TITLE Emergency Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Preliminary Estimates January-June 2002

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 473 747 CG 032 201

TITLE Emergency Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Preliminary Estimates January-June 2002. Drug Abuse Warning Network Series. INSTITUTION Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (DHHS/PHS), Rockville, MD. Office of Applied Studies. REPORT NO D-22 PUB DATE 2002-12-00 NOTE 563p. CONTRACT 283-98-9010;283-02-9025;282-98-0003 AVAILABLE FROM National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345; Tel: 301-468-2600; Tel: 800-729-6686 (Toll Free); Tel: 800-487-4889 (TDD) (Toll Free). For full text: http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/ dawn/TrndED/2001/Text/TrndEDtxt.PDF. PUB TYPE Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF02/PC23 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Data Collection; *Drug Abuse; *Hospitals; Incidence; Probability; *Trend Analysis IDENTIFIERS *Emergency Medical Services

ABSTRACT This publication presents estimates of drug-relatedemergency department (ED) episodes from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) from 1994 through the first half of 2001. DAWN is an ongoing, national data system that collects information on drug-related visits to EDs from a national probability sample of hospitals. This publication marks a major change in the presentation of DAWN findings from ED data. The new title introducesa new design with major changes in format and content. These changeswere designed to provide more detailed information, information about a larger number of drugs (both illicit and licit), more consistent information, andmore information pertaining to the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN. This publication has dual purposes: first, to release preliminary estimates for the first half of 2001, and second, to present revised full-year trends from 1994 to 2000 using the new format for the first time. This publication contains the following estimates of drug-related ED episodes and specific drug mentions: preliminary estimates for January-June 2001, with revised half-year estimates from July 1996 through December 2000 for comparison; and final, revised estimates for the full years 1994 through 2000. (Contains 306 tables.) (GCP)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. N N N IA s p

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4 S 410

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U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality

Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy

CD 0 BEST COPY AVAILABLE TABLES IN ED TRENDS FROM DAWN

Tables in ED Trends from DAWN follow a 3-part numberingscheme, with each of the 3 terms separated by periods (e.g., Table 2.2.0). The first (beginning)and third (ending) terms have specific meaning.

Table numbers beginning with:

1. contain information about the ED sample and theprecision of the estimates.

2. through 5. contain estimates of ED episodes and EDdrug mentions.

12. through 14. contain corresponding ratesper 100,000 population.

Each table of estimates has a corresponding table of ratesper 100,000 population, designated by a 1 prefix added to the table number. Forexample, Table 2.3.0 contains estimates of ED mentions for major substances ofabuse; Table 12.3.0 contains population-based rates of ED mentions for thesame major substances of abuse.

Table numbers ending with:

.0 contain estimates for the coterminous U.S.

.1 through .21 contain estimates for the 21 metropolitanareas oversampled in DAWN, where .1 is Atlanta, .2 is Baltimore,....21 is Washington, DC (see reverse).

No third term (e.g., 3.1, 3.2, 13.1, 13.2, etc.): These tablescontain summaries for all the metropolitan areas in DAWN. For example, Table 3.1summarizes total ED episodes across the 21 metropolitan areas.

RSE tables follow the same numbering scheme, witha prefix of RSE attached to the companion table number. For example, Table RSE-2.2.0contains the RSEs for the estimates published in Table 2.2.0.

Tables 2.3.x through 2.12.x enumerate the specificsubstances in 5 categories:

2.3.x and 2.4.xMajor substances of abuse (half year and fullyear estimates, respectively; e.g., for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, "club drugs")

2.5.x and 2.6.xPsychotherapeutic agents (e.g., benzodiazepines)

2.7.x and 2.8.xCentral nervous system (CNS) agents (e.g., narcoticanalgesics) 2.9.x and 2.10.xRespiratory agents (e.g., antihistamines) 2.11.x and 2.12.xCardiovascular agents (e.g., beta-adrenergic blocking agents)

Corresponding population-based rates are found in Tables12.3.x through 12.12.x.

Tables 3.x (13.x) summarize ED estimates (rates)across the 21 metropolitan areas.

Tables 4.1.x (14.1.x) through 4.34.x (14.34.x) summarizeDAWN ED cases by patient demographics.

Tables 5.1.x through 5.34.x summarize DAWN EDcases by episode characteristics. No population-based rates are produced for episodecharacteristics. 3 TABLES IN ED TRENDS FROM DAWN

Table numbers ending with Contain estimates for

.0 coterminous U.S.

.1 Atlanta

.2 Baltimore

.3 Boston

.4 Buffalo

.5 Chicago

.6 Dallas

.7 Denver

.8 Detroit

.9 Los Angeles

.10 Miami

.11 Minneapolis

.12 New Orleans

.13 New York

.14 Newark

.15 Philadelphia

.16 Phoenix

.17 St. Louis

.18 San Diego

.19 San Francisco

.20 Seattle

.21 WThington, DC Emergency Department Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Preliminary Estimates January-June 2002

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies

ED Trends From:DAWN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The findings in this publication are based on data developed for theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of AppliedStudies (OAS), by Johnson, Bassin, and Shaw, Inc. (JBS) under Contract No. 283-98-9010and by Westat under Contracts No. 283-02-9025 and 282-98-0003. Dr. Judy Ball (SAMHSA/OASProject Director) and Tracy Garfield (Westat) wrote the publication. Other significantcontributors at Westat include Dr. Wendy Kissin (Project Director), Jim Green, Nita Lemanski, DianeSteele, Pat Stouffer, and Lois White.

PUBLIC DOMAIN NOTICE

All material appearing in this publication is in the public domainand may be reproduced or copied without permission from the Substance Abuse and Mental HealthServices Administration (SAMHSA). However, this publicationmay not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office ofCommunications, SAMHSA. Citation of the source is appreciated. Suggested citation:

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office ofApplied Studies. Emergency Department Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network,Preliminary Estimates JanuaryJune 2002, DAWN Series: D-22, DHHS Publication No.(SMA) 03-3779, Rockville, MD, 2002.

OBTAINING ADDITIONAL COPIES OF PUBLICATION

Copies may be obtained, free of charge, from the National Clearinghousefor Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI). NCADI is a service of the Substance Abuse andMental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Write or call NCADI at:

National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345 301-468-2600 800-729-6686 TDD 800-487-4889

ELECTRONIC ACCESS TO PUBLICATION

This publication can be accessed electronically through InternetWorld Wide Web connections:

http://www.samhsa.gov http://www.drugabusestatistics.samhsa.gov http://www.DAWNinfo.net

ORIGINATING OFFICE

SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 16-105 Rockville, MD 20857

December 2002

2 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

Section Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2

HIGHLIGHTS 23

INTRODUCTION 29

Other DAWN publications 30 Overview of DAWN ED component 30 Data collection methodology 31 Considerations when interpreting DAWN data 32 Interpretation of statistical significance 33 Other considerations when reading DAWN tables 34 How to use this publication 35 Organization of tables 36 Additional content available on the Internet 42

TRENDS IN ED DRUG EPISODES AND MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE 45

TRENDS IN OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE 53

SELECTED TRENDS IN 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS 57

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 61

ED Trends From DAWN 3 LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix Page

A RACE AND ETHNICITY DATA IN DAWN 63

B DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DAWN 65

Sample design 65 Sampling weights 67 Precision of the estimates and standards for publication 67 Preliminary versus final estimates 69 Estimates of rates per 100,000 population 70 Revision of estimation system 71

C SOURCES OF ERROR IN DAWN ESTIMATES 73

Changes in sample composition and reporting of episodes 73 Noteworthy sources of error: Atlanta data for 2001 74

D GLOSSARY OF TERMS 75

Definitions of terms common to DAWN's ED and mortality components 75 Definitions of terms for the DAWN ED component 80

E MULTUM LICENSE AGREEMENT 87

F DAWN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT REPORT FORM 91

4 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

SAMPLING & PRECISION INFORMATION ON THE SAMPLE

1.1 ED sample information and response rates by metropolitan area, 2001 T-3

1.2 Counties and cities that constitute DAWN ED metropolitan areas, 2001 T-4

1.3 ED visits, drug episodes, and drug mentions: Unweighted sample data and weighted estimates by metropolitan area, 2001 T-5

1.4 ED visits: Estimates by metropolitan area by year T-6

1.5 ED visits: Estimated rates per 100,000 population by metropolitan area by year T-7

MEASURES OF PRECISION

1.6 ED drug episodes, standard errors, relative standard errors, and confidence intervals: Estimates by metropolitan area, 2001 T-8

1.7 ED drug episodes, relative standard errors, and mentions for major drugs of abuse: Estimates by metropolitan area, 2001 T-9

1.8 ED drug episodes, standard errors, relative standard errors, and confidence intervals: Estimates by drug category, 2001 T-10

1.9 Population by age and gender by metropolitan area T-12

1.10 ED drug episodes by detailed race and ethnicity: Estimates for the coterminous U.S., 2001 T-15

ED Trends From DAWN 5 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES Table Page ESTIMATES'

SELECTED DRUG CATEGORIES FOR U.S. &21 METROPOLITAN AREAS ED mentions for selected drug categories,total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates

2.1.0 Selected drug categories for the coterminousU.S. by half year T-16 *2.1.12.1.21 Selected drug categories for eachmetropolitan area by half year

2.2.0 Selected drug categories for the coterminousU.S. by year T-18 2.2.1 Atlanta T-20 2.2.2 Baltimore T-22 2.2.3 Boston T-24 2.2.4 Buffalo T-26 2.2.5 Chicago T-28 2.2.6 Dallas T-30 2.2.7 Denver T-32 2.2.8 Detroit T-34 2.2.9 Los Angeles T-36 2.2.10 Miami T-38 2.2.11 Minneapolis 1-40 2.2.12 New Orleans T-42 2.2.13 New York T-44 2.2.14 Newark T-46 2.2.15 Philadelphia T-48 2.2.16 Phoenix T-50 2.2.17 St. Louis T-52 2.2.18 San Diego T-54 2.2.19 San Francisco T-56 2.2.20 Seattle T-58 2.2.21 Washington, DC T-60

Relative standard error (RSE) tables corresponding to all estimatetables are published on the Internet using the same table numbers and beginning with the prefix, "RSE."

* These tables are published only on the Internet athttp://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net.

6 ED Trends Froth' N CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

DETAIL OF DRUGS CONTAINED IN SELECTED DRUG CATEGORIES ED mentions by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S.

2.3.0 Selected major substances of abuse by half year T-62 *2.3.12.3.21 Selected major substances of abuse for each metropolitan area by half year

2.4.0 Selected major substances of abuse by year T-72 *2.4.12.4.21 Selected major substances of abuse for each metropolitan area by year

2.5.0 Psychotherapeutic agents by half year T-82 *2.5.1 2.5.21 Psychotherapeutic agents for each metropolitan area by half year

2.6.0 Psychotherapeutic agents by year T-86 *2.6.1 2.6.21 Psychotherapeutic agents for each metropolitan area by year

2.7.0 Central nervous system agents by half year T-90 *2.7.1 2.7.21 Central nervous system agents for each metropolitan area by half year

2.8.0 Central nervous system agents by year T-97 *2.8.1 2.8.21 Central nervous system agents for each metropolitan area by year

2.9.0 Respiratory agents by half year T-104 *2.9.1 2.9.21 Respiratory agents for each metropolitan area byhalf year

2.10.0 Respiratory agents by year T-110 *2.10.1 2.10.21 Respiratory agents for each metropolitan areaby year

2.11.0 Cardiovascular agents by half year T-116 *2.11.1 2.11.21 Cardiovascular agents for each metropolitan area by half year

2.12.0 Cardiovascular agents by year T-121 *2.12.1 2.12.21 Cardiovascular agents for each metropolitan areaby year

ix ED Trends From DAWN 7 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

ESTIMATES FOR THE COTERMINOUS U.S. & 21 METROPOLITANAREAS ED drug episodes/mentions: Estimates by metropolitanarea

3.1 Episodes by half year T-126 3.2 Episodes by year T-127 3.3 Mentions by half year T-128 3.4 Mentions by year T-129 3.5 Alcohol-in-combination mentions by half year T-130 3.6 Alcohol-in-combination mentions by year T-131 3.7 Cocaine mentions by half year T-132 3.8 Cocaine mentions by year 1-133 3.9 Heroin mentions by half year 1-134 3.10 Heroin mentions by year T-135 3.11 Marijuana mentions by half year T-136 3.12 Marijuana mentions by year T-137 3.13 Amphetamines mentions by half year T-138 3.14 Amphetamines mentions by year T-139 3.15 Methamphetamine mentions by half year 1-140 3.16 Methamphetamine mentions by year T-141 3.17 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions by half year T-142 3.18 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions by year T-143 3.19 Ketamine mentions by half year T-144 3.20 Ketamine mentions by year T-145 3.21 LSD mentions by half year T-146 3.22 LSD mentions by year T-147 3.23 PCP mentions by half year T-148 3.24 PCP mentions by year T-149 3.25 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions by halfyear T-150 3.26 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions by year T-151 3.27 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions by halfyear T-152 3.28 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions by year T-153 3.29 GHB mentions by half year T-154 3.30 GHB mentions by year T-155 3.31 Inhalants mentions by half year T-156 3.32 inhalants mentions by year T-157 3.33 Combinations NTA by half year T-158 3.34 Combinations NTA by year T-159

8 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE COTERMINOUS U.S. AND 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS BY YEAR ED drug episodes/mentions by patient demographic characteristics: Estimates

4.1.0 Episodes for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-160 *4.1.1 4.1.21 Episodes for each metropolitan area by half year

4.2.0 Episodes for the coterminous U.S. by year T-161 4.2.1 Atlanta T-162 4.2.2 Baltimore T-163 4.2.3 Boston 1-164 4.2.4 Buffalo T-165 4.2.5 Chicago T-166 4.2.6 Dallas T-167 4.2.7 Denver T-168 4.2.8 Detroit T-169 4.2.9 Los Angeles T-170 4.2.10 Miami T-171 4.2.11 Minneapolis T-172 4.2.12 New Orleans T-173 4.2.13 New York T-174 4.2.14 Newark T-175 4.2.15 Philadelphia T-176 4.2.16 Phoenix T-177 4.2.17 St. Louis T-178 4.2.18 San Diego T-179 4.2.19 San Francisco T-180 4.2.20 Seattle T-181 4.2.21 Washington, DC T-182

4.3.0 Mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-184 *4.3.1 4.3.21 Mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.4.0 Mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-185 *4.4.1 4.4.21 Mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.5.0 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-186 *4.5.1 4.5.21 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.6.0 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-187 *4.6.14.6.21 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for each metropolitan area by year '3

ED Trends From DAWN 9 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

4.7.0 Cocaine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-188 *4.7.1 4.7.21 Cocaine mentions for each metropolitan area by halfyear

4.8.0 Cocaine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-189 *4.8.1 4.8.21 Cocaine mentions for each metropolitan area byyear

4.9.0 Heroin mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-190 *4.9.1 4.9.21 Heroin mentions for each metropolitanarea by half year

4.10.0 Heroin mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-191 *4.10.1 4.10.21 Heroin mentions for each metropolitanarea by year

4.11.0 Marijuana mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-192 *4.11.1 4.11.21 Marijuana mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.12.0 Marijuana mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-193 *4.12.1 4.12.21 Marijuana mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.13.0 Amphetamines mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-194 *4.13.1 4.13.21 Amphetamines mentions for each metropolitanarea by half year

4.14.0 Amphetamines mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-195 *4.14.1 4.14.21 Amphetamines mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.15.0 Methamphetamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-196 *4.15.1 4.15.21 Methamphetamine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.16.0 Methamphetamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-197 *4.16.1 4.16.21 Methamphetamine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.17.0 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-198 *4.17.1 4.17.21 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.18.0 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-199 *4.18.1 4.18.21 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for each metropolitanarea by year

10 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

4.19.0 Ketamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-200 *4.19.1 4.19.21 Ketamine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.20.0 Ketamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-201 *4.20.1 4.20.21 Ketamine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.21.0 LSD mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-202 *4.21.14.21.21 LSD mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.22.0 LSD mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-203 *4.22.14.22.21 LSD mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.23.0 PCP mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-204 *4.23.1 4.23.21 PCP mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.24.0 PCP mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-205 *4.24.1 4.24.21 PCP mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.25.0 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-206 *4.25.14.25.21 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.26.0 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-207 *4.26.14.26.21 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.27.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-208 *4.271 4.27.21 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.28.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year ... T-209 *4.28.14.28.21 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.29.0 GHB mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-210 *4.29.14.29.21 GHB mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.30.0 GHB mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-211 *4.30.1 4.30.21 GHB mentions for each metropolitan area by year

ED Trends From DAWN 11 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page

4.31.0 Inhalants mentions for the coterminous U.S. by halfyear T-212 *4.31.14.31.21 Inhalants mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.32.0 Inhalants mentions for the coterminous U.S. byyear T-213 *4.32.1 4.32.21 Inhalants mentions for each metropolitan area by year

4.33.0 Cominations NTA mentions for the coterminous U.S. by halfyear T-214 *4.33.1 4.33.21 Combinations NTA mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

4.34.0 Combinations NTA mentions for the coterminous U.S. byyear T-215 *4.34.1 4.34.21 Combinations NTA mentions for each metropolitan area by year

EPISODE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE COTERMINOUS U.S. AND21 METROPOLITAN AREAS BY YEAR ED drug episodes/mentions by episode characteristics: Estimates

5.1.0 Episodes for the coterminous U.S. by half year 1-216 *5.1.1 5.1.21 Episodes for each metropolitanarea by half year

5.2.0 Episodes for the coterminous U.S. by year T-217 5.2.1 Atlanta T-218 5.2.2 Baltimore 1-219 5.2.3 Boston T-220 5.2.4 Buffalo 1-221 5.2.5 Chicago T-222 5.2.6 Dallas T-223 5.2.7 Denver T-224 5.2.8 Detroit T-225 5.2.9 Los Angeles T-226 5.2.10 Miami T-227 5.2.11 Minneapolis T-228 5.2.12 New Orleans T-229 5.2.13 New York T-230 5.2.14 Newark T-231 5.2.15 Philadelphia T-232 5.2.16 Phoenix T-233 5.2.17 St. Louis T-234 5.2.18 San Diego T-235 5.2.19 San Francisco T-236 5.2.20 Seattle T-237 5.2.21 Washington, DC 1G T-238

12 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page

5.3.0 Mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-240 *5.3.1 5.3.21 Mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.4.0 Mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-241 *5.4.1 5.4.21 Mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.5.0 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year... T-242 *5.5.1 5.5.21 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.6.0 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-243 *5.6.1 5.6.21 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.7.0 Cocaine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-244 *5.7.1 5.7.21 Cocaine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.8.0 Cocaine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-245 *5.8.1 5.8.21 Cocaine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.9.0 Heroin mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-246 *5.9.1 5.9.21 Heroin mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.10.0 Heroin mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-247 *5.10.1 5.10.21 Heroin mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.11.0 Marijuana mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-248 *5.11.1 5.11.21 Marijuana mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.12.0 Marijuana mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-249 *5.12.1 5.12.21 Marijuana mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.13.0 Amphetamines mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-250 *5.13.1 5.13.21 Amphetamines mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.14.0 Amphetamines mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-251 *5.14.1 5.14.21 Amphetamines mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.15.0 Methamphetamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-252 *5.15.1 5.15.21 Methamphetamine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year 17 ED Trends From DAWN 13 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page

5.16.0 Methamphetamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-253 *5.16.1 5.16.21 Methamphetamine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.17.0 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-254 *5.17.1 5.17.21 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.18.0 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-255 *5.18.1 5.18.21 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for each metropolitanarea by year

5.19.0 Ketamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-256 *5.19.1 5.19.21 Ketamine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.20.0 Ketamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-257 *5.20.1 5.20.21 Ketamine mentions for each metropolitan area byyear

5.21.0 LSD mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-258 *5.21.1 5.21.21 LSD mentions for each metropolitan area by halfyear

5.22.0 LSD mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-259 *5.22.1 5.22.21 LSD mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.23.0 PCP mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-260 *5.23.1 5.23.21 PCP mentions for each metropolitan area by halfyear

5.24.0 PCP mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-261 *5.24.1 5.24.21 PCP mentions for each metropolitan area byyear

5.25.0 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-262 *5.25.15.25.21 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.26.0 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for the coterminous U.S. byyear T-263 *5.26.1 5.26.21 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.27.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by halfyear T-264 *5.27.1 5.27.21 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

5.28.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year... T-265 *5.28.1 5.28.21 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.29.0 GHB mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-266 *5.29.1 5.29.21 GHB mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.30.0 GHB mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-267 *5.30.1 5.30.21 GHB mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.31.0 Inhalants mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-268 *5.31.1 5.31.21 Inhalants mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.32.0 Inhalants mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-269 *5.32.1 5.32.21 Inhalants mentions for each metropolitan area by year

5.33.0 Cominations NTA mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-270 *5.33.1 5.33.21 Combinations NTA mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

5.34.0 Combinations NTA mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-271 *5.34.1 5.34.21 Combinations NTA mentions for each metropolitan area by year

[Table numbers 6 through 11 have been reserved for future expansion.]

.la

ED Trends From DAWN 15 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION2

SELECTED DRUG CATEGORY RATES FOR COTERMINOUS U.S. AND 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS BY YEAR ED mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimated rates per 100,000 population

12.1.0 Selected drug categories for the coterminous U.S. by halfyear T-272 *12.1.1 12.1.21 Selected drug categories for each metropolitan area by half year

12.2.0 Selected drug categories for the coterminous U.S. by year T-274 12.2.1 Atlanta T-276 12.2.2 Baltimore T-278 12.2.3 Boston T-280 12.2.4 Buffalo T-282 12.2.5 Chicago T-284 12.2.6 Dallas T-286 12.2.7 Denver T-288 12.2.8 Detroit 1-290 12.2.9 Los Angeles T-292 12.2.10 Miami T-294 12.2.11 Minneapolis T-296 12.2.12 New Orleans T-298 12.2.13 New York T-300 12.2.14 Newark T-302 12.2.15 Philadelphia T-304 12.2.16 Phoenix T-306 12.2.17 St. Louis T-308 12.2.18 San Diego 1-310 12.2.19 San Francisco T-312 12.2.20 Seattle T-314 12.2.21 Washington, DC T-316

2 Relative standard errors (RSEs) are identical for estimates and rates. RSE tablescorresponding to all rates tables are found on the Internet using the same table numbers, without the preceding number "1," and beginning with the prefix, "RSE." :0 16 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

DETAIL OF DRUGS CONTAINED IN SELECTED DRUG CATEGORIES ED mentions by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population

12.3.0 Selected major substances of abuse by half year T-318 *12.3.1 12.3.21 Selected major substances of abuse for each metropolitan area by half year

12.4.0 Selected major substances of abuse by year T-328 *12.4.1 12.4.21 Selected major substances of abuse for each metropolitan area by year

12.5.0 Psychotherapeutic agents by half year T-338 *12.5.1 12.5.21 Psychotherapeutic agents for each metropolitan area by half year

12.6.0 Psychotherapeutic agents by year 1-342 *12.6.1 12.6.21 Psychotherapeutic agents for each metropolitan area by year

12.7.0 Central nervous system agents by half year T-346 *12.7.1 12.7.21 Central nervous system agents for each metropolitan area by half year

12.8.0 Central nervous system agents by year T-353 *12.8.1 12.8.21 Central nervous system agents for each metropolitan area by year

12.9.0 Respiratory agents by half year T-360 *12.9.1 12.9.21 Respiratory agents for each metropolitan area by half year

12.10.0 Respiratory agents by year T-366 *12.10.1 12.10.21 Respiratory agents for each metropolitan area by year

12.11.0 Cardiovascular agents by half year T-372 *12.11.1 12.11.21 Cardiovascular agents for each metropolitan area by half year

12.12.0 Cardiovascular agents by year T-377 *12.12. 1 12.12.21 Cardiovascular agents for each metropolitan area by year

r: 4

ED Trends From DAWN 17 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

RATES OF MENTIONS FOR THE COTERMINOUS U.S. AND 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS BY YEAR ED drug episodes/mentions: Estimated rates per 100,000 population by metropolitan area

13.1 Episodes by half year T-382 13.2 Episodes by year T-383 13.3 Mentions by half year T-384 13.4 Mentions by year T-385 13.5 Alcohol-in-combination mentions by half year T-386 13.6 Alcohol-in-combination mentions by year T-387 13.7 Cocaine mentions by half year T-388 13.8 Cocaine mentions by year T-389 13.9 Heroin mentions by half year T-390 13.10 Heroin mentions by year 1-391 13.11 Marijuana mentions by half year T-392 13.12 Marijuana mentions by year T-393 13.13 Amphetamines mentions by half year T-394 13.14 Amphetamines mentions by year T-395 13.15 Methamphetamine mentions by half year T-396 13.16 Methamphetamine mentions by year T-397 13.17 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions by half year T-398 13.18 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions by year T-399 13.19 Ketamine mentions by half year T-400 13.20 Ketamine mentions by year T-401 13.21 LSD mentions by half year T-402 13.22 LSD mentions by year T-403 13.23 PCP mentions by half year T-404 13.24 PCP mentions by year T-405 13.25 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions by half year T-406 13.26 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions by year T-407 13.27 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions by half year T-408 13.28 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions by year T-409 13.29 GHB mentions by half year T-410 13.30 GHB mentions by year T-411 13.31 Inhalants mentions by half year T-412 13.32 Inhalants mentions by year T-413 13.33 Combinations NTA by half year T-414 13.34 Combinations NTA by year T-415

18 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

RATES FOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE COTERMINOUS U.S. AND 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS BY YEAR ED drug episodes/mentions by age and gender: Estimated rates per 100,000 population

14.1.0 Episodes for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-416 *14.1.1 14.1.21 Episodes for each metropolitan area by half year

14.2.0 Episodes for the coterminous U.S. by year T-417 14.2.1 Atlanta 1-418 14.2.2 Baltimore 1-419 14.2.3 Boston 1-420 14.2.4 Buffalo T-421 14.2.5 Chicago T-422 14.2.6 Dallas T-423 14.2.7 Denver T-424 14.2.8 Detroit T-425 14.2.9 Los Angeles T-426 14.2.10 Miami T-427 14.2.11 Minneapolis T-428 14.2.12 New Orleans T-429 14.2.13 New York T-430 14.2.14 Newark 1-431 14.2.15 Philadelphia T-432 14.2.16 Phoenix T-433 14.2.17 St. Louis T-434 14.2.18 San Diego T-435 14.2.19 San Francisco T-436 14.2.20 Seattle T-437 14.2.21 Washington, DC T-438

14.3.0 Mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year 1-440 *14.3.1 14.3.21 Mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.4.0 Mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-441 *14.4.1 14.4.21 Mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.5.0 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-442 *14.5.1 14.5.21 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.6.0 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-443 *14.6.1 14.6.21 Alcohol-in-combination mentions for each metropolitan area by year 3

ED Trends From DAWN 19 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page

14.7.0 Cocaine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-444 *14.7.1 14.7.21 Cocaine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.8.0 Cocaine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-445 *14.8.1 14.8.21 Cocaine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.9.0 Heroin mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-446 *14.9.1 14.9.21 Heroin mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.10.0 Heroin mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-447 *14.10.1 14.10.21 Heroin mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.11.0 Marijuana mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-448 *14.11.1 14.11.21 Marijuana mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.12.0 Marijuana mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-449 *14.12.1 14.12.21 Marijuana mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.13.0 Amphetamines mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-450 *14.13.1 14.13.21 Amphetamines mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.14.0 Amphetamines mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-451 *14.14.1 14.14.21 Amphetamines mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.15.0 Methamphetamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-452 *14.15.1 14.15.21 Methamphetamine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.16.0 Methamphetamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-453 *14.16.1 14.16.21 Methamphetamine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.17.0 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-454 *14.17.114.17.21 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.18.0 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-455 *14.18.1 14.18.21 MDMA (Ecstasy) mentions for each metropolitan area by year

20 ED Trends From DAWN CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page

14.19.0 Ketamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-456 *14.19.1 14.19.21 Ketamine mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.20.0 Ketamine mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-457 *14.20.1 14.20.21 Ketamine mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.21.0 LSD mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-458 *14.21.1 14.21.21 LSD mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.22.0 LSD mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-459 *14.22.114.22.21 LSD mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.23.0 PCP mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-460 *14.23.1 14.23.21 PCP mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.24.0 PCP mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-461 *14.24.1 14.24.21 PCP mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.25.0 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-462 *14.25.1 14.25.21 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.26.0 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-463 *14.26.1 14.26.21 Miscellaneous hallucinogens mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.27.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-464 *14.271 14.27.21 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.28.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year ... T-465 *14.28.1 14.28.21 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.29.0 GHB mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-466 *14.29.1 14.29.21 GHB mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

ED Trends From DAWN 21 CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

14.30.0 GHB mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-467 *14.30.1 14.30.21 GHB mentions for each metropolitan area byyear

14.31.0 Inhalants mentions for the coterminous U.S. by half year T-468 *14.31.1 14.31.21 Inhalants mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.32.0 Inhalants mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-469 *14.32.1 14.32.21 Inhalants mentions for each metropolitan area by year

14.33.0 Cominations NTA mentions for the coterminous U.S. by halfyear T-470 *14.33.1 14.33.21 Combinations NTA mentions for each metropolitan area by half year

14.34.0 Combinations NTA mentions for the coterminous U.S. by year T-471 *14.34.1 14.34.21Combinations NTA mentions for each metropolitan area by year

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Relative standard errors (RSEs) for drug-related episodes by metropolitan area: January-June 2002 43

2 Tables in ED Trends From DAWN 43

3 ED drug-related episodes and alcohol-in-combination, cocaine, heroin, and marijuana mentions: July-December 1997 through January-June 2002 51

4 Relative standard errors (RSEs) for major substances of abuse: January-June 2002 51

5 ED mentions of selected narcotic analgesics: July-December 1997 through January-June 2002 56

22 ED Trends From DAWN HIGHLIGHTS r:77-7-7777-

This issue of Emergency Department Trends From DAWN Drug Episodes vs. presents for the first time preliminary estimates for January Drug Mentions to June of 2002, with comparisons to the same months of Drug Episode:A drug-related 2001. ED episode is an ED visit that was induced by or related to the The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) relies on a use of an illegal drug(s) or the sample of hospitals operating 24-hour emergency nonmedical use of a legal drug departments (EDs) to capture data on ED visits induced by or for patients age 6 to 97 years. related to substance abuse. DAWN data do not measure Drug Mention:A drug mention prevalence of drug use in the population, but the probability refers to a substance that was sample of hospitals is designed to produce representative recorded ("mentioned") during a estimates of ED drug episodes and drug mentions for the drug-related ED episode. coterminous United States and for 21 metropolitan areas. The Because up to 4 drugs (and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration alcohol) can be reported for (SAMHSA), the agency responsible for DAWN, is required each drug abuse episode, there under Section 505 of the Public Health Service Act to collect are more mentions than such data. episodes cited in this report.

Findings are statistically significant unless stated otherwise. Estimates for the first half of 2002 are preliminary, so there is no guarantee that statistically significant differences will remain once the data are complete and estimates for the full year are produced. Final estimates from 1994 to 2001 are provided for reference.

This publication (text and tables), additional tables grouped by metropolitan area, and tables of relative standard errors are available online at http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net.

TOTAL DRUG-RELATED ED EPISODES

From January through June 2002, DAWN estimates that there were 308,558 drug abuse-related ED episodes in the coterminous U.S. with 564,196 drug mentions (on average, 1.8 drugs per episode) (Table 2.1.0). There was no statistically significant difference between the first half of 2001 and the first half of 2002 in total drug-related ED episodes or ED drug mentions (Table 2.1.0).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, none of the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN had increases in drug abuse episodes, but there were significant decreases in drug episodes in 4 metropolitan areas (Table 3.1): Seattle (-54%, from 5,720 to 2,656 episodes), Dallas (-22%, from 3,369 to 2,638), Chicago (-16%, from 16,526 to 13,937), and San Diego (-12%, from 3,615 to 3,194).

ZE57 COPY/MLAit,

4.7

ED Trends From DAWN 23 MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE

For illicit drugs, a comparison of the first half of 2001 and the first half of 2002 revealed that (Table 2.1.0):

There were no significant changes in ED mentions of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), Ketamine, PCP, GHB, or inhalants.

LSD mentions decreased 78 percent (from 1,882 mentions in the first half of 2001 to 407 mentions in the first half of 2002).

Patient Demographics

Total drug-related ED episodes and mentions of alcohol-in-combination, cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), Ketamine, PCP, and GHB were stable across demographic categories from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Tables 4.1.0 through 4.33.0).

Mentions of heroin declined 18 percent (from 14,924 in the first half of 2001 to 12,260 in the first half of 2002) among patients who were black (Table 4.9.0), and mentions of LSD declined across most demographic subgroups: both genders, white and black patients, and patients age 20 and over (Table 4.21.0).

Characteristics of ED Episodes

Characteristics of drug-related ED episodes overall were unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 5.1.0). During the first half of 2002:

More than half (55%) of drug-related ED episodes involved multiple drugs.

The motive for drug abuse was cited as dependence in more than one-third (37%), suicide in another 29 percent, and psychic effects in 20 percent of episodes. Motive was unrecorded in 13 percent of episodes.

The reason for the ED visit was overdose in 40 percent, unexpected reaction in 18 percent, and seeking detoxification in 17 percent of drug-related episodes. Reason for contact was unrecorded in 5 percent of episodes.

Patients were admitted to the hospital (49%) and treated and released (48%) in nearly equal proportions.

24 ED Trends From DAWN ALCOHOL-IN-COMBINATION

Alcohol is reportable to DAWN only when present in combination with another reportable drug.

In the first half of 2002, alcohol-in-combination was mentioned in 32 percent of ED drug episodes (97,527 mentions). Overall, mentions of alcohol-in-combination were statistically unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0).

Mentions of alcohol-in-combination increased 56 percent (from 804 to 1,252) in Buffalo from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. Significant decreases during this time period were found in Seattle (-46%, from 1,469 to 800 mentions), San Francisco (-29%, from 1,010 to 717), Dallas (-28%, from 934 to 670), and Phoenix (-23%, from 1,296 to 1,004) (Table 3.5).

COCAINE

Nationwide, there were 91,687 ED mentions of cocaine in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0). Cocaine mentions remained stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002.

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in cocaine mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.7): Minneapolis (47%, from 462 to 681 mentions) and Denver (47%, from 631 to 926). Significant decreases in cocaine mentions were found in 7 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-67%, from 1,660 to 551), Dallas (-32%, from 964 to 654), Detroit (-32%, from 4,160 to 2,820), Washington, DC (-28%, from 1,440 to 1,032), San Francisco (-21%, from 1,220 to 964), Chicago (-20%, from 8,269 to 6,614), and San Diego (-11%, from 439 to 389).

HEROIN

There were 42,571 ED mentions of heroin in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0). Nationwide, mentions of heroin were statistically unchanged from the first half of 2001.

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in heroin mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.9): Buffalo (71%, from 283 to 484 mentions) and Denver (37%, from 380 to 519). Significant decreases in heroin mentions were found in 7 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-47%, from 903 to 475 mentions), Washington, DC (-42%, from 1,024 to 591), Dallas (-41%, from 251 to 147), Detroit (-32%, from 2,102 to 1,440), Baltimore (-24%, from 2,593 to 1,977), San Diego (-21%, from 401 to 316), and Phoenix (-20%, from 372 to 298).

ED Trends From DAWN 25 MARIJUANA

There were 55,727 ED mentions of marijuana in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0). Nationwide, marijuana mentions remained statistically unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002.

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in marijuana mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.11): Miami (30%, from 920 to 1,195 mentions) and San Diego (20%, from 521 to 625). Significant decreases in marijuana mentions were found in 4 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.11): Seattle (-65%, from 858 to 298), Buffalo (-49%, from 374 to 192), San Francisco (-44%, from 387 to 217), and Dallas (-36%, from 570 to 364).

AMPHETAMINES AND METHAMPHETAMINE

In the first half of 2002, DAWN estimates 10,079 ED mentions of amphetamines and 6,136 ED mentions of methamphetamine in the coterminous U.S. (Tables 2.1.0 and 12.1.0). From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, no significant change was evident for ED mentions of amphetamines or methamphetamine.

From to the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Tables 3.13 and 3.15):

Significant increases in mentions of amphetamines were found in 2 metropolitan areas: Denver (57%, from 163 to 256 mentions) and San Diego (31%, from 432 to 566).

Mentions of amphetamines decreased in 4 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-70%, from 345 to 104), Philadelphia (-45%, from 228 to 126), San Francisco (-26%, from 376 to 279), and Dallas (-24%, from 187 to 143).

Of the metropolitan areas with at least 100 mentions of methamphetamine, there were significant decreases in Seattle (-31%, from 166 to 115 mentions) and San Diego (-25%, from 344 to 257), and there were no significant increases.

OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE

Not all cases involving prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are reportable to DAWN. However, DAWN receives reports of ED episodes involving the nonmedical use of legal drugs. These can involve deliberate abuse of prescribed or legally obtained OTC medications or of pharmaceuticals diverted for abuse. Accidental overdoses or ingestions with no intent of abuse, or adverse reactions to OTC or prescription drugs taken as directed are not reportable to DAWN unless they were present in combination with an illicit drug. Only generic drug names are presented in DAWN publications. DAWN estimates should not be attributed to drugs marketed under particular brand (trade) names.

DAWN estimates that other substances of abuse (251,015 mentions) accounted for 44 percent of total ED drug mentions in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0). Although the vast majority of these other substances are marketed legally by prescription or over the 30

26 ED Trends From DAWN counter, it is impossible to know from DAWN the number of ED visits related to the abuse of prescription drugs by the person for whom the drug was prescribed for a therapeutic purpose.

ED mentions of other substances of abuse in the first half of 2002 were most concentrated among psychotherapeutic agents (104,687 mentions) and central nervous system (CNS) agents (108,081) in nearly equal proportions (19% of total ED mentions each) (Table 2.1.0).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, mentions of psychotherapeutic agents overall were stable, as were mentions for the subcategories of psychotherapeutic agents (antidepressants; antipsychotics; anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics; and CNS stimulants).

ED mentions of CNS agents overall were stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. However, among the subcategories of CNS agents:

Mentions of narcotic analgesics/combinations increased 16 percent (from 47,683 to 55,311 mentions),

Mentions of miscellaneous analgesics/combinations decreased 17 percent (from 21,447 to 17,849 mentions), and

Mentions of anorexiants increased 171 percent (from 383 to 1,038).

Among the most frequently mentioned narcotic analgesics/combinations (Table 2.7.0):

Estimates for codeine/combinations (2,317 mentions in the first half of 2002), hydrocodone/combinations (12,033 mentions), morphine/combinations (1,122 mentions), and propoxyphene/combinations (2,486 mentions) were stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, as were mentions of unnamed narcotic analgesics (NOS, 18,970 mentions) and of methadone (5,190 mentions).

ED mentions for the category of oxycodone/combinations were not statistically changed from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. However, mentions of oxycodone specifically rose significantly from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (a 59% increase, from 4,940 to 7,828 mentions).

ED Trends From DAWN 27 INTRODUCTION

This publication presents estimates of drug-related emergency department (ED) visits from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) from 1994 through the first half of 2002. Special attention is given to the preliminary estimates for the first half of 2002, which are being released for the first time. DAWN is an ongoing, national data system that collects information on drug-related visits to EDs from a national probability sample of hospitals. The Office of Applied Studies (OAS) of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has been responsible for DAWN operations since 1992.

ED Trends From DAWN is published twice each year. Once each year, ED Trends publishes a limited set of preliminary estimates developed from the first half-year of data (i.e., January through June). Each year, a second issue of ED Trends presents final estimates for the most recent full year and comparisons to previous years.3 The revised estimates in the ED Trends From DAWN series replace those DAWN estimates published previously for 1994 through 2000.

This publication contains the following estimates of drug-related ED episodes and specific drug mentions:

Preliminary estimates for JanuaryJune 2002, with half-year estimates from July 1997 through December 2001 for comparison.

Estimates for JanuaryJune 2002 are considered preliminary because some hospitals can be expected to report late and the sampling weights used to derive national and metropolitan area estimates for this period are not final (see Appendix B).

Final estimates for the full years 1994 through 2001, which were published previously and are provided here for reference.

DAWN relies on a detailed "drug vocabulary" to categorize the thousands of substances that are reported each year. The drug vocabulary is, literally, the languagethe codes and terminologythat DAWN uses to record and classify drugs and other substances collected from EDs. In 2001, it was necessary to implement substantial changes to the existing vocabulary to ensure that reported substances are accurately and consistently classified. The overhaul and replacement of the DAWN drug vocabulary as well as the first publication of the revised trends are described in detail in Emergency Department Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network Preliminary Estimates, JanuaryJune 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000.4 In addition, a separate publication focusing exclusively on the drug vocabulary is forthcoming.

