3 °C of soil temperature, 6 cm of leaf litter depth, 45.2 % - 50.3 % of soil humidity and 22.2 % - 24.3 % soil organic matter content were recorded for the study area; mean rainfall of September, 2016 had been 132 cm as recorded at Hatmatta meteorological Station. Nests of A. simoni were found at both elevations; mean nest density, 0.10 and 0.12 m-2 and frequency of nest occurrence, 2/40 and 5/40, were observed at 255 m and 280 m, respectively. Frequency of A. simoni worker occurrence in the pitfall traps was 10% and 14%, respectively. The highest mean nest density, 0.28 m-2, the highest frequency of nest occurrence, 11/40, and the highest frequency of worker occurrence, 31%, were observed for Anoplolepis gracilipes and A. simoni nest density had the sixth rank in the community. Discovery of A. simoni at both elevations in considerable nest densities revealed that Lenagala Forest Reserve is a habitat of the species. Species richness of 36 in 23 ant genera and five subfamilies, Aneuretinae, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Ponerinae listed from the survey can be considered a preliminary ant inventory of the Lenagala Forest Reserve in the Kegalle District.

Financial assistance from the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka (NSF RG 2015/ EB/ 03) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Ant abundance, Aneuretus simoni, Lenagala forest reserve, Sri Lankan relict ant.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session II

FIRST REPORT ON EMERGING RESISTANCE TO AMITRAZ AND FLUMETHRIN IN Rhipicephalus sanguineus (BROWN DOG TICK) AT POLICE KENNELS, KANDY, SRI LANKA: A CASE STUDY

K.M.U.J. Bandara1,2*, D.M.A.P. Dissanayake3, W.A.P.P. de Silva4 and S.H.P.P. Karunaratne1, 4

1National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Rd, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 2Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 3Police Kennels and Mounted division, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 4Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) is the major vector of many vector borne diseases of police dogs in Sri Lanka. Although acaricides have successfully controlled tick infestations in Police kennels, recent failures in the control of ticks have led to the suspicion that the tick populations have developed resistance to the frequently used acaricides. Both the formamidine amitraz (Taktick®) and the pyrethroid flumethrin (Bayticol®) have been heavily used in controlling ticks in police kennels for more than two decades. The aim of the present study was to determine the status of acaricide resistance in R. sanguineus in police dogs in Sri Lanka, and to characterize the mechanisms underlying the resistance. Adult engorged female ticks were collected from 60 dogs in the Police Kennels, Kandy. They were reared in the laboratory (27–280C and 85–95% RH) and 2–3 week old larvae were used for acaricide bioassays with amitraz (n=996) and flumethrin (n=1331). R. sanguineus tick larvae were exposed to amitraz (formulated; Taktik® 12.5% w/v) and flumethrin (technical grade; 95.8%) using modified Larval Packet Test (LPT) and standard LPT bioassay procedures respectively according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines. Amitraz and flumethrin impregnated papers were prepared using nylon papers and Whatman No 1 filter papers respectively, using acetone: olive oil (2:1) as the solvent. Control papers were prepared using the solvent alone. Tick larvae were exposed to each of 6 concentrations of each acaricide resulting in mortalities between 0% and 100%. Mortalities were recorded 24 h after exposure to amitraz and 48 h after exposure to flumethrin, according to FAO recommendations. Log-probit mortality curves were plotted using Sigma Plot 10. The LD50 and LD90 values calculated for amitraz were 0.007% and 1.41% respectively. For flumethrin, the respective values were 0.009% and 2.32%. A Resistance Ratio of 1.52 was obtained for amitraz using the LD50 value of a susceptible laboratory strain of R.sanguineus from Kerville, USA. For flumethrin, such a ratio could not be determined since a susceptible LD50 value has not been established yet for R.sanguineus. The results obtained so far clearly shows the emerging resistance to the commonly used acaricides, highlighting the need to change the acaricides or control strategies used in dog tick control programmes in Sri Lanka.

Financial assistance from National Institute of Fundamental Studies is acknowledged.