3 The publication series entitled ED Trends From DAWN replaced 2 semi-annual publicationsMid-year Preliminary Emergency Department Data from DAWN and Year-end Emergency Department Data from DAWN. It also replaced the trend tables (chapter 4) from the annual Detailed ED Tables prior to 2001, which are published exclusively on the Internet (Prior to 1998, Detailed ED Tables were published under the title DAWN Annual Emergency Department Data.) `The classification of drugs currently in use by DAWN is derived from the Multum Lexicon, Copyright © 2001, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique requirements (2001). The Multum Licensing Agreement governing use of the Lexicon is provided in Appendix E to this report and can be found on the Internet at http://www.multum.comi.

31)

ED Trends From DAWN 29 In the next section, we describe the sources and methods used to collect data for DAWN, and then highlight certain limitations of the data. Finally, we provide an overview of the layout of this publication, including a detailed description of each table and its proper interpretation.

OTHER DAWN PUBLICATIONS

The DAWN system also collects data on drug-related deaths from a nonrandom set of death investigation jurisdictions. Findings from DAWN mortality data are published annually in a separate publication series entitled Mortality Data From the Drug Abuse Warning Network.

A relatively new series called The DAWN Report focuses on topics of special interest in a brief publication formats The inaugural issue of The DAWN Report (12/2000) focused on club drugs, a topic chosen because of the large volume of requests for information on this emerging drug problem. This issue was recently updated with estimates through 2001 (10/2002). The second issue of The DAWN Report featured major drugs of abuse in ED visits, which displayed the geographic distribution of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine mentions on a U.S. map (7/2001). This was recently updated with estimates from 2001 as well (10/2002). Several new issues of The DAWN Report are scheduled for release in the near future.

OAS receives many requests for specific information from potential and actual consumers of information from DAWN. We view these requests as expressions of the need to improve the content of DAWN publications. Topics for The DAWN Report and modifications to other DAWN publications are often the result of consumer input.

OVERVIEW OF DAWN ED COMPONENT

The DAWN system provides information on some of the health consequences of drug abuse in the United States as manifested by drug-related visits to hospital EDs. Hospitals eligible for DAWN are non-Federal, short-stay, general medical and surgical hospitals that operate 24-hour, 7-day EDs. Since 1988, DAWN ED data have been collected from a representative sample of eligible hospitals located throughout the coterminous U.S., with oversampling in 21 metropolitan areas and a National Panel of hospitals sampled from locations outside these areas.

In 2001, the DAWN sample consisted of 564 eligible hospitals.' Of these, 458 (81%) participated in DAWN. Response rates in the 21 metropolitan areas ranged from 58 percent to 100 percent, with only 2 metropolitan areas having response rates below 75 percent (Table 1.1). The 2001 sample of hospitals submitted data on 196,268 drug abuse episodes with an average of 1.8 drug mentions per episode (Table 1.3).

In the first half of 2002, 14 metropolitan areas had response rates lower than 70 percent, with the lowest at 49 percent. One of the reasons that estimates from the first half of 2002 are considered preliminary is that additional data from this period are expected and will be

5 For mortality data prior to 2000, the publication series was titled Drug Abuse Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data. ° Issues of The DAWN Report are available on-line at http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net 'The DAWN sample is updated annually, so 2001 is the last full year for which the sample was drawn. The sample for 2002 will be updated at the close of the 2002 data year. 33

30 ED Trends From DAWN incorporated before 2002 estimates are finalized. Estimates for the first half (JanuaryJune) of 2002 will be updated upon the close of the 2002 data year.

For this publication, sampling weights have been applied to data from the sample to produce estimates representing all ED drug episodes and drug mentions in the total coterminous U.S.8 and in the 21 metropolitan areas (see Appendix B). The National Panel represents hospitals outside of the 21 metropolitan areas. Estimates for the 21 metropolitan areas are pooled with estimates from the National Panel to produce the national estimates. To account for differences in population and to facilitate comparisons across metropolitan areas, estimated rates of ED drug episodes and mentions per 100,000 population also are presented (see Appendix B). Population estimates used to derive the estimated rates for 2001 are presented in Table 1.9 for each DAWN metropolitan area.

DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY

Within each hospital that participates in DAWN, a designated DAWN reporter, who is usually a member of the ED or medical records staff, is responsible for reviewing medical charts to identify ED visits that are eligible for submission to DAWN. DAWN reporters rely on information from medical charts that originates with hospital staff who treated the patient. Ultimately, the accuracy and completeness of the data submitted to DAWN depend on the careful recording of information by the medical staff and on the accuracy and completeness of the information provided to the medical staff by the patient.

The DAWN reporter submits an episode report to the DAWN system for each patient who visits a DAWN ED and meets certain criteria. To be included in DAWN, the patient presenting to the ED must meet all of the following criteria:

The patient was age 6 to 97;

The patient was treated in the hospital's ED;

The patient's presenting problem(s) (i.e., the reason for the ED visit) was induced by or related to drug use, regardless of when the drug use occurred;

The episode involved the use of an illegal drug or the use of a legal drug or other chemical substance for nonmedical purposes; and

The patient's reason for using the substance(s) was dependence, suicide attempt or gesture, and/or psychic effects.

In addition to drug overdoses, reportable ED episodes may result from the chronic effects of habitual drug use or from unexpected reactions. Unexpected reactions reflect cases where the drug's effect was different than anticipated (e.g., caused hallucinations). DAWN cases do not include accidental ingestion or inhalation of a substance with no intent of abuse, or adverse reactions to prescription or over-the-counter medications taken as prescribed.

A single drug abuse episode may have multiple drug mentions. Up to 4 different substances can be recorded for each ED episode. Therefore, not every reported substance is,

8 The total coterminous U.S. consists of the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. Alaska and Hawaii are excluded. r

ED Trends From DAWN 31 by itself, necessarily a cause of the medical emergency. On the other hand, substances that contributed to a drug abuse episode may occasionally go unreportedor undetected. Even when only one substance is reported for an episode, an allowance should be made for reportable drugs not mentioned or for other contributory factors.

Alcohol use is reported to DAWN only when alcohol is present in combination witha reportable substance.

In addition, each report of a drug-related ED episode includes demographic information about the patient and information about the circumstances of the episode (e.g., the date and time of the ED visit, the reason the patient came to the ED). Only onereason for the ED contact and one reason for taking substances are recorded, regardless of the number of substances involved.9

CONSIDERATIONS WHEN INTERPRETING DAWN DATA

When interpreting findings from this publication, the reader needs to recognize what DAWN can and cannot measure. DAWN does not measure the frequency or prevalence of drug use in the population, but rather the health consequences of drug use thatare reflected in visits to hospital EDs. Moreover, estimates of drug episodes and mentionsmay increase or decrease for reasons unrelated to the size or characteristics of the drug-using population. Thereader should consider the following when interpreting estimates from DAWN:

The number of ED episodes reported to DAWN is not equivalent to the number of individual patients, because one person may make repeated visits toan ED. DAWN data contain no individual identifiers, which would be required to estimate repeat visits. Therefore, the estimates presented in this publication pertain to total ED episodesor drug mentions, not to the number of different patients involved. In this context, rates should be regarded not as prevalence rates for the population using EDs, butas indicators of the number of ED drug abuse episodes or mentionsper 100,000 population.

DAWN data may be affected by data collection procedures and thereby reflect changes in hospital services or operations. A hospital in one citymay open a new detoxification unit that diverts drug-related episodes away from the ED. Conversely, in another city, people may go to the ED to seek care for detoxification because theyare unable to gain admission to a drug treatment facility or because they need medical certification before entering treatment. These factors may vary over time and place.

Estimates of drug-related ED episodes or mentions may be affected by reporting patterns. For example, a change to computer-based recordkeeping systems ina hospital ED could increase or decrease the number of ED visits identifiedas drug related.

Greater awareness and knowledge of drug-related problemsmay result in a greater propensity for ED staff to record drug use in the ED record. Alternatively, the

9 For each drug mentioned, the DAWN reporting form also includes the form inwhich the drug was acquired (e.g., liquid, pieces), its source (e.g., street buy, patient's own legal prescription), and its route of administration (e.g., oral, injection). However, these data items frequently are unavailable from source records.

32 ED Trends From DAWN sensitivity of drug-related problems may reduce patients' willingness to disclose drug use and providers' willingness to record it in the permanent medical record.

Estimates of drug-related ED episodes or mentions can be affected if the weights applied to the data change in an irregular way. We use a set of quality control procedures to identify and investigate unusual weights and data, and our review of the weights and data used in this publication did not reveal any factors that are unduly responsible for the trends reported.

Trends may be affected by unusual changes in the sample composition. See Appendix B for more information regarding sampling.

Graphs illustrating trends in drug mentions often use different scales for the vertical axis.

The DAWN estimates beginning with 2001 utilize population data from the 2000 decennial Census. The U.S. Bureau of the Census is the source for all the population data used to produce the estimated rates (see Appendix B).It is important to note that the population denominator used to calculate rates per 100,000 population is considerably larger for 2001 due to the availability of 2000 decennial Census data. (Estimates for periods prior to 2001 used estimated yearly adjustments from the 1990 Census.) Many large decreases in 2001 population-based rates are attributable to the larger denominator. Therefore, it is important to verify reductions in rates against total estimates for the same measures. It is possible, for example, to have an estimate (in mentions or episodes) increase from 2000 to 2001 and to have the corresponding rate decrease because of changes in the population denominator. To assist the reader, the percent change columns in the rate tables are calculated based on the rates in this issue ofED Trends.1°

INTERPRETATION OF STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The estimates of episodes and mentions displayed in tables in this publication are accompanied by columns indicating the percent change from one period to another. The percent change is indicated only for statistically significant differences and only when both estimates in the comparison are greater than zero. Although estimates in the tables are presented rounded to the nearest whole number, the percent change is calculated based on the actual, non-rounded number. In describing statistically significant differences between DAWN estimates, the traditional level of statistical significance (p less than 0.05) is used.

In tables presenting full years, the estimates for the latest year (2001) are compared to the earliest year presented in the trend (1994 in this publication), and then to the 2 previous years (1999 and 2000).

In tables presenting estimates for half years, the first half of 2002 is compared to the second half of 2001, then the first halves of 2002 and 2001 are compared. Comparisons between the second half of one year and the first half of another may be problematic because of the potential for seasonal distortions. Discussions of half-year findings in this publication will be

10 Previously (in ED Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Preliminary Estimates January-June 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000), the percent change columns presented in the rate tables reflected the changes for the underlying estimates (mentions or episodes).

0 0 ED Trends From DAWN 33 limited because the estimates for 2002 are preliminary and will focus on comparisons between the first halves of 2001 and 2002.

Each table of estimates has a corresponding table containing relative standard errors (RSEs) for each estimate, and all the p-values, including those that are 0.05 or greater, for the comparisons described above. If a p-value has a negative sign in front of it, this means that there was a decrease in the estimate between the periods noted. The RSE tables are published on the Internet. The RSE values for total estimates and rates per 100,000 population are similar, so a single RSE table is provided for each pair of estimate tables. For example, Table RSE-2.2.0 presents RSEs applicable to the estimates in Table 2.2.0 and to the estimated rates in Table 12.2.0. The statistical tests used to determine the significance levels are t-tests (with infinite degrees of freedom). That is, the change score, or the difference between the 2 estimates, is divided by the standard error of the estimate. A value of zero is expected under the null hypothesis.

Although tests for statistical significance are important tools in interpreting results, significance does not always imply that the difference is large or important. Small changes that are statistically significant may occur frequently at the metropolitan area level in DAWN due to the selection of all eligible hospitals (which constitutes a census) in Baltimore, Buffalo, Denver, San Diego, and San Francisco, along with sampling many other metropolitan areas at a high frequency (Table 1.1). The closer the sample is to a census, the higher is the likelihood that a change will be statistically significant, no matter how small it may be. While technically there is no sampling variability in the 5 areas noted, some variability is due to the hospitals' nonresponse, which is treated as sampling error in the variance calculations.

RSEs for the coterminous U.S. and for each metropolitan area are summarized in Figure 1. The RSE for total drug-related ED episodes for the coterminous U.S. is 8 percent. Across the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN, RSEs range from a low of 3 percent in San Diego to a high of 23 percent in Los Angeles and Newark. RSEs for particular drugs are often much higher.

Nonsampling errors such as nonresponse and reporting errors may affect the outcome of significance tests. While p less than 0.05 significance level is used to determine statistical significance in DAWN ED tabulations, large differences associated with slightly higher p-values (specifically those between 0.05 and 0.10) may be of interest also. On the other hand, statistically significant differences are not always meaningful, because the size of the difference is small or because the significance may have occurred simply by chance. In a series of 20 independent tests, it is to be expected that one test will indicate a significant difference merely by chance even if there is no real difference in the populations compared. The text often discusses more than one comparison within a given table (e.g., comparing percentages for different drugs or subgroups). We have made no attempt to adjust the level of significance to account for these multiple comparisons. Therefore, the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis at least once in a family of comparisons is higher than the significance level given for individual comparisons (in this publication, 0.05).

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS WHEN READING DAWN TABLES

Estimates with RSEs of 50 percent or higher are regarded as too imprecise for publication. In the tables, the symbol "..." (3 dots) has been substituted for estimates that did not meet this

34 ED Trends From DAWN standard of precision. With an RSE of 50 percent, the 95 percent confidence interval for an estimate ranges from 2 to 198 percent of the estimate's value (see Appendix B).

Similarly, some 2001 estimates for the Atlanta metropolitan area are suppressed (indicated by the symbol "---") because they are based on insufficient data (see Appendix C).

Beginning with the 1999 ED data, estimates smaller than 10 were no longer suppressed in DAWN ED publications. Many estimates as small as this are suppressed by virtue of having RSEs greater than 50 percent. For those that are shown in the tables, we note for the reader that small numbers and their associated RSEs should be interpreted with caution.

As described in Appendix B, the DAWN ED data for 1995 through 1997 were reweighted and reprogrammed, and the presentation of findings was improved during 1998. Improvements in the DAWN drug vocabulary resulted in revisions to estimates for 1994 through 2000.'1 The charts, tables, and graphs in this publication present only revised estimates.

HOW TO USE THIS PUBLICATION

This issue of ED Trends From DAWN examines the nature of trends in drug-related ED episodes and focuses almost exclusively on the preliminary estimates for the first half of 2002 with statistical comparisons to the first half of 2001. Tables showing the 8 full years 1994 to 2001 have been discussed and published previously, but are reproduced here for ease of reference. In the full-year tables, statistical tests are used to compare full year 2001 estimates with those for 2000, 1999, and 1994. For half years, estimates for the latest half-year period are compared with those for the previous 2 half years. Each table displays the percent change for statistically significant differences. Actual p-values are still available in the companion tables of RSEs, which are published on the Internet.

The presentation of ED findings in this publication is divided into the following sections, which mirror the order of the tables in this publication:

Trends in major substances of abuse, such as cocaine, heroin, and "club drugs;"

Trends in other substances of abuse, such as prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs;

Trends for the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN; and

Discussion of results.

Population-based rates are discussed within these sections by topic, because the rates are best used to supplement the other estimates of episodes and mentions. By considering the estimates of drug mentions and episodes relative to the size of the population at risk, the rates yield standardized measures that can be compared across selected drugs, metropolitan areas, and gender and age groups.

11 A thorough description of the revisions to the DAWN drug vocabulary and the impact of those revisions on published estimates can be found in Appendixes A and B of the ED Trends From DAWN, Preliminary Estimates JanuaryJune 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000. '38 ED Trends From DAWN 35 ORGANIZATION OF TABLES

In this section, we explain the organization of the tables in ED Trends and explain the classification of drugs in the context of these tables.

The table numbering scheme is described in a separate exhibit on the inside of the front cover of this publication. Table numbers in this publication are identical to those in the last issue of the ED Trends From DAWN.

The tables in this publication are designed to array information from the very general to the very specific. This design responds directly to requests we receive for information at these different levels of detail. Figure 2 illustrates the general to specific organization of the tables.

Major Drug Categories

At the most general level (the left half of Figure 2), estimates are reported for major drug categories. Table 2.2.0 illustrates the standard layout of substances by drug categories. This table and others like it are divided into 2 panels with:

"Major substances of abuse" (e.g., cocaine, heroin, and "club drugs") in the top panel, and

"Other substances of abuse" in the lower panel.

Specific content for each of these panels is described later in this section.

National estimates are provided for the major drug categories in one table. Thesame estimates are provided in separate tables for each of the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled by DAWN. For example, Table 2.2.0 contains national estimates, and Tables 2.2.1 through 2.2.21 contain estimates for each of the 21 DAWN metropolitan areas.

The third term in the table number always indicates the geographic area:

.0 for national estimates, and

.1 - .21 for the 21 metropolitan areas, where .1 is always Atlanta, .2 is always Baltimore, and so forth. The complete list of the metropolitan areas and their corresponding numbers is provided on the inside of the front cover.

Component Drugs

At a more specific level (the right half of Figure 2), a second set of tables lists the component drugs classified under the 5 largest categories: major substances of abuse, psychotherapeutic agents, CNS agents, respiratory agents, and cardiovascular agents.

National estimates are provided for each of the component drugs; theseare followed by estimates for component drugs for each of the 21 metropolitan areas.

36 ED Trends From DAWN This is more detailed drug information than is available from any other substance abuse data system. In response to requests, both high and low frequency terms are displayed, as follows:

Table 2.4.0 (estimates) and 12.4.0 (rates): full-year estimates for component drugs of the major substances of abuse. Corresponding half-year estimates are published in Tables 2.3.0 and 12.3.0, respectively.

These tables include all the terms, including street names, reported to DAWN for the major substances of abuse. For example, users will consult this table to find estimates for "crack," which is subsumed under the major substance "cocaine" in Tables 2.1.0 and 2.2.0, and to see the relative frequency of particular terms.

Table 2.6.0 (and 12.6.0): full-year estimates for component drugs of psychotherapeutic agents. Corresponding half-year estimates are published in Tables 2.5.0 and 12.5.0, respectively.

Table 2.8.0 (and 12.8.0): full-year estimates for component drugs of CNS agents. Corresponding half-year estimates are published in Tables 2.7.0 and 12.7.0, respectively.

Table 2.10.0 (and 12.10.0): full-year estimates for component drugs of respiratory agents. Corresponding half-year estimates are published in Tables 2.9.0 and 12.9.0, respectively.

Table 2.12.0 (and 12.12.0): full-year estimates for component drugs of cardiovascular agents. Corresponding half-year estimates are published in Tables 2.11.0 and 12.11.0, respectively.

Except for the major substances of abuse, component drugs are always expressed at the generic substance level (e.g., fluoxetine). No published estimates are provided by brand (trade) name. Tabulations of component drugs will include all substances in the category, regardless of the frequency with which they were reported to DAWN. For example, users interested in the trends in ED visits involving particular narcotic analgesics will consult Table 2.8.0.

Major Substances of Abuse

The major substances of abuse include the most common illicit drugs and drug categories reported to DAWN, alcohol reported in combination with any other substance reported to DAWN, and lower frequency drugs of particular policy interest (e.g., club drugs such as Ecstasy and GHB).

The 15 categories in the major substances of abuse are grouped in a panel at the top of summary tables (e.g., Table 2.2.0) for ease of reference. For each of the major substances, component drugsthat is, the specific terms, including street names as they were reported to DAWNare enumerated in Table 2.4.0 (and Table 2.3.0 for half years). The 15 major substances of abuse are:

Alcohol-in-combination. This is the most frequent drug reported to DAWN, even though it is reported only when present in combination with another reportable drug.

4 0 ED Trends From DAWN 37 Cocaine. This category includes both powder and crack cocaine. Estimates for these and other specific terms are available in the component drug tables.

Heroin. ED estimates for heroin and morphine are tabulated separately (with ED morphine estimates presented under narcotic analgesics, below).12

Marijuana. This category includes both marijuana and hashish.

Amphetamines. This class of substances has been extracted from the category of CNS stimulants because of its importance as a major substance of abuse. For purposes of classification, "amphetamines" (plural) includes a class of compounds derived from or related to the drug amphetamine. Although some "designer" drugs fall into the class of amphetamines, we choose to report some of them (e.g., methamphetamine) individually as major substances of abuse. This category does not include other CNS stimulants, such as caffeine or methylphenidate.

Methamphetamine. This category includes methamphetamine and the term "speed."

MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ecstasy). This is the "designer" or "club" drug commonly known as Ecstasy.It is classified separately as a major substance of abuse because of widespread interest.

Ketamine. This is a veterinary anesthetic classified separately as a major substance of abuse because of widespread interest.It is another of the "designer" or "club" drugs.

LSD. LSD is listed separately from other hallucinogens because of widespread interest.

PCP. PCP is listed separately from other hallucinogens because of widespread interest.

Miscellaneous hallucinogens. This category includes hallucinogens other than LSD and PCP.

Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). Flunitrazepam is a benzodiazepine that is not legal for marketing in the United States.It is reported under major substances because of increased interest in its use as a "designer" or "club" drug.It is excluded from the list of benzodiazepines described below.

Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB). This category includes GHB and its precursor gamma butyrolactone (GBL). It is another of the "designer" or "club" drugs.

Inhalants. Inhalants include anesthetic gases and certain nonpharmaceuticals for which the documented route of administration was inhalation.

To be classified as inhalants, anesthetic gases are extracted from the category CNS agents, general anesthetics. These substances have the physical property at room temperature

12 In contrast, heroin and morphine are combined in tabulations of DAWN mortality data. It is often impossible to distinguish heroin from morphine during death investigations because the toxicology tests used to identify a drug involved in a drug-related death rely on a metabolite common to both drugs. This is the only such difference in drug classification between DAWN ED and mortality data.

38 ED Trends From DAWN of being a gas or are delivered as a gas and therefore are presumed to have been inhaled. The anesthetic gases include nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform.

To be classified as an inhalant, a nonpharmaceutical substance must have a psychoactive effect when inhaled and falls into one of 3 subcategories: volatile solvents, nitrites, or chlorofluorohydrocarbons (see Appendix D).

Illicit combinations. This category includes compounds composed of 2 or more major substances of abuse that are mixed and taken together. For example, "speedball, which usually refers to the combination of heroin and cocaine taken at once, would be classified as an illicit combination, whereas separate mentions of heroin and cocaine would be classified separately in the categories heroin and cocaine. Compounds consisting of a major substance of abuse and another substance are classified in the category of the major substance (e.g., heroin with scopolamine is classified as heroin).

Other Substances of Abuse

Other substances of abuse are summarized by pharmaceutical category (e.g., Table 2.2.0) using the categories and category assignments that are an integral part of the Multum Lexicon (the basis for DAWN's drug vocabulary), with a few exceptions noted here. Many of these substances are marketed legally as prescription and OTC medications. Readers should note that the purpose for which these substances are intended may be quite different from the effect for which these substances are abused. Since it is impossible to know patients' actual intentions when abusing a substance, we have chosen to classify these substances by their therapeutic uses. Some drugs may have more than one therapeutic use and could be assigned to multiple categories. To avoid duplication, each drug is assigned to a single therapeutic category and is tabulated only once.

Four of the categories under other substances of abuse are divided into finer subcategories, and the component drugs for these 4 categories are displayed in subsequent tables (e.g., Tables 2.6.0, 2.8.0, 2.10.0, and 2.12.0).

Psychotherapeutic agents are divided into the following categories:

Antidepressants MAO inhibitors SSRI antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants - Miscellaneous antidepressants Antipsychotics Phenothiazine antipsychotics Psychotherapeutic combinations Thioxanthenes Miscellaneous antipsychotic agents Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics Barbiturates BenzodiazepinesThis category excludes the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), which was assigned to major substances of abuse. Miscellaneous anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics

4 r) ED Trends From DAWN 39 CNS stimulants. This category excludes the CNS stimulants thatwere assigned to major substances of abuse: amphetamines, methamphetamine, and MDMA (Ecstasy).

Central nervous system (CNS) agents are divided into the following categories:

Analgesics Antimigraine agents Cox-2 inhibitors Narcotic analgesics and narcotic analgesic combinationsThis category excludes heroin, which is classified as a major substance of abuse. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents Salicylates and salicylate combinations Miscellaneous analgesics and miscellaneous analgesic combinations Analgesic combinations NTA Anorexiants Anticonvulsants Antiemetic/antivertigo agents Antiparkinson agents General anestheticsThis category excludes the anesthetic gases that were assigned to major substances of abuse as inhalants. a Muscle relaxants Miscellaneous CNS agents

Respiratory agents are divided into the following categories:

Antihistamines Bronchodilators Decongestants Expectorants Upper respiratory combinations Respiratory agents not tabulated above (NTA)This category captures respiratory agents that did not fit into the 5 other categories of respiratory agents.

Cardiovascular agents are divided into the following categories:

Antiandrenergic agents, centrally acting Beta-andrenergic blocking agents Calcium channel blocking agents Diuretics Cardiovascular agents NTA This category has been added to capture cardiovascular agents that did not fit into the 4 other categories of cardiovascular agents.

As noted earlier, the general categories used in Table 2.2.0are expanded in Tables 2.4.0 through 2.12.0 to enumerate the component drugs for the 4 major categories: psychotherapeutic agents, CNS agents, respiratory agents, and cardiovascular agents and their associated subcategories. For example, Table 2.2.0 presents mentions of narcotic analgesics under CNS agents; mentions of particular narcotic analgesicsmorphine, codeine, and othersare displayed in Table 2.8.0.

40 ED Trends From DAWN In the tables enumerating component drugs, only generic names are used. Brand (trade) names are not used because estimates for particular brands are considered to be unreliable.13 Therefore, for example, mentions of the miscellaneous analgesic acetaminophenare tabulated as "acetaminophen," not Tylenol.

Users of DAWN estimates have told us that it is not useful to report only the most frequently occurring substances. Therefore, in Tables 2.4.0 through 2.12.0, substancesare enumerated in their relevant category, regardless of the numbers of mentions estimated from DAWN.

The following 6 categories from the Multum Lexicon are presented without subdivisions due to the low number of mentions:

Alternative medicines Anti-infectives Gastrointestinal agents Hormones Nutritional products Topical agents

Finally, 2 additional categories, "drug unknown" and "all other substances NTA" do not appear in the Multum Lexicon but are needed to complete the classification of substances for DAWN.

Drug unknown. This includes 2 types of cases: those in which the drug was reported to DAWN as "unknown" and those in which drugs were reported to DAWN as "polysubstances." For the purposes of DAWN, polysubstance refers to the abuse of more than one substance when the individual substances were not identified by the source record. Because DAWN cases are identified through retrospective medical chart review, there will always be cases in which the drug abuse was known but the particular substance was unknown or unknowable. Since 1995, reporting of unknown substances seems to have stabilized at about 2 to 3 percent of drug mentions.

All other substances NTA. This category contains any substance reported to DAWN that could not be classified in the categories noted above and has too few mentions to warrant its own entry in DAWN tables. This category currently includes: antihyperlipidemic agents, antineoplastics, biologicals, coagulation modifiers, immunologic agents, miscellaneous agents, and plasma expanders. Miscellaneous agents include: antidotes, antigout agents, antipsoriatics, antirheumatics, chelating agents, cholinergic muscle stimulants, genitourinary tract agents, impotence agents, local injectable anesthetics, miscellaneous uncategorized agents, psoralens, radiocontrast agents, and viscosupplementation agents.

This category also includes certain legacy terms that could not be assigned reliably toany category. These include ambiguous, nonspecific terms that could fall into any of several categories (e.g., "AIDS medicine" could be an anti-infective, an anticonvulsant,or any number of other drugs); undocumented, nonspecific terms (e.g., "thought organizer"); and street terms for illicit substances that could not be linked reliably to a particular illicit substance (e.g., "T," "butterflies").

13 This issue has been discussed in greater detail in previous issues of ED Trends From DAWN. 4 4

ED Trends From DAWN 41 We will monitor the content of this category to avoid its uncontrolled expansion in the future. Should a substance or class of substances begin to show significant growth, we intend to add such information to the published categories rather than allow this "all other" category to degrade over time. In addition, regular updates of the Multum Lexicon will introduce new prescription and OTC substances as they are approved for marketing and before they begin to appear in DAWN.

ADDITIONAL CONTENT AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET

Although this publication includes a large number of tables, even more detail is available through tables that are published only on the Internet. These additional tables can be accessed online at http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net. Tables published exclusively on the Internet are:

Additional tables of estimates by metropolitan area. For ease of reference, these are listed in the table of contents of ED Trends and their location noted.

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for estimates provided in this publication, in a corresponding tabular format. The RSEs used for population-based rates are the same as those used for other DAWN estimates. Although there may be slight differences in the RSEs calculated for the DAWN estimates and the RSEs that would be appropriate for the population-based rates (due to sampling error in the current population estimates), they are sufficiently close for the purpose of this publication.

Updated indexes listing generic and brand names for prescription and OTC substances. No published estimates are provided by brand (trade) name. The index is provided as an aid for readers who may be unfamiliar with the generic names used in this publication. The updated index is not printed in each issue of ED Trends due to size.14

14 An earlier version of this index was printed as Appendix I in Emergency Department Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network Preliminary Estimates January-June 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000. The index is updated periodically.

42 ED Trends From DAWN Figure 1 Relative standard errors (RSEs) for drug-related episodes by metropolitanarea: JanuaryJune 2002

0 I IIII 111 .1m ? _c0 0 0 ,c:g sp cp <5.) .cc` e' 47) ec% o v_C c cr,co so qp er0 e 6 <2.C% oco .,

NOTE.RSEs under 20% are desireable; RSEs over 50% are unacceptable. -.141"

Figure 2 Tables in ED Trends From DAWN

Drug Categories Drug Detail

Major substances of abuse WashingtonDC Cocaine Seattle Heroin Marijuana

Baltimore Psychotherapeutic agents Atlanta Diazepam Fluoxetine National Estimates Lithium by Drug Category

Major substances of CNS agents abuse Acetaminophen Codeine Psychotherapeutic Morphine agents

CNS agents Respiratory agents Metro Dextromethorphan Respiratory agents Diphenhydramine Detail Pseudoephedrine Cardiovascular agents

Other substances Cardiovascular agents Atenoloi National Propranolol Estimates Verapamil

TIES' COPY AITAHLABLE 43 ED Trends From DAWN 43 TRENDS IN ED DRUG EPISODES AND MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE

This section presents semi-annual estimates from DAWN for total drug-relatedED episodes and mentions of major substances of abuse.

"Major substances of abuse" include the most common illicit drugs reported to DAWN, alcohol reported in combination with any other substance reported to DAWN, and lower frequency drugs of particular policy interest (e.g., club drugs suchas Ecstasy and GHB). The specific terms (including street names) reported to DAWN for each drug categoryare listed, with corresponding mentions from JulyDecember 1997 through JanuaryJune 2002, inTable 2.3.0 and Table 12.3.0 (corresponding rates per 100,000 population). Corresponding full-yeartables for 1994 through 2001 (Tables 2.4.0 and 12.4.0) are also available.

One ED episode can include mentions of one drug aloneor mentions of multiple drugs. Therefore, the number of drug mentions exceeds the number of episodes. Majorsubstances of abuse, such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana, are often reported in combination withother drugs. Alcohol-in-combination is reportable to DAWN only when present in combinationwith another reportable drug.

The following discussion focuses primarily on comparisons of preliminary estimates forthe first half of 2002 versus the first half of 2001. The potential for seasonal variationsmakes comparisons of the second half of 2001 with the first half of 2002 less reliable.

DAWN estimates for 2001 are based on data from a nationally representative sample of 458 hospitals (Table 1.1).

TOTAL DRUG-RELATED ED EPISODES

There was no statistically significant difference between the first half of 2001 and the first half of 2002 in total drug-related ED episodes or ED drug mentions (Table 2.1.0). Total ED visits (that is, ED visits for any reason) increased 0.1 percent during this period.

In the first half of 2002, drug abuse-related ED visits occurred at the rate of 121 ED episodes per 100,000 population in the coterminous U.S. (Table 12.1.0).

- Seattle (-54%, from 5,720 to 2,656 episodes),

- Dallas (-22%, from 3,369 to 2,638), 47 ED Trends From DAWN 45 - Chicago (-16%, from 16,526 to 13,937), and

- San Diego (-12%, from 3,615 to 3,194).

MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, the only major substance of abuse that changed significantly was LSD, with mentions decreasing 78 percent (from 1,882 mentions in the first half of 2001 to 407 mentions in the first half of 2002) (Table 2.1.0).

ALCOHOL-IN-COMBINATION

Alcohol-in-combination was mentioned in 32 percent of ED drug episodes in the first half of 2002 (97,527 mentions) and remains the most common substance reported in drug-related ED visits (Table 2.1.0 and Figure 3). Alcohol is reported to DAWN only when present in combination with another reportable drug, so the actual number of alcohol-related ED visits is higher than the DAWN estimate for alcohol-in-combination.

Mentions of alcohol-in-combination were statistically unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0 and Figure 3).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, only Buffalo had a significant increase in mentions of alcohol-in-combination (56%, from 804 to 1,252) (Table 3.5). Significant decreases in mentions of alcohol-in-combination were found in 4 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN:

Seattle (-46%, from 1,469 to 800 mentions),

San Francisco (-29%, from 1,010 to 717),

Dallas (-28%, from 934 to 670), and

Phoenix (-23%, from 1,296 to 1,004).

COCAINE, HEROIN, MARIJUANA

Cocaine continues to be the most frequently mentioned illicit substance, present in 30 percent of ED episodes (91,687 mentions) in the first half of 2002. Cocaine was followed in frequency by marijuana (18%, 55,727 mentions) and heroin (14%, 42,571 mentions) (Table 2.1.0 and Figure 3).

Mentions of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana remained statistically stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. (Table 2.1.0).

Almost a quarter of the cocaine mentions in the first half of 2002 (23%, 20,694 mentions) were attributed specifically to "crack" (Table 2.3.0). Most cocaine mentions (76%, 70,106) were reported to DAWN simply as "cocaine," and it is not possible to determine what proportion of these might be crack. 4 3

46 ED Trends From DAWN From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in cocaine mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.7):

Minneapolis (47%, from 462 to 681 mentions) and

Denver (47%, from 631 to 926).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant decreases in cocaine mentions were found in 7 metropolitan areas (Table 3.7):

Seattle (-67%, from 1,660 to 551 mentions),

Dallas (-32%, from 964 to 654),

Detroit (-32%, from 4,160 to 2,820),

Washington, DC (-28%, from 1,440 to 1,032),

San Francisco (-21%, from 1,220 to 964),

Chicago (-20%, from 8,269 to 6,614), and

San Diego (-11%, from 439 to 389).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in heroin mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.9):

Buffalo (71%, from 283 to 484 mentions), and

Denver (37%, from 380 to 519).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant decreases in heroin mentions were found in 7 metropolitan areas (Table 3.9):

Seattle (-47%, from 903 to 475 mentions),

Washington, DC (-42%, from 1,024 to 591),

Dallas (-41%, from 251 to 147),

Detroit (-32%, from 2,102 to 1,440),

Baltimore (-24%, from 2,593 to 1,977),

San Diego (-21%, from 401 to 316), and

Phoenix (-20%, from 372 to 298).

ED Trends From DAWN 47 From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in marijuana mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.11):

Miami (30%, from 920 to 1,195 mentions) and

San Diego (20%, from 521 to 625).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant decreases in marijuana mentions were found in 4 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.11):

Seattle (-65%, from 858 to 298),

Buffalo (-49%, from 374 to 192),

San Francisco (-44%, from 387 to 217), and

Dallas (-36%, from 570 to 364).

AMPHETAMINES AND METHAMPHETAMINE

In the first half of 2002, amphetamines were mentioned in 3 percent of DAWN ED episodes (10,079 mentions, or 4 mentions per 100,000 population) (Tables 2.1.0 and 12.1.0). From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, no significant change was evident. There were 6,136 methamphetamine mentions (2 per 100,000 population) in the first half of 2002 (Tables 2.1.0 and 12.1.0). These estimates were not statistically changed from the first half of 2001.

Most mentions of amphetamines are attributed simply to "amphetamine," while most mentions of methamphetamine are attributed simply to "methamphetamine" or "speed" (Tables 2.3.0 and 2.4.0).It is impossible to know the accuracy of distinctions between amphetamine and methamphetamine. Together they accounted for 16,215 mentions in the first half of 2002.

From to the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Tables 3.13 and 3.15):

Significant increases in mentions of amphetamines were found in 2 metropolitan areas: Denver (57%, from 163 to 256 mentions) and San Diego (31%, from 432 to 566).

Of the metropolitan areas with at least 100 mentions of methamphetamine, there were significant decreases in 2 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-31%, from 166 to 115) and San Diego (-25%, from 344 to 257). There were no significant increases.

48 ED Trends From DAWN CLUB DRUGS

No significant changes from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 were evident for the club drugs MDMA (Ecstasy) (2,303 mentions in the first half of 2002), GHB (2,024), or Ketamine (152) (Table 2.1.0).

None of the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN had more than 100 mentions of the club drugs in the first half of 2002 (Tables 3.17, 3.19, 3.27, and 3.29).

OTHER TRENDS

For the coterminous U.S., LSD mentions decreased 78 percent (from 1,882 to 407) from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0).

For the coterminous U.S., no significant changes from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 were evident for (Table 2.1.0):

PCP (3,257 mentions in the first half of 2002),

Miscellaneous hallucinogens (620),

Inhalants (559), or

Illicit combinations (118).

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS

Total drug-related ED episodes were unchanged across demographic subgroups from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 4.1.0). Similarly, mentions of alcohol-in-combination, cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), Ketamine, PCP, and GHB were stable across demographic subgroups (Tables 4.1.0 through 4.33.0).

Comparing the first halves of 2001 and 2002:

Mentions of heroin declined 18 percent (from 14,924 to 12,260) among patients who were black (Table 4.9.0).

Mentions of LSD declined across most demographic subgroups: both genders, white and black patients, as well as patients age 20 and over (Table 4.21.0).

ED Trends From DAWN 49 EPISODE CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics of drug-related ED episodes overall were unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 5.1.0).

More than half (55%) of drug-related ED episodes involved multiple drugs during the first half of 2002.

The motive for drug use was cited as dependence in more than one-third (37%), suicide in another 29 percent, and psychic effects in 20 percent of episodes during the first half of 2002. Motive was unrecorded in 13 percent of cases.

The reason for the ED visit was overdose in 40 percent, unexpected reaction in 18 percent, and seeking detoxification in 17 percent. Reason for contact was unrecorded in 5 percent of cases.

Patients were admitted to the hospital (49%) and treated and released (48%) in nearly equal proportions.

50 ED Trends From DAWN Figure 3 ED drug-related episodes and alcohol-in-combination, cocaine, heroin,and marijuana mentions: JulyDecember 1997 through JanuaryJune 2002

350

300

250

100

50 X

Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2002 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001

-4-Total episodes 0Alcohol-in-combination Cocaine X- -Heroin -0 Marijuana

Figure 4 Relative standard errors (RSEs) for major substances of abuse:JanuaryJune 2002

030 co

0 ..40 Icy .zse cpe cP.7' 4, 40 4e, Ff cP

NOTE RSEs under 20% are desireable; RSEs over 50% are unacceptable.

63 BlEgIC COPY AVARLA

ED Trends From DAWN 51 TRENDS IN OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE

DAWN also receives reports of ED episodes involving the nonmedical use of legal drugs. These can involve deliberate abuse of prescribed or legally obtained over-the-counter (OTC) medications or of pharmaceuticals diverted for abuse. Accidental overdoses or adverse reactions to OTC or prescription drugs taken as directed are not reportable to DAWN unless the drugs were present in combination with an illicit drug.

These "other substances of abuse" are tabulated first by categories composed of similar substances (Tables 2.1.0 and 12.1.0 for half year estimates and rates, respectively) and then by generic drug name for the component drugs in each of the largest categories: psychotherapeutic agents (Tables 2.5.0 and 12.5.0), CNS agents (Table 2.7.0 and 12.7.0), respiratory agents (Tables 2.9.0 and 12.9.0), and cardiovascular agents (Tables 2.11.0 and 12.11.0). Corresponding full year tables (Tables 2.6.0, 2.8.0, 2.10.0, and 2.12.0 for estimates and Tables 12.6.0, 12.8.0, 12.10.0, and 12.12.0 for rates) are also available.

By design, all drug mentions in DAWN are tabulated as either major substances of abuse or other substances of abuse. There is no double counting, and the deliberate assignment of drugs into major substances is the result of specific interest in such substances.