Keywords: Acaricide resistance, Amitraz, Dog ticks, Flumethrin, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session II

IDENTIFICATION OF WOLBACHIA STRAINS IN WILD MOSQUITO POPULATIONS IN KANDY DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA

N.W.N.P. Nugapola1,2*, W.A.P.P. de Silva1 and S.H.P.P. Karunaratne1,3

Wolbachia are a group of intracellular bacteria known to be widespread among arthropods with an infection rate of 15-30%. They are inherited maternally and cause various reproductive abnormalities to the host. Over the past few decades, researchers were curious to use Wolbachia as a biological tool to control mosquito vectors of dangerous human diseases. Infections with Wolbachia result in a decline in the host population, and also induce resistance in the host to a wide range of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoans and nematodes. Previous studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences reported seven super-groups (A-H) of Wolbachia and of them, A and B are the most common super- groups reported in arthropods. Several Wolbachia strains in these super-groups have been identified as potential candidates for the use as biological control tools i.e.wMel, wAlb, wPip, and wMelPop. It is important to identify Wolbachia strains present in natural populations of mosquitoes, their prevalence and host preference in order to utilize them as biological controlling tools in mosquito control programmes. The present study aimed to identify and estimate Wolbachia strains present in mosquito populations in Sri Lanka. Adult mosquitoes were collected from Peradeniya, Pilimathalawa, Gampola in Kandy district of Sri Lanka using human landing catches and BG-Sentinel traps. Larvae (by larval catches) and eggs (by ovi-traps) collected from the same locations were also reared to obtain adults. DNA was extracted from the abdomen of adult mosquitoes using Livak DNA extraction protocol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using wsp primers specific for Wolbachia super-groups and strains, followed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was used to identify the group and the strain of Wolbachia. Of the 77 mosquito samples tested, Wolbachia were detected in 42 (54.5%). Wolbachia positive samples belonged to Aedes salbopictus (100% out of 33), Culex quinquefaciatus (29.4% out of 17), and Armigeres subalbatus (100% out of 4) species. Ae. aegypti (n=17) and anopheline species (n=5) were negative for Wolbachia infections. Wolbachia group specific wsp primers showed that Ae. albopictus was super infected with Wolbachia belonging to both A (556 bp band) and B (422 bp) super groups. Further screening using strain specific wsp primers revealed that Wolbachia in super group A belonged to AlbA strain (379 bp band) and those in super group B belonged to Pip strain (501 bp band). C. quinquefaciatus also had Pip strain of Wolbachia of super-group B. A. subalbatus was infected only with AlbA strain. The study provides baseline information on naturally occurring Wolbachia strains in mosquito species in Sri Lanka.

Financial support from the National Research Council (Grant No: 14-94) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Biological control, Mosquito control, Sri Lanka, Wolbachia groups, Wolbachia strains.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session III

DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF MEALYBUGS (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) IN DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF SRI LANKA

U.G.A.I. Sirisena1*, G.W. Watson2, K.S. Hemachandra3 and H.N.P. Wijayagunasekara3

1Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka 2California Department of Food & Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, Sacramento, California, USA 3Department of Agricultural Biology, Faulty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

Mealybugs are soft-bodied, plant sap-feeding insects. Some species are well known crop pests and cause major economic damage. Studies on the Sri Lankan mealybug fauna began in the Colonial period, however, there has not been any systematic study on mealybugs in Sri Lanka for almost a century. As a result, several recent accidental introductions of invasive species were not recognized until the pest had spread causing serious economic damage. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess mealybug diversity in different agro-ecological regions of Sri Lanka, update their taxonomy and nomenclature, record the host-plant range and identify the ant species closely associated with them. During 2011-2014, island-wide surveys were conducted to collect mealybugs from all 46 agro-ecological zones of the country. Samples were collected from grain, vegetable, fruit and pulse crops, ornamental plants, and nearby weeds, trees and shrubs. The mealybug diversity in each agro-ecological region was assessed using Shannon diversity index and multiple-site similarity index. Mealybug diversity was higher in the Intermediate Zone than in the Dry Zone and Intermediate Zone. High mealybug species diversities were recorded from the agro-ecological regions of WL2a (H’ = 1.942), IU3e (H’= 2.615) and DL2b (H’= 2.351) in the Wet, Intermediate and Dry Zones respectively. Mealybug abundance was not significantly different (P >0.05) among the agro-ecological regions of Wet and Intermediate Zones, but in the Dry Zone it was significantly higher in DL2b. A total of 32 species of mealybugs belonging to 15 genera: Antonina, Brevennia, Coccidohystrix, Dysmicoccus, Ferrisia, Formicococcus, Heliococcus, Lankacoccus, Maconellicoccus, Nipaecoccus, Paracoccus, Phenacoccus, Planococcus, Pseudococcus and Rastrococcus, were collected. Six species were recorded from Sri Lanka for the first time: Antonina thaiensis, Brevennia rehi, Ferrisia malvastra, Phenacoccus parvus, Pseudococcus baliteus and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi. A key to identify all 25 genera of mealybugs in Sri Lanka was developed. Each species was illustrated and their host-plant range was documented. Ants belonging to eight genera were associated with 12 species of mealybugs. Monomorium floricola was the commonest mealybug-attendant ant species, followed by Oecophylla smaragdina and Paratrechina longicornis.