Only generic drug names are presented in DAWN publications. DAWN estimates should not be attributed to drugs marketed under particular brand (trade) names. DAWN data are extracted from medical records produced in the course of health care delivery (no patient is ever interviewed), so DAWN case reports contain information about particular substances as that information was documented in the ED medical record. Any prescription or OTC drug may be reported to DAWN by its brand (trade) name, generic name, or chemical name, depending on what was documented in the source record. There is no way to discern whether the brand names in the medical record are always accurate or how frequently brands might havebeen recorded in generic terms. Therefore, we do not publish estimates for particular brands because we consider them to be unreliable. An index linking brand to generic names is available online at http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net. The index is provided solely as an aid to readers who may be unfamiliar with generic names.

In addition, many drug mentions are reported to DAWN by drug type without the drug being named specifically. For publication, these are referred to by the drug type-NOS (not otherwise specified). For example, reports of "benzodiazepine" or "benzos" that do not name a specific benzodiazepine are tabulated as "benzodiazepines-NOS."

This discussion focuses mainly on comparisons of estimates from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002.

ED Trends From DAWN 53 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE

DAWN estimates that other substances of abuse (251,015 mentions)comprised 44 percent of total ED drug mentions in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0).Although the vast majority of these other substances are marketed legally byprescription or OTC, it is impossible to know from DAWN the number of ED visits relatedto the abuse of prescription drugs by patients with legitimate prescriptions.

ED mentions of other substances of abuse in the first half of2002 were most concentrated in 2 categoriespsychotherapeutic agents (104,687 mentions)and central nervous system (CNS) agents (108,081)in nearly equalproportions (19% of total ED mentions each) (Table 2.1.0). From the first half of 2001to the first half of 2002:

Mentions of psychotherapeutic agents overall were stable,as were mentions for the subcategories of psychotherapeutic agents (antidepressants;antipsychotics; anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics; and CNS stimulants).

Mentions of CNS agents overall were stable. However,among the subcategories of CNS agents, mentions of narcotic analgesics/combinationsincreased 16 percent (from 47,683 to 55,311 mentions), mentions of miscellaneous analgesics/combinations decreased 17 percent (from 21,447 to 17,849),and mentions of anorexiants increased 171 percent (from 383 to 1,038). Narcotic Analgesics

When considered together, narcotic analgesics/combinationscomprised 55,311 mentions or 10 percent of ED mentions estimated for the coterminousU.S. in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, mentions ofnarcotic analgesics/ combinations rose 16 percent (Table 2.1.0 and Figure 5).

Among the most frequently mentioned narcotic analgesics/combinations(Table 2.7.0):

Estimates for codeine/combinations (2,317 mentions in the first half of2002), hydrocodone/combinations (12,033 mentions), morphine/combinations(1,122 mentions), and propoxyphene/combinations (2,486 mentions)were stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002,as were mentions of unnamed narcotic analgesics (NOS, 18,970 mentions) and of methadone (5,190 mentions).

ED mentions for the category of oxycodone/combinationswere not statistically changed from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. However,mentions of oxycodone specifically rose significantly from the first half of 2001to the first half of 2002 (a 59% increase, from 4,940 to 7,828 mentions).

54 ED Trends From DAWN Other Substances

Respiratory agents comprised 1 percent (6,596) of total ED drug mentions in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0). Mentions of respiratory agents overall and its major subcategories were unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002.

Cardiovascular agents comprised 1 percent (6,569) of total ED drug mentions in the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0). Mentions of cardiovascular agents rose 53 percent (from 4,285) from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002.

None of the smaller categories of other substances experienced a significant change from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0).

The particular drugs involved in ED visits are sometimes unknown or unknowable. In the first half of 2002, there were 15,311 such mentions (3% of total mentions) (Table 2.1.0).

ED Trends From DAWN 55 Figure 5 ED mentions of selected narcotic analgesics: JulyDecember 1997 through JanuaryJune 2002

10 V

Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002

Total narcotic analgesics/combinations Hydrocodone/combinations A Oxycodone /combinations X Narcotic analgesics/combinations NOS

56 ED Trends From DAWN SELECTED TRENDS IN 21 METROPOLITAN AREAS

This section presents findings for the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN, with particular attention to the major substances of abuse. As noted previously, "major substances of abuse" include the most common illicit drugs reported to DAWN, alcohol present in combination with any other substance reported to DAWN, and lower frequency drugs of particular policy interest (e.g., club drugs such as Ecstasy and GHB).

This section of ED Trends focuses primarily on Tables 3.1 to 3.33 (ED episodes and mentions) and 13.1 to 13.33 (rates of ED episodes and mentions per 100,000 population). These tables summarize for all the 21 metropolitan areas the estimates for: total episodes, total mentions, and the 15 major substances of abuse. Those interested in making comparisons across metropolitan areas should rely on the rates per 100,000 population because these account for differences in population across the metropolitan areas.

These are the same estimates presented separately for each metropolitan area in Tables 2.2.1 to 2.2.21 (episodes and mentions) and 12.2.1 to 12.2.21 (rates).15 As noted in the introduction, 3-part table numbers ending in ".1" to ".21" contain estimates for the 21 metropolitan areas. Some readers will be interested in findings only for a particular area. For these readers, we also provide 21 complete sets of tables, one for each metropolitan area, online at http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net.

Readers should note that very small changes in the estimates for some metropolitan areas may result in statistically significant differences. This occurs when all or nearly all eligible hospitals are included in the sample for those cities.

TOTAL DRUG-RELATED EPISODES

Nationwide, total ED drug episodes remained statistically unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 3.1). However, from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant decreases in drug episodes were found in 4 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN:

Seattle (-54%, from 5,720 to 2,656 episodes),

Dallas (-22%, from 3,369 to 2,638),

Chicago (-16%, from 16,526 to 13,937), and

San Diego (-12%, from 3,615 to 3,194).

15 In addition, demographic characteristics of patients are presented in Tables 4.2.1 to 4.2.21 (episodes and mentions) and 14.2.1 to 14.2.21 (rates). Estimates of episode characteristics are presented in Tables 5.2.1 to 5.2.21 (there are no rates calculated for episode characteristics). Because of the detail involved, this publication focuses little on these estimates by metropolitan area. 3 ED Trends From DAWN 57 ALCOHOL-IN-COMBINATION

Mentions of alcohol-in-combination were stable for the coterminous U.S. from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 3.5). In the metropolitanareas oversampled in DAWN, only Buffalo had a significant increase in mentions of alcohol-in-combination (56%, from 804 to 1,252 mentions) and 4 other metropolitanareas had significant decreases: Seattle (-46%, from 1,469 to 800), San Francisco (-29%, from 1,010 to 717), Dallas (-28%, from 934 to 670), and Phoenix (-23%, from 1,296 to 1,004).

COCAINE

Nationwide, cocaine mentions remained statistically stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 3.7). Significant increases in cocaine mentionswere found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN: Minneapolis (47%, from 462 to 681 mentions) and Denver (47%, from 631 to 926). Significant decreaseswere found in 7 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-67%, from 1,660 to 551), Dallas (-32%, from 964 to 654), Detroit (-32%, from 4,160 to 2,820), Washington, DC (-28%, from 1,440 to 1,032), San Francisco (-21%, from 1,220 to 964), Chicago (-20%, from 8,269 to 6,614), and San Diego (-11%, from 439 to 389).

HEROIN

Nationwide, ED mentions of heroin remained stable in the coterminous U.S. from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 3.9). From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in heroin mentionswere found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Table 3.9): Buffalo (71%, from 283 to 484 mentions) and Denver (37%, from 380 to 519). Significant decreases were found in 7 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-47%, from 903 to 475 mentions), Washington, DC (-42%, from 1,024 to 591), Dallas (-41%, from 251 to 147), Detroit (-32%, from 2,102 to 1,440), Baltimore (-24%, from 2,593 to 1,977), San Diego (-21%, from 401 to 316), and Phoenix (-20%, from 372 to 298).

MARIJUANA

Nationwide, mentions of marijuana remained statistically stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 3.11). Significant increases in marijuana mentions were found in 2 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN: Miami (30%, from 920 to 1,195 mentions) and San Diego (20%, from 521 to 625). Significant decreaseswere found in 4 metropolitan areas: Seattle (-65%, from 858 to 298), Buffalo (-49%, from 374 to 192), San Francisco (-44%, from 387 to 217), and Dallas (-36%, from 570to 364).

58 ED Trends From DAWN AMPHETAMINES AND METHAMPHETAMINE

Nationwide, mentions of amphetamines and methamphetamine remained stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Tables 3.13 and 3.15).

From to the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002:

Increases in mentions of amphetamines were found in 2 metropolitan areas (Table 3.13): Denver (57%, from 163 to 256 mentions) and San Diego (31%, from 432 to 566).

Decreases in mentions of amphetamines were found in 4 metropolitan areas (Table 3.13): Seattle (-70%, from 345 to 104), Philadelphia (-45%, from 228 to 126), San Francisco (-26%, from 376 to 279), and Dallas (-24%, from 187 to 143).

There were no significant increases in mentions of methamphetamine in any of the metropolitan areas with at least 100 mentions (Table 3.15), but decreases were found in 2: Seattle (-31%, from 166 to 115) and San Diego (-25%, from 344 to 257).

CLUB DRUGS

None of the metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN had more than 100 mentions of the club drugs in the first half of 2002 (Tables 3.17, 3.19, 3.27, and 3.29).

NARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND NARCOTIC ANALGESIC COMBINATIONS

Nationwide, ED mentions of narcotic analgesics/combinations rose 16 percent (from 47,683) from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002 (Table 2.1.0).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant increases in mentions of narcotic analgesics/combinations were found in 2 of the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN (Tables 2.1.1 through 2.1.21):

Baltimore (69%, from 1,140 to 1,929 mentions) and

Buffalo (42%, from 406 to 577).

From the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, significant decreases in mentions of narcotic analgesics/combinations were found in 2 of the 21 DAWN metropolitan areas (Tables 2.1.1 through 2.1.21):

Seattle (-44%, from 1,179 to 655 mentions) and

San Francisco (-25%, from 403 to 304).

ED Trends From DAWN 59 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This publication presents preliminary estimates from the DAWN emergency department (ED) component for the period from January to June 2002. Final estimates for the full years 1994 through 2001, which have been published previously, are also provided here for reference.

By definition, preliminary estimates are not final, and any conclusions from them are subject to change when the year's data submissions become complete and final estimates are produced. In addition to incomplete data, half-year preliminary estimates may reflect seasonal and other anomalies that will not persist in final estimates. Therefore, this discussion is relatively short, and we urge readers to consider the preliminary nature of the estimates in interpreting their meaning and the relationship to trends reported previously.

OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS

DAWN preliminary estimates presented for the first time in this publication show that total drug-related ED episodes and drug mentions were stable from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. ED mentions of most of the major substances of abuse were unchanged from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. LSDwith a 78 percent decrease in ED mentions was the only major substance of abuse with a significant change at the national level from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. Similarly, there were few changes in drug abuse episodes for any of the demographic subgroups. Mentions of heroin declined among patients who were black, and the decline in LSD mentions was evident across age, race, and age subgroups.

These preliminary estimates show no increases in total drug abuse episodes in the 21 metropolitan areas oversampled in DAWN from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. However, decreases were evident in Seattle, Dallas, Chicago, and San Diego.

A similar patternincreases in few metropolitan areas, decreases in morewas evident for most of the major substances of abuse. Only 1 metropolitan area (Buffalo) had an increase in mentions of alcohol-in-combination from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002, but decreases were evident in 4 (Seattle, San Francisco, Dallas, and Phoenix). Mentions of cocaine increased in 2 metropolitan areas (Minneapolis and Denver) but decreased in 7 (Seattle, Dallas, Detroit, Washington, DC, San Francisco, Chicago, and San Diego). Heroin mentions increased in 2 metropolitan areas (Buffalo and Denver) and decreased in 7 (Seattle, Washington, DC, Dallas, Detroit, Baltimore, San Diego, and Phoenix). Marijuana mentions increased in 2 metropolitan areas (Miami and San Diego) and decreased in 4 (Seattle, Buffalo, San Francisco, and Dallas). Mentions of amphetamines increased in 2 metropolitan areas (Denver and San Diego) and decreased in 4 (Seattle, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Dallas). Mentions of methamphetamine declined in Seattle and San Diego.

Among the frequently mentioned prescription and over-the-counter medications, ED mentions of narcotic analgesics/combinations increased 16 percent from the first half of 2001 to the first half of 2002. Among the narcotic analgesics, the increase in mentions of oxycodone products (a subset of the category oxycodone/combinations) stood out, while mentions of most of the narcotic analgesicsthe unnamed narcotic analgesics and methadone, as well as

ED Trends From DAWN 61 products containing codeine, hydrocodone, morphine, and propoxyphenewere statistically unchanged.

LIMITATIONS

It is important to recognize that findings from DAWN alone cannot define an emerging drug abuse problem or quantify precisely the abuse potential of prescription drug products. instead, DAWN identifies sentinel eventsindicators of a potential drug abuse problemwhich DAWN can then monitor over time. This information can be put together with information from other sources (other indicators) to determine whether a new drug abuse problem is emerging. Relying on information from DAWN alone would likely result in false positivesidentification of problem substances when no problem existsbut this is a hazard when trying to trackany problem in its early stages and it is not a hazard particular to DAWN.

DAWN stands virtually alone in publishing preliminary estimates for a portion of a year. We do so because of the intense interest in monitoring on-going trends, especially for illicit drugs, but we caution readers that preliminary estimates may yield premature conclusions. Weurge caution especially in consideration of estimates that are small and/or unstable on an annual basis, because these estimates are even smaller and often more unstable when examined fora 6-month period. Because of the potential for seasonal distortions, we focus our attention primarily on comparisons of preliminary estimates for JanuaryJune 2002 with estimates for the same period in 2001. Finally, we emphasize that there is no guarantee that the statistically significant differences or the non-significant ones will hold up once data for 2002 are complete.

DAWN data show only one dimension of the total consequences of drug abuse, specifically the impact of drug use that manifests in visits to hospital EDs. DAWN does not measure the prevalence of drug use in the population, the untreated health consequences of drug use, or the impact of drug use on health care settings other than hospital EDs. For measures of prevalence, we refer readers to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA),a national survey of households that explores drug abuse in the population.

Many factors can influence the estimates of ED visits, including trends in ED usage in general. Comparing the first half of 2002 to the first half of 2001, the number of drug-related ED visits was unchanged while ED visits for any reason increased a modest but statistically significant 0.1 percent. Drug users may visit EDs for a variety of reasons, only some of which may be life threatening. Some seek care in EDs for entry into detoxification and substance abuse treatment. These reasons almost certainly vary across the different substances reported to DAWN. Otherwise, changes in the number of drug-related emergencies may be due to changes in the use of particular drugs in combination; varying patterns of drug use, such as alterations in routes of administration; the amount of drug administered, its purity or price. Finally, estimates of drug-related ED episodes may increase or decrease over time forreasons unrelated to the size of the drug using population. Changes in access to certain healthcare settings or other factors may also influence findings from DAWN that focus only on ED visits.

62 ED Trends From DAWN APPENDIX A: RACE AND ETHNICITY DATA IN DAWN

Beginning in January 2000, the race and ethnicity categories on DAWN data collection forms changed to match a revised standard protocol. 18 The new protocol permits separate reporting of race and Hispanic ethnicity, and it incorporates the ability to capture more than one race for an individual, a few modifications in nomenclature (e.g., "Black" was changed to "Black or African American"); division of certain categories ("Asian or Pacific Islander" was split into 2 categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander"); and elimination of the "Other" category. The complete DAWN report form is reproduced in Appendix F.

Despite the increased detail allowed by the new categories, the actual race and ethnicity data extracted from source records and submitted to DAWN changed very little. This is because the source documentsED medical records from which DAWN data are abstracted rarely contain such detailed information on race and ethnicity of patients.

For reference, estimates of race and ethnicity in drug-related ED visits are presented in Table 1.10.17 This analysis, which is based on the most detailed coding of race and ethnicity in DAWN case reports, reveals that estimates for the following categories are too small to be meaningful:

Two or more races (that is, 2 or more races were documented in the source record for the same individual),

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity with any specific race indicated,

American Indian or Alaska Native,

Asian, and

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.

Therefore, in the tables of estimates in this and other DAWN publications we have retained the categories used previously to tabulate DAWN data, with one exception. A new category called "Race/ethnicity not tabulated above (NTA)" is used to tabulate those categories that are too small to report independently.18 All cases reported to DAWN as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are tabulated as Hispanic race/ethnicity, regardless of race.

This lack of detailed race and ethnicity data in DAWN case reports also prevents us from generating rates per 100,000 population for race and ethnicity categories. Data from the 2000 decennial Census were collected and are being tabulated according to the revised race and ethnicity protocol and are therefore incompatible with DAWN estimates.

18 See Office of Management and Budget, Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Dataon Race and Ethnicity, Federal Register, 62 FR 58782, October 30, 1997.

17 These detailed estimates conform to the OMB guidance on tabulation of race and ethnicity data in Office of Management and Budget, Draft Provisional Guidance on the Implementation of the 1997 Standards for the Collection of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, February 17, 1999.

18 One exception is that if 2 races are reported and the second is reported as unknown, the episode is coded for the knownrace. 6 '

ED Trends From DAWN 63 APPENDIX B: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DAWN

This section gives a detailed description of the methods and some of the history behind DAWN analysis. The section begins with a description of the sample design, followed by weighting, precision of the estimates, preliminary versus final estimates, rates per 100,000 population, and revision of the estimation system.

SAMPLE DESIGN

The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) is a voluntary, national data collection system that gathers information on substance abuse that manifests in visits to hospital emergency departments (EDs) in the coterminous U.S. Currently, DAWN provides semi-annual and annual estimates of the number of drug-related visits to hospital EDs from a nationally representative sample of hospitals located throughout the coterminous U.S. The DAWN system is managed by the Office of Applied Studies (OAS), a component of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

Several changes have been made to the sample design since DAWN began in 1972 under the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). In the early 1970s, the DAWN sample consisted of a random sample of hospital EDs. Over time, however, a number of facilities were lost from the original sample because of closures, mergers, attrition, or voluntary termination. New hospitals were recruited to participate, but no sample maintenance plan was devised for selecting new hospitals to sustain the randomness of the sample. As a result, attrition and nonrandom replacement led to a sample that was no longer representative of all hospital EDs in the coterminous U.S.

When the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) assumed responsibility for DAWN in 1980, one of the agency's goals was to implement a new sample that could be used to produce estimates for the Nation as a whole and for the separate DAWN metropolitan areas. Once a design was determined and the units were selected, the sample required the recruitment of 300 new hospitals. The cost of the project delayed its initiation until early 1986.

Hospitals eligible for DAWN are non-Federal, short-stay general surgical and medical hospitals in the coterminous U.S. that have a 24-hour ED. The American Hospital Association's (AHA) 1984 and 1985 Annual Surveys of Hospitals were used to obtain a sampling frame. (For a definition of sampling frame and other technical terms used in this publication, see the Glossary of Terms in Appendix D.)

Hospitals in the sampling frame were stratified according to several characteristics. First, the sampling frame was divided into the 21 DAWN metropolitan areas and the remainder of the country (called the National Panel). Hospitals having 80,000 or more annual ED visits were assigned to a single stratum for selection with certainty. Then, the remaining hospitals in the 21 metropolitan areas were classified by location (inside or outside the central city) and by whether the hospital had an organized outpatient department and/or a chemical/alcohol inpatient unit

6 ED Trends From DAWN 65 (that is, whether it had zero, one, or both types of units). Similarly, hospitals in the National Panel were classified by the presence/absence of such units.

The 21 metropolitan area boundaries correspond to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 1983 definitions of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs) with a few exceptions. In the case of the Boston metropolitanarea, the OMB definition was replaced by the definition for the New England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA). In several metropolitan areas, use of the PMSAs excludedsome counties covered by DAWN prior to 1988, such as Nassau and Suffolk Counties in New York, certain counties in the Chicago area, and Niagara County in the Buffalo area. In otherareas, such as Atlanta, counties not previously covered in DAWN were included. In addition to geographic coverage, the central cities in the new statistical areas differ from those in the old MSAs used previously in DAWN. For example, Hialeah joined Miami as a central city in thenew Miami-Hialeah area, and Long Beach joined the Los Angeles-Long Beacharea. In some instances in this publication, only the first city name is cited, but it always refers to the complete metropolitan area.

Sample sizes for the metropolitan areas and the National Panelwere determined for each stratum so as to achieve specified levels of precision in the estimates. In this context, precision refers to the amount of sampling fluctuation inherent in the estimate; the less thefluctuation, the greater the precision. Target precision levels were expressedas relative standard errors (RSEs), defined as the ratio of the standard error (SE) of an estimate to the value of the estimate, expressed as a percentage. Lower RSE valuesare associated with higher levels of precision and, other things being equal, increases in sample sizeserve to reduce the RSE and thus increase the level of precision of the estimates. Estimates are considered unreliable and are suppressed in DAWN if their RSEs exceed 50 percent. Target RSEs for total episodes were 6 percent for the national estimates; 6 percent for the Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York metropolitan areas; and 8 percent forall other metropolitan areas. In 5 of the metropolitanareas (Baltimore, Buffalo, Denver, San Diego, and San Francisco), sucha large proportion of facilities in each area would have been required to reduce the RSE to 8 percent that the decisionwas made simply to select all eligible hospitals. Figure 1 shows RSEs for total drug-related episodes by metropolitan area.

Once the sample size for each metropolitan area and the National Panelwas determined, the number of sample units was allocated to the various strata basedon the theory of optimal allocation. With this approach, strata with greater variability in drug-related episodes (from hospital to hospital) receive a proportionally larger number of sample units. Optimalallocation serves to reduce the RSE of the estimates for a given overall sample size or to enablea specified RSE to be achieved with a smaller sample, relative to proportionalor random allocation to strata.

A total of 685 hospitals was selected for the new sample. Many of the facilities selected, particularly the larger ones, were already participating in DAWN. As noted earlier, 300new hospitals had to be recruited. Recruitment started in April 1986 and proceeded in phases. By 1988, recruitment of the selected facilities was sufficiently complete to produce estimatesbased on the new sample.

Some facilities already participating in DAWN were not selected for thenew sample. These facilities were retained in the system for sufficient time to obtain overlapping datafor calibrating the estimates and developing estimation procedures for prioryears. The period of overlap differed by metropolitan area but generally include? the last quarter of 1988 and the firsthalf of

66 ED Trends From DAWN 1989. Most terminations of nonselected facilities were made in the secondhalf of 1989 or in 1990.

The total number of eligible sample facilities has not remained at the original685 because some hospitals have closed or become ineligible sincethe sample was selected while others have been added as part of sample maintenance. To preserve the integrity of thesample and ensure that the DAWN estimates will continue tobe representative, sample maintenance is performed annually. Maintaining the sample involves updating the sampling framewith the most recent available information on the population of eligible hospitals. One purposefor updating the sampling frame is to identify newly eligible hospitals, or hospitalsthat are eligible and previously did not have a chance of selection, so that they can besampled. A second purpose, which focuses on the estimation process,is to determine the population of eligible hospitals to which the estimates must apply, as well as the total number ofED visits among this population, which is used in the calculation of the analytical weights.

SAMPLING WEIGHTS

By 1988, hospital recruitment had progressed to a point where nationalestimates and estimates for each of the 21 metropolitan areas could be made withreasonable precision. National estimates are obtained by adding the estimates from the 21metropolitan areas and the estimate from the National Panel for each estimation category.

The development of estimates from the sample data involves theapplication of analytical weights calculated on the basis of data from the sampling frame andfrom DAWN reporting records. Weights are calculated for each quarter of data using a 3-componentmodel that considers:

The base sampling weight calculated as the reciprocal of the samplingprobability;

An adjustment for nonresponse based either on completenonparticipation or failure to provide data on all the reporting days in a given time period; and

A correction (benchmark) factor, applied within metropolitan areas,that adjusts the total number of ED visits among participating sample hospitals tothe total for the population of hospitals as determined from the sampling frame.

The estimation procedure was modified in 1989 to include theadjustments for 2 types of nonresponse and the ratio or benchmark adjustmentbased on ancillary data from AHA.

PRECISION OF THE ESTIMATES AND STANDARDS FOR PUBLICATION

Each estimate from the DAWN ED sample data is subject to samplingvariability, which is the variation in the estimate that would be observed if different samples weredrawn from the same population using the same procedures. Thesampling variability of an estimate is measured by its standard error (SE) and relative standard error (RSE), whichis defined as the SE expressed as a percentage of the value of the estimate. The precisionof an estimate is inversely related to the degree of sampling variability as measured by theRSE; the greater the RSE value, the lower the precision.

1/4.;

ED Trends From DAWN 67 If there are 10,000 estimated mentions ofa given drug and this estimate has an SE of 500, then the RSE value is 5 percent. Therefore,

RSE = SE/Estimate

Confidence intervals (Cis) for estimatescan be calculated using the corresponding RSE values published in these tables.If the sampling distribution for the estimate isnormal, then the 95-percent Cis would be calculated as

CI = Estimate ± 1.96 x RSE x Estimate

where 1.96 comes from the table of normal distributionz-values. Ninety-five percent of the normal distribution lies between the z-values of± 1.96.

Applying the formula in our example, the confidencelimits would be as follows:

10,000 ± 1.96 x 0.05 x 10,000= 10,000 ± 980.0 Lower limit: 10,000- 980 = 9,020 Upper limit: 10,000 + 980 = 10,980 Confidence interval: 9,020 to 10,980

This means that if new sampleswere drawn from the same population of hospitals using the same sampling and data collectionprocedures, then the estimated total mentions of the drug in question would lie between 9,020 and10,980 in 95 percent of the sample hospitals.

One simple rule is that in 68 percent of theepisodes, estimates derived from repeated sampling would be expected to differ from theobserved estimate by a percentageno more than the RSE value in either direction.

It is important to recognize when this CI formulashould and should not be used. This formula can be used to calculate Cls aroundindividual estimates, but some statistical comparisons between estimates (e.g., tests fordifferences across time) should not be made using this formula. For example,a reader might want to calculate Cls around 2 estimates and use those Cls to make a statistical comparison for whichwe did not publish a statistical test. (We publish only a fraction of the statisticaltests that might be of interest.) However, the CI formula above may yield overlapping Clseven though the difference between the 2 estimates is statistically significant. This is becausea comparison of 2 estimates must take into account not only the variance (var) of each estimatebut also the covariance (coy) between the estimatesas follows:

var(x - y) = var(x) + var(y)2cov(x,y)

Therefore, the above method for calculating Clscan be used only to compare independent estimates (i.e., where the covarianceis zero). Whenever 2 estimatesare not independent, as with ED episodes from 2 differentyears, their covariance must be taken into account.

The tests of statistical significance publishedin ED Trends account for the covariance between estimates from differentyears. From this, we know that the covariance between DAWN estimates is often sizable. Given thetremendous number of possible comparisons

66 68 ED Trends From DAWN between DAWN estimates, it is not possible to publish comprehensivecovariance matrices at this time.

Examples of estimates, SEs, RSEs, and CIs are shown in Tables 1.6 and1.8. RSE values for total episodes vary according to metropolitan area, not onlybecause of differences in the target precision levels in the sample design, but also because of nonresponse.Table 1.8 shows data for estimates of mentions of the selected drug groups in the totalcoterminous U.S. As illustrated in this table, larger estimates tend to have lower RSE values, atleast in the national estimates.

DAWN estimates with an RSE value of 50 percent or higher areregarded as too imprecise and are not published. With an RSE of 50 percent, the 95-percentCI for an estimate ranges from 2 percent to 198 percent of the estimate's value. In the tables,the symbol "..." is substituted for estimates that have an RSE of 50 percent or higher. The3-dot symbol identifies cells in which the estimates do not meet the standard of precisionrequired for publication.

Historically, estimates of less than 10 were not shown in the tables because wedeemed them and their associated RSEs to be unreliable. Percentagescorresponding to these numbers were shown or suppressed according to the samerules.

Beginning with the 1999 ED data, estimates of less than 10 are no longersuppressed in DAWN Detailed ED Tables or other ED publications. Many estimates assmall as this will be suppressed by virtue of having RSEs greater than 50 percent. For thosethat are shown in the tables, we note for the reader that small numbers and their associatedRSEs should be interpreted with caution.

Beginning with the 1999 ED and 1997 mortality data, we began suppressingsmall cells in selected tables to protect the confidentiality of individuals who are thesubjects of these data. We will continue this practice for tables that involve detailed crosstabulations of patient and geographic characteristics.

PRELIMINARY VERSUS FINAL ESTIMATES

Final estimates are produced annually when all hospitals participatingin DAWN have submitted their data for that year and when ancillary data used in estimationhave become available. In recent years, the final publication has included separatefinal estimates for the first half and the second half of the year (quarterly estimates were producedin earlier years). In addition to the final estimates, preliminary estimates are also producedsemi-annually based on responding hospitals. Data are weighted to produce national andmetropolitan area estimates of ED drug-related mentions. The following factors clarify differencesbetween preliminary and final estimates:

Preliminary estimates may be based on less complete data than finalestimates. Data from a small number of late-reporting hospitals are used in theproduction of final estimates. Data are continuously updated for a fixed time period. As such,final estimates usually have higher response rates.

The DAWN sample is updated once annually, before the productionof final estimates. Additional hospitals are added to the sample and incorporated into thefinal estimates for a given year (not the preliminary estimates for that same year).Most of these 6'0

ED Trends From DAWN 69 hospitals are "newly eligible" because they became DAWN eligiblesometime after the original sample was selected. The final DAWN estimatesare produced after we receive the most current AHA Annual Survey of Hospitals file.This file is used initially to establish a sampling frame for DAWN. The most current AHAfile is used once a year to maintain representativeness of the sample. Between the releases of the preliminary and final estimates, the use of thenewer AHA survey can result in hospitals being added to the sample and incorporated into the finalestimates.

Data from the most current AHA file also are used to producethe final benchmark- adjusted weights.

ESTIMATES OF RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION

Rates of ED episodes or mentions per 100,000 populationare generated using population data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The Office ofManagement and Budget (OMB) defines Metropolitan Area as the city core and its immediatelyadjacent geographic areas that are highly integrated economically and socially with the city core. Estimates ofincidence rates are obtained by taking the estimates of total episodes and mentions fora given demographic category, dividing by the population estimate for that demographiccategory, and dividing by 100,000. These standardized measures provide themeans for comparing drug abuse episodes and mentions across cities and over time. Semi-annual estimatesare based on preliminary data from the first half of the year andare not comparable to annual estimates, which are based on 12 months of data.

Population estimates are derived from the following U.S. CensusBureau files:

Civilian Noninstitutional Population of the United States by Age, Sex,and Race, which provides monthly population estimates by age, gender,race, and Hispanic origin for the total United States;

Decennial Census Counts by Age, Sex, and Race, which providespopulation estimates by state and county, broken out by combinations ofage, gender, race, and Hispanic origin; and

County-Level Population Estimates, which provides estimates of annualtotal population by county as of July 1 of each year.

Population estimates19 are obtained by:

Adjusting the annual County-Level Population Estimates to the CensusCounts by Age, Sex, and Race to produce annual county demographic counts;

Adjusting the annual county demographic counts to the CivilianNoninstitutional Population data to produce monthly county demographic counts;and

Summing the monthly county demographic countsacross all counties in the metropolitan area and across all months in the quarter (halfyear or year), to produce semi-annual or annual demographic counts for each DAWNarea.

19 Table 1.9 shows population estimates byage and gender by metropolitan area.

6 d 70 ED Trends From DAWN Population estimates for 1994 through 2000 rely on 1990 Census data, and those beginning with 2001 use data from the 2000 Census. Inevitably, the accuracy of population estimates deteriorates over time relative to actual census counts. Population estimates for 2001, which are based on the 2000 Census, are considerably higher thanpopulation estimates generated for recent years. As a result, the incidence rates for 2001 may appear to have decreased significantly (or not to have increased as much as expected), but this may be an artifact of the increase in the population denominators for these rates. Changes in rate estimates between 2001 and prior years should be verified by comparing changes in the corresponding episode or mention estimates and their significance levels.If a statistically significant change in episode or mention estimates did not occur, it is likely that the statistically significant change in the rate was due to the changes in population.

REVISION OF ESTIMATION SYSTEM

In 1997 and 1998, a thorough review of the DAWN estimation system was undertakenby Westat. As a result of this review, the computer programs that compute the weightedestimates were rewritten to make them more accurate and efficient.While the methodology for computing weights did not change, errors were discovered in the prior programs thataffected the estimates for 1995 and 1997. Final estimates for these 2 years were presented for the first time inMid- year 1998 Preliminary ED Data from DAWN. The 1995estimate of total drug-related episodes decreased by less than 1 percent (from 517,800 to 513,600) while the 1997 estimate increased by 5.5 percent (from 487,600 to 514,300). These changes had varying effects on the metropolitan area estimates.

The following changes had the greatest effect on the estimates:

A change was made in the method for assigning eligibility status to a hospital. The current system tracks partial year eligibility, which improves the sensitivity of the DAWN nonresponse adjustment. Formerly, there was no recognition that a hospital could change its eligibility status during the year.

A concerted effort was made to ascertain the current eligibility status of all nonparticipating DAWN sampled hospitals. Changes in status from eligible nonrespondent to ineligible (or vice versa) also affected the nonresponse adjustment.

ED Trends From DAWN 71 APPENDIX C: SOURCES OF ERROR IN DAWN ESTIMATES

When producing estimates from any sample survey, 2 types of errors arepossible sampling and nonsampling errors. The sampling error of an estimate is the error caused by the selection of a sample instead of a census of hospitals. Sampling erroris reduced by selecting a large sample or by using efficient sample design andestimation strategies such as stratification, optimal allocation, and ratio estimation. Nonsampling errors include nonresponse, difficulties in the interpretation of the collection form,coding errors, computer processing errors, errors in the sampling frame, and reporting errors.

Many procedures, such as data auditing and periodic retraining of data collectors, areused in DAWN data collection to minimize nonsampling errors. Moreover,nonrespondent hospitals are identified for additional recruitment. Latereporters are assigned for priority data collection and respondents with changes in reporting are designated for followup.Since data are abstracted from medical records completed by hospital staff who treatedthe patients, the accuracy of these reports depends on their carefulrecording of these conditions.

It is also important to recognize that DAWN does not provide a completepicture of problems associated with drug use, but rather focuses on the impactthat these problems have on hospital EDs in the United States.If a patient is admitted to another part of the hospital for treatment, or treated in a physician's office or at a drug treatment center,the episode would not be included in DAWN.

CHANGES IN SAMPLE COMPOSITION AND REPORTING OF EPISODES

Periodic minor modifications are made to the sample to keep itcurrent. Adjustments are made in the weights to account for lapses in reporting by the sampledhospitals.It is unlikely that modifications to the sample will affect estimates of the totaldrug, cocaine, and heroin mentions over time. Analyses of the previous changes in the samplecomposition have found them to have little impact on trends across several years.

It is important to consider the potential impact on DAWNtrends from changes in the sample composition or reporting anomalies in key sample hospitals, particularlyfor metropolitan area data. Historically, DAWN analysts and field staff have attempted toidentify and document such situations in the period before data release, and events that may havehad a significant impact on the estimates were published in this section.

However, choosing the particular situations to highlight often involves moreart than science, given that the actual impact on the estimates rarely has beenknown at the time of publication. This practice led us to question whether the situations that werebeing highlighted actually had the anticipated impact on DAWN estimates.

We analyzed some specific situations highlighted in recent DAWNpublications to determine if those situations had the anticipated effect on DAWN estimates. These analyseshave shown that generally, the types of situations published previously as limitationsdid not have the anticipated effects. Changes in small hospitals do not have a large impact onthe estimates, and the DAWN estimation system already corrects for many nonsampling errors.Extensive

ED Trends From DAWN 73 quality control measures have been implemented toinvestigate and address irregularities in the data prior to publication.

As a result of this analysis, we have concluded that listinginconsequential, nonsampling errors discredits the DAWN system unnecessarily and possibly contributesto misinterpretation of DAWN data. Therefore, we have decided to discontinuereporting data limitations unless the impact on the estimates is clear.

NOTEWORTHY SOURCES OF ERROR: ATLANTA DATAFOR 2001

We experienced significant missing data in Atlanta for 2001.Reliable Atlanta estimates could not be produced for JanuaryJune of 2001 becauseinsufficient data were submitted by participating facilities for this period. The column of estimatesfor JanuaryJune 2001 have been suppressed and are indicated by "---" in tables for Atlantain this publication and in tables published online. More Atlanta data were available for the secondhalf of 2001, although missing data were still a concern.

The missing data from Atlanta also affects DAWN's nationalestimates, which depend on estimates from the 21 metropolitan areas. The nationalestimate is equal to the sum of the metropolitan area estimates and the National Panel estimate.Therefore, we adopted an imputation approach to preserve the integrity of the nationalestimates. Imputation refers to the assignment of values to replace missing data and typically involvesstandard statistical methods and practices. In this case, the imputation used statisticalmodels to determine what characteristics (e.g., drug mentions and patient demographics) theimputed episode records should contain. The statistical models used data submitted byall Atlanta hospitals prior to 2001 along with the available Atlanta data for 2001. Asa conservative measure, we have also suppressed any Atlanta estimates for the second half JulyDecember2001 that were derived from more than 25 percent imputed data (also indicatedby "---"). This suppression rule affected only a few Atlanta estimates for the second half of 2001and none of the national estimates.

74 ED Trends From DAWN APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

This glossary defines terms used by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) in data collection activities, analyses, and publications. DAWN collects data and publishes findings separately for emergency departments (EDs) and death investigation jurisdictions. As a result, there are a number of terms that are unique to each component of DAWN.

This appendix is divided into 3 sections. The first section contains terms common to both the ED component and the mortality data component of DAWN. The second section focuses on terms specific to the DAWN ED system, while the third section focuses on terms specific to the mortality data system.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS COMMON TO DAWN'S ED AND MORTALITY COMPONENTS

Drug abuse: The nonmedical use of a substance for any of the following reasons: psychic effect, dependence, or suicide attempt/gesture. In DAWN, nonmedical use means:

The use of prescription drugs in a manner inconsistent with accepted medical practice;

The use of over-the-counter drugs contrary to approved labeling; or

The use of any substance (e.g., heroin, marijuana, peyote, glue, aerosols) for psychic effect, dependence, or suicide.

Drug category: A generic grouping of substances reported to DAWN, based on the classification of generic drugs by Multum Information Services. Multum Information Services is a subsidiary of the Cerner Corporation and a developer of clinical drug information systems and a drug knowledge base. More information is available at http://www.multum.com. The DAWN system has accumulated a vocabulary of thousands of substance names that have been mentioned in incidents of abuse. This vocabulary is updated monthly by the inclusion of new abuse substances and, through receipt of identifying information, the reclassification of drugs. Occasionally, this reclassification may result in a drug being shifted to a different drug grouping. The DAWN drug groupings are periodically reviewed in order to reflect the most recent changes in pharmaceutical classifications and drug legislation. Occasional changes in drug classification should be taken into consideration when comparing drug data from this publication with other DAWN publications. These classifications may involve street names and brand names, which are sometimes used to identify a substance and its generic drug group. Individual drugs comprising the most commonly reported drug categories can be found in Tables 2.3 to 2.7 of Emergency Department Trends From DAWN.

Additional clarification is provided for the following drug categories:

Alcohol-in-combination DAWN does not gather data on alcohol used alone, only alcohol used concomitantly with another abused substance. Therefore, all alcohol mentions are combination mentions.

ED Trends From DAWN 75 All other substances not tabulated above (NTA)This category contains any substance reported to DAWN that could not be classified in other categories and has too few mentions to warrant being reported independently in DAWN tables. This category also includes certain terms that cannot be assigned reliably toany new category such as: (1) ambiguous, nonspecific terms that could fall intoany of several categories (e.g., "AIDS medicine" could be an anti-infective,an anticonvulsant, or any number of other drugs); (2) undocumented, nonspecific terms (e.g., "thought organizer"); and (3) street terms for illicit substances that could not be linkedreliably to a particular illicit substance (e.g., "T," "butterflies").

AmphetaminesThis class of substances has been extracted from the category of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants because of its importanceas a major substance of abuse. For purposes of classification, "amphetamines" (plural) includesa class of compounds derived from or related to the drug amphetamine. Althoughsome "designer" drugs fall into the class of amphetamines, we choose to reportsome of them individually as major substances of abuse (e.g., methamphetamine). This category does not include other CNS stimulants, such as caffeineor methylphenidate.

Club drugsDuring the 1990s, use of certain illicit drugs was linked to "raves" and dance clubs. These substances are commonly referred toas "club drugs." When used in DAWN, the term club drugs includes Ketamine, flunitrazepam (Rohypnol),gamma- hydroxy butyrate (GHB, or its precursor, gamma butyrolactone [GBL]), and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy). Although commonly used in the rave scene, methamphetamine and hallucinogensare classified separately from club drugs in DAWN.