Financial assistance from the Higher Education for the Twenty-first Century project, Ministry of Higher Education of Sri Lanka (RUSL/O-Agri/N2) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Crop pests, Invasive species, Mealybugs, Species diversity.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session III

RECONSTRUCTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF HONEY BEE BRAIN USING MICRO-CT TECHNOLOGY

T.S. Wang1, Y.F. Tsai2, H.H. Chang2, C.H. Cheng2, E.C. Yang1*

1Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan. 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan. *[email protected]

It is difficult to observe the internal structures of invertebrates without damaging the specimen. The most common way to explore the nervous system of invertebrates is the use of transmission electron microscope or the confocal microscope. The limitations of both methods are not just the long-time taken for dissecting and histological serial sectioning, but also the strict restriction of sample thickness. Furthermore, the internal structure and position in situ are unavoidably sacrificed and an accurate measurement is almost impossible. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is very useful in solving the problem mentioned above. To reveal the nervous system of an insect brain (a honey bee brain, in this case) and set up a staining protocol for micro-CT, a new perfusion staining method with microinjection of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide into the internal cavity of the bee head has been developed. Previous studies showed that opening the head cavity to expose the brain for staining and removing the mouthparts, the hypopharyngeal and the head salivary glands were needed. The processes may have some negative impacts on the internal morphology. In this study, the perfusion staining method with microinjection can minimize the damages caused by the processes. A three-dimensional image of honey bee brain was reconstructed digitally after a serial CT scan, and the morphological dimensions of the tissue were measured with the help of software.

Keywords: Honey bee, Micro-CT, Microinjection.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session III

COMBINED EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TISSUE TYPE ON DEVELOPMENT OF LUCILIA CUPRINA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)

Y.T.B. Bambaradeniya1, W.A.I.P. Karunarathne1*, I. Goonerathne2, R.B. Kotakadeniya3 and J.K.Tomberlin4

1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2 Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 3 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 4Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA. *[email protected]

Lucilia cuprina, a facultative ecto-parasitic fly in warm-temperate and subtropical countries of the world. It is an important causative agent of myiasis, a necrotic tissue consumer of the maggot debridement therapy and a decomposing agent of carcasses. The current study examined the combined effect of temperature and tissue type on development of L. cuprina with a view to utilize the data in forensic investigations. Three tissue types; porcine meat, porcine liver, bovine meat and at four constant temperature regimes; 380C, 270C, 250C and 200C were used to rear L. cuprina maggots. The original laboratory colony of L. cuprina was raised and maintained in the insectary of the Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya. Under each temperature regime, maggots were reared in three separate rearing jars (400 cc), with three pieces of meat (each 100 g) from each of the three tissue types, placed individually on a 2 cm layer of sawdust. About 100 eggs of L. cuprina were placed in each rearing jar. Three replicates were conducted for each treatment. Rearing jars were placed in a growth chamber with 70% RH and at the four temperature regimes separately as each temperature was an individual run of the machine. Eggs were observed hourly until hatching. Thereafter, at four hourly intervals, 3 maggots were removed and preserved in 70% alcohol for measurement of length, width and instar determination based on morphology. From 3rd instar stage onwards, until adults emerge from pupa, the observations were made every 12 h. The highest rate of development was in bovine meat followed by porcine meat and porcine liver under 20°C, 25°C, and 27°C. At 38°C, the highest development was recorded in porcine liver followed by porcine meat and bovine meat. The optimum temperature for development of maggots was found to be 27°C. Minimum development time was recorded in bovine meat (287.4 h) followed by porcine meat (288.0 h) and porcine liver (288.4 h). The minimum threshold for L.cuprina growth was deduced as 130C. The length and width of maggots varied according to the tissue type. At 38°C, 25°C and 20°C, the highest length and width of maggots were recorded in porcine liver. But under optimum temperature conditions (27°C), the highest length and width were recorded in porcine meat. Development varied under different tissue types due to variations in nutrient and moisture content, texture, as well as individual preference of L. cuprina for each tissues type.