Drug unknown "Drug unknown" may be recorded when drug abusewas known or suspected to have been involved, but the specific substance could not bedetermined. This includes 2 types of cases: those in which the drugwas reported to DAWN as "unknown" and those in which drugs were reported to DAWNas "polysubstances." For the purposes of DAWN, polysubstance refers to the abuse ofmore than one substance when the individual substances were not identified by thesource record. Because DAWN cases are identified through retrospective medical chart review, therewill always be cases in which the drug abuse was known but the particular substancewas unknown or unknowable.

Heroin and Heroin/morphineThis is the only drug classified differently in the ED and mortality components of DAWN. In the ED publications, heroin is classifiedas a major substance of abuse, separate from morphine, which is classifiedas a narcotic analgesic under CNS agents. In the mortality data publications, heroin andmorphine are classified together in a single category. When heroin is ingested, it is metabolized to morphine, so that the toxicology testing commonly used in death investigationsoften does not distinguish between the 2. Therefore, a mention of eithersubstance is recorded as heroin/morphine. A case mentioning both heroin and morphine willbe "de-duplicated" and counted as a single heroin/morphine mention.

Illicit combinationsThis category includes compounds composed of 2or more major substances of abuse that are mixed and taken together. For example,"speedball," which usually refers to the combination of heroin and cocaine takenat once, would be classified as an illicit combination, whereas separate mentions of heroinand cocaine would be classified separately in the categories heroin and cocaine.Compounds

76 ED Trends From DAWN consisting of a major substance of abuse and another substance are classified in the category of the major substance (e.g., heroin with scopolamine is classified as heroin).

InhalantsThis category includes anesthetic gases and psychoactive nonpharmaceutical substances for which the documented route of administration was inhaled, sniffed, or snorted. Psychoactive nonpharmaceuticals fall into one of the following 3 categories: (1) volatile solventsadhesives (model airplane glue, rubber cement, household glue), aerosols (spray paint, hairspray, air freshener, deodorant, fabric protector), solvents and gases (nail polish remover, paint thinner, correction fluid and thinner, toxic markers, pure toluene, cigar lighter fluid, gasoline, carburetor cleaner, octane booster), cleaning agents (dry cleaning fluid, spot remover, degreaser), food products (vegetable cooking spray, dessert topping spray such as whipped cream, whippets), and gases (butane, propane, helium); (2) nitritesamyl nitrites ("poppers," "snappers") and butyl nitrites ("rush," "locker room," "bolt," "climax," "video head cleaner"); or (3) chlorofluorohydrocarbons (freons). Anesthetic gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform) are presumed to have been inhaled.

Major Substances of Abuse We use this term to refer to the most commonly abused drugs (e.g., alcohol-in-combination and cocaine) and those drugs that are typically referred to as "illicit."

Other Substances of Abuse We use this term to refer to pharmaceutical agents not included in the Major Substances of Abuse.

Drug mentionThis refers to a substance that was recorded ("mentioned") in a DAWN case report. In addition to alcohol-in-combination, up to 4 substances ("mentions") can be reported for each ED episode, and up to 6 substances can be reported for each drug abuse death. Therefore, the total number of drug mentions exceeds the total number of ED visits or deaths. Even when only one drug is mentioned, it should not be assumed that the substance was the sole and direct cause of the episode or death; allowances should be made for reportable drugs not mentioned or other contributory factors. (See also Single- drug episode/death.)

Metropolitan area: An area comprising a relatively large core city or cities and the adjacent geographic areas. Conceptually, these areas are integrated economic and social units with a large population nucleus. The current DAWN ED sample, which was redesignedin the 1980s, is based on the definitions of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSAs) issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1983, with a few exceptions. Metropolitan areas represented in the DAWN mortality data system are consistent with those represented in the DAWN ED system, also with a few exceptions. Users of DAWN should note that the ED component provides estimates for each of the 21 metropolitan areas. However, in the mortality data component, only raw counts are provided, and in many instances less than 100 percent of the MSA is represented in those counts.

Not otherwise specified (NOS): Catch-all category for substances that are not specifically named in the listing. Terms are classified into an NOS category only when assignment to a more specific category is not possible based on information in the source documentation (ED patient charts and death investigation case files).

ED Trends From DAWN 77 Not tabulated above (NTA): Designation used when categoriesare not presented in complete detail; smaller units are combined in the NTA category.

Race/ethnicity: Beginning in January 2000, the race and ethnicity categoriescollected on DAWN case report forms changed to match a change in the standard protocolissued by the OMB in 1997.20 The new protocol permits separate reporting ofrace and Hispanic ethnicity; the ability to capture more than one race for an individual; modificationsin nomenclature (e.g., "Black" was changed to "Black or African American"); division ofcertain categories ("Asian or Pacific Islander" was split into 2 categories, "Asian" and"Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander"); and elimination of the "Other" category.

The race/ethnicity categories on the DAWN data collection formsare as follows:

Race

White A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, theMiddle East, or North Africa.

Black or African American A person having origins inany of the black racial groups of Africa.

American Indian or Alaska Native A person having origins inany of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.

Asian A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander A person having origins inany of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.

UnknownUsed when documentation of race is not available fromsource records. Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Southor Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.

Not Hispanic or LatinoEthnicity does not meet the definition of Hispanic or Latino.

UnknownUsed when documentation of ethnicity is not available fromsource records.

Despite the increased detail allowed by the new categories, the actual race/ethnicitydata reported to DAWN changed very little because race and ethnicityare often not documented with this level of specificity in patient/decedent records. Asa result, we have retained the classification used previously to tabulate DAWN data. Theone exception is that we now collapse the less commonly used categories into a category termed "Not tabulatedabove

20 See Office of Management and Budget, Revisions to the Standards forthe Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, Federal Register, 62 FR 58782, October 30, 1997.

78 ED Trends From DAWN (NTA)" instead of "Other." Categories used to tabulate race and ethnicity data in the ED publications are:

WhiteAnyone meeting the definition of white (above). Those who are identified as white and Hispanic are classified as Hispanic.

BlackAnyone meeting the definition of black or African American (above). Those who are identified as black or African American and Hispanic are classified as Hispanic.

HispanicAnyone whose ethnicity is Hispanic or Latino is placed in the category Hispanic, regardless of race.

Race/ethnicity NTAThis includes those categories that are too small to report independently including: 2 or more races, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.

UnknownRace and ethnicity are unknown. Those who are identified only as Hispanic are classified as Hispanic.

In Mortality Data from DAWN, race/ethnicity data are tabulated as White, Black, Hispanic, and All others, where "All others" includes other reported races and ethnicities as well as unknown or missing data.

Route of drug administration: DAWN reporters are asked to record the method by which the substance was taken into the drug abuser's body according to the following categories:

OralSubstance was ingested through the mouth (swallowed).

InjectionSubstance entered the body through a vein (intravenously), into the muscle (intramuscularly), or under the skin (subcutaneously).

InhaledGases or fumes of a substance were taken into the body by inhaling through the nose or mouth into the lungs (e.g., inhaling the fumes of glue, aerosols, paints, gasoline).

Smoked (includes freebase)Substance was consumed by smoking a cigarette, pipe, or similar device.

Sniffed/snortedSubstance, acquired in a powder or crystalline form, was forcefully inhaled through the nose.

Other This category is used when the route of administration of the substance cannot logically be included as any of the above.

Readers should note that this information is often not documented in patient/decedent files and is therefore missing in DAWN tabulations. Caution should therefore be exercised in interpreting this information.

Single-drug episode/death: A single-drug episode or death is that in which only one drug was involved. Because multiple substances may be recorded for each DAWN case (see Drug

7 6 ED Trends From DAWN 79 mention), readers should exercise caution in interpreting the relationship between a given drug and the number of associated ED visits or deaths. For example, if records for a given patient "mentioned" marijuana, this does not mean that marijuana was the only drug involved in the ED visit or that the marijuana caused the ED visit. One should always consider whether and how many other drugs were used in combination, but even then attributing a causal relationship between the visit and a particular drug may not be possible. Additionally, because alcohol is only documented if used in combination with another drug, DAWN cannot provide single-drug episode/death totals for alcohol.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FOR THE DAWN ED COMPONENT

Coterminous U.S.: The contiguous 48 States and Washington, DC; excludes Alaska and Hawaii. National estimates from DAWN refer only to the coterminous U.S.

Disposition of ED patient: Suggestions or recommendations made or actions taken by the hospital as they relate to the patient's presenting problem:

Treated and released or referredThe patient was given appropriate ED treatment and was released or, after appropriate ED treatment, the hospital referred the patient to another agency or to a private physician for additional services.

Admitted to hospitalThe patient was admitted as an inpatient to a hospital.

Left against medical adviceThe patient left the treatment setting without a physician's approval.

Died The patient expired.

Drug abuse episode: A reported ED visit that involved drug abuse. Episodes involving patients under the age of 6 or over the age of 97 are not reported to the DAWN system. The number of ED patients in DAWN is not synonymous with the number of patients involved. One patient may make repeated visits to an ED or to several EDs, thus producing a number of episodes.It is impossible to determine the number of unique patients involved in the reported ED episodes because no patient identifiers are collected.

Drug concomitance: This term refers to whether a drug abuse episode involved a single drug (one mention) or multiple drugs (multiple mentions).

Drug use motive: DAWN classifies ED drug abuse episodes according to one or more of the following reasons for taking a substance(s):

Psychic effectsA conscious action to use drugs to improve or enhance any physical, emotional, or social situation or condition. Two categories of psychic effect are:

- Use of drugs for experimentation or to enhance a social situation (e.g., curiosity, peer pressure, "just wanted to know what it felt like," "wanted to have fun," "to get high," "for kicks," "to party"); and

80 ED Trends From DAWN Use of drugs to improve or enhance any mental, emotional, or physical state (e.g., depression, anxiety, to relieve headache, reduce pain, stay awake, lose weight, relax, help study, get to sleep). Referred to in DAWN as "other psychic effects."

Dependence A physiological or psychological condition characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its effects or to avoid the discomfort of its absence (e.g., had to take, had to have, needed a fix).

Suicide attempt or gestureSuccessful or unsuccessful action(s) taken for the purpose of self destruction or to gain attention.

Other reasonUsed when the reason for taking the substance cannot be classified into the categories above.

Estimate: A statistical estimate is the value of a parameter (such as the number of drug-related ED episodes) for the universe that is derived by applying sampling weights to data from a sample. DAWN produces representative statistical estimates for 21 metropolitan areas based on data from a sample of EDs in each of the 21 areas. An estimate for the coterminous U.S. is produced by summing estimates for the 21 metropolitan areas and an estimate for the National Panel.

Form in which drug was acquired: The form in which the substance was received by the user/abuser, not the form in which the substance was consumed. Categories are: tablet/capsule/pill, aerosol, liquid, powder/crystal, paper, pieces/chunks, injectable liquid, cigarette, plant material, unknown, and other. Readers should note that this information is often not documented in ED records and is therefore missing in DAWN tabulations. Caution should therefore be exercised in interpreting this information.

Hospital emergency department (ED): Only hospitals that meet eligibility criteria for DAWN are recruited to participate. To be eligible, hospitals must be non-Federal, short-stay, general medical and surgical facilities with EDs that are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and located in the coterminous U.S. Specialty hospitals; hospital units of institutions; long-term care facilities; pediatric hospitals; hospitals operating part-time EDs; hospitals in Alaska and Hawaii; and hospitals operated by the Veterans Health Administration and the Indian Health Service are excluded.

National Panel: This term is used to denote 2 concepts relative to DAWN ED data: (1) The universe of eligible hospitals outside the 21 DAWN metropolitan areas but within the coterminous U.S. and (2) the sample of hospitals in DAWN that were selected from this universe. The National Panel sample is weighted to produce estimates for the National Panel universe. (See also Metropolitan area.) p-value: The probability value is the actual probability associated with a statistical estimate; this is then compared with the significance level to determine whether that value is statistically significant. For a statistically significant result, the p-value must be less than or equal to the significance level. The traditional significance levels are p less than 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10. A result with a p-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant in DAWN ED publications.

Population: See Universe. 73

ED Trends From DAWN 81 Precision: The extent to which an estimate agrees with its mean value in repeated sampling. The precision of an estimate is measured inversely by its standard error (SE) or relative standard error (RSE). In DAWN publications, estimates with RSEs of 50 percent or higher are regarded as too imprecise to be published. ED table cells where such estimates would have appeared contain the symbol "..." (3 dots). (See also Relative standard error.)

Rank: A rank indicates the relative frequency of a measure, such as mentions for a particular drug category. For example, a drug category ranked second indicates that it accounted for the second highest number of mentions among all drug categories. When 2 or more drugs receive equal numbers of mentions, they are assigned the same rank. A difference in rank should be considered only as indicative of a difference in frequency among drugs reported to DAWN, regardless of the size of the difference. Such differences are not necessarily meaningful or statistically significant.

Reason for present ED contact: The reason for the patient's visit to the ED, based on documentation provided in the medical record. Categories are:

Overdose/toxic ingestionEither intentional or accidental (e.g., effects of suicide attempt, coma). Anyone whose reason for contact is overdose is placed in this category, regardless of other reasons.

Unexpected reactionThe drug's effect was different than anticipated, thus causing concern (e.g., bad trip, panic, hallucinations).

WithdrawalSymptoms which occur when a patient stops taking a substance upon which he or she is physiologically dependent and suffers physical symptoms, including abdominal pain, cold sweat, hyperactivity, and tremors that require treatment.

Chronic effectsSecondary conditions resulting from habitual use or dependence, including malnutrition, tetanus, blood poisoning, and so forth.

Seeking detoxificationPatients with identified problems with chronic substance abuse who seek admission to a detoxification program and receive treatment from ED staff. This category was added to the data collection form in 1987. Some hospitals require patients to be processed in the ED prior to admission for detoxification. Caution should therefore be exercised in interpretation of this category and the remaining information.

Accident/injuty Injuries resulting from accidents that were caused by or related to drug abuse. This category was added to the data collection form in 1987.

Other Reasons which cannot be classified into one of the aforementioned categories.

Reason for taking substance: See Drug use motive.

Relative standard error (RSE): A measure of the sampling variability or precision of an estimate defined as the estimate's SE expressed as a percentage of the estimate's value. For example, an estimate of 2,000 cocaine mentions with an SE of 200 mentions has an RSE of 10 percent. (See also Precision and Standard error.)

82 ED Trends From DAWN Sampling: Sampling is the process of selecting a proper subset of elements from the full population so that the subset can be used to make inference to the populationas a whole. A probability sample is one in which each element has a known and positive chance (probability) of selection. A simple random sample is one in which each member has the same chance of selection. In DAWN, a sample of hospitals is selected in order to make inference to all hospitals; DAWN uses simple random sampling within strata.

Sampling frame: A list of units from which the ED sample is drawn. All members of the sampling frame have a probability of being selected. A sampling frame is constructed such that there is no duplication and each unit is identifiable. Ideally, the sampling frame and the universe are the same. The sampling frame for the DAWN hospital ED sample is derived from the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey of Hospitals.

Sampling unit: A member of a sample selected from a sampling frame. For the DAWN sample, the units are hospitals, and data are collected for all drug-related ED episodes at the responding hospitals selected for the sample.

Sampling weights: Numeric coefficients used to derive population estimates froma sample.

Source of substance: The immediate source of the substance that the patient abused is coded as follows:

Patient's own legal prescriptionThis is coded only when the abuser was legally prescribed the drug of abuse. If one patient obtains a drug by legal prescription and sells it to another who abuses it, the source to the abuser is marked "street buy." If the patient for whom the prescription was issued gives the drug to another patient who abuses it, the source to the abuse is "other unauthorized procurement."

Street buy The drug abuser purchased a drug and/or prescription from a source other than legitimate channels.

Other unauthorized procurement The drug was acquired in a manner not consistent with accepted medical care but was not bought on the street. This category includes drugs purchased using forged prescriptions, stolen, or received as a gift.

Other Used when the source of the substance cannot logically be included asany of the above. This category includes all over-the-counter medications.

UnknownReported when information on source was unavailable.

Readers should note that this information is often not documented in ED records and is therefore missing in DAWN tabulations. Caution should therefore be exercised in interpreting this information.

Standard error (SE): A measure of the sampling variability or precision ofan estimate. The SE of an estimate is expressed in the same units as the estimate itself. For example,an estimate of 10,000 cocaine mentions with an SE of 500 indicates that the SE is 500 mentions.

Strata (plural), stratum (singular): Subgroups of a population within which separate ED samples are drawn. Stratification is used to increase the precision of estimates for a given S0

ED Trends From DAWN 83 sample size, or, conversely, to reduce the sample size required to achieve the desired level of precision. The DAWN ED sample is stratified into 21 metropolitan area cells plus an additional cell for the National Panel. Then, within these cells strata are defined according to the annual number of ED visits, whether the hospital is located inside or outside the central city of the metropolitan area, and by the presence or absence of an organized outpatient department, alcohol/chemical dependence inpatient unit, or both. The strata are as follows:

Outpatient department or Annual ED Location within alcohol/chemical dependence Stratum visits metropolitan area inpatient unit

In the 21 DAWN metropolitan areas: 0 >80,000 Not applicable Not applicable

1 <80,000 Central city Both 2 <80,000 Central city One only 3 <80,000 Central city Neither 4 <80,000 Outside Central city Both 5 <80,000 Outside Central city One only 6 <80,000 Outside Central city Neither

In the National Panel: 0 >80,000 Not applicable Not applicable 7 <80,000 Not applicable Both 8 <80,000 Not applicable One only 9 <80,000 Not applicable Neither

Note: Stratum "0" is defined for each of the 21 metropolitan areas and the National Panel cells. See Drug Abuse Warning Network Sample Design and Estimation Procedures: Technical Report, November 1997.

Statistically significant: A difference between 2 estimates is said to be statistically significant if the value of the statistic used to test the difference is larger or smaller than would be expected by chance alone. For DAWN ED estimates, a difference is considered statistically significant if the p-value is less than 0.05. (See also p-value.)

Universe: The entire set of units for which generalizations are drawn. The universe for the DAWN ED sample is all non-Federal, short-stay, general medical and surgical hospitals in the coterminous U.S. with EDs open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. (See also Coterminous U.S.).

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FOR THE DAWN MORTALITY COMPONENT

Cause of death: Cases are reportable to DAWN if the death investigation concludes that the death was either directly or indirectly caused by drug abuse. If a death was directly caused by drug abuse (e.g., a drug overdose), DAWN refers to the death as drug-induced. If drug abuse was a contributing factor in the death, but not the immediate or sole cause, then DAWN refers to the death as drug-related. It is important to note that DAWN data include both types of deaths.It is also important to note that a drug-induced death may involve more than a single drug. (See Single-drug episode.)

84 ED TrendsroA' DAWN Certified death: Any case accepted and reviewed by a medical examiner or coroner, who uses information from the death investigation to complete the death certificate.

Consistent panel: DAWN does not impute missing data for jurisdictions that have not reported for all or part of a given year. Therefore, tables and charts showing trends in deaths over time are based on a consistent panel of reporting jurisdictions. A consistent panel includes those jurisdictions that have reported data for at least 10 months of each year reflected in the trend table/chart. The reason for a consistent panel is to ensure that apparent changes over time are not a result of gaps in reporting. Because participating jurisdictions may change from year to year, consistent panels used in published reports will also change from year to year. This means that trends published in one annual publication are not necessarily comparable to trends published in subsequent annual publications.

Coroner: Death investigation jurisdictions typically use either a medical examiner system or a coroner system. Unlike medical examiners, coroners need not be physicians; usually the only prerequisite for serving as a coroner is that the individual be more than 18 years of age and a resident of the county or district to be served. Coroners are typically elected rather than appointed. They may have jurisdiction over counties or districts within states. (See also Jurisdiction and Medical examiner.)

Drug combinations: Published tables from the DAWN mortality data refer to "drug combinations" rather than "drug concomitance" (the term used in the ED component). This term refers to multiple drug mentions for a single death, and tables show particular combinations of substances reported for deaths. Readers should note that DAWN cannot differentiate between drugs actually used in combination (simultaneously) and drugs used sequentially.

Drug-induced death: A death directly resulting from drug abuse or other substance abuse, such as drug overdoses or the interactive effects of drug combinations. When more than one drug is mentioned, it cannot be determined which or whether one drug was the sole and direct cause of the episode or death.

Drug-related death: A death in which the abuse of a drug is a contributing factor, but is not the sole cause of death. Such cases include drug abuse that exacerbates a pre-existing physiological condition; drug abuse in combination with an external physical event (e.g., a fall or automobile accident); or a medical disorder that was itself caused by drug abuse (e.g., hepatitis contracted through injection drug use). Drug-related deaths are classified into 2 types, confirmed and presumed. The drug-relatedness is "confirmed" if documentation in the decedent's file substantiates that conclusion. The drug-relatedness is "presumed" if the investigation suggests drug involvement, but the medical examiner/coroner has insufficient evidence to list drug abuse as a contributing cause on the death certificate. Both confirmed and presumed deaths are included in the published mortality data tables.

Jurisdiction: DAWN uses the term "jurisdiction" to mean the geographic area for which a medical examiner/coroner's office is responsible. In many states, there is a 1:1 correspondence between jurisdictions and counties. In some states, there are multiple medical examiner/coroner offices within a given county, or there may be multiple counties covered by a "district" that includes one or more medical examiners/coroners. A few states are organized as a single statewide jurisdiction.

ED Trends From DAWN 85 Understanding jurisdictions is important because this assists readers in interpreting aggregated data. Published DAWN mortality data are aggregated into metropolitan areas, which often comprise multiple jurisdictions. In some states, there are different death investigation procedures for different jurisdictions (most notably, some jurisdictions have medical examiner systems, while others have coroner systems). There are nearly always some differences in death investigation procedures across states (and notably, some metropolitan areas include jurisdictions in multiple states). Readers should be mindful of these variations when interpreting or comparing data.

Information on death investigation practices and an updated list of jurisdictions throughout the U.S. and Canada are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiological Program Office at www.cdc.gov/epo/dphsi/mecisp/deathinvestigation.htm.

Manner of death: This variable is used to describe how the decedent died.It is applicable to both drug-induced and drug-related deaths. On the DAWN data collection form,manner of death is coded into the following categories:

Accidental/UnexpectedAlthough the drug abuse was deliberate, the resulting death was unintended.

SuicideDeath in which there is evidence that the decedent deliberately used drugs to bring about his or her demise.

HomicideDeath in which the decedent's life was taken by another individual by means of drugs. These cases, which do not involve the intentional abuse of drugs by the decedent, are not currently included in published tabulations of DAWN mortality data.

NaturalDeath was due to natural causes such as a medical disorder or disease process, if drug abuse caused or worsened the decedent's condition.

UndeterminedThe manner of death cannot be determined from all available evidence.

In Mortality Data from DAWN, manner of death is collapsed into 3 categories: suicide, accidental/unexpected, and "all others." The "all others" category includes cases for which manner of death was recorded as natural, unknown, or undetermined, and cases for which manner of death was missing.

Medical Examiner (ME): Death investigation jurisdictions typically use either a medical examiner system or a coroner system. Most medical examiners are licensed physicians or forensic pathologists, and are generally appointed (rather than elected). They may have jurisdiction over a county, district, or entire state. (See also Coroner and Jurisdiction.)

86 ED Trends From DAWN APPENDIX E: MULTUM LICENSE AGREEMENT

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90 ED Trends From DAWN APPENDIX F: DAWN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT REPORT FORM FORM NUMBER DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FORM APPROVED: OMB NO. 0930-0076 XXXXXXX SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Expires: 11/30/2002 DRUG ABUSE WARNING NETWORK (DAWN) (Sample Form Only) EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT REPORT (Sample Form Only)

1. PROVIDER 2. CROSS REFERENCE NUMBER (Facility Use Onty)

PATIENT INFORMATION DRUG/SUBSTANCE INFORMATION Monti Day Year 3. DATE OF 12. ALCOHOL INVOLVED (Mark XI one response) VISIT 1 Yes 2 No 3 Unknown

Hours Minutes 4. TIME OF VISIT (Mark In 13. UST EACH DRUG/SUBSTANCE SEPARATELY (Generic, Trade, or Street Name) 1. am IN ONE OF THE SPACES BELOW (Do NOT Het alcohol) Mark (x) if confirmed by 2. pm SAMHSA USE ONLY toxicology tests 3. military 1 5. AGE (Must be 06-97 yrs.) 2

8. SEX 3 1 Male 2 Female 4 7a. ETHNICITY 7b. RACE (mark (x) one response) (mark (x) for all that apply) White For each non-alcohol substance listed above, mark (X) one response in each data item below. 1 Hispanic or Latino Black or African 2 Not Hispanic or American 14. FORM IN WHICH DRUG WAS ACQUIRED SUBSTANCES Latino American Indian or Alaska Native 1 2 3 4 3 Unknown Asian Tablet/Capsule/Pill 01 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Aerosol 02 Unknown Liquid (oral) 03 8. PATIENTS HOME ZIP CODE Powder/Crystal 04

Paper (e.g., LSD/Acid) 05

Pieces/Chunks (e.g., Crack)k 06 (Otherwise mark (X) one response) Injectable Liquid 07 1 Unknown 2 No Fixed Address (See reverse side) Cigarette 08

9. REASON FOR TAKING SUBSTANCE(S) Plant Material 09 (Mark IX) one response) Unknown 10 1 Dependence Other 2 Suicide Attempt or Gesture 11 3 Psychic Effects: 'Recreational Use' SUBSTANCES (e.g., to get high, kicks) 15.. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION 1 2 3 4 4 Other Psychic Effects (See reverse side) Oral 5 Unknown 1 6 Other (Specify) Injection 2

Inhaled (e.g., fumes) 10. REASON FOR PRESENT CONTACT 3 A. Was This an Overdose/Toxic Ingestion? Smoked (Includes Freebase) 4

1 Yes No Sniffed, Snorted 5

B.11 'No,' mark one response Unknown 6 2 Unexpected Reaction Other 7 3 Chronic Effects (See reverse side) 4 Withdrawal 16. SOURCE OF SUBSTANCE SUBSTANCES 1 2 3 4 5 Seeking Detoxification Patient's Own Legal Fix 1 6 Accident/Injury 7 Unknown Street Buy 2

8 Non-toxic Ingestion/Other Other Unauthorized Procurement (e.g., stolen, gift, etc.) 3 (SPEY) (See reverse side) Unknown 4 Other (Includes Over-The-Counter [OTC)) 11. DISPOSITION FROM EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT 5 1 Treated and Released or Referred 17. CODED REMARKS 2 Admitted as Inpatient to This or Any Hospital (II case involves an tv drug user with H1V4/AIDS, Please writeWM..Or "NOS in the Una lets sPaoesodow.) 3 Left Against Medical Advice 4 Died I I SMA 100-1 EP REV. 11/99 63 ED Trends From DAWN 91 ipiTTPrirl r,(1TCDNV AVAIIIT A RY1 TT (Sample Form Only) SELECTED REPORTING GUIDELINES AND INSTRUCTIONS DRUG ABUSE WARNING NETWORK (DAWN) EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT REPORT

I.General

The following abbreviated guidelines and instructions highlight critical reporting items. Please refer to the detailed instructions found in the Instruction Manual for Emergency Departments for further information.

II.Reporting Guidelines

Report data on all patients seen in the emergency department for problems induced by or related to drug abuse. For DAWN, drug abuse is defined as the use of any illegal drug or the nonmediacal use of a legal drug where the reason for taking the substance was for: psychic effects, dependence, or suicide attempt or gesture.

Detailed discussion of the "nonmedical" use definition and other case selection criteria can be found in Chapter II, Case Identification Guidelines, of the Instruction Manual for Emergency Departments.

III. Abbreviated Instructions for Completing Selected Items

Data Item #8 - Patient's Home Zip Code

Use "no fixed address" for the homeless (even if staying at a shelter) and for prisoners brought into the hospital.

Data Item #9 - Reason for Taking Substance(s)

The response categories are: Dependence, Suicide Attempt or Gesture, Psychic Effects: "Recreational Use," Other Psychic Effects, Unknown, and Other (Specify). The definitions are as follows:

1. Dependence - A physiological or psychological condition characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its effects or to avoid the discomfort of its absence (i.e., to avoid withdrawal).

2. Suicide Attempt or Gesture - Successful or unsuccessful action(s) taken for the purpose of self-destruction or to gain attention.

3. Psychic Effects: "Recreational Use' - Use of drug(s) for experimentation or to enhance social situations or conditions. Examples of common patient responses are: °just wanted to know what it felt like," °wanted to have fun,' or "to get high."

4. Other Psychic Effects - Use of drug(s) to improve or enhance, any mental, emotional, or physical state. Examples of common patient responses concerning this self-applied medication are: "needed to relax," °wasn't feeling well," "to stay awake,"depression,"anxiety," "lose weight," "fight with a boyfriend/mate."

5. Unknown - Should be used only if information is unobtainable or unavailable.

6. Other (Specify) - Should be used only when the Reason for Taking the Substance cannot be classified into the categories above. Write the appropriate reason in the space provided.

Data Item #10 - Reason for Present Contact

This data item has two parts, A and B. Part A requires a selection of "YES" or "NO" to indicate whether the case is an Overdose / Toxic Ingestion. If the response to part A is "NO," part B requires a response.

3. Chronic Effects - Includes Hepatitis, Abscess, Cellulitis, Tremors, and AIDS contracted by IV drug abuse (see manual for additional examples).

8. Non-Toxic Ingestion /Other (Specify) - Should be used only when Reason for Present Contact cannot be classified into the categories above. (For example, police bring patient in for toxicological testing related to commission of a crime or parents force a child to come in to be checked because of strange behavior.) If Other, write reason in space provided.

Data Item #17 - Coded Remarks

Please be certain to write "HIV+" or "AIDS" in the first four blocks if the patient is a confirmed IV drug user.

SMA100-1 (BACK) REV. 11/99 9

92 ED Trends From DAWN Detailed Tables

Additional tables can be found on the Internet (http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm and http://www.DAWNinfo.net) for each of the 21 metropolitan areas sampled by DAWN.