Financial assistance from National research council, Sri Lanka (Grant No. 15- 084) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Facultative, Maggot debridement theropy, Minimum threshold temperature.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Oral Presentation Session III

NEWLY RECORDED FOREST TERMITE GENERA AND SPECIES FROM CENTRAL HILLS OF SRI LANKA

I.I. Hemachandra1,3,4, J.P. Edirisinghe1*, W.A.I.P. Karunaratne1 and C.V.S. Gunatilleka2

1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2Department. of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 3Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 4Delta Gemunupura Maha Vidyalaya, Pussallawa, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

The recently published ‘Checklist of termites of Sri Lanka’, with records of termites dating back from 1893 to 1988, lists 27 genera and 64 species. Subsequently, field studies were conducted to record the diversity and ecology of termite assemblages in the Kandy (Gannoruwa =G, Hanthana=H & Udawattakele =U forests) and Knuckles (K) regions, in Central Sri Lanka. The standard field sampling protocol for termites was followed and termite abundance was expressed as the encounter of a species at a point of excavation in a belt transects (2 X 100 m). Species were identified using regional keys. Nesting and feeding habits of termites were determined. Previously unrecorded termite genera and species encountered during this study are presented here. Two new genera of termites, Grallatotermes (lichen feeder) and Bulbitermes (non-fungus-growing wood feeder) were recorded. Both these genera are known to occur in the Indian region. The two morphospecies of the genus Bulbitermes collected from the Knuckles region are likely to be new species for Sri Lanka, according to available keys and descriptions. In addition to these two genera, 11 species, previously unrecorded from Sri Lanka were documented together with their locality and abundance. They are; Eurytermes buddha (K;1 encounter), Ceylonitermes indicola (K;1), Nasutitermes fletcheri (G,H,U; 13), N. kali (K; 102), which are non-fungus-growing wood feeders and Odontotermes assmuthi (U; 2), O. bellahunisensis (G,U,K; 44), O. obesus (U,K; 5), O. guptai, (G,U,K; 59), O. hainanensis (G,U,K; 42), Hypotermes xenotermitis (K; 20) which are fungus-growing wood feeders and Dicuspiditermes obtusus (G; 2), the soil-wood-interface feeder. All these species are known to occur in Southasian countries such as India, Pakistan, Burma, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Importantly, the newly recorded, N. kali, O. bellahunisensis, and O. guptai were found in relatively high abundance in comparison to already known species recorded from the same sites. Similarly, the two morphospecies of Bulbitermes too were not rare, being recorded from 5-6 of the 14 vegetation types examined in the Knuckles region. The majority (8 spp.) of the newly recorded species were from the Knuckles region, while the others were from the Gannoruwa (5 spp.), Udawattakele (6 spp.) and Hantana (1sp.) forests in Kandy. Fungus-growing wood feeders were dominant among the newly recorded species as in the case of previously known species. The distribution and high abundance of the newly recorded termite taxa infer that many more forest termites remain to be discovered in the hilly terrains of Central Sri Lanka.

Financial assistance from the National Science foundation of Sri Lanka (Grant No. NSF/ Fellow/2010/02) is acknowledged.

Keywords: Abundance, Bulbitermes, Feeding habits, Grallatotermes.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Invited Presentation Session III

TAXONOMY OF THE TAIWANESE LEAF BEETLES (CHRYSOMELIDAE): PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

C.F. Lee

Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan [email protected]

The taxonomy of Taiwanese leaf beetles had been studied by two Japanese researchers, Chûjô and Kimoto for more than 60 years. Overall, about 700 species were recorded or described before 1996, and many of the species are rare or uncommon. For extensive field collections, citizen scientists are invited to participate in a team called “Taiwan Chrysomelid Research Team” (TCRT). Members of the TCRT not only make great contributions to collecting, but also photograph and explore the biology of leaf beetles. Most of leaf beetles can be collected easily by sweeping or beating. Uncommon species are usually oligophagous and can be collected effectively by searching their host plants. Rare species are often wingless and nocturnal. Effective collecting of rare species can be made by searching the host plants at night. Moreover, some rare species were found in alpine habitats where researchers find it difficult to reach. This problem can be overcome with help from the citizen scientists. The present study indicated that the taxonomic status of most of the widespread species are doubtful and needs revision. Through extensive collections, many new, cryptic species have been discovered and are placed allopatrically, especially the wingless species. A monograph of the entire taxonomic group will be a desirable outcome in the future.