ED Trends From DAWN T-1 Table 1.1 - ED sample information and response rates by metropolitan area, 2001 Metropolitan area sample hospitals Responding Eligible hospitalsin the sample sample hospitalsResponse rate, Total eligiblehospitals2 Response(unweighted)2 rate for visits AtlantaBostonBaltimoreTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 458 232016 564 242119 96958481 4,683 2133 96959085 DenverDallasChicagoBuffalo 2711 98 14193610 64587580 3066441410 758064 MinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Angeles 33121517 43201817 67887785 26228242 80928363 NewarkNew YorkOrleans 26163212 31351716 949175 257823 889690 SanSt.PhoenixPhiladelphia Louis FranciscoDiego 201516 261918 89778384 24611835 91769387 IWashington,Seattle See Table DC 12 for a list of counties and independent cities constituting the metropolitan areas in this table. 1615 1815 100 8984 312019 100 9580 AmericanSOURCE:ED2 Based = emergency Hospital Office Association department.of Applied (AHA)Studies, Annual SAMHSA, Survey. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2002 on(09/2002 annual update). emergency department visits to eligible and responding hospitals in the sample as reported in the previous year's AtlantaTable (MSA) 1.2 - Counties and cities that constitute DAWN ED metropolitan areas, 2001 Dallas (PMSA) New Orleans (MSA) St. Louis (MSA) ClaytonCherokeeButtsBarrow County, County,County, County, GA GAGA (13-035) GA (13-013)(13-063) (13-057) EllisDentonDallasCollin County, County,County, County, TX TXTX TX(48-139) (48-085)(48-113) (48-121) St.OrleansJefferson CharlesBernard Parish, Parish, Parish, LA LA LA(22-071) (22-051) (22-089)(22-087) JeffersonJerseyFranklinClinton County,County,County, County, MOILIL MO (17-083)(17-027) (29-099) (29-071) DouglasDeCowetaCobb Kalb County, County,County, GA GAGA (13-067) (13-077)(13-089)(13-097) Denver (PMSA) AdamsRockwallKaufman County, County, CO (8-001) TX (48-397)(48-257) New York (PMSA) BronxSt. TammanyJohn County, the Baptist Parish, NY (36-005) Parish, LA (22-103) LA (22-095) St.MonroeMadison ClairCharles County,County, County, ILIL (17-133) (17-163)(17-119)MO (29-183) GwinnettFultonForsythFayette County, County, County, GA GA GA (13-121) (13-117)(13-114) (13-135) JeffersonArapahoeDouglasDenver County, County,County, County, CO CO CO (8-059) (8-005)(8-031) (8-035) QueensPutnamNewKings York County, County, County, NY NY (36-047)NY (36-079)(36-081) (36-061) San Diego (MSA) SanSt. Louis Diego County,City, County, MO MO (29-510) CA (29-189) (6-073) RockdalePauldingNewtonHenry County, County, County,County, GA GA GA GA(13-151) (13-217) (13-223)(13-247) Detroit (PMSA) LivingstonLapeerMacomb County, County, County, MI MI(26-087) MI (26-093) (26-099) Newark (PMSA) WestchesterRocklandRichmond County, County, County, NY NY(36-085) NY (36-087) (36-119) San Francisco (PMSA) SanMarin FranciscoMateo County, County, CACounty, (6-041) CA CA(6-081) (6-075) Baltimore (MSA) AnneWaltonSpalding Arundel County, County, County, GA (13-297)GA MD (13-255) (24-003) WayneSt.Oakland MonroeClair County, County,County, County, MI MIMI (26-163) MI (26-147)(26-125) (26-115) UnionSussexMorrisEssex County, County, NJ NJ (34-039)(34-013)(34-027) (34-037) Seattle (PMSA) SnohomishKing County, County, WA (53-033) WA (53-061) HarfordCarrollBaltimore County, County, County,City, MDMD MD MD (24-510)(24-013) (24-025) (24-005) Miami-Los Angeles-Long Hialeah' (MSA) Beach'DadeLos (MSA) Angeles County, County, FL (12-025) CA (6-037) Philadelphia (PMSA) CamdenBurlingtonBucks County,County, County, NJPA (34-007) (42-017)NJ (34-005) Washington, DC (MSA)ArlingtonAlexandriaCharlesCalvert County, County,County,City, VA VA MD MD(51-510) (51-013) (24-009)(24-017) Boston (NECMA) EssexQueenHoward County, Anne's County, County,MA MD (25-009) (24-027) MD (24-035) Minneapolls-St. Paull (MSA)ChisagoCarverAnoka County,County, County, MNMN MN (27-003)(27-019) (27-025) GloucesterChesterMontgomeryDelaware County, County, County, County, PA NJ (42-029) PA (34-015) PA (42-045) (42-091) FallsFairfaxDistrict Church County,City,of Columbia VACity, VA(51-600) VA (51-059) (11-001) (51-610) SuffolkPlymouthNorfolkMiddlesex County, County, County, MA MA MA (25-025)(25-021) (25-023) (25-017) RamseyHennepinDakotaIsanti County, County, County, MN MN MN (27-037) (27-123)(27-059) (27-053) Phoenix (MSA) MaricopaPhiladelphia County, County, AZ PA(4-013) (42-101) ManassasLoudounFrederick County,County, City,Park VACity, VAMD (51-683) VA(51-107) (24-021) (51-685) ChicagoBuffalo (PMSA) (PMSA) CookErie County, County, NY IL (36-029)(17-031) WrightWashingtonSt.Scott Croix County, County, County, County, MN MN WI (27-139) (27-171) MN(55-109) (27-163) StaffordPrinceMontgomery WilliamGeorge's County, County, County, County,VA (51-179) VA MD MD (51-153) (24-031) (24-033) 1 In McHenryDu Page subsequentCounty, IL (17-043)(17-111) tables and in the text, compound names (e.g., Los Angeles-Long Beach) are abbreviated (e.g., Los Angeles) for ease of reference. EDInformationTwoNOTE: = exceptions emergency Metropolitan Processing are department, theareas StandardBoston are MSAdefined New (FIPS) = Englandmetropolitan according State-County county to statistical the metropolitan codes. Office area, of Management NECMAarea and = theNew and St. EnglandBudget's Louis metropolitan county 1983 definitions metropolitan statistical of metropolitanarea, area, PMSA which statistical= correspond primary areasmetropolitan to 1990andl primary definitions. statistical metropolitan area.Parentheses statistical contain areas. Federal Table 1.3 - ED visits, drug episodes, and drug mentions: Unweighted sample data and weighted estimates by metropolitan area, 2001 Metropolitan area ED visits Unweighted sample data ED visits Weighted estimates BaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 16,406,562 986,696712,429 Drug episodes 196,268 11,28311,474 Drug mentions 349,916 20,18721,462 100,517,664 1,023,6511,248,776 Drug episodes 638,484 11,62514,456 Drug mentions 1,165,367 20,77727,254 DenverDallasChicagoBuffaloBoston 388,556608,726927,681868,287185,602 15,55210,233 3,9333,9652,236 27,33718,2947,4683,853 1,051,1552,305,8901,616,628 277,666 32,64716,853 6,5003,356 12,11457,81729,795 5,935 MinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Angeles 1,197,880 454,084490,635641,217 14,53012,5904,0988,103 27,09724,51614,6067,6726,673 2,435,3761,583,300 797,477765,070592,182 24,66919,265 6,5218,8865,468 12,30015,91944,67037,164 9,412 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew YorkOrleans 1,754,552 896,006502,892414,460 16,92017,528 5,5612,857 31,84728,155 9,6695,239 1,769,3353,748,794 770,151587,566 25,79032,307 7,2173,729 48,22212,58952,055 7,037 SeattleSanSt. Louis FranciscoDiego 427,957517,038577,860586,612616,199 9,1047,1116,4764,7746,833 15,55311,34210,97311,979 8,991 700,646544,753624,031902,774936,633 11,49510,0846,9628,5758,216 13,74311,77915,96317,805 SOURCE:EDWashington, = emergency Office DC department.of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2002 (09/2002 update). 747,707 6,858 11,115 1,260,749 10,566 17,48019,818 Table 1.4 - ED visits (in 1,000s): Estimates by metropolitan area by years Metropolitan area 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % chan 1994,2001 ge2 % 19999e2chan2001 % change2 2000,2001 AtlantaTOTALBostonBaltimore COTERMINOUS U.S 89,697 1,6791,140 825 88,548 1,6011,129 838 91,189 1,7141,125 865 89,720 1,5681,041 873 89,683 1,5561,032 931 91,100 1,026 970 96,163 978965 100,518 1,0241,249 24.012.1 21.710.3 6.55.5 29.3 4.64.5 DenverDallasChicagoBuffalo 2,145 424826325 2,216 464843300 2,204 446835294 2,197 439886268 2,141 426914272 2,2041,518 288521904 2,2571,0151,584 527264 2,3061,0511,617 592278 -14.427.339.7 7.5 13.616.2-3.5 4.6 12.3 3.52.25.2 NewMinneapolisLosDetroitMiami Angeles Orleans 2,3751,436 565642627 2,2371,513 575683622 2,3351,537 603691632 2,2331,449 576683668 2,1421,461 563661700 2,3071,481 703706 2,5991,474 607741740 2,4351,583 797765 24.222.010.2 13.5 8.45.66.9 -6.37.63.47.4 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew York 1,6203,345 639679 1,6573,196 701702 1,6573,624 732681 1,6383,432 690649 3,4721,691 697717 3,4261,711 765720585 3,6851,739 858765 3,7491,769 770588 13.512.1 9.23.9 3.47.09.40.4 -3.2 0.61.81.7 SeattleSanSt. Louis FranciscoDiego 700577519917 570481504869 599495575880 582479586841 550513611819 564558657876 621639503918 701545624903937 20.246.6-5.6-1.50.2 24.222.4-2.3 3.0 12.8-2.4-1.6 8.39.2 2 This1Washington, DAWN column estimates denotes DC of emergency departmentstatistically significantvisits (in 1,000s) (p < 0.05) should increases be close and to butdecreases will not necessarilybetween estimates equal totals for the from periods previous noted. year's See American Relative Hospital Standard Association Error (RSE) (AHA) tables Annual for p-values. Survey. 1,195 1,176 1,090 1,077 1,112 1,129 1,201 1,261 5.5 11.7 5.0 SOURCE:EDwithNOTE: = an emergency TheseRSE Office greater estimates department.of Appliedthan are 50% Studies,based has beenon SAMHSA, a suppressed.representative Drug Abuse sample Warning of non-Federal, Network, 2002short-stay (09/2002 hospitals update). with 24-hour emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate Table 1.5 - ED visits (in 1,000s): Estimated rates per 100,000 population by metropolitan area by years % change2 % change2 0/0 thange2 TOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S Metropolitan area Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 1997Total 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total 20011994, 12.1 1999,2001 10.3 2000,2001 AtlantaBuffaloBostonBaltimore 3,405 185 2351 6 3,328 175 2350 5 3,389 185 2450 5 3,300 167 2445 5 3,263 164 2545 5 3,284 158 2644 5 3,412 162 2641 4 2,759 191 2954 5 -14.4 24.0 21.7-3.56.55.5 29.3 5.24.64.5 Detroit.DenverDallasChicago 55921810 55941811 19115492 17105791 17105888 57901712 63901712 54741914 39.727.310.2 7.5 13.6.16.2 6.94.6 12.3 7.43.52.2 NewMinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles Orleans 131 5628 7 122 5927 7 126 5927 7 119 5728 7 113 5530 7 120 5830 7 133 6030 7 118 6929 7 24.222.0 3.9 13.5 0.48.45.6 -3.2-6.3 7.63.4 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew York 195 288315 184 308415 206 318315 193 298114 193 308315 188 328315 199 358316 217 416217 46.613.512.1 9.2 22.4 3.47.09.4 9.21.80.61.7 SeattleSanSt. Louis FranciscoDiego 313440 0 263338 0 263738 0 253736 0 273834 0 294136 0 253938 0 254036 0 20.2-5.6-1.50.2 24.2-2.33.0 12.8-2.4-1.6 8.3 2 ThisWashington, column denotes DCDAWN estimates of emergency department visits (in 1,000s) should be close to but will not necessarily equal totals from previous year's American Hospital Association (AHA) statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. 33 32 29 28 29 29 31 30 5.5 Annual Survey. 11.7 5.0 Cf withSOURCE:EDNOTE: an = RSE emergency These greater Office estimates department.ofthan Applied 50% are has Studies,based been on SAMHSA,suppressed. a representative Drug Abuse sample Warning of non-Federal, Network, 2002short-stay (09/2002 hospitals update). with 24-hour emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate TableEstimates 1.6 - ED by drugmetropolitan episodes, area, standard 2001 errors, relative standard errors, and confidence intervals: TOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S Metropolitan area Estimated episodes 638,484 Standard error Relative standard error 7.0 95% Confidence interval - BuffaloAtlantaBostonBaltimore 16,85311,62514,4563,356 44,694 2,4771,301 537267 16.014.7 2.39.0 550,884 11,99811,10211,9062,303 -- 726,084 21,70812,14817,0064,409 DetroitDenverDallasChicago 19,26532,647 5,4686,500 2,7163,591 476475 14.111.0 8.77.3 13,94225,609 4,5355,569 - 24,58839,6856,4017,431 NewMinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles OrleansYork 24,669 3,7296,5218,886 3,651 496554453 13.314.8 8.55.1 17,5132,7575,4357,998 - 31,825 4,7017,6079,774 St.PhoenixPhiladelphia NewarkLouis 25,79010,08432,307 8,2167,217 3,3534,6521,386 746 13.019.214.4 7.4 23,18919,2188,6224,500 - 11,54632,36241,425 9,934 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 10,56611,495 8,5756,962 1,7861,742 471386181 16.921.2 4.14.52.6 10,572 7,0657,8186,6074,802 - 14,06712,41811,630 9,3327,317 SOURCE:EDU.S.NOTE: = Dotsemergency These (...)Office indicateestimates department.of Applied that are an Studies,based estimate on SAMHSA, a with representative an RSEDrug greater Abuse sample Warningthan of 50%non-Federal, Network, has been 2002short-stay suppressed. (09/2002 hospitals with 24-hour emergency departmentsupdate). in the coterminous metropolitanTable 1.7 - ED area, drug 2001 episodes, relative standard errors, and mentions for major drugs of abuse: Estimates by Metropolitan area Total drug episodesEst. RSE 7.0 Total drug mentionsEst. RSE 7.3 Cocaine mentions193,034Est. RSE 10.7 HeroinEst. mentions93,064 RSE 12.7 Marijuana mentions110,512Est. RSE 14.9 BostonBaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 638,484 16,85311,62514,456 3,356 16.014.7 2.39.0 1,165,367 29,79520,77727,254 5,935 18.714.7 2.49.6 4,9334,9308,8911,220 25.919.3 2.29.4 4,3584,481 607848 27.511.1 9.70.8 3,4231,7863,486 561 21.735.712.9 6.1 ChicagoBuffaloDetroitDenverDallas 19,26532,647 5,4686,500 11.014.1 8.77.3 37,16412,11457,817 9,412 11.613.7 9.27.1 16,202 7,7301,3431,770 13.311.812.114.3 11,902 3,870 443769 23.123.914.313.6 5,0175,1861,049 979 23.611.917.415.3 NewMinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles Orleans 24,669 6,5218,8863,729 13.314.8 8.55.1 44,67012,30015,919 7,037 15.518.8 5.48.2 1,4221,1054,6419,999 23.914.214.1 7.2 1,6662,878 530338 10.210.6 5.27.0 5,7291,2001,932 814 14.421.313.037.4 6.4 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew York 25,79032,30710,084 7,217 19.214.413.0 7.4 48,22252,05517,80512,589 24.713.619.715.9 8.1 11,35813,898 3,0802,6311,752 25.421.036.612.618.1 10,644 5,3623,7181,309 777 38.922.225.423.610.7 2,3115,4963,5011,284 647 35.224.813.216.8 Washington,SeattleSanSt. Louis FranciscoDiego DC 10,56611,4958,5756,9628,216 21.216.9 4.52.64.1 13,74311,77915,96317,48019,818 18.9 4.63.03.9 2,4822,8943,409 812 14.4 9.64.15.8 2,7901,8881,927 733 16.012.4 2.85.4 2,1351,5961,107 704 26.4 9.86.69.2 SOURCE:EDindicateNOTE: = emergency These that Office an estimates estimate department,of Applied arewith Studies,based anEst. RSE = on estimate, SAMHSA, greater a representative thanRSE Drug 50% = relativeAbuse samplehas been Warningstandard of suppressed.non-Federal, Network, error. 2002short-stay (09/2002 hospitals update). with 24-hour emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) EstimatesTable 1.8 -by ED drug drug category, episodes, 2001 standard errors, relative standard errors, and confidence intervals: MAJOR SUBSTANCES Alcohol-in-combination Drug category' OF ABUSE Estimated episodes 218,005669,559 Standard error 60,260 Relative standard error 9.0 95% Confidence interval551,449 - 787,669 AmphetaminesMarijuanaHeroinCocaine 110,512193,034 18,55593,064 20,65520,92816,46611,819 1,967 10.614.912.710.7 9.6 152,550176,986 -14,70078,23969,899 - 142,785233,518259,024116,229 PCPLSDKetamineMethamphetamineMDMA (Ecstasy) 14,9232,8215,542 679 4,372 494314881 46.329.317.515.9 6,3541,8533,815 - - 64 - 23,49222,410 3,7891,2947,269 GHBInhalantsFlunitrazepamMiscellaneous (Rohypnol)hallucinogens 3,3401,7886,102 676 ... 204882672702 ... 26.430.261.737.611.5 1,6114,726 - 471 ... -- 5,0693,1057,478 OTHER SUBSTANCES PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICCombinations NTA AGENTS OF ABUSE 220,289495,808 298 16,96234,707 104 35.0 7.77.0 427,782 - 276 - 94 - 563,834 1,076 502 Antidepressants TricyclicSSRIMAO inhibitorsantidepressants antidepressants 26,97261,01212,447 ... 2,5085,4301,780 ... 14.367.4 9.38.9 187,043 22,056-50,369 - -8,958 - ... - 253,535 31,88871,65515,936 ... Antipsychotics PsychotherapeuticPhenothiazineMiscellaneous antidepressantsantipsychotics combinations 20,18221,459 1,359 ... 2,4422,425 255 ... 61.718.812.111.3 15,39616,706 - 859 - ... - 24,96826,212 1,859 ... Anxiolytics, sedatives, and BarbituratesMiscellaneousThioxantheneshypnotics antipsychotic agents 135,949 18,542 9,506 ... 11,1482,2621,226 ... 12.912.280.6 8.2 114,099 -14,108 -7,103 - ... - 157,799 22,97611,909 ... CNS stimulantsAGENTS Misc.Benzodiazepines anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 210,685103,972 22,472 3,146 16,223 2,1579254 466 14.8 7.78.99.6 85,83418,244 - -2,233 - 122,110 26,700 4,059 Analgesics NarcoticCox-2Antimigraine inhibitors analgesics/combinations agents 174,50099,317 1,314 660 11,42113,960 268181 20.411.527.4 8.0 147,138178,888 76,932- - 789305 - 121,702201,862242,482 1,8391,015 AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinationsNonsteroidal combinations anti-inflammatory analgesics/combinations NTA agents 42,04422,663 8,499 ... 3,6161,2412,176 ... 64.914.6 8.69.6 34,95718,398 - -6,067 - ... 49,13110,93126,928 ... and confidence intervals: TableEstimates 1.8 - ED by drug episodes,category, 2001standard (continued) errors, relative standard errors, Drug category Estimated episodes Standard error Relative standard error 95% Confidence interval AntiparkinsonAntiemetic/antivertigoAnticonwlsantsAnorexiants agents agents 14,642 985526953 1,816 231252163 24.225.630.912.4 11,083 - 491207500 - - 18,201 1,4791,406 845 GeneralRESPIRATORYMiscellaneousMuscle anesthetics relaxants CNS AGENTS agents 12,23819,001 ...10 1,4692,413 4 84.812.737.812.0 14,272 -9,359 - 2 - - 23,73015,117 18 AntihistaminesExpectorantsDecongestantsBronchodilators 4,112 422476859 580131192133 27.622.331.514.1 2,975 - 219483161 - - 5,2491,235 683733 CARDIOVASCULARRespiratoryUpper respiratory agents combinations NTA AGENTS 9,9845,697 672 1,428 200951 29.722.614.316.7 1,0317,1853,833 - 280 - - 12,7832,6737,5611,064 CalciumAntiadrenergicCardiovascularDiureticsBeta-adrenergic channel agents, blocking agents blocking centrally NTAagents agents acting 3,5431,3862,3821,852 821 419556237327598 28.923.625.115.7 2,4531,210 - 356745 - 4,6331,2862,0273,554 Anti-infectivesAlternativeOTHER SUBSTANCES medicines 42,611 5,282 662 3,579 385729167 25.313.8 8.4 35,596 -2,0373,853 - 335 - 49,626 3,5476,711 989 TopicalNutritionalHormonesGastrointestinalDrug agentsunknown products agents 23,923 2,6004,0322,7921,449 2,273 471283637 18.119.515.8 9.5 19,468 -2,7831,677 - - 894 - 28,378 3,5232,0045,281 TOTAL EDDRUG VISITS ABUSE (In 1,000s) MENTIONSEPISODES All other substances NTA 1,165,367 638,484100,518 1,871 402,071 85,07244,694 550 29.4 0.47.37.0 998,626550,884 -99,730 - 793 - 1,332,108 726,084101,306 2,949 to1 ThismeetNOTE:can classificationbe DAWN's foundThese on estimatesunique the of Internet requirements are basedat http://www.multum.com. on(2002). a representative The Multum sample Licensing of non-Federal, Agreement governingshort-stay usehospitals of the with Lexicon 24-hour is provided emergency departments drugs is derived from the Multum Lexicon, Copyright © 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified in an appendix to this report and in the coterminous oxidase,CNSU.S.SOURCE: Dots= central MDMA (...) Officeindicatenervous = methylenedioxymethamphetamine, of thatAppliedsystem, an estimate Studies,ED = emergency withSAMHSA, an RSE department, Drug greater NTA Abuse = thannot GHB Warning tabulated 50% = gamma has Network, above, been hydroxy suppressed. PCP2002 butyrate, = (09/2002 phencyclidine, LSD update). = lysergic SSRI acid diethylamide, = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. MAO = monoamine Table 1.9 - Population by Gender and age age and gender by metropolitan area, 20011 Coterminous U.S. Atlanta Baltimore Boston Buffalo Chicago Dallas Denver TOTAL 6-17 years 12-176-11 years years 253,560,27125,231,28749,488,714 3,643,568 377,013719,017 2,300,858 229,928445,420 3,568,848 324,612622,949 844,204158,69780,446 1,138,5805,850,120 592,919 3,099,196 332,262638,122 1,943,834 370,426190,291 26-3418-25 years years 20-2518-19 years years 30,433,96526,558,97133,536,54624,257,5106,977,575 555,477420,575517,718342,008 97,143 276,697208,795264,316215,493 55,521 363,827440,040298,336 76,213 75,84420,55696,39978,251 679,167838,308159,142545,661 389,443481,568305,860 92,126 218,927269,716180,13650,789 35 years and older 35-4430-3426-29 years 140,101,04644,811,00320,287,52710,146,439 1,851,356 721,886365,455190,022 1,314,425 433,214188,653 88,044 2,026,947 669,367322,980478,911155,931 497,955146,38462,13991,15429,015 1,032,3503,090,124 514,295268,811783,107 1,513,589 600,554304,247465,917161,669 1,029,417 375,046179,220274,274 95,055 MALES 6-1755 years years and older 45-54 years 123,216,62025,340,85457,647,02737,643,016 1,786,230 368,664582,649546,821 1,093,605 227,219519,970361,242 1,710,453 319,220816,912540,668 400,389224,004127,56781,351 2,828,6721,225,790 582,095831,984 1,540,887 326,634481,084431,952 967,780189,809348,311306,060 18-25 years 20-2518-1912-176-11 years years years 13,256,27016,842,93212,422,54712,918,3083,586,663 263,822176,183192,48051,291 126,881109,685117,53427,806 217,576152,885166,33539,919 47,83810,58839,99541,357 422,914279,075303,020 82,818 248,773157,172169,46249,054 138,823 26,70192,60097,209 3526-34 years years and older 30-3426-29 years 65,972,29310,050,66115,060,5405,009,880 877,098182,019276,647212,531 94,628 607,949131,557 89,80341,75499,074 939,742233,914157,977177,65875,937 227,317 30,04743,88213,83537,250 1,433,115 256,966133,582390,548340,096 729,054236,426155,250199,71981,176 497,720141,428112,122 92,15249,275 FEMALES 55 years and older 45-5435-44 years 130,343,65125,634,20621,991,00818,347,079 1,857,338 259,796262,663354,639 1,207,253 227,990172,770207,188 1,858,396 353,564259,613326,566 443,816 95,54061,39570,382 3,021,448 527,465399,403506,248 1,558,310 215,213211,418302,423 157,727151,780188,212 18-256-17 years years 18-1912-176-11 years years 16,693,61411,834,82712,313,03224,147,859 253,896165,821350,354184,533 137,435218,201105,810112,391 222,464303,729145,451158,279 48,56138,25739,08977,345 415,395266,585289,900556,486 232,795311,489148,687162,802 130,894180,617976,054 87,53593,082 26-34 years 30-3426-2920-25 years 10,236,86615,373,42513,302,7025,136,5593,390,912 278,830183,436208,044 95,39445,852 145,140109,72146,29098,85027,714 244,998186,169 79,99436,295 47,27238,59415,180 9,967 135,229392,558339,071 76,324 229,491189,723 80,49343,072 132,847106,805 45,77924,088 55 35years years and and older older 45-5435-44 years 32,012,82222,819,99574,128,75319,295,937 322,853284,157367,248974,258 291,979226,026706,477188,471 1,087,205 463,349281,055342,801165,003 270,638128,463 66,17276,00332,092 1,657,009 698,325432,581526,102257,329 265,870220,534298,131784,535148,998 190,583154,280531,697186,83487,067 Table 1.9 - Population by age and gender by metropolitan area, Gender and age Detroit Los Angeles Miami 20011 (continued) Minneapolis New Orleans New York Newark Philadelphia TOTAL 6-17 years 12-176-11 years years 4,159,489 394,194436,010830,202 8,554,6631,783,073 825,597957,476 2,064,811 191,626196,455388,081 2,599,055 256,122267,731523,853 1,152,254 235,088118,539116,550 8,357,5481,503,538 715,578787,961 1,729,081 328,629155,023173,605 4,503,442 429,135450,609879,743 26-3418-25 years 20-2518-19 years 522,040396,949504,760107,811 1,210,4221,054,6071,313,139 258,533 258,770217,499274,584 57,085 346,745274,193341,888 67,695 132,821124,218158,834 34,616 1,161,6811,198,093 976,584221,509 215,301159,291199,94166,69640,649 419,201530,058170,575527,850110,857 35 years and older 35-4430-3426-29 years 2,302,486 635,237755,464346,006176,034 4,248,0301,147,7891,513,276 801,680408,742 1,143,376 282,776360,379172,64586,125 1,386,568 512,413232,947394,770113,798 177,201201,580625,51044,31888,503 4,494,2361,182,3601,458,724 770,412391,270 265,463326,729985,210148,605 2,565,791 676,308816,276357,275 MALES 6-1755 years years and older 45-54 years 2,010,721 425,083911,785 4,201,1751,586,965 911,989 986,626197,780500,222 1,278,786 268,266479,385 119,695545,060246,729 3,930,7511,853,152 767,589 826,718393,018168,16288,944 2,140,0731,073,207 230,465449,674 18-25 years 12-176-1118-19 years years years J 251,111201,699223,383 55,922 422,827133,508667,002489,162 135,656100,216 28,74697,565 171,840131,158137,108 35,266 60,05659,63917,26475,485 113,475583,350365,245402,345 21,14799,70679,21778,559 219,208203,016259,640 56,624 3526-34 years years and older 20-2530-3426-29 years years 1,078,205 170,183256,321195,190 86,138 2,008,645 406,980206,558613,538533,495 525,686127,504106,91042,41185,093 665,618116,365173,062136,575 56,697 286,966 42,15620,75862,91458,221 2,019,224 372,498560,587469,875188,089 455,384103,466 71,42032,046 1,177,696 253,063171,33881,726 55 years and older 45-5435-44 years 398,933309,384369,889 753,677702,463552,505 1,078,185 217,441133,381174,864 1,320,269 214,732194,814256,072 607,194106,689 84,68795,590 4,426,797 769,603547,991701,631 902,364170,968126,220158,196 2,363,369 462,228322,699392,768 FEMALES 6-1718-25 years years 6-1112-17 years years 2,148,768 212,625405,119253,649192,494 4,353,489 646,137402,771468,313871,084 190,301138,92894,06196,240 255,588170,048124,964130,624 115,393 83,34958,48156,912 614,743350,333385,615735,949 160,467100,23575,80584,662 430,069270,418209,925220,144 26-34 years 26-2920-2518-19 years years 265,719201,760 89,89651,889 202,184596,884521,112125,025 131,266110,58943,71428,339 173,683137,61932,42957,101 23,56069,90765,99717,352 397,913203,181601,094506,709108,034 111,835 77,18534,65080,73219,503 185,937274,787216,185 88,85054,233 5535 years and older 45-5435-4430-34 years 1,224,281 512,852325,853385,575175,823 2,239,385 884,502595,284759,599394,700 282,781149,395185,515617,690 87,552 264,652199,957256,341720,950116,582 105,990338,544140,04092,51446,347 2,475,0111,083,549 634,370757,093 222,050139,243168,533529,826 1,388,096 610,979353,608423,508 Table 1.9 - Population by Gender and age age and gender by metropolitan area, 20011 (continued) Phoenix St. Louis San Diego San Francisco Seattle Washington, DC TOTAL 6-17 years 12-176-11 years years 2,847,270 293,215556,580 2,294,731 231,988461,474 2,520,050 258,328488,894 1,571,529 110,813213,744 2,137,012 379,677193,873 4,170,928 410,987781,343 26-3418-25 years years 20-2518-19 years years 379,337348,808436,712263,366 87,905 261,646221,493284,302229,487 62,808 331,542307,855378,025230,565 70,171 245,662171,402202,289102,932 30,886 298,400228,222281,969185,80553,747 431,091524,247370,355 93,156 35 years and older 30-3426-29 years " 1,474,641 247,425131,912 1,287,309 174,73386,913 1,321,589 220,340111,202 909,834162,28683,376 1,176,966 199,579 98,821 2,277,655 394,805192,878587,683 MALES 55 years and older 45-5435-44 years 1,416,178 609,291377,478487,871 1,096,901 524,326343,520419,463 1,243,427 511,660354,357455,571 780,804369,126249,128291,580 1,060,031 413,267345,300418,399 2,015,434 782,273670,544824,838 18-256-17 years years 18-1912-176-11 years years 228,482135,385285,456150,07046,221 235,440138,910117,040118,400 250,785193,226118,177132,608 103,783109,679 52,93056,750 142,379194,68595,15199,534 259,361209,976399,417189,442 26-34 years 30-3426-2920-25 years 128,477196,740182,261 68,263 126,565106,55384,61441,95032,358 112,161168,246157,58556,08535,641 128,160 43,03987,31616,466 152,674114,820 50,41027,558 285,496210,622 93,91548,739 5535 years and older 45-5435-44 years years 275,139246,529705,500183,832 227,224165,165203,598595,986 229,245631,170173,322228,604 439,183165,003123,478150,701 85,120 188,411211,203570,293170,678102,265 1,071,160 351,019400,515319,626191,581 FEMALES 6-17 years 12-176-11 years years 1,431,092 127,980143,144271,125 1,197,830 112,445226,035113,589 1,276,622 238,108112,388125,720 790,724104,06550,00254,062 1,076,981 184,992 90,65494,339 2,155,494 180,910201,015381,925 26-3418-25 years years 26-2920-2518-19 years years 182,597208,230166,54763,65041,683 135,081114,941145,391 30,450 163,296150,269184,799 34,530 117,503 84,08698,50614,420 145,725113,402139,590 26,188 302,187220,469264,886 44,417 35 years and older 45-5435-4430-34 years 193,646241,342769,140118,947 215,865691,323178,356 90,11844,963 226,968690,419181,036108,179 55,117 470,651125,649140,880 77,16540,337 174,622207,196606,674 97,31448,411 1,206,495 350,918424,323203,224 98,963 'AverageU.S. by 2001 Age, civilian Race, noninstitutionaland Sex (CNP Tables); population55 2000 years estimated Census and older usingCounts data by Age,from Sex,3 Census and Race Bureau data 334,152 297,103 (ASR files); and County-Level Population282,415 Estimates (CPOP file). files: The Civilian Noninstitutional Population of the 204,123 224,856 431,255 Table 1.10 - ED drug episodes by detailed race Race and ethnicity: Estimates for the coterminous Hispanic Not Hispanic Ethnicity U.S.1, 2001 Ethnicity unknown Total SINGLE RACE White 41,475 435 243,288 80,609 107,937 58,749 139,794392,700 AmericanRaceNativeAsianBlack/African unknown Hawaiian/OtherIndian/Alaska American Native Pacific Islander 37,511 261823 4,3272,286 201528 58,811 1,366 255473 100,649 3,6781,024 474 TWO RACES White + AmericanAsianBlack/African Indian/Alaska American Native 2 10 93 3 1014 32 WhiteBlack/AfricanWhite + Native + Unknown Hawaiian/Other AmericanAmerica + + Unknown AmericanAsian Pacific IslanderIndian/Alaska Native 11 8 48 1 1213 2 2332 2 1 AsianNative + UnknownNativeAmerican Hawaiian/Other Hawaiian/Other Indian/Alaska Pacific Pacific Native Islander Islander + Unknown 4 56 2 1 10 1 5615 2 TOTALTHREE DRUGRACES ABUSE EPISODESBlack/African American + American Indian/Alaska Native + Unknown 79,517 331,332 227,635 1 638,484 reportethnicitythe1 Collection This consistently are detailed collected of Federal tabulationfrom as the separateData data of onthe collected Race dataracial elements,and and using Ethnicity ethnic old and andcharacteristics (Office one new or ofcategories.more ofraces DAWN for ancases is provided in Management and Budget, 10/2000). During 2000, DAWN began to implement Further, at this level of detail, small sample sizes produce someindividual estimates can that be are collected, when available. This level of detail is not shown accordance with the Draft Provisional Guidance on the Implementation of the 1997 the revised Federal standards whereby race and unreliablein most andtables could because pose aof threat the need to to Standards for SOURCE:NOTE:patientED = confidentiality.These emergency Office estimates of Applieddepartment. Up are to Studies,5based race categorieson SAMHSA, a representative can Drug be Abuseindicated sample Warning offor non-Federal, each patient, Network, 2002 (09/2002 update). short-staybut hospitals only those with categories 24-hour emergency that had at departments least 1 entry in are the reported coterminous here. U.S. rn coterminousTable 2.1.0 - U.S.ED mentions by half for selected year Jul-Dec drug categories, total ED drug episodes and Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates for the % change2 MAJOR Alcohol-in-combination SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE Drug category 258,8331997 271,4901998 277,5701998 280,7621999 Jul-Dec 294,9561999 Jan-Jun 2000309,480 Jul-Dec 2000314,910 Jan-Jun 327,2322001 Jul-Dec 342,3272001 Jan -Jun' 313,1812002 H12002H2 2001, % change2H12002H1 2001, AmphetaminesMarijuanaHeroinCocaine 35,89932,33182,35986,7445,946 37,86337,85985,75791,0645,476 38,97937,82986,25493,927 102,08843,09437,40679,575 43,97444,78689,17694,134 100,34749,02847,63584,704 104,16447,39847,16990,178 104,53344,13855,16496,752 113,47248,92655,34796,282 42,57155,72791,68797,527 -13.0-14.1 -8.5 LSDKetamineMDMAMethamphetamine (Ecstasy) 1,5428,936 363 ... 1,7676,534 351 3,215.4,9526,706 792 4,7305,921 209947 5,7176,5751,903 -. 2,1257,3238,497 107 2,3856,1828,638 156 2,4276,7869,049 451 3,1158,1379,506 ... 10,0792,3036,136 152 MiscellaneousPCP hallucinogens 1,760 845 . 1,725 863 . 1,711 986 1,6072,427 573 2,0572,699 960 2,6072,157 791 2,7981,859 3,0741,882 3,028 939 3,257 407 -56.7 -78.4 CombinationsInhalantsGHBFlunitrazepam NTA(Rohypnol) 1,214 459 75 1,280 387 70 931895 55 1,192 535 42-. 1,987 627 52... 2,865 946 68 ... 1,058 576 ...... 1,679 338718 -. 1,6611,070 338 ... 2,024 559118620 16 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE AntidepressantsPSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS 211,253 25,36191,572 219,919 28,85399,136 212,78525,52993,960 102,156228,686 31,202 209,839 27,76294,142 243,822106,93532,317 231,094 28,25997,592 59 105,119238,874 156 115,170256,934 ... 251,015104,687 -9.1 MiscellaneousTricyclicSSRIMAO antidepressants antidepressantsinhibitors antidepressants 11,507 6,5277,186 -. 13,0157,1608,664 14 11,7547,7915,971 14 10,89613,8106,486 10 11,072 9,6457,040 4 11,84014,078 6,331 ... 10,11312,637 5,507 2 11,06513,08630,3166,040 ... 10,39413,88530,6956,407 ... 11,19613,55430,554 5,802 2 Antipsychotics ThioxanthenesPsychotherapeuticPhenothiazine antipsychotics combinations 2,2247,718 416 ... 2,3608,064 ... 8,2061,951 ... 8,2681,123 ... 9 6,955 965 ... 10,348 1,194 ... 9,748 913 22... 9,817 743 21... 10,365 616 ... 9,215 747 23 Anxiolytics, sedatives, and Misc.BenzodiazepinesBarbituratesMiscellaneoushypnotics anxiolytics, antipsychotic sedatives, andagents hypnotics 40,68655,455 3,3105,007 44,41059,926 4,2075,431 44,39858,426 4,5535,971 46,21560,817 4,3956,940 44,32457,6503,3825,830 47,41962,451 3,6518,921 43,65958,0683,4508,740 49,17563,594 4,4018,982 54,79772,3555,1059,560 47,88463,031 4,7378,433 12 -12.6-12.9 AnalgesicsCNS stimulantsAGENTS 70,85285,88911,460 3,038 71,43387,16911,309 2,292 70,49686,951 1,7999,475 69,18286,33510,207 1,869 69,55484,873 9,9441,775 103,96685,84311,381 1,819 81,35099,60610,959 1,517 103,269 10,018 1,392 107,416 12,454 1,754 108,081 10,411 1,887 -16.4 NonsteroidalNarcoticCox-2Antimigraine analgesics/combinations inhibitors anti-inflammatory agents agents 13,15328,528 259 0 28,37113,352 378 0 12,34330,575 ... 0 32,88311,654 261 7 36,128 9,977 410 ... 12,78040,979 245395 12,01341,394 607257 47,68385,529 258504 51,63488,971 402809 55,31189,905 801 . 16.0 AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinations combinations analgesics/combinations NTA 21,360 7,477 ... 21,944 7,382 ... 19,6577,724 ... 18,403 5,969 5 17,523 5,408 ... 24,207 7,166 ... 20,461 6,617 1 21,44711,1704,463 ... 20,59711,4924,036 0 17,84911,2894,453 0 -13.3 -16.8 Table 2.1.0 - ED mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug category Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change2H2 H120022001, % change2H1 H120022001, AntiparkinsonAntiemeticiantivertigoAnticonvulsantsAnorexiants agents agents 5,9731,090 274952 6,407 896491981 7,583 999643571 8,113 668598708 6,825 405727595 8,324 448515795 8,524 306624745 7,478 442396383 7,164 544131569 7,9041,038 520517 294.7 171.0 GeneralMiscellaneousMuscle anesthetics relaxants CNS agents 6,748 10 6,959 03 6,653 70 7,001 ... 0 6,716 ... 7,867. ... 8,047 ... 7 8,973 ... 7 10,028 ... 8,187 ... 5 BronchodilatorsAntihistaminesRESPIRATORY AGENTS 5,5491,446 843651 6,6981,1851,239 473 4,5591,231 370370 4,8851,768 261536 1,2793,863 348419 5,5781,761 443188 5,9431,503 606231 5,7291,917 509182 2,1956,510 350241 6,5961,852 333328 RespiratoryUpperExpectorantsDecongestants respiratory agents combinations NTA 2,218 331 59 3,056 644 ... 2,007 372 ... 1,987 283 51 1,411 261 ... 2,4834,826 214488 4,5223,193 287123 2,4324,285 429260 3,2655,699 242216 3,3676,569 242473 53.3 AntiadrenergicCARDIOVASCULARDiureticsCalciumBeta-adrenergic channel agents, blockingblocking AGENTS centrally agentsagents acting 1,1494,482 439879841 4,1741,081 300722356 4,2991,174 368684648 4,722 447600990738 4,8261,345 662340730 1,006 659750542 406507866950 1,161 438647484 1,2211,368 383739 1,1751,196 995584 147.1 AlternativeOTHERCardiovascular SUBSTANCES medicines agents NTA 23,761 1,174 83 22,742 4,4691,716 391 23,016 4,0241,425 246 30,587 3,0921,947 331 22,134 3,0371,749 345 22,517 2,6401,869 802 23,430 2,8011,794 198 20,472 2,3661,555 453 22,139 2,9161,988 209 25,083 2,0402,619 263 68.4 TopicalGastrointestinalAnti-infectivesNutritionalHormones agents products agents 4,6551,6771,679 233855 2,3351,0881,766 222 1,7211,737 207699 2,6121,606 219888 1,6241,824 414989 1,1931,9081,791 380 2,0071,723 235927 1,7951,443 901610 1,6982,2371,349 839 1,5771,9571,798 754 TOTAL DRUG ABUSE MENTIONSEPISODES All Drugother unknownsubstances NTA 470,085261,719 13,025 1,553 491,409271,862 10,850 1,621 490,355270,570 12,854 1,527 509,449278,243 20,027 1,810 504,795276,524 12,777 1,123 553,303302,673 11,780 2,023 546,004298,890 13,918 1,621 566,106311,785 12,073 829 599,261326,699 11,850 1,042 564,196308,558 15,311 1,385 TOTALI This ED classification VISITSEstimates (In of1,000s) drugs for is this derived time periodfrom the are Multum preliminary. Lexicon, Final Copyright estimates © 2002,will be Multum produced Information later and Services, may be higher Inc. The or classification has been 45,378 44,309 45,374 45,389 lower 45,710than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. 