Keywords: Citizen scientists, Extensive collection, Taiwan Chrysomelid Research Team.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

APPLICATION OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN TAIWAN ON MANAGEMENT OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH IN CABBAGE

Lekhnath Kafle1* and Mandira Katwal2

1Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. 2Ministry of Agriculture Development, Nepal. *[email protected]

A study was carried out in Bhaktapur, Nepal, to evaluate the efficacy of processed animal urine based product “Unirine mix” and to compare it with a commercial product (Borerguard), against the Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in cabbage, under field conditions. The highest population reduction in moths was observed in “Unirine mix” treated plots than in Borerguard treated plots. Significantly higher yields were recorded in “Unirine mix” treated plots with the least damage in “Unirine mix” treated plots, resulting in the highest yield gain over the control, followed by Borerguard treatment.

Keywords: Borerguard, Buffalo urine, Cow urine, Goat urine, Plutella xylostella, Sheep urine, Unirine mix.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

MORPHOLOGY OF MANDIBLE ADAPTATIONS IN GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: CAELIFERA) TO FOOD PLANTS FROM SUBTROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM, CENTRAL TAIWAN

T.F. Hsiao1, J.T. Yang2* and M.Y. Chen1

1Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. 2Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. *[email protected].

This article examined 20 species of grasshoppers, belonging to six families, in Guandaushi subtropical forest ecosystem by studying the food plants and the morphology of their mandible, among which, three species are still under further identification. Based on SEM observations, the mandibles of them could be grouped into three types corresponding to their food plants. Type 1 for bark feeding, the mandible with incisor surface consists of sharp dents, and the molar area is a deep, central concavity surrounded by short ridges. Type 2 for grass-feeding, the incisor surface is somewhat smooth without dents, and the molar surface has long parallel grinding ridges without central concavity. Type 3 for obligate-feeding, the incisor is blunt, and the molar consists of ridges with a central concavity shorter than type 1. Among the 20 species of grasshoppers in Guadaushi forest ecosystem, the ones belonging to type I are Traulia ornata ornate, Xenocatantops humilis and Coptacra sp. 3 of Catantopidae; Atractomorpha sinensis of Pygomorphidae and Erianthella formosanas of Eumastacidae. The species belonging to type II are Oxya podisma, Oxyrrhepes obtusa of Catantopidae; Phlaeoba albonema, Phlaeoba formosana and Phlaeoba sinensis of Acridae; Formosacris koshunensis and Dnopherula svenhedini of Arcypteridae and Pternoscirta sauteri, Heteropternis respondens and Trilophidia annulata of Oeipodidae. Type 3 grasshoppers are Stenocatantops splendens, Parapodisma sp. 1, Parapodisma sp. 2, Sinopodisma kodamae, and Sinopodisma formosana of Catantopidae.

Keywords: Feeding Adaptation, Functional Morphology, Grasshopper, Mandible types.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

ESTIMATION OF TIME OF COLONIZATION USING ANIMAL WOUND MYIASIS-CAUSING FLY, CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA: A CASE STUDY

W.R.U.A. Bandara1*, W.A.I.P. Karunaratne1, R.M. Fuward2, A. Dangolla3 and A.D.H. Yasakeerthi3

1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2Government Veterinary Hospital, Gatambe, Sri Lanka. 3 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

Forensic entomology deals with crimes related to both humans and animals by estimating the minimum Postmortem Interval (mPMI) or Time of Colonization (ToC) of insects, following death. The ToC and mPMI valus are also used in the estimation of negligence time period, a prodigious tool in special cases such as human and animal neglect or abuse. Erroneous results may occur in predicting PMI that would provide false ToC, misleading the decision of the forensic entomologists. This study reports the first attempt in Sri Lanka to estimate ToC for the myiasis-causing fly Chrysomya bezziana, using a thermal summation model, Accumulating Degree Days (ADD), in animal wounds. The study focused on three dog myiasis cases reported to two veterinary clinics in Peradeniya, (Veterinary Teaching Hospital of University of Peradeniya and Government Veterinary Hospital), in 2015. Representative samples of maggots from wounds of the reported dogs were collected, preserved and identified morphologically. According to the findings of the study, all infestations examined were due to a single species of fly, namely, C.bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The ToC was calculated for all the three cases of dogs, with complete history record for C. bezziana at temperature 38.8 °C, which is the normal body temperature of a dog. According to the ADD calculations, female C. bezziana flies had laid eggs six days prior to the removal of C. bezziana maggots from the wounds, for examination. The present study thus, highlights the application of forensic entomology in cases with myiasis infestations to estimate the Time of Colonization using ADD, following negligence and abuse that resulted in infestation by the myiasis-causing fly, C.bezziana. This study also emphasis the use of insect evidences as a contribution towards the strengthening of the prevailing judicial system in solving crime scene investigations.