47,747 48,416 modified49,962 to meet DAWN's unique requirements (2002). 50,556 50,017 -1.1 0.1 anNOTE:2The This RSE Multum column These greater Licensing estimatesdenotes than 50% Agreement statistically are has based been governingsignificant on suppressed. a representative use(p < of 0.05)Dashes the Lexiconincreasessample (--) indicate isof providedandnon-Federal, decreases that inan an short-stay appendix between toestimateshospitals this report withfor the 24-hour periods emergency noted. estimate has been supressed due to incomplete data. Data were not sufficiently complete to produce estimates and can be found on the Internet at http://www.multum.com. See Relativedepartments Standard in the Error coterminous (RSE) tables U.S. for Dots p -values. (...) indicate that an estimate with 71 CNSfor SOURCE:MAOAtlanta = central = monoaminefor Office thenervous period of oxidase,Appliedsystem, January-June Studies, EDMDMA = emergency 2001.= SAMHSA, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, For department, the Drug Atlanta Abuse contributionGHB Warning = gamma Network, to theNTAhydroxy national =2002 not butyrate, tabulated (09/2002estimates, H1 above,update). = first halfPCP (Jan-Jun) = data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from January-June 2000. phencyclidine, SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. of year, H2 = second half (Jul-Dec) of year, LSD = lysergic acid diethylamide, forTable the coterminous 2.2.0 - ED mentions U.S. by for selected Drug category' year Total drug categories, total ED drug episodes and Total Total Total Total Total mentions, and totalTotal ED visits: Estimates Total % change2 % change2 % change2 MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE Alcohol-in-combination 449,964160,7981994 458,083166,9071995 478,676166,1721996 171,963511,0381997 184,991549,0601998 196,222575,7181999 204,510624,3902000 218,005669,5592001 20011994, 35.648.8 20011999, 16.3 20012000, AmphetaminesMethamphetamineMarijuanaHeroinCocaine 143,33740,03463,15810,118 135,71145,25969,556 9,581 152,420 53,77072,980 9,772 161,08364,72010,49670,712 172,01176,84212,18375,688 168,751 87,06882,19212,496 174,881 96,42694,80417,134 110,512193,034 93,06418,555 176.0 83.447.434.7 48.514.4 14.610.4 PCPLSDKetamineMDMA (Ecstasy) 17,5375,8995,158 253 19 15,9335,9635,682 421 ... 11,0023,4414,569 319 81 17,1545,219 637 ... 11,486 4,9821,143 209 10,447 5,1262,850 396 13,5054,0164,511 263 14,9232,8215,542 679 3,473.72,090.5 -45.3 -45.094.5 m InhalantsGHBFlunitrazepamMiscellaneous hallucinogens(Rohypnol) 1,5111,577 5613 1,0361,463 145 ... 1,3131,600 638 ... 2,2253,6261,629 762 2,2111,2821,8493,436 -. 3,1783,6631,533 ... 4,9695,4041,849 ... 3,3406,1021,788 ... 5,864.3 66.6 zU) OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICCombinations NTA AGENTS 190,467449,636 495 190,270442,204 163 427,691193,219 383 431,344191,512 201 432,704193,095 125 438,525 1,162 94 474,916 1,522 127 495,808 298676 -55.3 13.1 -55.6 3O Antidepressants TricydicSSRIMAO antidepressantsinhibitorsantidepressants 24,62520,40254,442 405 19,42921,58553,764 303 18,96223,65155,886 ... 16,22324,31754,138 291 13,13024,76854,382 28 196,29924,88213,52658,964 14 204,52726,71511,83860,576 ... 220,28926,97212,44761,012 ... -49.5 32.215.7 .. 7.7 Antipsychotics PsychotherapeuticPhenothiazineMiscellaneous antipsychotics antidepressants combinations 25,01211,899 9,011 617 21,90212,4479,125 522 18,94713,1557,743 369 16,98313,307 5,332 283 16,27016,455 4,310 -. 20,542152232,088 ... 20,09721,953 2,107 ... 20,18221,459 1,359 ... 138.1-88.6-19.3 ... -34.9 32.6 Anxiolytics, sedatives, and BarbituratesMiscellaneousThioxantheneshypnotics antipsychotic agents 106,421 10,715 5,8871,781 108,881 11,079 6,7931,176 112,847 10,3047,129 531 114,228 10,5407,039 828 118,352 11,402 8,760 299 118,467 12,771 7,777 ... 120,519 17,661 7,102 ... 135,949 18,542 9,506 ... 61.527.773.0 ... 45.214.8 33.812.8 CNSCNS AGENTS stimulants Misc.Benzodiazepines anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 165,657 25,89874,637 4,592 168222 25,54176,548 5,723 166,21927,07878,640 5,539 170,602 24,56982,621 6,162 174,120 20,78488,808 4,091 171,208 20,15190,539 3,645 22,33991,078 3,336 103,972 22,472 3,146 -31.5 39.3 14.8 14.2 Analgesics NarcoticCox-2Antimigraine inhibitors analgesics/combinations agents 136,93944,518 549 0 137,23145,254 844 0 134,63846,941 603 0 140,385 54,116 798 0 141,92958,946 507 0 138,73669,011 671 ... 203,572167,19482,373 1,002 502 210,685174,50099,317 1,314 660 123.1 27.427.2 25.823.1 ... AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinationsNonsteroidal combinations anti-inflammatory analgesics/combinations NTA agents 44,11918,99028,742 20 43,49917,15330,401 ... 46,00225,29515,717 ... 44,12926,44114,699 ... 41,60115,10625,695 ... 35,92611,37621,631 ... 44,66713,78424,793 ... 42,04422,663 8,499 ... -55.2-21.2 ... -25.343.917.0 -38.3 20.6 Table 2.2.0 - ED mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug category' Total1994 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 1994,2001 % change2 1999,2001 % change2 2000,2001 Antiemetic/antivertigoAnticonvulsantsAnorexiants agents 3,5199,3582,3541,263 10,4552,4893,463 849 11,4963,0392,655 865 12,193 2,5642,349 786 13,990 1,8951,1341,552 14,938 1,2641,0031,436 16,849 1,1391,540 755 14,642 95398526 -72.0-58.4-59.556.5 MiscellaneousMuscleGeneralAntiparkinson relaxants anesthetics agentsCNS agents 12,223 20 13,733 02 13,520 ... 0 12,318 6 1 13,612 10 0 13,717 ... 15,91-4. ... 19,001 10... 400.0 55.5 38.5 19.4 AntihistaminesRESPIRATORYBronchodilators AGENTS 15,747 2,1982,8053,021 13,915 2,0002,0632,739 12,856 1,6291,3542,222 11,5932,7701,7971,084 11,2582,4701,554 843 3,0478,749 609955 11,521 3,2651,049 419 12,238 4,112 859422 -60.9-85.0-22.3 39.9 ExpectorantsRespiratoryUpperDecongestants respiratory agents combinations NTA 6,849 419456 6,232 478402 6,742 275634 5,111 658173 5,0641,016 ... 9,5483,398 195544 9,3485,676 775337 9,9845,697 672476 244.6 67.7 DiureticsCalciumBeta-adrenergicAntiadrenergicCARDIOVASCULAR channel agents, blockingblocking AGENTS centrally agentsagents acting 12,939 1,1052,6582,8271,259 12,016 1,2093,0952,5981,291 10,2422,3391,0351,9311,412 2,2508,4231,5111,603 878 1,4062,2551,0038,473 668 1,3302,3341,401 787 1,0491,5251,9561,156 2,3821,3861,852 821 -47.9 60.2 AlternativeOTHERCardiovascular SUBSTANCES medicines agents NTA 64,825 5,090 ... 57,781 3,823 ... 10,14245,156 3,525 661 49,214 2,1829,743 312 45,758 3,1418,493 637 52,721 6,1293,696 677 45,948 5,4413,662 999 42,611 5,2823,543 662 -59.3-34.3-30.4 TopicalAnti-infectivesNutritionalHormonesGastrointestinal agents products agents 12,982 3,1714,0805,816 897 13,575 3,0324,0605,418 797 2,4053,9973,815 397 2,3023,3343,919 514 4,0721,7873,487 430 4,4363,2301,878 633 2,1203,9153,514 615 2,6004,0322,7921,449 189.9-54.3-52.0 310.7 322.8 TOTAL DRUG ABUSE MENTIONSEPISODES All Drugother unknownsubstances NTA 899,600518,880 34,167 3,200 900,287513,519 27,412 3,376 906,366513,933 20,271 3,469 942,382526,818 26,221 2,869 981,764542,432 23,704 3,148 1,014,243 554,767 32,804 2,934 1,099,306 601,563 25,698 3,644 1,165,367 638,484 23,923 1,871 -30.0 29.523.1 14.915.1 -48.7 6.16.0 (2002).ITOTAL This classification TheED VISITSMultum of (InLicensing drugs 1,000s) is Agreementderived from governing the Multum use Lexicon, of the Lexicon Copyright is provided © 2002, inMultum an appendix Information to this Services, report and Inc. can The be classification has been 89,697 88,548 91,189 89,720 89,683 91,100found on the Internet at http://www.multum.com. 96,163 modified 100,518to meet DAWN's unique requirements 12.1 10.3 4.5 2 ThisproduceestimateNOTE: column These estimateswith denotes anestimates RSE for statistically Atlantagreater are based forthan significant the on50% period a representativehas (p January-June been < 0.05) suppressed. increases sample 2001. ofDashes andFor non-Federal, decreasesthe (-)Atlanta indicate short-staybetweencontribution that an estimates hospitals estimate to the national withfor has the 24-hour been periodsestimates, supressed emergency noted. data See were Relative Standard Error due to incomplete data.departments Data were in not the sufficiently coterminous complete U.S. Dots to (...)imputed indicate for that Atlanta an nonrespondents based on actual data from (RSE) tables for p -values. 7-1 MDMACNSJanuary-June = central= SOURCE:methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 2000. nervous Office system, of Applied ED = Studies,emergency NTA SAMHSA, department, = not tabulated Drug GHBAbuse above, = Warninggamma PCP hydroxy Network,= phencyclidine, butyrate, 2002 (09/2002 SSRILSD = = lysergicupdate).selective acid serotonin diethylamide, MAO = monoamine oxidase, reuptake inhibitor. forTable Atlanta 2.2.1 by- ED mentions for selected Drug category' year Total drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % change2 ED visits: Estimates % change2 % change2 MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE CocaineAlcohol-in-combination 1994 15,6066,971 1995 16,8687,825 1996 13,9846,140 1997 11,638 4,714 1998 14,509 4,660 1999 13,836 4,952 2000 16,364 6,436 2001 21,072 6,878 1994,2001 35.0 20011999, 38.952.3 20012000, AmphetaminesMarijuanaHeroin 1,5446,190 443 67 1,6716,515 404 83 1,5475,434 134388 1,5774,244 254384 2,6335,980 295473 2,5155,236 415 ... 2,4316,229 485 ... 3,4868,891 365848 444.8125.8 43.691.4 104.3 38.669.8 74.842.7 PCPLSDKetamineMDMAMethamphetamine (Ecstasy) 217 95... 0 162147 ... 0 116135 ... 0 112214 19 6 108162 33 4 85621383 109 7068.. 175172 80 4 -63.1 81.1 ... 182.3-69.2107.2 157.4 57.8 GHBFlunitrazepamMiscellaneous (Rohypnol)hallucinogens ...35 10 14 02 25 40 28...13 12-. 28 5 ... 7 35 2 -60.0 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE CombinationsInhalants NTA 25 3 1714 1 38 08 ...54 2180 2 142 ...18 129 22... -2084... 8,300.0 - -34.9 - AntidepressantsPSYCHOTHERAPEUTICMAO AGENTS inhibitors 5,2411,779 460 ... 2,0125,430 511 2 2,2185,098 580 0 2,0024,544 527 ... 2,7665,658 592 0 2,7775,644 647 ... 2,5425,575 503 0 2,5276,183 626 0 24.5 Antipsychotics PhenothiazineMiscellaneousTricyclicSSRI antidepressants antidepressants antidepressantsantipsychotics 178224162 8970 143111200199 160129198253 124128174223 236162169187 219263165161 173161229113 197190138298 171.4 84.0 30.1 MiscellaneousThioxanthenesPsychotherapeutic antipsychotic combinations agents 77... 1 100 ...33 . 6495 10 46... 2 ...40 4 ...31 1 13-6...... 20 0 -100.0 -77.5 -100.0 Anxiolytics, sedatives, andMisc.BenzodiazepinesBarbiturates hypnotics anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 1,096 283717 96 1,301 326832144 1,418 311959148 1,309 917117 74 1,3741,970 113 ... 1,3921,919 130 ... 1,2571,819 ... 1,1711,668 216167 116.9 63.352.2 AnalgesicsCNS stimulantsAGENTS 1,4351,739 45 1,6031,952 56 1,5681,948 60 1,4961,819 275 42 2,3041,931 300 43 2,2281,845 285 47 2,0942,453 277 48 2,1862,632 281 36 52.351.4 -23.4 NonsteroidalNarcoticCox-2Antimigraine inhibitors analgesics/combinations agentsanti-inflammatory agents 286521 ... 0 305638 ... 0 632289 04 274635 07 315966 ... 0 1,018 280 06 1,034 326 ... 1 1,108 328 - 10 112.7 17.1 900.0 AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinations combinations analgesics/combinations NTA 457157 1 542110 0 468175 0 493 87 0 533103 1 443 ...96 576151 ... 640 93 0 -100.0 44.5 -38.4 forTable Atlanta 2.2.1 by - ED year mentions (continued) for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: % change2 % change2 Estimates % change2 Drug category' Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 ... Total1999 9 2000Total 17 2001Total 31 1994,2001 20011999, 2000,2001 GeneralAntiparkinsonAntlemetic/antivertigoAnticonvulsantsAnorexiants anesthetics agents agents 29...75 0 68302120 0 103 15... 0 7326... 0 2995 2 121 15... 0 159 18 06 200 20... 0 166.7 65.3 RESPIRATORYMiscellaneousMuscle relaxants CNS AGENTS agents 173175 0 209155 0 235216 0 205133 0 206115 35 0 142 40 0 159146 34 0 233176 69 0 72.564.1 102.9 59.6 DecongestantsBronchodilatorsAntihistaminesExpectorants 488329 3 2648501512 437993 7 5945 9 4818 6 52...1920 7012... 114 2012 119.2 AntiadrenergicCARDIOVASCULARRespiratoryUpper respiratory agentsagents, combinations NTA centrally AGENTS acting 113 ... 95... 4 120 ... 0 1386... 71... 8511 8 70...... 112 11... 31.8 CardiovascularDiureticsCalciumBeta-adrenergic channel agents blockingblocking NTA agentsagents 225116 382716 5 472532 2 3724 4 1014 29231012 ...15 3 64161110 178.3-65.5 Anti-infectivesAlternativeOTHER SUBSTANCES medicines 1,435 107 59... 1,216 128 33 1 578123 22 2 504 4797... 401 4497 9 412 2875 4 364 167412 677 488412 -52.8 64.3 200.0 86.0 TopicalNutritionalHormonesGastrointestinal agents products agents 3323 3 35...18 4510 4 ...2938 24 8 2231 . 2333 4 373152 1,133.3 126.1 ... 825.0 TOTAL DRUG ABUSE MENTIONSEPISODES AllDrug other unknown substances NTA 20,84710,660 1,158 47 22,29811,063 955 38 19,083 9,400 337 36 16,1828,003 265 17 20,16710,717 165 29 10,18919,480 207 38 21,93911,112 171 31 27,25414,456 14 -70.235.630.7 -63.239.941.9 30.1 TOTAL(2002). ED The VISITS Multum (InThis 1,000s)Licensing classification Agreement of drugs governing is derived use from of the the Lexicon Multum is Lexicon, provided Copyright in an appendix © 2002, Multum Information 1,140 1,129 1,125 to this1,041 report and can be found on the Internet at http://www.multum.com.Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique 1,032requirements 1,026 965 1,249 21.7 29.3 2 ThisproduceestimateNOTE: column These estimateswith denotes anestimates RSE for statistically Atlantagreater are based forthan significant the on50% period a representative has (p January-June been< 0.05) suppressed. Increases sample 2001. of andDashes Fornon-Federal, decreases the ()Atlanta indicate short-stay between contribution that an estimateshospitals estimate to the for has the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for nationalwith estimates, 24-hour emergencydata were imputed departments for Atlanta in the nonrespondents coterminousbeen U.S. based supressedDots on (...) actual indicate due data to thatincomplete from an data. Data were not sufficiently complete to p -values. CNSJanuary-JuneSOURCE:MDMA = central = methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Office2000. nervous of Appliedsystem, Studies, ED = emergency SAMHSA, NTA department, Drug = not Abuse tabulated GHB Warning = above,gamma Network, PCP hydroxy =2002 phencyclidine, butyrate, (09/2002 LSD update). = SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. lysergic acid diethylamide, MAO = monoamine oxidase, Table 2.2.2 - ED mentions for selected for Baltimore by Drug category' year Total drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 0/0 change2 ED visits: Estimates 0/0 change2 0/0 change2 MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSEAlcohol-in-combination 1994 22247 4,640 199522,937 4,749 1996 22,442 4,377 1997 17,150 3,371 1998 18,403 1999 19,505 2000 14,992 2001 14,586 20011994, -34.4 1999,2001 -25.2 2000,2001 -2.7 AmphetaminesMarijuanaHeroinCocaine 7,4718,882 770 55 8,2078,603 945 35 1,1948,0938,515 50 6,2531,4025,863 89 6,7116,8713,0791,495 105 1,6796,9996,9213,566 150 5,4054,9432,6281,620 175 4,9301,7864,4812,911 262 131.9-40.0-44.5-37.3 -36.0-28.8-18.4 -17.1 10.210.8 KetamineMDMAMethamphetamine (Ecstasy) 04 804 256 27 36 3510 1 64 46 75 6 376.4 ... 114.3-40.0 74.7 49.717.2 MiscellaneousFlunitrazepamPCPLSD hallucinogens (Rohypnol) 309 82 08 222135 06 9872 04 8747 05 3953 60 451153 9 4973 80 7529 05 -37.5-75.7-64.6 500.0-54.5-45.3 66.7 -37.5-40.8 50.0 CombinationsInhalantsGHB NTA 18 70 17 60 18 70 18 40 24 40 18 17 12 13 867 -66.7 -100.0700.0-66.7 700.0133.3-50.0 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE AntidepressantsPSYCHOTHERAPEUTICMAO AGENTS inhibitors 1,5214,645 341 ... 4,1801,431 342 4,6401,621 335 3 4,9061,908 336 2 1,8195,138 346 3 1,9735,268 341 4,8821,790 332 2,2256,191 350 46.333.3 12.817.5 24.326.8 5.4 Antipsychotics MiscellaneousTricyclicSSRI antidepressants antidepressants 165135142 62 134127162 50 120170 8280 163 868190 111146 9786 175 7690 0 102166 6963 0 108156 8787 0 -35.674.2 -10.9 20.0 ThioxanthenesPsychotherapeuticPhenothiazine antipsychotics combinations 57 36 47 63 38 30 27 2 1 13 20 10 01 07 06 -100.0 -89.5-47.3 -100.0 -40.0 14.5 -14.3 26.1 Anxiolytics, sedatives, and BenzodiazepinesBarbituratesMiscellaneoushypnotics antipsychotic agents 720986100 89 658924 8478 1,131 835102 79 1,1091,461 148 57 1,0101,346 162 83 1,1741,531 233 65 1,0711,372 173 62 1,3541,765 306 81 243.8 88.179.0 15.331.324.615.3 26.476.928.630.6 AnalgesicsCNS stimulantsAGENTS Misc. anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 1,4971,740 178 29 1,4001,598 182 32 1,2991,481 194 35 1,7481,924 204 25 2,572 174 29 2,589 124 25 2,558 128 17 3206 105 22 -24.1-41.084.3 -15.323.8 -18.0 25.329.4 NarcoticAntimigraineNonsteroidalCox-2 analgesics/combinations inhibitors agents anti-inflammatory agents 240828 05 231681 03 737176 04 1,145 185 07 1,7122,339 174 04 1,8822,415 174 02 2,3861,913 138 2 2,6243,032 139 82 216.9102.5-42.1 39.425.5 300.0 37227.1 AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinations combinations analgesics/combinations NTA 307117 0 349133 4 303 79 1 304106 ... 343106 0 268 88 1 266 66 0 208 51 0 -56.4-32.2 -100.0 -22.4-42.0-20.1 -21.8-22.7 Table 2.2.2 - ED mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates for Baltimore by year (continued) Drug category' 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change 20011994, 2 °A, change 20011999, 2 % 2000,2001change2 AntiparkinsonAntiemetic/antivertigoAnticonvulsantsAnorexiants agents agents 298623 5 199316 4 241982 6 12...9213 116 1714 0 97 529 98 638 87 645 -79.3-20.0-78.3 100.0-10.3-44.4 20.0 -11.2-37.5 33.3 MuscleGeneralRESPIRATORYMiscellaneous relaxants anesthetics CNS AGENTS agents 130 99 0 1 9866 0 8852 0 9356 0 6786 0 5461 0 6556 0 5371 0 -100.0 -59.2-28.3 16.4 -18.5 26.8 AntihistaminesExpectorantsDecongestantsBronchodilators 2016 6 111012 5 1019 79 1113 87 16 264 13 274 1015 83 12 362 -50.0-62.5-90.0-40.0 -14.3-50.0 50.0 -70.0-25.0-33.3 AntiadrenergicCARDIOVASCULARRespiratoryUpper respiratory agentsagents, combinations NTA centrally AGENTS acting 104 2461 6 259454 5 248738 4 277949 5 306935 2 258826 2 214827 2 265627 3 -46.2-50.0-55.7 -36.4 50.0 3.8 23.850.016.7 DiureticsCalciumBeta-adrenergic channel blockingblocking agentsagents 31231214 24221112 26111214 14161210 1415 46 251514 9 846 15 267 -51.6-83.3-57.1-69.6 -60.0-40.0-77.8-50.0 -50.087.5 AlternativeOTHERCardiovascular SUBSTANCES medicines agents NTA 1,149 3 959 1,364 0 902 1 612 1 563 4 421 9 651 5 -43.3 15.6 -44.454.6 NutritionalHormonesGastrointestinalAnti-infectives products agents 105 241631 35379316 24207714 226818 8 12253152 2236 7 2119 9 241812 8 -50.0-41.9-77.1 -18.2-45.5-33.3 14.3 -36.8 14.3 TOTAL DRUG ABUSE EPISODES AllDrugTopical other unknown agents substances NTA 15,863 948 17 6 15,966 764 11 1 15,994 1,190 35 4 12,755 754 27 5 13,736 475 12 4 14,171 447 19 6 11,505 311 25 8 11,625 560 1113 -26.7-35.3-40.9116.7 116.7-18.0-42.125.3 -56.080.162.5 TOTAL EDDRUG VISITS ABUSE (InThis 1,000s) MENTIONS classification of drugs is derived from the Multum Lexicon, Copyright 26,892 825 27,117 838 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified27,082 to meet DAWN's unique requirements865 22,055 873 23,541 931 24,772 970 19,874 978 20,777 1,024 -22.724.0 -16.1 5.5 4.54.6 estimate2(2002). ThisNOTE: column The with These Multum an denotes RSE estimates Licensing greater statistically are thanAgreement based 50%significant on has agoverning representativebeen (p < suppressed. 0.05) use increasesof samplethe Lexicon andof non-Federal, decreasesis provided betweeninshort-stay an appendix estimates hospitals to this for with reportthe 24-hour periods and can emergency noted. be found See departments Relativeon the Internet Standard in the Errorcoterminous (RSE) tables U.S. Dots for (...) indicate that at http://www.multum.com. p -values. an c.%) CNSSOURCE:MDMA = central = methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Office nervous of Appliedsystem, Studies,ED = emergency SAMHSA, NTA department, Drug = not Abuse tabulated GHB Warning = above,gamma Network, PCP hydroxy = 2002 phencyclidine, butyrate, (09/2002 LSD update).SSRI = lysergic = selective acid diethylamide,serotonin reuptake MAO inhibitor.= monoamine oxidase, forTable Boston 2.2.3 by - ED year mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE Drug category Total1994 15,485 Total1995 17,487 Total1996 14,619 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total 0/0 change2 20011994, % change2 1999,2001 % change2 2000,2001 MarijuanaHeroinCocaineAlcohol-in-combination 4,8101,8592,5635,932 2,4012,9565,2676,297 2,1272,7294,1065,351 12,7752,5003,3324,8901,768 15,6482,9072,7384,5265,130 13,2721,9602,8613,5604,439 16,5392,9453,8674,0994,976 19,2073,4234,3584,9335,818 70.0 44.774.652.338.631.1 20.312.716.916.1 KetamineMDMAMethamphetamineAmphetamines (Ecstasy) -.... 54 ... 27 116 ... 3 1613... 4 180 3912 6 216 871210 125369 2314 392140 1014 2,700.0 250.0 ... 60.981.5 PCPMiscellaneousLSD hallucinogens 108 4449 0 184 2781 0 2882...18 312237 0 215318 3944 7 251141 312333 -53.1-69.4 228.6 109.1 CombinationsInhalantsGHBFlunitrazepam NTA (Rohypnol) ...17 0 23 20 1411 1 ...10 2 ... 60 1 26-. 5 1326 60 28 50 -100.0 ... -100.0 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS 12,9467,3741,930 12,5506,9951,641 10,2945,942 5,6599,617 5,3539,229 4,6057,947 4,9399,324 10,587 5,409 33.2 13.5 Antidepressants MiscellaneousTricyclicSSRIMAO antidepressants inhibitorsantidepressants antidepressants 411697806 ... 406693540 2 1,495 433477572 ... 1,322 438320563 0 358187411959 3 380167403950 0 469349161982 2 394170380945 1 -75.6-51.0 -50.0 Antipsychotics PsychotherapeuticPhenothiazine antipsychotics combinations 301672 0 283560 0 222416 0 115294 0 238 86 0 309 ...62 307 49 1 247 23 1 -92.4-63.2 -62.9 Anxiolytics, sedatives, andThioxanthenes BarbituratesMiscellaneoushypnotics antipsychotic agents 4,659 288332 ... 4,693 362252 -. 3,929 317184 10 3,977 324178 1 4,090 347152 0 3,308 338245 0 3,599 255 1 4,181 536223 0 58.626.4 -100.0 16.2 CNS stimulantsAGENTS Misc.Benzodiazepines anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 3,6883,803 113568 3,6453,827 102504 3,1513,072 540102 2,8713,264 389 66 3,0503,454 288 66 2,701 269 38 3,4012,920 235 52 3,388 257 36 -68.1-54.8 25.4 16.0 Analgesics AntimigraineNarcoticCox-2 inhibitors analgesics/combinations agents 2,9371,178 02 1,3753,041 ... 0 1,0822,592 ... 0 1,1092,461 03 1,6112,631 ... 0 1,4882,3052,674 01 2,0112,971 ...... 3,7724,101 13 1 63.653.4 27.020.6 AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinationsNonsteroidal combinations anti-inflammatory analgesics/combinations NTA agents 884435438 0 905303448 0 832272395 0 650302397 0 618156241 0 481257 78 0 591127233 0 2,902 585203 68 0 146.3-33.8-84.4-53.7 95.0 -46.544.3 forTable Boston 2.2.3 by - ED year mentions (continued) for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % change2 % change2 % change2 AnticonvulsantsAnorexiants Drug category 1994 360 45 1995 290 33 1996 339 18 1997 282 1998 275 17 1999 252 15 2000 280 10 2001 215 17 20011994, -40.3-62.2 20011999, 2000,2001 -23.2 Antiemetic/antivertigoGeneralAntiparkinson anesthetics agents agents 9814 0 48... 0 137 5510 0 ... 1 1514 1 831.4 0 112 1315 0 ... 0 ... RESPIRATORYMiscellaneousMuscle relaxants CNS AGENTS agents 211233 30 0 245219 0 201 62 0 122 2168 0 127 2998 0 2191 0 137 32 0 124 83 0 -41.2-64.4 85.7 UpperExpectorantsDecongestantsBronchodilatorsAntihistamines respiratory combinations 955818 106 31293628 8433 8 591416 0 402519 .. 4210... 6 44211610 433917 6 -54.7-89.7 AntiadrenergicCARDIOVASCULARRespiratory agents agents, NTA AGENTS centrally acting 239 7254... 252 ,64 5315 195 5255... 199 685012 103 3931 0 133 2937... 122 393213 121 2932 9 -59.7-49.4 CardiovascularCalciumDiureticsBeta-adrenergic channel agents blocking blocking NTA agents agents 485214 7150 314512 3-8.35 1710 6 361416 38... 4415 2 -85.7-68.8 -85.7 Anti-infectivesAlternativeGastrointestinalOTHER medicinesSUBSTANCES agents 1,433 148 90 1,413 144 88 1 .806 13-2. 33 76510-7. 71 595 415-6. 443 323-8. 725 4135 1 831 375110 -58.9-65.5 ..... 900.0 45.7 DrugTopicalNutritionalHormones unknown agents products 981 461276 998 2991 8 507 235214 5013 2 376 ...3136 288 ...34 9 44...12 41...2327 241.7-64.5 155.6 ... 91.7 ... TOTALTOTAL DRUG EDDRUG VISITSABUSE ABUSE (In EPISODES 1,000s) MENTIONS All other substances NTA 28,43115,374 1,679 81 30,03716,067 1,601 55 24,91213,537 1,714 37 22,39212,224 1,568 41 24,87613,657 1,556 42 21,21911,669 1,518 33 25,86314,902 1,584 49 29,79516,853 1,617 10 -87.7 -69.740.444.4 6.5 -79.6 15.213.1 2 ThisNOTE:(2002).I This column classification TheseThe denotesMultum estimates of Licensingstatistically drugs are isbased Agreementderived significant on afrom representative governing (p the < 0.05)Multum use increases sampleLexicon, of the Lexicon andof Copyright non-Federal, decreases is provided © 2002, betweenshort-stay in Multum an appendixestimates hospitals nformation to for withthis the Services, report24-hour periods and emergency Inc.noted. can The be See classificationfound departmentsRelative on the Standard Internethas in beenthe Errorcoterminous modified (RSE) to tables U.S.meet Dots for (...) indicate that at http://www.multum.com. DAWN's unique requirements p -values. an SOURCE:MDMACNSestimate = central= withmethylenedioxymethamphetamine, Office an nervous RSEof Applied greater system, Studies, than ED 50%= SAMHSA,emergency has been NTA Drug department, suppressed.= not Abuse tabulated Warning GHB above, = Network,gamma PCP hydroxy =2002 phencyclidine, (09/2002 butyrate, update). SSRILSD = = lysergic selective acid serotonin diethylamide, reuptake MAO inhibitor. = monoamine oxidase, forTable Buffalo 2.2.4 by - ED year mentions for selected drug categories, total ED Total Total Total Total drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: TotalEstimates Total Total Total % change2 % change2 % change2 MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE Alcohol-in-combination Drug category' 1994 1,1192,831 1995 1,1403,218 1996 1,8355,061 1997 3,9801,448 1998 1,2733,576 1999 3,441 2000 3,717 2001 3,981 1994,2001 20011999, 20012000, AmphetaminesMarijuanaCocaineHeroin 1,136 219314 10 1,333 295379 22 2,203 512443 20 1,526 472468 9 1,225 451538 14 1,1191,222 493522 28 1,0181,393 681553 25 1,2201,548 607561 17 156.2 KetamineMDMAMethamphetamine (Ecstasy) 11 08 06 ... 09 08 18 09 16 07 18 05 084 -50.0 -50.0-42.9-39.3 -32.0 FlunitrazepamMiscellaneousPCPLSD (Rohypnol)hallucinogens 601 27 60 29 032 27 05 40 40 26 021 10 013 10 030 -100.0 -50.0 -100.0200.0-61.5 -100.0233.3-70.0 CombinationsInhalantsGHB NTA 520 20 1 210 11 10 20 0 13 046 0 1 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -83.3 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSEAntidepressantsPSYCHOTHERAPEUTICMAO AGENTS inhibitors 1,948 663177 0 1,654 591153 0 1,621 561117 1,305 116468 1,358 392 87 1,487 437109 1,657 477101 1,955 423 44 -75.1-36.2 -59.6 31.5 -56.4 MiscellaneousTricyclicSSRI antidepressants antidepressants antidepressants 51216393 316062 182871 0 0 152250 0 245135 0 233346 0 221012 0 -52.4-81.0-76.3 -58.3-76.5-37.1 -56.5-63.6-52.2 Antipsychotics ThioxanthenesPsychotherapeuticPhenothiazine antipsychotics combinations 26 13 2758 1 1840 0 08 17 08 049 22 03 09 -100.0 -82.4 -100.0 -100.0 -59.1 Anxiolytics, sedatives, and BenzodiazepinesBarbituratesMiscellaneoushypnotics antipsychotic agents 249421 3521 228354 2325 5 269386 3218 4 216316 1314 0 204285 15 90 205310 29 60 236345 2618 0 256367 19 90 -100.0 -45.7-57.1 50.0 -50.0 AnalgesicsCNS stimulantsAGENTS Misc. anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 611742136 14 620703103 26 675770 8518 512591 16 566653 65 3 745813 76 8 865914 1083 1,0231,076 92 3 -78.6-32.467.445.0 -62.532.321.1 -70.0 NonsteroidalNarcoticCox-2Antimigraine inhibitors analgesics/combinations anti-inflammatoryagents agents 126194 00 205127 05 310 99 0 241 82 00 300 79 00 522 65 00 685 ... 0 864 31 0 345.4 65.537.3 AnalgesicSalicylates/combinationsMiscellaneous combinations analgesics/combinations NTA 195 97 0 198 83 1 190 75 1 139 49 0 150 37 0 119 39 0 409246 0 115 13 0 -41.0-86.6-75.4 -66.7-52.3 -67.5-32.625.0 Table 2.2.4 - ED mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates for Buffalo by year (continued) Drug category' Total1994 1995Total 1996Total 1997Total Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change2 20011994, % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 AntiparkinsonAntiemetic/antivertigoAnticonvulsantsAnorexiants agents agents 1640 54 1120 07 1022 28 26 209 22 73 1 24 40 16 0 18 02 -100.0 -55.0-50.0 -100.0 -50.0 GeneralMuscle anesthetics relaxants 67 0 47 0 52 0 42 0 55 0 36 0 32 0 1 33 0 -50.7 -100.0 AntihistaminesRESPIRATORYMiscellaneous CNS AGENTS agents 1263 38 3 1046 35 6 12 1 17 8 15 3 15 2 -83.3-76.2 -75.0 DecongestantsBronchodilators 1211 6 594 37 1 11 0 ... 13 10 2 20 -100.0 -100.0 100.0 -100.0 RespiratoryUpperExpectorants respiratory agents combinations NTA 21 1 18 0 1324 1 2016 2 11 05 24 16 20 3 1 12 0 -100.0 -42.9-66.7 -100.0100.0 -100.0300.0 AntiadrenergicBeta-adrenergicCARDIOVASCULAR agents, blocking centrally AGENTS agents acting 38 6 1 22 40 20 13 3 46 73 1 30 -100.0 -50.0-68.4 -100.0 -50.0 -100.0 OTHERCardiovascularDiureticsCalcium SUBSTANCESchannel agents blocking NTA agents 442 1114 6 299 936 231 703 190 952 289 301 197 473 231 90 428 52 1 -92.9-54.5-66.7 117.3-75.0 85.3 GastrointestinalAnti-infectivesAlternative medicines agents 7619 0 4118 0 4915 0 1125 62 1827 2 10 42 10 60 32 1 -94.7-96.1 -75.0-70.0 -83.3-70.0 DrugTopicalNutritionalHormones unknown agents products 315 14 06 222 591 149 37 131 11 0 215 17 168 25 207 013 402 871 -83.3-42.927.6 250.0139.3-80.060.0 166.7 94.2 TOTAL EDDRUG VISITS ABUSE (In 1,000s) MENTIONSEPISODES All other substances NTA 4,7792,745 325 11 4,8712,714 300 3 6,6823,587 294 3 5,2852,812 268 5 4,9342,683 272 13 4,9272,711 288 ... 5,3742,899 264 4 5,9353,356 278 3 -14.4-72.7 -3.5 ... -25.0 5.2 2 ThisNOTE:(2002). column TheseThe denotesMultum estimatesThis Licensing classification are based Agreement onof drugsa representative governing is derived use fromsample of the the Lexicon ofMultum non-Federal, is Lexicon, provided short-stay Copyright in an appendix hospitals to withthis report24-hour and emergency can be found departments on the Internet in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. 2002, Multum nformation Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique requirements at http://www.multum.com. an SOURCE:MDMACNSestimate = central= withmethylenedioxymethamphetamine, Office an nervous RSE of Applied greater system, Studies, than ED 50%= SAMHSA,emergency has been NTA Drug department, suppressed.= not Abuse tabulated Warning GHB above, = gamma Network, PCP hydroxy = 2002 phencyclidine, (09/2002butyrate, update).SSRILSD = = lysergic selective acid serotonin diethylamide, reuptake MAO inhibitor. = monoamine oxidase, 031.3 Tablefor Chicago 2.2.5 - ED by mentionsyear for selected drug categories, total ED Total Total Total Total drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: EstimatesTotal Total Total Total % thange2 % change2 % change2 MAJOR Alcohol-in-combination SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE Drug category' 1994 26,334 7,406 1995 27,655 7,911 1996 31,552 8,021 1997 10,34238,752 1998 38,138 9,318 1999 38,128 9,228 2000 44,90810,236 2001 45,28310,307 1994,2001 72.039.2 1999,2001 18.8 2000,2001 AmphetaminesMarijuanaHeroinCocaine 10,7332,2264,737 72 10,7024,7022,922 144 12,6886,2683,531 194 14,3734,4248,602 231 13,6425,0029,316 181 13,3994,5559,629 204 12,45414,8795,398 360 11,90216,202 5,186 409 468.1151.3133.0 51.0 100.5 23.620.9 LSDKetaminePCPMDMAMethamphetamine (Ecstasy) 255 1017 0 278 34 08 129 112228 104 163329 120 ...2531 138103 22... 115215 17... 121 694514 1,110.0 -72.9 -50.0 -40.0-43.7 ... InhalantsGHBFlunitrazepamMiscellaneous (Rohypnol) hallucinogens 780 4644 0 873 38 60 537 4933 4 468 275545... 352 456929 631 4332... 1,003 139 2745 0 104874 2022 0 -56.5-50.0 -53.5 38.5 -25.2-51.1 OTHER SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICCombinations NTA AGENTS 10,908 3,947 9 10,7524,018 0 10,8614,621 3 11,7274,503 0 10,206 3,811 ... 9,740 ... 10,541 ... 12,534 ... 28.7 18.9 Antidepressants TricyclicSSRIMAO inhibitorsantidepressants antidepressants 299343772 18 312339793 10 319345803 8 312408903 0 212418825 6 3,834 412798178 0 4,491 425813124 0 4,965 157455879 0 -100.0 -47.5 29.5 Antipsychotics PsychotherapeuticPhenothiazineMiscellaneous antidepressantsantipsychotics combinations 133387112 0 154335132 9 141383131 2 239182 67... 221190 48 0 300208 42... 216264 23 306267 ...25 138.4-81.2 -40.5 41.7 Anxiolytics, sedatives, andThioxanthenes BarbituratesMiscellaneoushypnotics antipsychotic agents 2,679 230344 23 2,820 410147 26 3,357 524229 11 3,250 525166 ... 2,695 377173 0 2,662 330256 0 3,365 404193 o0 3,691 486277 37.8 ... 47.338.7 43.5 CNS stimulantsAGENTS Misc.Benzodiazepines anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 4,5701,821 513109 4,4961,959 451 70 4,7612,377 455 78 5,3482,264 111460 1,900 417 70 1,911 421 74 2,564 397 97 2,675 530 89 46.9 40.0 33.5 Analgesics NarcoticCox-2Antimigraine inhibitors analgesics/combinations agents 1,7514,148 21 0 4,1011,780 16 0 4,3161,966 05 2,5824,857 10 0 2,2924,2864,775 14 o 2,5744,1834,646 -.... 2,3684,1184,579 1810 6,0993,7755,629 22 0 -100.0115.6 35.733.5 46.734.631.3 ... -100.0 36.733.2 AnalgesicMiscellaneousSalicylates/combinationsNonsteroidal combinations anti-inflammatory analgesics/combinations NTA agents 1,280 440649 ... 1,266 458581 0 1,305 488547 5 1,193 395674 3 1,047 383551 0 840342420 0 910325484 ... 1,011 300521 0 -21.0-31.8-19.7 20.424.0 59.4 Table 2.2.5 - ED mentions for selected drug categories, total ED drug episodes and mentions, and total ED visits: Estimates for Chicago by year (continued) Drug category 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change2 1994, % change21999, % change2 2000, Antiemetic/antivertigoAnticonvulsantsAnorexiants agents 202 1723 198 2532 260 3210 243 2989 249 3750 268 3634 269 2941 256 2513 2001 2001 2001 -39.0 MiscellaneousMuscleGeneralAntiparkinson relaxants anesthetics agentsCNS agents 134 46 00 9051 00 101 38- 0 8644 0 124 29 0 9925 00 110 ... 08 158 ...16 0 -65.2 AntihistaminesDecongestantsBronchodilatorsRESPIRATORY AGENTS 354 348143 325 4281 187 323835 174 292730 253 222439 220 172756 207 2250 9 268 162456 -52.9-70.4 166.7 29.5 CARDIOVASCULARRespiratoryUpperExpectorants respiratory agents combinations AGENTS NTA 314164 1121 158137 ...21 158 6612 3 199 70...13 174150 13 4 134107 68 167103 1014 192146 1610 -38.9 166.7 DiureticsCalciumBeta-adrenergicAntiadrenergic channel agents, blockingblocking centrally agentsagents acting 265351 544210-. 