Keywords: Accumulating Degree Days (ADD), Chrysomya bezziana, Dogs, Myiasis, Time of Colonization (TOC).

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

THE NOTCHED-FRONS KATYDID FROM TAIWAN (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE: CONOCEPHALINAE: COPIPHORINI): REDESCRIPTIONS AND KEYS

C. Sri-In1 and J.T. Yang1,2*

1Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal. * [email protected]

The tribe Copiphorini is one of four tribes in the subfamily Conocephalinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). It is easily distinguished from other Tettigoniids by the markedly slanting head shape and the notched frons. This study revised the tribe in Taiwan. The specimens, which were examined for this study, were collected in Taiwan from October 1962 to May 2008 and deposited in the Museum of National Chung Hsing University and National Museum of Natural Science. There are five genera and six species distributed in Taiwan, namely; Euconocephalus nasutus (Thunberg, 1815), Euconocephalus pallidus (Redtenbacher, 1891), Pseudorhynchus gigas Redtenbacher, 1891, Pyrgocorypha formosana Matsumura & Shiraki 1908, Ruspolia lineosa (Walker, 1869), and Xestophrys horvathi Bolivar, 1905. The definition of species and genera described are based on new characters. Keys to genera and species from Taiwan were provided. Notes are given on the habitats and distribution of the species.

Keywords: Conocephalinae, Katydid, Notched-frons, Redescription.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

PATTERN OF ELEVATION DISTRIBUTION OF ORTHOPTERA IN TAIWAN

M.S. Chan and J.T. Yang*

Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. *[email protected]

Taiwan is an island with a high variation in elevation. Due to its geographical location, Taiwan enjoys both tropical and sub-tropical climatic conditions. Due to the variation in topography, faunal inventories and ecological surveys to describe the distribution patterns of its biodiversity are of much importance. In this study, orthopterans were systematically sampled along an altitudinal gradient that runs along with the Central Cross-Island Highway in Taiwan. We set up 18 sampling plots and selected 13 distinct vegetation types based on elevation and climate. Collections were made bimonthly, from February to June of 2015, using sweep-netting which is designed as a quantitative sampling method for biodiversity monitoring surveys. A total of 705 specimens were collected, sorted and assigned to 5 families and 117 morpho-species. The 5 families of Othoptera recorded represent 12.8% of the total Orthopteran families, based on the selected taxonomic system. Besides the unidentified specimens, there were 454 individuals of Acrididae (64.4%), this being the largest taxon followed by Gryllidae (13.0%). Among the morpho-species, Acrididae (28.2%) formed the largest group, followed by Tettigoniidae (26.5%). Based on the orthopterans collected, we redefined the orthopteran distribution pattern at low, mid, and high elevations. The usual method of taking the elevation gradient every 1000 m was used. This assumption was used to define the starting point for this study. In terms of number of individuals collected, Acrididae was the largest family at both low (64.6%) and high (74.5%) elevations. Tettigoniidae was the largest family at mid elevation (51.7%). The distribution of orthopteran groups at different elevations did not correspond to the ranking pattern at 1000 m, the usual method. Cluster analysis was used to analyze insect composition and distribution patterns in relation to elevation. The distribution of different orthopteran groups ranked differently in the elevation gaps. Orthopterans at elevation less than 1100 m tend to split into two groups gaped by 700 m. In Caelifera, two distinct distribution patterns were observed at 1100-1800 m and 1900-2500 m elevations. Ensifera, were mostly distributed at 1100-2000 m. The distribution pattern of orthopterans above 2000 m cannot be defined by the collections made so far.

Keywords: Cluster analysis, Distribution, Elevation, Orthoptera.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

EVALUATION OF TAXONOMIC CHARACTER OF COXAL SPINES IN FORELEG OF Hierodula patellifera (MANTODEA: MANTIDAE)

C.C. Liao and J.T. Yang*

Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. *[email protected]

The spine formula, the arrangement and number of spines in foreleg coxae in the genus Hierodula, is a useful character for identification. But the character is not clear in some cases. The character though not useful taxonomically in this genus, is a good diagnostic character in certain cases. It is important to make character evaluation for repetitive criteria for applications in the future. The genus Hierodula comprises of 104 species in the world, and 5 species in Taiwan. Hierodula patellifera, is a common species of mantids in Taiwan. The poor consistency of the spine formula has been a problem in taxonomy and identification. Therefore, the species forms good material for morphometric analysis and hence, used in this study. The number of spines varies from 1 to 4 (with a mode of 3 spines) in a total of 55 individuals. In morphometrics, spine positions can be used as a land mark. The distance between the bases of two spines was used as a parameter, when calculate the relative distance among spines. Spines can be named as S1, S2, S3 and S4 and defined by the relative distance. In a total of 55 specimens, majority of individuals lack spine S3. The coefficient of variance (CV) of spine positions in terms of relative distance is 17.98%, 10.43%, 9.33%, 5.62% respectively. The low CV value infers that this character can be used in the taxonomy of Hierodula mantids and is consistent enough to be a good character for application. This study may provide a means of solving taxonomic problem in other species of Hierodula mantids. For further study, the evaluation of others characters and the comparison with similar species is necessary.

Keywords: Hierodula spp, Mantodea, Morphometric, Spine formula.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

IMPORTANCE OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN A HOME GARDEN TO SUSTAIN HONEYBEE COLONIES

E.M.M. Edirisinghe and W.A.I.P. Karunaratne*

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

The domesticated honeybee, Apis cerana is an eusocial bee common in Sri Lanka. It is an ecologically and economically important species as a pollinator of natural vegetation and food crops. Also because bees honey, brood and bees wax, produced by bees are consumed by humans. Due to their beneficial role, A.cerana colonies are managed in bee boxes in home gardens in all parts of the country. However, bee colonies desert their bee boxes during offseason, when sufficient flowering plants are not available in the vicinity to provide their food requirements. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the importance of plants in home gardens to sustain a domesticated honeybee colony. The study was conducted in the Kurunegala district over a six-month period; from February to July 2016. A list of flowering plants in the area was prepared and their flowering pattern was observed. A reference collection of pollen of the flowering plants was prepared and their pollen types were identified. Diurnal activity of bees in a bee box at the hive entrance in relation to the number of bees leaving the hive and returning with a load of pollen was recorded. The number of pollen loads collected at the bottom of the hive was recorded and investigated, daily. Pollen loads in bee corbicular were slide mounted and pollen types were identified. Bee activity during the study period was compared with monthly, flowering pattern, environmental temperature, and relative humidity. A total of 152 of flowering plants were recorded from the home garden. A total of 95 plants were in bloom during the study period and five species were in bloom throughout the study period. Flowering was highest in February and gradually decreased towards June and again increased towards July. A similar pattern was followed by pollen gathering by bees. Pollen in flowering plants belonged to 12 different types and that in corbiculae of bees belonged to 13 types of which only 11 types were from flowers in the home garden. Most pollen loads of bees contained 2-3 types of pollen, the most common pollen type being Inaperturate type, found in 14 different plant families. Most bees left the hive by 09.00- 09.15 h and the rest by 17.00 -17.15h. Most bees returned to the hive with pollen loads by 08.00-08.15h. Half of the bees that left the hive returned with pollen loads while the rest may have returned with nectar. There was a clear positive relationship between the number of flowering plants in bloom and the number of pollen loads collected by bees, during the study period, inferring that home garden plants in bloom could sustain honey bee colonies by supplying pollen and nectar. Hence, maintain flowering plants is an important aspect of beekeeping.

Keywords: Apis cerana, Inaperturate type, Pollen loads, Pollen plants.

Sri Lanka-Taiwan Joint Symposium on Advances in Entomological Research : 20th January 2017

Poster Presentation Session IV

EFFECT OF WILD BEE POLLINATION ON POD AND SEED SET IN OKRA, Abelmoschus esculentus

R.A.S.N. Perera and W.A.I.P. Karunaratne*

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. *[email protected]