684119 6 114138 274533 241228 301526 272827 -49.1-45.1 125.0 43.3 86.7 AlternativeOTHERCardiovascular SUBSTANCES medicines agents NTA 1,723 141 43 4 1,754 50 4 1,134 1323 1,503 1269 1,193 5812 6 906 61 69 1,096 7719 6 1,011 101 7 -41.3-83.7 65.611.6 -63.2 -7.8 Anti-infectivesNutritionalHormonesGastrointestinal products agents 103102106337 236 637766 187 707594 221 5887 185 614940 127 8755 158 64 146 538747 1,075.0 -48.0-56.7 683.3-39.1 683.3 TOTAL DRUG ABUSE EPISODES AllTopical Drugother agents unknownsubstances NTA 1,022 44 6 1,210 8019 600 7719 995 615910 808 38 6 510 8032 8 652 792350 502 894342 616.7102.3-50.9-59.2 437.5 -23.0 1TOTAL This EDDRUG VISITS ABUSE (In 1,000s) MENTIONS 37,24121,484 2,145 38,40721,883 2,216 42,41223,5222,204 50,47926,8752,197 48,34426,206 2,141 47,86726,154 2,204 55,44930,327 2,257 57,81732,647 2,306 55.352.0 7.5 20.824.8 4.6 2.2 2 ThisNOTE:(2002). TheseThe Multum estimates Licensing are based Agreement on a representative governing use sample of the Lexicon of non-Federal,columnclassification is provided denotes short-stay ofin drugsanstatistically appendix is derived significant to this from the (p Mescaline 845 0 863 ... 1 986 0 1 573 ... 0 960 02 791 ... 0 1,05 718 03 1,070 ... 620 ... 0 -100.0 JimsonHallucinogenDatum StramoniumWeed MiscellaneousTea ... 8 ... 08 ...16 0 50 02 ... 05 ... 04 3 51... 00 ... 0 ... 09 -82.4 LibertyMescalineMagicMace Cups Mushrooms MushroomsChocolates ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 39... 30 ... 0 25 0 16 12... 0 ... 0 12 0 MorningMicrodotMescaline GloryMescaline Synthetic Seeds 521 ... 0 465 ... 0 365 30 409 20 656 0 1 630 0 873 0 529 0 ... 0 452 ... 0 PeyoteNutmegNeedleMushrooms Point Mescaline 20 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 0 1 0 1 30 ...... 3 04 ... 02 -50.0 PsychedelicsPsilocynPsilocybin ... 1 03 ... 7 16... 13... 0 0 1 02 0 -100.0 -100.0 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)WildToadShrums Mushrooms Stools ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 201 ... 0 ... 0 16... 0 FlunitrazepamRocheRochas ... 10 ... 00 ... 0 ... 20 ... 10 ... 0 10 ... 10 ... 201 ... 20 1 ... 9 RufflesRoofiesRohypnol 34 250 430 ... 2 ... 2 24 ... 12 2 1 ... 40 012 -75.0 -100.0 GHB GammaRufinal Hydroxy Butyrate 459 0 387 0 895 0 1,0511,192 0 1,9221,987 0 2,7542,865 0 ... 0 1,679 0 1,6601,661 1 2,0212,024 1 Inhalants (volatile agent)AcrylicsAcetoneRenewtrientGBL 1,124 ... 0 1,053 02 818 04 451 11 0 555 ... 0 856 ... 0 550 ... 0 ... 0 329 0 485 ... 01 Table 2.3.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change2H2 H120022001, % change2H1 H120022001, AirAerosol Deodorizer Sprayair freshener 0 ... 0 ... 10 ... 80 480 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 02 -100.0 ButaneBrakeAlphaAirplane terpineolFluid Glue ... 0 12 20 ... 0 ... 03 ... 30 1 ... 01 ... 0 20 1 70 ... 0 -100.0 CarburetorCarbonCar Cleaner tetrachloride Cleaning Fuel ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... 0 10... 50 ... 0 50 10 03 200.0 CoffeeCleaningCleanerChlorothene Stain Solvent. Fluid Remover 0 ... 02 ... 0 ... 03 0 1 ... 0 01 0 ... 0 ... 00 CorrectionContactCologne Cement Aerosol Fluid 0 0 10 ... 0 10 0 0 0 0 EmbalmingDeodorantCyanoacrylateCresol AerosolFluid ... 30 ... 20 50 650 10 0 1 70 11 01 ... 70 20 ... 0 EthyleneEtherEpoxy Glue Glycol ... 0 50 1 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 0 01 ... 0 -100.0 FurnitureFluorineFingernailFacial AstringentPolish Polish Aerosol 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 10 0 0 70 0 0 0 GlueGasolineGas 17 6 22... 23... 9 28... 6 .1.9 0 25... 10 70 11... 0 ... 11 0 HydrocarbonHeliumHair Spray Aerosol ... 0 ... 0 ... 40 ... 01 ... 81 ... 0 ... 10 ... 0 ... 20 LacquerKeroseneInhalantsInk Oil 05 ... 0 017 10 0 12 0 ... 01 14 03 ...13 0 ... 07 LighterLeatherLacquer Fluid CleanerThinner 20 10 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 0 ... 0 60 ... 0 -100.0 MethanolMethaneMalathion 0 620 10 10 00 ... 02 01 ... 10 ... 01 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 MethylchloroformMethylbenzeneMothMethylene Balls Chloride 0 0 00 ... 00 0 1 0 0 0 00 Table 2.3.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change2H2 H12001, 2002 % change2H1 H12001, 2002 NaturalNailMotor Polish Oil Gas Remover ... 00 4 10 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 04 ... 30 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Paint/unknownPaintOctane Thinner Booster composition 293 ... 3 356 10 02 ... 07 1 ...40 04 41 09 293 10 0 ... 0 31... 0 ... 07 48 06 PhenolicPetroleumPesticide/unknown disinfectants hydrocarbonsDistillate composition ... 0 1 0 ... 60 ... 0 ... 30 ... 40 1 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 PolyurethanePolish Remover ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 10 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 1 ShoeRubberRoachPropane Polish Poison Cement Gas 0 06 1 ... 0 1 ... 05 020 04 0 0 ... 0 0 StartingSpotSolventsSilicone Remover FluidShoe Saver ... 0 1 ... 0 0 ... 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 TolueneTollyTape Recorder Glue Cleaner 21... 0 1 ... 0 1 14 0 1 40 1 10 0 14 0 ... 0 ... 30 650 ...... 0 Trichloroethane/trichloroethyleneTrichloroethaneTransmissionToluol Go 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 VaporizersTurpentineTuleeoTuilio ... 0 02 ... 01 0 0 04 ... 0 0 Inhalants (nitrites) XyleneVolatile/unknown components ... 90 ... 0 ... 0 10 ... 0 ... 0 60 20 0 ... LockerIsobutylButylBlack NitriteJack Room Nitrite 0 1 ... 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0 1 0 0 0 Inhalants (chioro- fluoro- ChlorinatedRushPoppershydrocarbons) Hydrocarbons ... 07 1 ... 0 ... 012 ... 01 ... 0 ... 032 ... 023 10 02 ... 0 ... 0 TrichlorofluromethaneSiliconeFreonDichlorodifluoromethane propellant Spray 0 1 0 01 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... 0 ... 70 0 ... 0 -100.0 Table 2.3.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % change2H12002H2 2001, °/. H1 H120022001, change2 Inhalants (general anesthetics)EnfluraneDesfluraneTrichlorotrifluoroethane 14...... 0 20 0 90 16 0 16 0 ... 0 40 ... 0 IsofluraneHalothaneFluoromar 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 SevofluraneNitrousNitrogenMethoxyflurane Oxide Hypoxide ... 9 ... 0 ... 0 19 0 70 13 0 16 0 ... 0 40 10 -75.0 m Combinations NTA AcidWhippetsTrichloroethylene with PCP 75... 0 70 0 55 0 42 0 52... 0 68... 0 1 59 0 156 09 ... 0 118 ... 0 11NO-0 LSDCrystalCocaineCocaethylene with Crank with PCP Speed with THC 01 ... 01 ... 00 ... 0 1 05 ... 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 62 ...... 05 400.0 a0 MarijuanaLSD with Speed with CrystalCocaineCathinoneAngel Dust Substance ... 90 11 01 30 1 20 0 30 ... 02 ... 0 ... 0 ... 50 0 PCPMarijuana with Cocainewith SpeedPCPHeroin ...... 0 0 1 00 00 05 ... 06 ... 0 1020 1 1 ... PotPotPCP with with withPCP Cocaine THC 0 1 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 14 WACTHCSpeedballShermans with Cocaine with PCP 5 4 40 0 34 0 46 0 58 0 43 0 1 43 02 ... 1 ...38 10 -100.0 The1 This Multum classification LicensingEstimates of Agreementdrugs for thisis derived time governing period from theareuse Multum preliminary.of the Lexicon Lexicon, Final is Copyright providedestimates in0 will 2002,an beappendix producedMultum to Information thislater report and mayServices,and becan higher be Inc. found Theor lower onclassification the than Internet preliminary at estimates due to nonresponse has been modified to meet DAWN's http://www.multum.com.unique requirements (2002). ad'ustrnent0 and other factors. 2 ThisforanNOTE: RSEAtlantacolumn These greater for denotes theestimates than period statistically 50% January-Juneare has based been significant on suppressed. a2001. representative (p For< 0.05) the Dashes Atlantaincreases sample () contributionindicate andof non-Federal, decreases that to an the estimate national betweenshort-stay has estimates, estimates hospitalsbeen supressed datafor with the were 24-hour periods due imputed to emergency noted. incomplete for AtlantaSee departmentsRelative data. nonrespondents Data Standard werein the not Error coterminousbased sufficiently on actual U.S. data Dots (...) indicate that (RSE) tables for p -values. complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. an estimate with SOURCE:above,DrugsED are =PCP emergency classifiedOffice = phencyclidine. of Appliedtodepartment, the degree Studies, GHB of SAMHSA,specificity = gamma recordedDrug hydroxy Abuse Inbutyrate, the Warning DAWN H1 Network, =case first reports.half 2002 (Jan-Jun) (09/2002 of year,update). H2 = second half (Jul-Dec) of year, MDMA = methylenedioxymethamphetamine, NTA = not tabulated Table 2.4.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S by year Drug name Total1994 1995Total 1996Total 1997Total Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 20011994, % change2 1999,2001 % change2 2000,2001 CocaineAlcohol in Combination 8-Ball Cocaine 143,337160,798 ... 135,711166,907 ... 152,420166,172 ... 161,083171,963 5 172,011184,991 3 168,751196,222 2 174,881204,510 0 193,034218,005 2 34735.6 14.4 10.4 AnhydroecgonineBazookaBasuco Methylester ... 0 10 1 70 50 50 20 10 20 CinnamoylcocaineChinaCandyBlowBenzoylecgonine White Cocaine 70 30 35 20 ... 40 ... 0 414 50 461 06 358 ... 0 ... 02 -100.0 CokeCocaine MetaboliteLaced Cigarette 107,773 511 91 0 101,043 458112 3 118,371 354142 -. 121,928 629 15 0 129,165 495 ... 1 128,257 ... 0 134,658 379164 0 145,160 386226 0 34.7 Crack Joint 34,728 10 33,789 ... 0 33,373 0 1 38,243 0 41,727 0 39,568 275 0 39,266 ... 1 46,964 ...... 35.2 19.6 EightEcgonineDustCrystal Ball Cocaine Methylester 24 40 20 0 1 14...... 37 80 ...10 0 ... 04 ...11 3 LoveFreeFlakeEthylecgonine BaseDrug Cocaine 40 0 1 0 03 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 10 -75.0 NorcocaethyleneMoonMethylecgonine Dust ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 1 0 ... 0 01 -100.0 RockReadyP-BlowNorcocaine Cocaine Rock ... 05 ... 0 52 05 10 32... 30 ... 382 26 40 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 Heroin AcetylcodeineBlackBeast Tar Heroin 63,158 13 0 69,556 61 72,980 45 0 70,712 15 0 75,688 90 82,192 22 0 94,804 ... 0 93,064 80 47.4 -63.6 BrownBlue RingDiamond Heroin Heroin 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 ChinaCarachiBrown WhiteCat Mexican Heroin Heroin Heroin ... 50 802 70 070 ... 0 0 0 ...18 00 ... HeroinFloatersDiacetylmorphineDeadD-Funk President 62,987 -. 0 00 72,904 020 70,657 01 75,614 ... 0 82,102 01 94,600 ... 00 93,017 ... 00 47.7 -100.0 Tableby year 2.4.0 (continued) - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. Drug name' Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % chan ge2 1994, % change2 1999, % change2 2000, Heroin Dopewith Domiin 1994 0 1995 0 1996 0 1997 ... 0 1998 ... 0 1999 0 2000 0 2001 04 2001 2001 2001 MexicanIranianHorseHeroin withHeroin Heroin Scopolamine 01 00 0 ... 02 01 420 ... 0 00 -100.0 -100.0 MixedMexican JunkJiveDope Mud HeroinHeroin ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 P-DopeMxdMonoacetylmorphine Siu Whpd Cracker 16... 31...... 60 60 03 ... 0 13 -93.8 PoisonPersianPakistani Heroin Heroin ... 0 ... 70 1. 4 0 ... 0 0 0 1 0 120 StuffSmackPolo 0 02 01 ...... 0 1 ... 02 ... 0 0 -100.0 Marijuana WhiteTootsieSuper FoxBuick Roll Heroin Heroin 40,034 001 45,259 0 53,770 0 64,720 02 76,842 10 87,068 01 96,426 0 110,512 ... 0 176.0 14.6 51'S11-Nor-Delta-9-THC11-Hydroxy-THC ... 10 ... 10 0 0 01 AshBluntBad WeedGrass 22 0 27 10 43... 40 3 36-. 0 ... 30 ... 0 43 0 95.5 -100.0 CannabinoidsBudaBolivian Pot 3,537 0 . 4,420 0 5,878 1 8,39 10,739 0 10,411 0 11,547 0 13,892 0 292.8 CharminCannabisCannabinol SativaTea 738 0 1,12-7. 0 1,16-7. 0 1,87 ... 2,460 0 2,250 0 2,318 -. 0 2,594 15 0 251.5 ColumbianClickersChronicCheba Pot Grass with Formaldehyde 46 0 23 0 14 0 ... 40 ... 30 0 1 ... 0 0 -100.0 -100.0 CrazyDelta-9-THCDelta-9-carboxy-THC Eddie 21... 03 55 0 72 0 22 0 134 0 1 219 0 220 ... 30 124 ... 1 490.5 -43.6-66.7 HappyGrassFlowersDouble Cigarette Barrell THC 1216 2 380 801 ... 0 ... 0 002 03 0 1 -100.0 -91.7 -66.7 Table 2.4.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name' Total1994 Total1995 1996Total 1997Total 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change2 1994,2001 % change2 1999,2001 % change2 2000,2001 HempHawaiianHash Marijuana 24... 0 19 0 1 35 0 ...29 0 22... 0 ...12 0 09 ... 0 LeafJoystickJointHerbs Marijuana 35... 0 43 09 ... 02 ... 01 14 0 1 10... 0 ... 0 14... 0 -60.0 MarijuanaLoveLocoweed Leaf 29,265 0 32,398 0 35,088 02 37,173 00 43,183 03 48,291 0 46,355 ... 0 56,563 ... 0 93.3 22.0 Marijuana PizzaDustedDistillateCookies 00 ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 02 002 ... 00 ... 0 Marijuana withTea THCFormaldehyde 0 761 03 06 20 1 04 .,. 90 03 -66.7 MixedMexicanMary Jive AnnaJaneGold Marijuana ... 13 ... 20 30 10 ... 2 ... 0 120 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 PotPearlMJ Brownies T 1,7482,157 02 2,0841,663 17 0 1,755 ... 03 1,635 ... 07 5,6791,558 02 977 ... 0 1 2,197 ... 37 2,797 ... 1 -50.0 186.3 -85.7 27.3 RedRagweedPrimo Bud Marijuana 03 1 02 04 06 ... 0 04 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 SheebaSeedsRoachesReefer 60 0 32 00 38 00 26... 2 26... 0 ...22 0 ... 06 ... 00 TeaSmokeSinsemillaShermans Marijuana 007 16 04 ... 0 002 ... 3 09 21 0 200.0 600.0 133.3 THCThaiTetrahydrocannabinol StickCookies 1,968 131 3 2,824 264 ." 4 5,71.. 8 ... 8,137 ... 1 12,295 ... 0 16,581 ... 0 298 ...-. 0 126 ... 0 -100.0 TurboTungTripTHC Weed MetaboliteShueh ... 25 ... 0 08 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 WitchWickyWeed Stick 190 13 0 170 09 161 03 225 ... 128 04 190 0 1 386 ... 7 392 ... 0 106.3 ... -100.0106.3 Tableby year 2.4.0 (continued) - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 0/0 change2 1994, % change 1999, % 2000,change2 Amphetamines Amobarbital/dextroamphetamine/thyroid Drug name' 1994 10,118 1995 9,581 1996 9,772 1997 10,496 1998 12,183 1999 12,496 2000 17,134 2001 18,555 2001 83.4 2001 48.5 2001 Amphetamine-dextroamphetamineAmphetamineB-52desiccated S 9,392 02 9,341 20 9,129 ... 0 10,085 09 11,616 ... 0 261 0 16,169 635 02 17,200 754 23 83.1 188.9 45.2 BenzphetamineBenniesBeansBam ... 30 ... 0 ... 00 . .. 20 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 BlueBlack and MolliesBeautyBeanies Clears ... 10 1 ... 15 10 1 12 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 BluesBlue Crystal andAmphetamine Reds ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ChristmasChickenCatBrown and Powder Trees Clears Amphetamine ... 0 0 ... 01 ... 0 02 0 1 04 ... 0 1 -100.0 -100.0 Dextroamphetamined-AmphetamineCrosstopsCrossroads Amphetamine Amphetamine 45... 02 ... 0 384 02 233 ... 0 319 0 1 264 0 283 01 405 0 -100.0800.0 -100.0 FootballsDOMDextroamphetamine/prochlorperazine 11 1 40 10 12 0 0 0 0 1 -100.0 GreenKhatHearts and Clear Amphetamine 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ... 0 -100.0 MolliesMethylcrystallineMDA ... 03 07 0 02 ... 01 13 0 ... 0 25... 0 733.3 92.3 RedPurplePinkPepNexus PillHearts Heart Amphetamine Amphetamine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 02 0 001 03 ... 0 SweetheartsSTPRockets 020 0 0 ... 0 01 10 00 ... 00 -100.0 -100.0 VeesWhiteWestUppers CoastCross TumaroundsDiet Pill ...17 0 19 0 ... 0 ...... 3 20... 0 ... 0 11 0 ... 0 ... WhitesWhite Crosses Amphetamine ...... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 0 01 10 -100.0 Table 2.4.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. 0) by year (continued) Drug name' Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total Total Total Total Total % change2 1994, % change2 1999, % change2 2000, Methamphetamine 30-30'SYellow Mollies 17,537 15,933 11,002 1997 17,154 1998 11,486 1999 10,447 2000 13,505 2001 14,923 2001 2001 2001 CrissCrankBlueBathtub Speed Cross Speed Speed 7,604 02 ...... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 02 ... 02 1,988 0 -100.0 -73.9 -100.0 -100.0 CrystalHurricaneEasterDebCrystal MethedrineSpeed Eggs Speed 1,0941,036 623799 493 15 746 42 353 ... 265 0 307 4 511 91 -91.7-50.7 92.8 2,175.0 66.4 MethIce TabsCrystals 30... 0 20 07 ... 0 ... 0 14 3 03 15 0 5633 1 ... 1,000.0 120.0 Methamphetamine/phenobarbital/phenytoinMethamphetamineMethamphetMethampex Crystalline 4,850 ... 0 5,618 0 1 5,127 20 8,247 0 6,03-5 0 5,508 0 8,424 0 9,693 ... 0 99.9 76.0 PTA-SpeedPinkMrMonster Pep Ladies Speed 01 0 ... 00 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 RockRockRedsRed Crystal Devils Speed Speed 13 001 04 12 17 0 1 ...... o ... 71 ... 0 11... 0 17... 00 SpeedersSpeed Crystal Speed 2,902 0 1 2,965 0 2,030 0 2,265 0 1,7541,75 ....- 0 1,629 00 1,762 -. 0 2,389 ... 0 ... (MDMA) Ecstasy ZoomWhiteSplash SpeedCloud Speed 253 0 421 0 319 0 637 0 1,143 0 2,850 0 4,511 2 0 -100.0 -100.0 MethylenedioxymethamphetamineMDMAMDMEcstasy 250 ... 0 413 810 312 ... 0 626 ... 0 1,135 70 2,828 0 4,455 06 5,4785,542 5014 0 2,091.22,090.5 93.794.5 -100.0 Ketamine NorketamineKetamine 19 08 ...... 5481 242. - 209180 309396 22 210263 50 423679 5,187.53,473.7 -72.0 LSD AcidSpecialPurple K 5,1581,189 11 5,6821,523 9 4,5691,022 27 0 1,4765,219 ... 0 4,9821,787 29 0 5,12-61,331 0 4,0161,359 53 0 2,821 623 0 . -47.6-45.3 -53.2-45.0 Acid PurpleBlueBlotter 03 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 1 ... 0 0 -100.0 -100.0 -54.2 Table 2.4.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug namel 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 20011994, % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 BlotterBeautyBlue Blue AcidDot LSD 03 ... 0 0 09 ... 0 00 0 ... 0 -100.0 FelixBlue HeavenHazethe Cat. 1 31 0 13 0 0 ... 0 20 ... 0 -100.0 ... LSDKoolHitsHallucinogenic Aid LSD Add 3,936 26 0 4,118. ... 3,524 0 3,72 3,035 ...-. 0 3,739 0 2,654 00 2,131 0 -45.9 -43.0 OrangeMicroMickeyLSD with Dots MouseBarrel Strychnine Sunshine 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ... 0 PinkPaperOrangePink Hearts Acid MicroBlossom LSD Dot Acid LSD ... 0 ... 0 02 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 PurplePink Sunshine BarrelBlotter LSD LSDAcid 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 10 00 0 1 SugarSnoopyPurple Haze 0 ... 01 0 1 0 0 0 400 PCP AngelWhite Dust.Lightning Acid 5,899 292 ... 5,963 429 0 3,441 122 3 3,62 11 1 3,436 156 3 3,663 111 ... 5,404 214 6 6,102 300 0 66.6 -100.0 CoolsBuzzBlackAnimal DustPCP Tranquilizer ... 01 0 0 200 01 0 0 0 -100.0 CrystalFireballEnergizerDummy PCP Dust 0 0 0 03 04 20 1 ... 0 ... 42 LoveLemonsHogGreen Boat 19 0 701 502 40 ...... 30 ... 50 40 -78.9 MintLovelyPCPNightMad Leaf Dog Train 5,253 ... 0 5,018 0 2,975 0 3,092 0 2,870 0 3,127 ... 0 4,783 0 5,181 ... 0 65.7 SunshineSemylPhencyclohexylPhencyclidine Ethyl 313 0 496 ... 0 324 0 405 0 324 ... 0 1 391 0 374 0 521 0 co7' byTable year 2.4.0 (continued) - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. Super Kools Drug name' 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 20011994, % change2 1999,2001 % change2 2000,2001 TeaTICTAC PCP 03 1 ... 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 07 0 1 -100.0 -85.7 ZombieWhackWackVet 035 03 ... 2 01 0420 0910 0710 ... 0 1 -100.0 -66.7 -100.0 -88.9 -100.0 -85.7 Miscellaneous hallucinogensCrystalAngels MescalineTrumpet 1,577 ... 0 1,463 ... 0 1,60-0. 02 1,629 ... 0 1,849 ... 1 1,533 03 1,849 04 1,788 ... 8 JimsonHallucinogenDatura StramoniumWeed Miscellaneous Tea ..,... 0 ... 0 ... 02i ...22 ... 0 13-3. 08 145 11... 0 56... 00 MescalineMagicMaceLiberty Mushrooms Cups Mushrooms 128 320 43... 0 119 22 0 288 11 0 ... 0 111 ... 40 42... 00 1-5 0 -100.0 MorningMicrodotMescaline GloryMescaline ChocolatesSynthetic Seeds 0 0 0 ... 0 50 30 0 0 -88.3 -64.3 PeyoteMushroomsNutmegNeedle Point Mescaline 78-9 20 942 ... 0 1,165 ... 0 957 90 830 ... 0 1,065 ... 01 1,502 40 1,287 ... 7 600.0 ShrumsPsychedelicsPsilocynPsilocybin ...... 49 ...... 60 04 ...19 0 0410 18... 0 13... 0 102 -77.8 -94.4 -92.3 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)WildToad Mushrooms Stools 13 0 ... 1 ... 0 ... 00 ...... 0 ... 205 ... 0 -100.0 RohypnolRocheRochasFlunitrazepam ... 04 21... 0 ... 054 ... 20 ... 0 ... 410 ... 10 ... 30 -100.0 200.0 200.0 RufinalRufflesRoofies ... 0 19 90 32 0 17 59 45 ... 6 347 5 1 ... GHB GBLGamma Hydroxy Butyrate 56 0 145 0 638 0 762 0 1,282 0 2,9733,178 0 4,8534,969 0 3,3393,340 1 5,862.55,864.3 -66.7 Inhalants (volatile agent)AcrylicsAcetoneRenewtrient 1,480 21 0 863 28 0 1,283 ... 0 2,108 14 0 1,871 06 1,007 ... 0 _ 1,406 12 0 587 ... 00 -60.3 ... -58.3 Table 2.4.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name' 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change2 1994,2001 % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 AirAerosol Deodorizer Sprayair freshener ...... 0 ...16 0 ... 00 ...... 0 1213 0 ... 1 ... 10 -91.7 -100.0 BrakeAlphaAirplane terpineolFluid Glue ... 2 ... 0 ...11 0 17 40 15 0 ... 40 ... 10 10 -100.0 -100.0 CarburetorCarbonCarButane Cleaner tetrachloride Cleaning Fuel ... 0 ... 06 10... 0 ... 0 ... 015 ... 8 ... 0 609 ... CleaningCleanerChlorothene Solvent Fluid 30 ... 71 20 01 830 10 40 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... -100.0 tD ContactCologneCoffee Stain Cement Aerosol Remover 0 1 ... 03 0 0 0 1 ... 0 0 0 -100.0 DeodorantCyanoacrylateCresolCorrection FluidAerosol 203 1 0 ... 301 ... 01 ... 0 1 510 01 1 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 3 EmbalmingEtherEpoxy Glue Fluid ... 03 306 03 1 ... 40 07 1 16... 0 18 60 09 1 200.0 -50.0 FluorineFingernailFacialEthylene Astringent. Glycol Polish 001 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... 09 ... 0 1 0 1 0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 GasolineGasFurniture Polish Aerosol ... 05 ... 20 52... 3 20...... 45...10 47...12 35... 7 19... 90 -100.0 -59.6 -100.0 -45.7 GlueHeliumHair Spray Aerosol ... 1 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 16 8 1 ...... 0 -100.0 ... KeroseneInkInhalantsHydrocarbon Oil ....1. 05 ...... 07 509 ... 10 22 00 ... 406 20... 0 LighterLeatherLacquer Fluid CleanerThinner ... 0 ...... 0 40 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 00 60 -100.0 MethanolMethaneMalathion ... 20 ... 40 12... 3 ... 0 072 ... 02 ... 10 ... 001 -100.0 1co MothMethyleneMethylchloroformMethylbenzene Balls Chloride 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 10 0 0 -100.0 co71 (c) Tableby year 2.4.0 (continued) - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by Total drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. °A) change2 % change2 % change2 Motor Oil Drug name' 1994 Total1995 0 1996Total 0 1997Total 0 1998Total 0 1999Total 7 2000Total 0 2001Total ... 1994,2001 20011999, 20012000, OctanePaintNaturalNail PolishBooster Gas Remover 170 ...17. 0 81... 64 164 ... 0 685 ... 508 ... 33 82... 40 382 ...... 0 ...... 0 -100.0 Paint/unknownPestidde/unknownPaint Thinner composition composition ...16 0 ...13 0 18 0 ... 13 17 0 ... 0 ... 10 PhenolicPetroleum disinfectants Distillatehydrocarbons ... 01 ... 40 ... 80 ...... 0 ... 60 ... 30 ... -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 PropanePolyurethanePolish Remover Gas ...... 1 ... 0 40 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 060 ... -100.0 -100.0 SiliconeShoeRubberRoach Polish Shoe Poison Cement Saver 03 03 034 ... 0 ... 1 05 04 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 TapeStartingSpotSolvents RemoverRecorder Fluid Cleaner ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 1 ... 001 ... 20 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 TolueneToluolTolueneTolly Glue ... 500 32... 00 ... 70 129 5 1 ... 0 1 14 0 1 ... 00 11 80 -100.0 Trichloroethane/trichloroethyleneTrichloroethaneTransmission Go 2 1 ...... 3 0 0 20 0 -100.0 -100.0 TurpentineTuleeoTuilio ... 0 130 ... 0 ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 -100.0 Inhalants (nitrites) XyleneVolatile/unknownVaporizers components ... 0 50 90 1 14... 0 ... 0 ... 30 ...... 0 -100.0 LockerIsobutylButylBlack NitriteJack Room Nitrite 0 0 0 01 ... 1 0 ... 0 0 Inhalants (chloro-fluoro-hydrocarbons)ChlorinatedRushPoppers Hydrocarbons ... 00 ...19 32 ... 072 ... 075 ... 03 ... 030 ... 5 10... 02 -60.0 TrichlorofluromethaneSiliconeFreonDichlorodifluoromethane propellant Spray ... 0 10 090 ... 0 ... 0 1 01 ... 0 0 10 ... 700 -100.0 -100.0 Table 2.4.0 - ED mentions for selected major substances of abuse by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name/ 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total Total2000 Total2001 % change2 1994, % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 Inhalants (general anesthetics)DesfluraneTrichlorotrifluoroethane 25 0 ... 20 0 30...... 29 0 32 0 ... 0 2001 FluoromarEnfluraneHalothane 0 ...... 0 0 10 0 0 NitrousNitrogenMethoxyfluraneIsoflurane Oxide Hypoxide 22 0 ... 0 14 0 25 0 ... 0 25 0 28 00 ... 00 -100.0 Combinations NTA WhippetsTrichloroethyleneSevoflurane 495 ... 0 16-3. 0 383 30 201 ... 0 125 0 94... 0 127 ... 1 298 0 CrystalCocaineCocaethyleneAcidLSD with Crankwith with PCP PCP Speedwith THC ... 0 ... 02 021 ... 0 ... 01 08 1 07 ... 632 MarijuanaLSD with Speed with CocaineCathinoneAngel Dust ... 00 051 70 ... 90 14 02 20 270 ... 80 Marijuana with SpeedPCPHeroinCrystal Substance ... 03 06 ... 00 ... 062 ... 0 01 05 ... 07 600.0 IP I PCP with THCCocaine 0 0 0 0 01 ... 0 ... 2 ... ShermansPotSpeedballPot with with Cocaine with PCP PCP 264 62 143 30 287 ... 0 109 0 88 0 80 0 101 1 159 1 -83.3 1 This classification of drugsWACTHC iswith derived Cocaine from the Multum Lexicon, Copyright © 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 modif ed to meet DAWN's unique08 -100.0 2 ThisestimateNOTE:requirements column These with denotes (2002). anestimates RSE statistically The greater are Multum based than significant Licensing on50% a representativehas (p Agreement been< 0.05) suppressed. increases govemingsample andofDashes usenon-Federal, decreases of the() indicate Lexicon betweenshort-stay that is provided anestimates hospitals estimate in anfor withhas appendixthe 24-hourbeen periods supressed to emergency noted.this report See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables due to incomplete data. departmentsData wereand not incan sufficientlythe be coterminous found completeon the U.S. Internet to Dots at (...) http://www.multum.com. indicate that an for p-values. 0371 EDfromproduceSOURCE: = January-Juneemergency estimates Office department, for2000. of Atlanta Applied Drugs forGHB Studies, arethe = classified periodgamma SAMHSA, January-June hydroxy to the Drug degree butyrate, Abuse 2001. of specificityMDMA WarningFor the = Atlanta Network,methylenedioxymethamphetamine, recorded contribution 2002 in the (09/2002 DAWN to the case update).national reports. estimates, NTA = not data were tabulated above, PCP = phencyclidine. imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data Table 2.5.0 - ED mentions for Drug namei'" psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: EstimatesJul-Dec for the 1997coterminous Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-JunU.S. by half year2002 % change/H2 2001, % change/H1 2001, Antidepressants MAO inhibitors isocarboxazid 25,361 ... 0 28,853 14 0 25,529 14 0 31,202 10 0 27,762 04 32,317 ... 0 28,259 02 30,316 ... 0 30,695 ... 0 30,554 02 H1 2002 H1 2002 monoaminetranylcyprominepheneizine oxidase inhibitors-NOS ... 07 12 1 077 0 19 ... 02 ... 01 01 ...... 0 ... 0 1 SSRI antidepressantsfluvoxaminefluoxetinecitalopram 11,5075,116 172 0 13,0155,364 341 0 11,7544,449 ... 0 13,8105,500 448 ... 11,072 3,8811,115 ... 14,078 3,9941,953 -. 12,6373,9451,505 453 13,0863,0311,975 146 13,8853,3322,499 ... 13,5542,7192,396 SSRIsertralineparoxetine antidepressants-NOS 2,6053,614 0 3,7963,512 3,0914,135 0 3,4224,192 0 2,7883,064 4 1 3,4584,498 0 3,2133,522 0 3,5564,324 ... 3,3764,599 0 3,4304,986 22 0 mCD Tricyclic antidepressantsclomipramineamoxapineamitriptyline 4,0597,186 ...... 3,6717,160 ... 6 3,0385,971 ... 6,4862,476 ... 3,2407,040 ... 3,5376,331 ... 2,9075,507 ...... 2,3286,040 2 2,3466,407 0 2,0475,802 ... aTI nortriptylineimipraminedoxepindesipramine 345557205669 552505914 72321362-3. 46249183-3. 42625671.9. 13 304285569 21... 359278554 325297309 ...... 334463 ...... 451 1110 3 Miscellaneous antidepressantstricyclictrimipramineprotriptyline antidepressants-NOS 6,5271,192 ... 1 8,6641,343 ... 1 7,7911,084 ... 10,896 1,999 ... 0 9,6452,260 10 11,840 1,426 10 10,113 1,197 0 2,568 ... 0 2,947 ... 2 2,781 ... 0 -100.0 nefazodonemirtazapinemaprotilinebupropion 296711 ... 0 1,183 806356 ... 1,499 745249 0 2,006 669602 ... 1,1311,853 817 ... 1,4232,179 834 0 1,630 775993 0 11,0652,361 872893 0 10,3941,0051,783 621 0 11,1961,3232,133 524 0 antidepressants-NOSvenlafaxinetrazodonenomifensine maleate 4,545 279691 0 5,158 950 0 4,517 678 -. 0 5,4241,901 240 ... 1,3084,429 104 ... 1,7745,465 166 0 1,9484,333 434 0 1,9924,634 311 1 2,0034,712 270 0 2,4384,505 0 -100.0 Antipsychotics Phenothiazine antipsychoticsfluphenazinechlorpromazine 2,2247,718 280193 2,3608,064 484171 - 4 1,9518,206 253386 1,1238,268 147276 6,955 290965 ... 10,348 1,194 335 ... 9,748 913 32... 9,817 269743 27 10,365 616368 20 9,215 488747 30 promazineprochlorperazineperphenazinemesoridazine 214341 15.. 258460 ... 0 353 ...10 0 ...10 ...... 7 204 28 2 ... 26... 5 11... 0 -100.0-57.7 triflupromazinefrifluoperazinethioridazine 129905 ... 0 733 ... 0 252494 ... 0 303 ... 00 176 28 0 449 27... 0 333 23-. 0 ...... 0 ... 07 ...27 0 Psychotherapeutic combinationsamitriptyline-perphenazineamitriptyline-chlordiazepoxidephenothiazine antipsychotics-NOS 15...... 9 ...... 39 ...19 1 ...... 12 14...12 ... 0 2319... Table 2.5.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug namel'2's Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % changeH2 2001, % changeH1 2001, Thioxanthenes psychotherapeutic combinations-NOS 1997 416 0 1998 ... 0 1998 ... 0 1999 ... 0 1999 ... 0 2000 ... 0 2000 22 0 21...... 3 12... H12002 ... H12002 Miscellaneous antipsychoticchlorprothixenebutaperazinethiothixene agents 5,007 416 ... 5,431 ... 0 5,971 ... 0 6,940 ... 0 5,830 ... 0 8,921 ... 0 8,740 22 0 8,982 21 0 9,560 ... 0 8,433 12 0 haloperidolclozapineloxapinelithium 2,0831,160 38... 1,840 951 ... 1,6411,179 ... 2,422 676 4229 1,444 507 17... 1,640 374 ... 2,081 793 12... 1,646 658 17... 1,764 357 ... 1,088 528 ...... quetiapinepimozideolanzapinemolindone 669 048 1,154 ... 1 1,605 351 46 1,812 409 04 1,474 487 06 2,9791,529 ... 0 2,4751,480 03 1,9172,575 03 2,4292,642 ... 2,7351,811 0 -100.0 antipsychotics-NOSziprasidonerisperidone 960 01 1,129 30 1,025 ... 0 1,543 03 57,650 1,809 0 1 62,451 2,069 20 58,068 1,830 ... 0 63,594 2,015 ... 72,355 2,030 ... 1 63,031 1,863 ... -12.9 Anxiolytics, sedatives, and Barbiturateshypnotics acetylcarbromal/pentobarbital 55,455 3,310 0 59,926 4,207 0 58,426 4,553 ... 60,817 4,395 0 3,382 0 3,651 0 3,450 ... 0 4,401 10 5,105 0 4,737 ... 0 -100.0 aprobarbital/butabarbital/phenobarbitalamobarbital-secobarbitalamobarbitalamidopyrine/butalbital/caffeineallobarbital 80 20 20 ... 0 05 00 ... 1 0 0 ... 0 barbituricphenobarbitaVscopolaminebarbitaUbutabarbital/dihydroergotamine/barbital acid 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 20 ... 0 0 ... 0 . phenylpropanolaminebutabarbital/chiorpheniramine-butabarbitalbelladonna/phenobarbital /theophylline ... 0 ... 5 17 0 ... 0 16 0 02 ... 0 15 0 18 0 ... 0 cyclobarbitalbutalbitalsecobarbitalbutabarbital/pentobarbitaVphenobarbitaV ... 20 0 0 ... 0 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 30 02 08 ephedrine/secobarbitalephedrine/phenobarbitalephedrine/pentobarbitaldiethylbarbituric acid 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 heptabarbitalhexobarbitonehexobarbital 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -100.0 homatropine/phenobarbitalmethylbarbituricmephobarbital/phenytoinmephobarbital acid 0 0 ... 20 0 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 20 Co Table 2.5.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change4H1H2 2001,2002 % changeH1 H12001, 2002 pentobarbitaUphenobarbitalpentobarbitalpavatrine/phenobarbitalmethylphenobarbital ... 00 ... 304 ...24 0 11 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... 01 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 secobarbitalphenyltoloxamine/secobarbitalphenobarbitaVphenytoinphenobarbital 831 14 0 1,220 25 0 1,326 12 0 908 ... 0 693 ... 0 1,012 ... 0 786 15 0 506 18 1 611 ... 4 367 ... 0 -100.0 Benzodlazepines alprazolambarbiturates-NOStalbutal 40,686 8,7822,351 0 44,410 9,0492,870 0 44,398 8,7833,161 0 46,21510,0233,281 0 10,46144,324 2,472 0 47,41910,731 2,433 0 43,65911,375 2,415 0 49,17512,035 3,361 1 13,60954,797 3,848 0 47,88413,154 3,930 0 -12.6 -100.0 ... clonazepamclobazamchlordiazepoxidebromazepam 374 06 66-2. 0 85854 - 0 893 32 291 6 1 758 0 627 0 372 ... 9 580 0 107 ... 0 -81.6 -71.2 estazolamdiazepamclorazepate 6,5367,233 556 .. . 5,8468,863 623 11 6,9128,587 388 5,1558,831 200 6,2517,754 ...... 6,6039,484 ... 5,4878,521 ... 4,9718,256 343 10,8616,476 231 5,2867,786 26 -28.3 flurazepamlormetazepamlorazepamhalazepam 5,313 292 0 5,636 412 0 4,836 472 16 0 5,965 331 ... 0 4,726 207 0 5,999 24-4. -. 4,672 219 ... 2 5,626 138 ... 0 6,276 465 8 5,198 ...... oxazepamnitrazepammidazolam 272 01 416 20 254 ... 3 284 0 33... 0 ... 0 214 10 ... 0 1 241 ... 00 ... 20 -100.0 ).., triazolamtemazepamquazepamprazepam 1,222 142 ... 1 1,767 350 60 1,337 188 ...... 1,672 282 ... 2 1,022 278 ... 1,726 124 ... 1 1,016 ... 2 1,237 187 0 1,400 ... 1 890 ... 0 -100.0 Misc. anxiolytics, sedativesacepromazinebenzodiazepines-NOS and hypnotics 11,460 9,887 1 11,30910,763 ... 11,745 9,475 4 10,20712,462 ... 13,0589,944 1 11,38111,389 7 10,95910,987 239 4 10,01815,787 1 12,45414,516 48 1 10,41114,711 ... -16.4 bromisovalumbenactyzineacetylcarbromalacetophenazine maleate 00 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 00 00 chloralcarbamatebuspirone hydratebetaine 576 50 0 573 29 0 617 16 0 961 ... 00 1,125 ... 0 1,204 14 0 1,095 0 422 ... 0 858 ... 0 718 ... 0 demoxepamchlormezanonechlormethazanone 20 0 80 10 0 0 10 23 0 0 0 ... diphenhydraminedichloralphenazonedextromethorphan/doxylaminedexmedetomidine 4,966 .. 0 4,508 0 3,549 0 3,219 03 3,552 05 3,674 0 3,766 0 3,502 ... 0 4,168 02 2,477 ... 0 -40.6 -29.3 (continued)Table 2.5.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year doxylamlne Drug name'" Jul-Dec 1997 533 Jan-Jun 1998 710 Jul-Dec 1998 725 Jan-Jun 1999 570 Jul-Dec 1999 660 Jan-Jun 2000 710 Jul-Dec 2000 723 Jan-Jun 2001 597 Jul-Dec 2001 713 Jan-Jun * 2002 773 % changeH2 H120022001, % changeH1 2001,H12002 glutethimideethinamateethchlorvynoldoxylamlne/pyridoxine ...14 0 08 ... 0 ... 0 1,116 ... 0 1,335 ... 0 586 ... 0 594 20 863 0 866 ... 0 -100.0 methylpentynolmethaqualonemeprobamate/pentaerythritolchloralmeprobamatehydroxyzine 878 30... 893 ... 819 ... 6 1,409 ... 2518 ...16 ... 9 ...... 15 ... 3 phenprobamatepenfluridolparaldehydemethyprylon 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 RIc1) salicylamide/scopolaminepyrilamineproplomazine 02 ... 0 ... 0 30 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 0 ti0 tybamatetriclorylsulforidazine 20 ... 0 10 ... 0 ... 0 0 20 0 0 3a-n CNS stimulants anxiolytics,zopiclonezolpidemzaleplon sedatives and hypnotics-NOS 3,0382,9141,404 0 2,2921,4052,973 0 2,6641,799 920 0 2,8621,869 816 0 2,4061,775 771 0 3,1491,8191,117 0 3,6621,517 969 0 3,601,39 8422 4,6841,754 840 ... 1,887 268995 0 z, caffeine-sodiumcaffeinecaffeine/multivitamin/phenylpropanolamlnecaffeine/ephedrine benzoate 1,501 0 1,161 0 959 0 923 0 1,147 0 1,039 0 635 0 85 978 0 1 1,155 ... 0 -100.0 methylphenidatedoxapramdexmethylphenidatecaffeine/phenylpropanolamine 1,235 ... 0 970 03 757 ... 0 924 0 554 10 742 10 746 0 52 752 01 716 0 -100.0 Estimates for this time period are preliminary.CNSpemolinemodafinil stimulants-NOS Final estimates will be produced later and may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse 219 26 0 35 0 20 90 15... 0 14... 0 29... 0 42... 0 adjustment and1012 other factors.1 ... 7 2The Flunitrazepam Multum Licensing (Rohypnol)AmphetaminesThis Agreementclassification is classified are governing of classified drugs under useis derivedunderMajor of the MajorSubstances fromLexicon Substancesthe isMultum providedof Abuse. Lexicon,of Abuse.in an appendixCopyright to 0 this2002, report Multum and Informationcan be found Services, on the Internet Inc. The at classification has been modified to meet DAWN's http://www.multum.com. unique requirements (2002). foranNOTE: RSEAtlanta These greater for theestimates than periodThis 50% column January-Juneare has based denotesbeen on suppressed. a2001.statistically representative For theDashes significant Atlanta sample (--) contribution (pindicate of< 0.05)non-Federal, that increases to an the estimate national short-stay and decreases hasestimates, hospitals been supressedbetween data with were 24-hour estimates due Imputed to emergency incomplete for for the Atlanta periods departments data. nonrespondents noted. Data wereinSee the Relativenot coterminousbased sufficiently Standardon actual U.S. Errordata Dots (RSE) (...) indicate tables thatfor p complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000.