The role of pollinators of many plants is well known throughout the world and their activities are essential to agriculture and ecosystem functioning. Among insect pollinators, wild bees are species rich and abundant. The present study examined pollination in an economically important vegetable crop in Sri Lanka, okra/ladies fingers, Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) and its effect on fruit and seed set. The study was conducted in a home garden in Kurunegala district from August 2015 to July 2016. Okra seedlings, numbering 350, were planted in an area of 18.58×10-5 ha. Floral phenology, flower characteristics, nectar and pollen production were studied. Effect of pollination on fruit and seed set in okra was studied through three field treatments; open flowers for natural pollination by wild bees, closed flowers (with a fine mesh bag) to prevent entry of bees and other insects and hand pollination (using a fine brush). Each treatment comprised of 25 selected flowers which were tagged. Only two species of bees, Trigona sp. and Lithurgus atratus visited flowers of okra. Trigona sp. visited only for nectar, while L. atratus was the only wild bee to collect pollen from okra flowers. Their behaviour at flowers indicated that L. atratus is the sole bee pollinator of okra flowers, specialized to carry large pollen grains of okra in their abdominal scope/pollen brush. Peak activity period of bees at flowers was from 9.00 – 11.00 am., stigma receptivity was from 8.00 a.m. – 10.30 am. and anther dehiscence around 8.00 am. Pollen remained on anthers until around 11.30 am. The time period of these two activities corresponded with the time of highest amount of nectar production, around 10.00 am. Okra flowers are large with a petal length of 5.5 cm. They are fully open by 8.00 am. and wilt by 2.00 p.m. with a lifespan of six hours. Pollen grains are spherical in shape and spiny with a diameter of 0.010 ± 0.005 mm. Number of pollen grains per anther varied from 26-42 with 48 anthers per flower. Hence, the number of pollen grains per flower is about 1526. Statistical analysis of the data obtained from the three field treatments (p values obtained for closed and open flowers for length of pods, diameter of pods and number of seeds were 0.002, 0.022 and 0.0001 respectively. p values obtained in for open and hand pollinated flowers for length of pods and number of seeds were 0.001 and 0.0001 respectively) indicated that fruit and seed production in okra was significantly higher in bee pollinated flowers over hand pollinated flowers or flowers that were kept closed to prevent bee visits. Although the number of seeds in harvested pods produced by open flowers was significantly higher, % seed germination was not significantly different from other treatments. Overall, findings of the study highlights the importance of the wild bee, Lithurgus atratus in pod and seed production in okra

Keywords: Lithurgus atratus, Okra, Pollination, Wild bee.

AUTHOR INDEX

B K Bambaradeniya, Y.T.B. 15 Kafle, L. 18 Bandara, K.M.U.J. 11 Karunaratne, S.H.P.P. 1, 6, 8, 11, 12 Bandara, W.R.U.A. 20 Karunaratne, W.A.I.P. 9, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25 C Katwal, M. 18 Chan, M.S. 22 Kosgamage, K.R.K.A. 3 Chang, H.H. 14 Kotakadeniya, R.B. 15 Chathuranga, D. 8

Chen, M.Y. 19 L Chen, Y. 5 Lee, C.F. 17 Cheng, C.H. 14 Liao, C.C. 23 Chi, K.J. 5 Lin, S.K. 7

D N Dangolla, A. 20 Nugapola, N.W.N.P. 12 de Silva, W.A.P.P. 8, 11, 12 Dias, R.K.S. 3, 10 P Dissanayake, D.M.A.P. 11 Pathiraja, G.P.K.S. 4 Peiris, H.A.W.S. 3 E Perera, H.A.S.D. 4 Edirisinghe, E.M.M. 24 Perera, R.A.S.N. 25 Edirisinghe, J.P. 16 S F Sheen, J.F. 7 Fuward, R.M. 20 Shih, M.C. 5 Sirisena, U.G.A.I. 13 G Sri-In, C. 21 Goonerathne, I. 15 Surendran, S.N. 6 Gunathilake, M.K.C.G. 3 Gunatilleka, C.V.S. 16 T Tang, C.K. 2 H Tomberlin, J.K. 15 Hemachandra, I.I. 16 Tsai, C.H. 7 Hemachandra, K.S. 13 Tsai, Y.C. 5 Ho, M.H. 7 Tsai, Y.F. 14 Hsiao, T.F. 19 Hsu, J.C. 7 U Hu, Y.T. 2 Udayakantha, W.S. 10

W Wang, T.S. 14 Watson, G.W. 13 Weeraratne, T.C. 6 Wegiriya, H.C.E. 4 Wijayagunasekara, H.N.P. 13 Wijesinghe, S.A.E.C. 9 Wu, P.C. 2 Wu, Y.L. 2

Y Yakandawala, K. 9 Yang, E.C. 2, 14 Yang, J.T. 19, 21, 22, 23 Yasakeerthi, A.D.H. 20 Yueh, W.T. 5