-values. an estimate with 01 SOURCE:NTACNSDrugs = arenotcentral classifiedtabulatedOffice nervous of Appliedtoabove, thesystem, degree Studies,SSRI ED =of =selective SAMHSA,specificityemergency serotonin recordedDrug department, Abuse reuptake in the Warning H1 DAWN inhibitor. = first Network, case half reports.(Jan-Jun) 2002 (09/2002 of year, update).H2 = second half (Jul-Dec) of year, MAO = monoamine oxidase, NOS = not otherwise specified, corn71 Table 2.6.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. Drug name12'9 Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % changed 20011994, % changed 20011999, by year °A c.hanged 2000,2001 Antidepressants MAO inhibitors isocarboxazid 54,442 405 0 53,764 303 0 55,886 ...... 54,138 291 0 54,382 28 0 58,964 1114 0 60,576 ... 0 61,012 ... 0 ... SSRI antidepressants monoaminetranylcyprominephenelzine oxidase inhibitors-NOS 299 ... 0 ... 0 23... 0 278 11 2 19 18 ... 0 ... 02 ... 7 ... paroxetinefluvoxaminefluoxetinecitalopram 20,402 3,9149,110 0 21,585 5,6569,506 271 0 23,651 5,9909,598 591 0 10,50224,317 7,180 638 0 24,768 7,6469,813 421 0 24,882 7,2569,3811,563 471 26,715 8,0207,9393,458 629 26,972 6,3624,4748,923 227 128.0-30.2 32.2 186.2-32.2 Tricyclic antidepressantsamitriptylineSSRIsertraline antidepressants-NOS 24,62511,266 7,377 0 19,429 8,8976,150 -. 18,962 8,8747,472 0 16,223 8,4455,997 0 13,13-0.6,7106,887 13,5265,7166,210 1 11,838 6,4446,670 0 12,447 4,6736,932 . -58.5-49.5 -27.5 doxepinimipraminedesipramineclomipramineamoxapine 2,7574,2721,240 797 ... 2,4832,726 735330 2,4021,838 755368 ... 2,0911,383 401202 8 1,537 718238 ... 1,552 74821-9. ... 1,123 563191 ... 390772236 ... 2 -85.9-81.9-81.0 ... -50.3 tricyclictrimipramineprotriptylinenortriptyline antidepressants-NOS 2,7071,301 ... 2,3501,819 74 2,2242,244 ... 7 2,3261,301 ... 2 2,4271,275 ... 4,259 888 ... 0 2,623 663 10 5,515 658 2 323.9-75.7 110.3 Miscellaneous antidepressantsmirtazapinemaprotilinebupropion 9,011 757 ... 0 12,447 1,249 ... 0 13,155 964 ... 0 13,307 1,529 ... 16,455 2,681 606 ... 20,542 3,8591,420 ... 21,953 3,809 0 21,459 4,145 0 447.6138.1 venlafaxinetrazodonenomifensinenefazodone maleate 7,285 341 0 9,455 234 0 9,2101,103 1 8,733 673 0 9,6741,552 0 9,8531,800 ... 9,7982,4161,608 0 9,3471,4941,898 1 Antipsychotics Phenothiazine antipsychoticschlorpromazineantidepressants-NOS 25,01211,899 516 21,902 2,2029,1251,235 144 18,9472,1547,7431,606 268 16,9835,3321,1981,632 729 16,270 4,3101,629 870261 15,223 2,0883,209 567343 20,097 2,1073,722 613599 20,182 1,3593,994 581 1,071.3 -19.3-88.6 -34.932.6 prochlorperazinefluphenazineperphenazinemesoridazine 2,2122,6071,475 302 -. 1,896 555248792 1,452 307167884 284764501 - 400813424 ... 272207 ... 311168 89 9 207636 47... 9 -96.8-75.6 ... triflupromazinetrifluoperazinethioridazinepromazine 3,1891,391 ... 2 2,566 736 0 2,243 397 ... 3 1,725 454 -. 0 1,227 370 0 478119 0 782 ...49 201 ... 0 -100.0 -93.7 ... -74.3 Psychotherapeutic combinationsamitriptyline-perphenazineamitriptyline-chlordiazepoxidephenothiazine antipsychotics-NOS 472617249 ... 37-4.522131 17-7.369135 283231 ...... 4 ... 5 ...15 -94.0 ... Table 2.6.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name 1994Total 1995Total 1996Total Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 Total2000 2001Total % changed 20011994, % changed 1999,2001 % changed 2000,2001 MiscellaneousThioxanthenes antipsychoticthiolihixenepsychotherapeutic agents combinations-NOS 10,715 1,781 0 11,079 1,176 0 10,304 531 0 10,540 828 0 11,402 299 0 12,771 ... 0 17,661 ... 0 18,542 ... 5 73.0 ... 45.2 dozapinechlorprothixenelithiumhaloperidolbutaperazine 5,9643,014 418 0 6,7072,718 214 0 4,6783,311 184 0 4,8642,306 63... 2,1303,480 ... 0 3,8671,183 ... 0 3,7201,167 191 0 3,4101,016 214 0 -42.8-66.3 olanzapinepimozidemolindoneloxapine 519 ...13 0 334 ... 30 252 23... 0 1,449 12... 4 2,759 ... 5 3,285 1059 0 5,454 ... 06 5,217 ... 5 58.8 Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics antipsychotics-NOSziprasidonerisperidonequetiapine 106,421 588 12 0 108,881 1,024 50 112,847 1,848 40 114,228 1,616 ... 0 118,352 2,154 484 40 118,467 3,352 896 50 120,519 3,8993,009 60 135,949 4,0464,346 ... 3 588.1 27.7 385.0 14.8 12.8 Barbiturates amidopyrine/butalbital/caffeineallobarbitalacetylcarbromal/pentobarbital 5,887 0 6,793 ... 0 7,129 0 7,039 0 8,760 ... 0 7,777 00 7,102 ... 0 9,506 0 1 61.5 33.8 barbitalaprobarbital/butabarbital/phenobarbitalamobarbital-secobarbitalamobarbital 10... 5 ...2014 ... 36 280 05 ... 06 ... 2 1 ... 00 -100.0 ... -100.0 -100.0 6 barbituricphenobarbital/scopolaminebarbital/butabarbitedihydroergotamine/ acid 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 r phenylpropanolamine/theophyllinebutabarbital/chlorpheniramine-butabarbitalbelladonna/phenobarbital ... 8 ... 0 ... 0 12 0 ...22 ... 0 05 33 0 312.5 560.0 cyclobarbitalsecobarbitalbutalbitalbutabarbital/pentobarbital/phenobarbital/ ... 0 ... 0 14 0 280 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 50 ephedrine/secobarbitalephedrine/phenobarbitalephedrine/pentobarbitaldiethylbarbituric acid ... 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 hexobarbitonehexobarbitalheptabarbital 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 mephobarbitalhomatropine/phenobarbitalmethylbarbituricmephobarbital/phenytoin acid 10 03 0 1 0 ... 02 0 1 90 ... 0 -100.0 Table 2.6.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name'." Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 1997Total Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change4 1994,2001 % change` 1999,2001 % change' 2000,2001 pavatrine/phenobarbitalmethylphenobarbital ... 0 46 0 254 0 00 ... 04 ... 0 ... 02 ... 0 -100.0 phenyltoloxamine/secobarbitalphenobarbital/phenytoinphenobarbitalpentobarbital/phenobarbitalpentobarbital 2,479 -. 0 2,897 02 2,338 0 1,832 202 0 1 2,546 04 1,601 0 1,798 253 0 1,117 ... -54.9 Benzodiazepines alprazolambarbiturates-NOStalbutalsecobarbital 74,63717,168 2,852 212 0 17,08276,548 3,610 ... 0 16,65578,640 4,220 200 0 82,621 4,927 45 0 88,808 6,031 37 0 90,539 5,753 ... 0 91,078 4,848 23 0 103,972 7,209 22 1 152.8-89.639.3 14.8 14.248.7 m clobazamchlordiazepoxidebromazepam 2,563 ...10 2,661 6 1 2,074 08 17,468 1,155 10 0 17,833 1,516 20 0 20,484 1,184 48 22,105 1,384 - 0 25,644 953 ..13 -62.849.4 25.2 16.0 O.CD0 estazolamdiazepamclorazepateclonazepam 13,56012,165 267725 14,24912,802 1,047 297 13,60113,375 1,342 354 13,36614,597 959 ... 12,75817,450 1,011 27 11,40616,584 374 ... 12,09018,005 383 ... 11,44719,117 574 9 57.1 -n flurazepamlorazepamhalazepam 12,226 1,497 ... 11,256 1,407 . 10,035 1,498 0 10,818 729 3 10,472 884 0 10,692 538 0 10,671 463 11,902 603 -59.7-96.6 0 .--L nitrazepamlomietazepammidazolam ... 0 ... 1 10 0 10 ... 50 0 20 05 -100.0 4r, temazepamquazepamprazepamoxazepam 3,739 475 ...13 2,888 342 ... 2 2,699 210697 0 2,731 395 10 2 3,104 670 1.1 2,694 317 ... 2,74-2. 307 ... 2,637 452 ... 1 ... Misc. anxiolytics, sedativesacepromazinebenzodiazepines-NOStriazolam and hypnotics 25,898 9,139 991 ... 25,54111,587 776 ... 27,07815,363 727 ... 24,56919,979 322 2 20,78422,507 537 7 20,15125,520 560 ... 22,33922,376 363 10 22,47230,302 235 231.6-76.3 35.4 bromisovalumbenactyzineacetylcarbromalacetophenazine maleate 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 0 0 02 -80.0 chloralcarbamatebuspirone hydratebetaine 1,358 477 0 1,682 381 ... 1,316 475 0 1,510 152 00 1,190 45 0 2,086 ... 0 2,299 37 0 1,280 ... 0 ... -38.6 -44.3 chlormezanonechlormethazanone 1 54 0 41 0 0 90 0 10 0 -100.0 diphenhydraminedichloralphenazonedextromethorphan/doxylaminedexmedetomidinedemoxepam 13,958 20 0 11,953 ... 0 13,008 00 11,122 43... 0 8,058 0 6,771 08 7,440 0 7,670 ... 02 -45.0-90.0 -75.0 100.0 (continued)Table 2.6.0 - ED mentions for psychotherapeutic agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year doxylamine Drug name" Total1994 2,024 1995Total 1,933 1996Total 2,034 1997Total 1,269 Total1998 1,435 Total1999 1,230 2000Total 1,433 2001Total 1,310 % changed 20011994, % 1999,change°2001 % change° 2000,2001 hydroxyzineglutethimideethinamateethchlorvynoldoxylamine/pyridoxine 3,150 86... 0 ... 0 52 70 ...30 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 20 -100.0 methylpentynolmethaqualonemeprobamate/pentaerythritolchloralmeprobamate 435 ... 2,680 173178 2,776 ...99 2,168 126 ... 1,713 206 ... 2,525 ... 1,921 ... 1,458 ... -53.7 ... penfluridolparaldehydemethyprylon 0 01 10 0 0 ... 0 0 0 salicylamide/scopolaminepyrilaminepropiomazinephenprobamate ... 31 ... 0 04 03 ... 0 ... 3 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 zolpidemzaleplontybamatetriclorylsulforidazine 1,410 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 02 ... 00 ... 00 02 410 0 -100.0 CNS stimulants caffeineanxiolytics,zopiclone sedatives and hypnotics-NOS 3,1764,5922,808 0 3,5622,1534,0375,723 0 3,1165,5391,9175,250 ... 3,1466,1622,4335,624 0 2,1204,0912,3265,637 0 2,0703,6451,5875,267 0 3,3362,0866,8101,674 0 3,14682891,8341,685 ... 487.9-42.3-31.5-40.0 57.4 caffeine/multivitamin/phenylpropanolaminecaffeine/ephedrinecaffeine-sodium benzoate ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 01 methylphenidatedoxapramdexmethylphenidatecaffeine/phenylpropanolamine 1,190 3 1,860 24 0 ... 0 0 1 10 10 CNSpemolinemodafinil stimulants-NOS 42... 0 171 ... 0 1,904 298145 0 2,474 282 78 0 1,728 56... 0 1,478 29... 0 1,487 72... 0 1,279 1812 1 -75.0 2requirements1 ThisFlunitrazepam classification (2002). (Rohypnol)Amphetamines of The drugs Multum is classifiedderived areLicensing classified from under Agreementthe under MajorMultum MajorSubstances governingLexicon, Substances Copyright useof Abuse. of of the Abuse. Lexicon is provided in an appendix to this report and 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique can be found on the Internet at http://www.multum.com. cflCo 4 ThisproduceestimateNOTE: column These estimateswith denotes anestimates RSE for statistically Atlantagreater are based forthan significant the on50% period a representativehas (p January-June been< 0.05) suppressed. increases sample 2001. and ofDashes For non-Federal, decreases the (---)Atlanta indicate betweenshort-stay contribution that estimates anhospitals toestimate the fornational with has 24-hour beenestimates, supressedemergency data due departments in the the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p-values. were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondentsto incomplete based data. on Data actual were data not sufficiently complete to coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an SOURCE:inhibitor.CNSfrom January-June= central Office nervous of 2000.Applied system, Drugs Studies, EDare = classified SAMHSA,emergency to Drug thedepartment, degree Abuse ofWarning MAO specificity = Network,monoamine recorded 2002 oxidase,in (09/2002the DAWN NOS update). case= not reports. otherwise specified, NTA = not tabulated above, SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake 0Co Table 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half Drug name's Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun % change`H2 2001, year % changeH1 2001, Analgesics 1997 70,852 259 1998 71,433 378 1998 70,496 ... 1999 69,182 261 1999 69,554 410 2000 85,843 245 2000 81,350 257 2001 85,529 258 2001 88,971 2002 89,905 ... H12002 H12002 Antimigraine agents pentobarbitalbelladonna/caffeine/ergotamine/APAP/dichloralphenazone/isometheptenealmotriptan ... 347 ...... 388 228 ... 43 310402 ... ergotaminedihydroergotaminecaffeine-ergotamine ... 9 06 ... 0 ... 1 0 1 ... 20 0 02 ... 10 0 -100.0 -100.0 naratriptanmethysergideisometheptenefrovatriptan maleate mucate 0 20 10 30 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 zolmitriptansumatriptanrizatriptan ... 0 13 0 07 12 1 12 3 07 ... 9 ... 4 10...... Cox-2 inhibitor celecoxibantimigrainemeloxicam agents-NOS 40 10 0 02 ... 07 ... 0 395 03 607 -. 0 265504 2 491809 ... 0 388801 ... Narcotic analgesics/combinationscox-2valdecoxibrofecoxib inhibitor-NOS 28,528 00 28,371 0 30,575 0 32,883 0 36,128 0 40,979 0 41,394 0 47,683 240 0 51,634 313 55,311 331 16.0 00-Q anileridine1"--1` alfentanil Narcotic analgesicsanalgesic combinations 14,17514,353 0 12,86115,510 0 13,51217,063 0 13,19419,689 2 14,14121,987 0 17,55023,429 ... 16,99024,404 4 31,96315,720 0 32,82318,811 0 17,99737,315 0 16.7 codeine/combinationsbutorphanolbuprenorphineaspirin/ethoheptazinecodeine 3,671 490 ... 0 1 3,322 950 60 3,298 469 13... 0 2,473 447 ... 90 2,501 447 ... 0 2,578 378 ... 0 1 2,717 777 10... 0 1,603 460 ... 70 2,117 470 ... 30 2,317 673 ... 0 1 -66.7 -85.7 ASA/butalbital/caffeine/codeineAPAP/butalbital/caffeineacetaminophen/caffeine/codeineacetaminophen-codeine /codeine 3,023 ... 2,341 14... 2,708 10 0 1,866 0 1,978 ... 2,108 ... 0 1,741 ... 9 1,073 ... 1,567 ... 7 1,626 12 3 aspirin/caffeine/codeine/phenacetinaspirin/caffeine/codeineaspirin-codeine 2 1 ...... 05 03 0 1 ... 0 0 0 0 codeine/salicylatescodeine/phenacetincodeine/papaverineaspirin/caffeine/codeine/phenacetin/ ... 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 dihydrocodeine/combinationsdezocine codeine combination-NOS ... 0 210 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 30 10 ... 0 403 Table 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous (continued) Drug name 1'23 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminousJul-Dec U.S. Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec - Jan-Jun % changeby half year % change 1997 0 1998 1 1998 1999 ... 1999 2000 2000 ... 2001 1 2001 2002 H2 H120022001, H1 H120022001, dihydromorphinone ASA/caffeine/dihydrocodeineAPAP/caffeine/dihydrocodeinedihydrocodeine ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ... 0 40 hydrocodone/combinationsfentanyl/combinationsdroperidol-fentanylfentanyl 6,044 16 6,465 33 7,145 254 6,806 245 8,446 ... 10,123 251 9,975 325 10,403 512 11,164 ... 12,033 ... aspirin-hydrocodoneacetaminophen-hydrocodonehydrocodone 5,496 548 0 5,719 746 0 5,9671,160 2 5,980 807 0 7,0631,267 0 8,7931,148 0 8,7451,092 0 8,8421,477 1 10,216 737 ... 10,507 1,296 0 -100.0 hydroxy-N-methylmorphinanhydromorphone hydrocodone-ibuprofen ... 0 510 0 427 17 0 496 19 0 ... 0 ... 0 933 ...... 0 ... 1 230 ... meperidine/combinationslevorphanollevomethadylkaolin-pectin/paregoric acetate 485 0 238 0 491 10 337 0 545 0 10 30 01 ... 0 00 -100.0 methadone meperidine-promethazineacetaminophen/meperidinemeperidine 1,952 411 ... 0 2,292 121 ... 0 2,518 373 ... 0 2,826 223 ... 2,600 289 ... 0 3,405 413678 ... 0 408293 ... 8 411480 ... 0 108184 ... 0 218228 10 0 morphine/combinationscocainemorphine (Schedule I substance) /morphine 757759 ... 695 0 1,2601,261 1 1,1581,159 ... 1,0551,057 2 1,2181,221 3 1,2611,2624,415 1 1,5064,874 0 1,8975,851 0 5,1901,122 0 opium/combinationsnoscapinenalbuphine opium 24... 0 1212... 0 12 04 ...19 0 ...14 1 ...... 06 ...... 0 22...11 ...14 0 ... 4 ... oxycodone/combinationsacetaminophen-oxycodoneoxycodonebelladonna-opium 2,3262,711 ... 0 2,2931,655 ... 0 2,1862,918 600 0 2,2073,060 813 0 2,2963,369 992 0 3,1212,0505,437 0 3,5165,3881,743 0 3,0694,9408,077 0 10,332 4,1216,160 0 11,230 3,2217,828 1 58.5 papaveretumoxymorphone aspirin-oxycodone 130 ... 0 ... 0 133 10 40 00 ... 0 267 00 ... 0 68 0 51 03 ... 02 pentazocine/combinationsaspirin-pentazocineacetaminophen-pentazocinepentazocine ... 0 29... 0 243 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 9 ...... 0 237241 ... 0 ...... 0 0 ... -100.0 phenacetin/combinationsphenacetinnaloxone-pentazocine 00 0 10 1 0 00 01 0 0 1 ... 0 0 -100.0 pseudoephedrineaspirin/caffeine/phenacetin/APAP/ASA/caffeine/phenacetin 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 toN.)74 Table 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name.' 23 Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % changeH2 H120022001, % changeH1 H120022001, remifentanilpropoxyphene/combinationsASA/caffeine/propoxypheneacetaminophen-propoxyphenepropoxyphene 2,8293,637 808 0 2,7053,286 577 ... 2,0092,540 531 0 2,6223,253 631 0 2,1932,379 186 0 2,5952,872 276 ... 2,2962,613 317 0 2,2042,763 560 0 2,4712,598 124 ... 2,1922,486 286 8 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorynarcoticsufentanil agents analgesicanalgesics-NOS combinations-NOS 13,153 8,790 0 13,352 9,057 4 1 12,343 9,439 0 11,65411,878 0 1 14,0689,977 20 13,02712,780 11 0 12,01312,908 0 11,17015,880 1 11,49216,317 80 11,28918,970 1 ... diclofenac-misoprostoldiclofenacbromfenac 386 0 1811 0 12 04 ... 0 ... 0 34 0 0 16 0 12 20 21 10 flurbiprofenfenoprofenetodolac ... 31 194 ... 0 ... 30 ... 30 ...13 3 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 ketoprofenindomethacinibuprofenketorolac 8,900 ... 9,100 406 34... 8,467 ...... 7,701 ...... 6,994 ...15 9,617 ... 8,721 ...14 8,320 ... 4 8,802 ... 8,272 29... naproxennabumetonemefenamicmeclofenamate acid 2,620 30 2,842 193 ... 0 2,706 278 ... 0 2,580 437 ... 0 2,031 340 20 2,512 21 2,568 ... 2,175 ... 80 2,096 ... 10 2,476 0 -100.0 -100.0 .4 piroxicamphenylbutazoneoxaprozin 216 ... 0 245 ... 0 ... 50 ... 11... 2 ... 13 ... 60 ... 31 ...10 0 301 -90.0 -100.0 D'-) Salicylates/combinationsaspirin/combinationsnonsteroidaltoimetinsulindac anti-inflammatory agents-NOS 6,7797,477 18... 6,7167,382 ... 5 6,7577,724 ... 0 5,3095,969 11 09 4,9795,408 ... 6,6647,166 10 05 6,0466,617 ... 06 4,4633,986 ... 01 4,0363,249 14... 0 4,4533,746 ... 9 Al hydroxide/ASA/Cahydroxideaspirin carbonate/Mg 5,586 10 5,644 ... 6,052 3 4,861 ... 4,504 ... 5,836 ... 5,260 3,408 1 2,729 ... 3,452 ... ASA/caffeine/salicylamideASA/butalbital/caffeineASA/citric acid/Na bicarb 1,025 ...14 942 ... 1 573 ...11 333 ... 0 404 ... 0 680 ...... 766 10 1 390 65 ... 0 273 ... aspirin-diphenhydramineaspirin-caffeineaspirin-butalbital ... 0 18 0 ... 0 14 0 ... 0 15 0 07 ... 0 ... 60 30 1 choline salicylate-magnesiumsalicylate aspirin/salsalateaspirin-phenyltoloxamine salicylate ... 20 ...... 0 ... 01 ... 0 00 0 1 0 0 ... 0 0 salsalatemagnesiumdiflunisal salicylate ... 9 ...12 ...... 17 3 ... 83 ... 64 ... 09 06 1 ... 1 ...... 2 Table(continued) 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year sodium salicylate Drug name's Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change°H2 H120022001, % change°H1 H120022001, Miscellaneous analgesics/combinationsacetaminophen/combinationsIsalicylates-NOSsodium thiosalicylate acetaminophen 20,02821,36016,740 543 20,66321,94416,881 595 14,54317,98519,657 845 14,36317,88518,403 633 13,33916,25217,523 413 22,74724,20717,545 373 19,31920,46115,290 558 15,54519,93121,447 470 15,34320,59719,234 727 13,38516,63717,849 694 -13.5-13.3 -16.5-16.8 acetaminophen-caffeineacetaminophen-butalbitalacetaminophen-pamabromacetaminophen-diphenhydramine 1,559 ... 0 1,992 ... 0 1,353 016 1,691 ... 0 1,362 0 2,442 03 1,782 07 1,870 ... 0 1,643 ... 1 1,534 00 -100.0 acetaminophen-tramadolacid/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrineacetaminophen/ascorbicacetaminophen-salicylamideacetaminophen-phenyltoloxamine ... 0 ... 0 07 ... 0 ... 0 05 1 ... 06 13... 0 31 0 ... 0 -100.0 ephedrineacetaminophen/atropine/caffeine/acetaminophen/aspirin/pyrilamineacetaminophen/aspirin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 APAP/ASA/caffeine/salicylamideAPAP/ASA/caffeinehydroxideAPAP/AI hydroxide/ASA/caffeine/Mg 694 ... 1 1,110 0 877 ... 0 1,154 0 1 938 ... 0 1,851 0 1,203 0 1,676 0 1,158 0 1,153 0 APAP/pamabrom/pyrilamineAPAP/pamabrom/pyridoxineAPAP/caffeine/pyrilamineAPAP/butalbital/caffeine 886 ... 0 530 28 0 1,053 ... 0 528 32 0 479 ... 0 830 ... 0 807 ... 0 561 ... 0 865 ... 0 368 90 -57.5 )e. benzydaminebenoxaprofenammonium sulfate HCL 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 methotrimeprazineglafeninedypyronedipyrone 0 0 0 0 1 ... 0 60 0 1 00 0 0 suprofensalicylamideoxyphenbutazonemorazone 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 zomepiracxylazinetramadol 768 0 810 ... 0 1,163 0 213 ... 0 900 0 1,115 0 695 0 1,206 10 1,123 ... 1 1,080 0 -100.0 -100.0 Analgesics combinationsmagnesiumdiphenhydramine-magnesiumanalgesics-NOS NTA salicylate-phenyltoloxamine salicylate 564 ... 0 467 ... 0 508 ... 0 254 05 334 ... 0 340 ... 0 445 01 308 ... 0 131 0 paraaminobenzoicanalgesicprednisone/salicylamide combinations-NOS acid/sodium salicylate 0 ... 0 ... 0 05 ... 4 ... 0 10 ... 0 0 0 co71 Table 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name'," Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul -Dec 1998 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun % H2 2001, change % changeH1 2001, Anorexiants clobenzorex 952 0 981 0 571 ... 1999 708 0 1999 727 0 2000 795 0 2000 745 0 2001 383 ... 2001 569 0 2002 1,038 0 H12002 H12002 171.0 fenproporexfenfluraminediethylpropiondexfenfluramine 266 03 ... 0 ... 00 ... 02 18 0 1 ... 0 ... 02 ... 00 ... 03 ... 00 phenmetrazinephendimetrazinemazindol HCI 20 ... 10 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 20 0 -100.0 ... anorexiants-NOSsibutraminephenylpropanolaminephentermine 364216 99 0 189356 ... 0 209189 ... 0 255 ... 0 192392 ... 0 367391 35 0 387334 19 0 264 3123 0 332 ...... 0 723 ... Anticonvutsants aprobarbitalaloxidone5- allyl- 5- isobutylbarbituric acid 5,973 0 6,407 ... 0 7,583 0 8,11.. 3 ... 0 6,825 0 8,324 0 8,524 0 7,478 0 7,164 05 7,904 0 -100.0 ethotoinethosuximidedivalproexcarbamazepine sodium 2,4191,846 0 2,7711,343 0 3,4571,878 0 3,4881,945 ... 2,4961,168 0 3,6281,134 0 2,6081,142 0 2,481 998 ... 2,884 829 1 2,8611,055 0 -100.0 gabapentinfosphenytoinfelbamate 204 02 506 ... 0 496 0 1 822 50 1,573 ... 0 1,911 ... 0 2,554 0 1 1,947 0 1,514 00 2,295 02 I1 mephenytoinlevetiracetamlamotriginehydantoin ... 0 ... 0 11 0 ... 02 26 0 24 0 .. 0 212 ... 1 ...... 3 ...... 0 -100.0 -100.0 paramethadioneoxcarbazepinemethsuximidemethetoin 0 0 0 0 1 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 216 0 primidonephenytoinphensuximidephenacemide 1,012 ... 0 1,406 ... 1,567 ... 0 1,591 ... 0 1,174 15 0 1,117 50 1,122 70 781 7 1 1,014 20 672 ... 0 -100.0 valproictrimethadionetopiramatetiagabine acid 407 0 152 ... 0 111 20 111 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 392 ... 0 437 1 183 ... Antiemetic/antivertigo agents benzocaine-trimethobenzamideanticonvulsants-NOSzonisamide 274 0 491 02 64-3. 0 598 0 405246 0 515300 ... 0 624 20 396 ... 51 131 ... 4 517171 ... 294.7 diphenidoldimenhydrinate/niacinipentylenetetrazoldimenhydrinatecyclizine ... 0 ... 0 38-8. 0 214 ... 0 261 0 ... 030 471 00 ... 00 48 00 ... 06 (continued)Table 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year dolasetron Drug namel'" Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % changeH2 H120022001, % changeH1 H120022001, meclizineisopropamidegranisetrondronabinol iodide ... 04 189 01 ... 02 ... 08 ... 0 24... 0 ... 00 ... 05 ... 02 ... 02 scopolaminephosphoratedondansetron carbohydrate solution 00 ... 0 1 0 1 0 1 ... 0 ... 02 0 ... 07 ... 0 ... 0 Antiparkinson agents trimethobenzamidebenztropineantiemetic/antivertigothiethylperazine agents-NOS 1,090 861 22 0 806896 06 908999 10 0 537668 ... 499595 ... 0 418448 ... 7 239306 ... 3 274442 13 0 461544 ... 520 ... 5 carbidopabromocriptinebiperiden ... 02 1 ... 0 15 0 09 03 0 ... 0 ... 50 ... 0 374 ... 0 entacaponecarbidopa-levodopapergolidelevodopa ... 0 02 ... 0 1 06 ... 00 10 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... selegilineropiniroleprocyclidinepramipexole 02 0 0 01 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 1 0 -100.0 mineral anesthetics antiparkinsontrihexyphenidyltolcapone agents-NOS 213 0 ... 30 ... 70 ... 0 ...24 0 ...20 0 ... 0 ... 70 ... 9 ...17 0 A.)-j0 thiamylalpropofolmethohexitaletomidatedroperidol sodium 0 03 ... 4 0 ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 70 ... 0 ... 0 Muscle relaxants generalthiopental anesthetics-NOS 6,748 ... 0 6,959 0 6,653 2 7,001 00 6,716 ... 0 7,867 20 8,047 0 8,973 0 10,028 0 8,187 ... ASA/carisoprodoVcodeineASA/caffeine/orphenadrineacetaminophen/orphenadrineacetaminophen/chlorzoxazone 09 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... 0 01 555 ... 0 372 030 ...16 0 atracuriumaspirin-methocarbamolaspirin-meprobamateaspirin-carisoprodol ... 0 ... 0 10 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 botulinumbenzoctaminebaclofen toxin type BA 45 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 194 ... 0 0 ... 0 Table 2.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name123 Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % changeH2 H12001, 2002 % changeH1 H12001, 2002 cisatracuriumchlorzoxazonechlorphenesincarisoprodol 3,174 ... 0 4,412 80 4,042 19 0 4,323 10 0 4,506 ... 0 4,916 ... 0 4,604 ... 0 5,407 13 0 5,833 10 0 4,972 ... 0 mephenesindoxacuriumdantrolenecyclobenzaprine 2,075 3 1,538 0 1,429 0 1,549 0 1,212 0 1,909 0 2,067 1 2,096 0 2,095 0 1,255 ... -40.1 benzodioxanmetocurinemethoxyethoxyethylaminomethy1-1-4-methocarbamolmetaxalone 461 ... 0 485 ... 0 ... 426 3 294 ... 281221 0 408306 0 208202 0 389707 0 ... 0 pipecuroniumpancuroniumorphenadrinemivacurium ... 0 10 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 29 0 ... 0 ... 0 tubocurarinetizanidinesuccinylcholinerocuroniumrapacuronium ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 204 0 ... 0 Miscellaneous CNS agents musclevecuronium relaxants-NOS 327 10 ... 0 168 00 ... 0 151 ... 0 163 ... 0 115 ... 7 ... 0 ... 326 50 ergoloiddonepezilcevimeline mesylates 10 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 07 ... 0 02 ... 1 tacrinerivastigminepilocarpinelaudanosinegalantamine 0 0 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 2TheI This Cocaine Multum classification (Schedule LicensingEstimates of Idrugs Agreementsubstance) for isthis derived time governing/ morphine period from the areuse is Multum preliminary.Brompton'sof the LexiconLexicon, mixture.Final is Copyright providedestimates All other ©in will 2002,an mentions beappendix Multumproduced of to cocaineInformation thislater report and may Services,and becan higher be Inc. found or lower on the than Internet preliminary at estimates due to The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique requirements (2002). http://www.multum.com. nonresponse adjustment and other factors. 43 ThisAnestheticanNOTE: RSEcolumn These greater gasses denotes estimates than are statistically 50%classified are has based been undersignificant on suppressed. aInhalants. representative (p < 0.05) Dashes increases sample () indicate of and non-Federal, decreases that an estimate short-staybetween has estimates hospitals been supressed withfor the 24-hour periods due emergency to incomplete departments data. Data in were the coterminous not sufficiently U.S. are classified under Major Substances of Abuse. noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate with SOURCE:for CNSDrugsAtlanta = are central Officefor classified the ofnervousperiod Applied to January-June thesystem, Studies, degree ED SAMHSA,of = 2001. specificityemergency For Drug therecorded department, AbuseAtlanta in Warning contributionthe I-11 DAWN = Network, first caseto half the reports. 2002 (Jan-Jun)national (09/2002 estimates, of year, update). H2 data = second were imputed half (Jul-Dec) for Atlanta of nonrespondents year, NOS = not otherwise specified, NTA = not tabulated above. based on actual data from January-June 2000. complete to produce estimates Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year Analgesics Drug name 1" Total136,9391994 Total137,2311995 134,6381996Total 140,3851997Total Total141,9291998 138,736Total1999 167,1942000Total 174,5002001Total % change 20011994, 27.4 % change 20011999, 25.8 % change 2000,2001 Antimigraine agents pentobarbitalbelladonna/caffeine/ergotamine/APAPalmotriptan / dichloralphenazone /isometheptene 442549 528844 417603 564798 460507 586671 391502 353660 ergotaminedihydroergotaminecaffeine-ergotamine 31 70 ... 0 25 50 ...18 ... 07 2 1 ... 20 104 -85.7-87.1 100.0 -50.0 rizatriptannaratriptanmethysergidefrovatriptanisometheptene maleate mucate 00 ...... 0 0 30 30 0 ... 0 -100.0 zolmitriptansumatriptan ... 03 19 10 ... 0 ... 0 21 0 24 4 ... 9 14...... Cox-2 inhibitor meloxicamcelecoxibantimigraine agents-NOS 0 00 ... 0 04 12 0 ... 0 1,002 04 1,314 755 .. 2 ... -50.0 Narcotic analgesics/combinationsvaldecoxibcox-2rofecoxib inhibitor-NOS Narcotic analgesics 44,51819,415 0 45,254 0 46,941 0 54,116 0 58,946 0 69,011 0 82,373 0 99,317 552 123.1 43.9 20.6 is anileridinealfentanil Narcotic analgesic combinations 25,102 0 24,34320,910 2 24,41622,525 0 27,81926,298 0 26,37332,573 0 27,33541,676 2 34,54047,833 ... 34,53164,786 0 233.7 37.6 -100.0 26.355.5 35.4 codeine/combinationsbutorphanolbuprenorphineaspirin/ethoheptazine 9,439 35 20 8,732 ... 20 7,594 239 0 1 7,869 -.... 0 6,620 19... 0 4,974 ... 0 5,295 ...11 0 3,720 ...10 0 400.0-60.6 -25.2 -29.7 APAP/butalbital/caffeine/codeineacetaminophen/caffeine/codeineacetaminophen-codeinecodeine 6,8392,142 ... 6,8381,540 13 5,9071,208 ... 6,5981,033 ... 5,0491,420 ... 3,845 894 ... 3,8491,155 9 2,641 930 ... -61.4-56.6 -31.3 -31.4 aspirin/caffeine/codeineASA/butalbital/caffeine/codeineaspirin-codeine 264 ...16 317 ...10 197 ... 6 ... 25 ...24... 226 7 217 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 codeine/phenacetincodeine/papaverineaspirin/caffeine/codeine/phenacetin/aspirin/caffeine/codeine/phenacetin ... 0 00 10 ...... 0 00 0 10 00 0 -100.0 COTi dihydrocodeine/combinationsdezocine codeinecodeine/salicylates combination-NOS ... 2 ... 08 ... 3 ... 20 ... 0 ... 0 30 ... 03 coCo Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name123 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change') 20011994, % change4 20011999, % change.* 20012000, ASA/caffeine/dihydrocodeineAPAP/caffeine/dihydrocodeinedihydrocodeine ... 0 ... 0 03 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 10 ... 0 ... -100.0 fentanyl/combinationsdihydromorphinonehydrocodone/combinationsdroperidol-fentanylfentanyl 9,320 28 9,686 2222 11,419 34 11,570 203 13,611 286 15,252 337337 20,098 576 21,567 710 2,435.7 131.4 110.7 41.4 aspirin-hydrocodoneacetaminophen-hydrocodonehydrocodone 8,1681,150 1 8,3621,324 0 9,8451,574 0 10,667 904 0 11,686 1,907 17 2 13,0432,074 ... 0 17,538 2,240 0 19,058 2,214 3 133.3 92.5 46.1 hydroxy-N-methylmorphinanhydromorphone hydrocodone-ibuprofen 887 0 1 569 20 609 0 604 10 937 0 1,313 0 320 ... 292 ... 1 levorphanollevomethadylkaolin-pectin/paregoric acetate ... 2 ... 0 0 0 0 1 882 0 40 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 methadonemeperidine/combinationsmeperidine-promethazineacetaminophen/meperidinemeperidine 3,252 728925 ... 0 4,2471,045 969 10... 4,129 876806 ... 0 3,832 731864 ... 0 4,810 495730 ... 0 5,426 369512 ... 7,8191,085 706 ... 8 10,725 665519 ... 0 229.8 97.7 -100.0 37.2 morphine/combinationscocainemorphine (Schedule I substance) /morphine 1,0981,099 1 1,283 0 864 0 1,2991,300 ... 1,9541,955 1 2,2132,217 4 2,4782,483 4 3,4033,403 0 -100.0209.9209.6 -100.0 -100.0 opium/combinationsnoscapinenalbuphine ...13 0 ...13 0 283010 0 4914 0 24... 0 33... 1 167 ... 0 96...25 C)00?-+ oxycodone/combinationsacetaminophen-oxycodoneoxycodoneopiumbelladonna-opium 4,0693,626 138 0 2,9443,393 ... 0 2,8393,190 100 ... 4,3535,012 372 0 3,8411,0345,211 0 4,5031,8046,429 0 10,8256,6373,792 0 11,10018,409 7,190 0 7,943.5 352.4 98.3 515.3186.3 59.7 192.7 70.1 papaveretumoxymorphone aspirin-oxycodone 305 0 334 0 251 0 287 0 335 10 121 0 396 ... 0 119 03 -69.9 pentazocine/combinationsacetaminophen-pentazocinepentazocine 289 ... 4 135153 12 5 184196 13 0 202 ... 0 329 ... 0 262 ... 3 ... 241247 ... 0 phenacetin/combinationsaspirin-pentazocinephenacetinnaloxone-pentazocine ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 10 0 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 aspirin/caffeine/phenacetin/APAP/ASA/caffeine/phenacetinpseudoephedrine 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -100.0 Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name 1 23 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 1997Total 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change4 1994, % change4 1999, % change4 2000, propoxyphene/combinationspropoxyphene 5,2161,5156,731 1,0686,294 1,0655,889 6,5021,166 5,8261,109 5,632 816 5,485 593 5,361 684 2001 -54.9 2001 2001 remifentanil ASA/caffeine/propoxypheneacetaminophen-propoxyphene 0 5,224 ... 4,822 2 5,337 0 4,714 ... 4,816 0 4,891 ... 4,675 ... 1 Nonsteroidal anti-Inflammatorynarcoticsufentanilnarcotic agents analgesic analgesics-NOS combinations-NOS 28,742 8,307 0 30,401 9,562 0 25,29511,855 0 26,44115,893 0 25,69518,495 4 1 21,63125,946 30 24,79325,935 11 0 22,66332,196 11 287.6-21.2 266.7 24.1 etodolacdiclofenac-misoprostoldiclofenacbromfenac 802225 0 612210 0 324456 00 725 0 3015 0 310 ... 0 ... 0 28... 20 -87.6 ... -91.0 ibuprofenflurbiprofenfenoprofen 19,588 291 ... 21,754 469 ... 17,350 ... 0 17,647 489 20 1 17,567 279 ... 3 14,696 63 18,338 -. 0 17,123 1 -99.7 -83.3 meclofenamateketorolacketoprofenindomethacin 1,485 395355 12 546304178 5 254584153 5 287306307 0 276716 ... 237191 ... 0 ...... 0 -100.0 ... oxaprozinnaproxennabumetonemefenamic acid 4,302 157434 6 5,253 243460 3 4,546 833359 4 5,330 365490 ... 5,549 377471 0 4,610 256777 . 5,080 182240 3 4,270 ...... tolmetinsulindacpiroxicamphenylbutazone 154 18... 15...... 1019...... 50 ... 3 11 073 ... 81 -66.7 I,) Sallcylates/combinationsaspirin/combinationsnonsteroidal anti-inflammatoryaspirin agents-NOS 14,58616,87518,990 21.. 4 12,70115,44317,153 ... 11,81113,38215,717 ... 11,23113,17314,699 ... 11,69613,47215,106 ... 10,28811,3769,365 - . 11,09612,71013,784 ... 6,1377,2358,499 14 -57.9-57.1-55.2-93.5 -34.5-29.7-25.3 -44.7-43.1-38.3 ASA/butalbital/caffeineASA/citrichydroxideAl hydroxide/ASA/Ca acid/Na bicarb carbonate/Mg 1,657 ... 1,813 ... 8 1,188 ...14 1,736 2315 1,515 12... 737 ... 1,447 ... 708 ... 5 -57.3 -51.1 aspirin-diphenhydramineaspirin-caffeineaspirin-butalbitalASA/caffeine/salicylamide 3.1.9 ... 0 . 719 -.... 0 80... 0 156 08 ... 0 ... 00 22 05 10... 0 cholinecholine salicylate-magnesium salicylate asplrin/salsalateaspirin-phenyltoloxamine salicylate 17... 0 ... 60 02 1 ... 40 ... 0 ... 00 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 diflunisalsalsalatemagnesium salicylate ... 9 250 13-. 371 2221- 210 23...... 7 25... 6 68 . 2 1. -88.9 ... -66.7 Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % changes 20011994, % change* 1999,2001 % change 2000,2001 4 Miscellaneous analgesics/combinationsacetaminophen/combinationssalicylates-NOSsodium thiosalicylatesalicylate 43,63744,119 1,772 42,42843,499 1,299 44,29746,002 1,781 44,12941,706 1,221 38,64841,601 1,439 34,13735,926 1,046 42,06644,667 931 39,16542,044 1,197 14.717.0 acetaminophen-caffeineacetaminophen-butalbitalacetaminophen 37,293 283 5 35,371 ...16 37,093 ... 7 34,867 186 0 31,424 ... 1 27,702 ... 0 32,835 10 0 30,888 ... 1 -80.0-17.2 acetaminophen-tramadolacetaminophen-salicylamideacetaminophen-phenyltoloxamineacetaminophen-pamabromacetaminophen-diphenhydramine 1,513 ... 0 2,703 ... 0 3,081 ... 0 2,891 ... 0 3,345 ... 0 3,054 ... 0 4,224 ...11 0 3,513 13... 132.2 acetaminophen/atropine/caffeine/acetaminophen/aspirin/pyrilamineacetaminophen/aspirinacid/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrineacetaminophen /ascorbic APAP/ASA/caffeinehydroxideAPAP/AIephedrine hydroxide/ASA/caffeine/Mg 2,267 80 1,921 30 1,665 ... 0 1,888 2 1 1,987 0 2,091 ... 0 3,054 0 2,834 0 -100.0 APAP/caffeine/pyrilamineAPAP/butalbitaVcaffeineAPAP/ASA/caffeine/salicylamide 1,87-8. ... 1,724 0 1 1,773 ... 0 1,620 0 1,583 0 1,007 0 1,637 0 1,426 0 X)...... benzydaminebenoxaprofenammonium sulfate HCL APAP/pamabrom/pyrilamineAPAP/pamabrom/pyridoxine 183 0 424 0 383 0 174 0 170 ...... 0 ... 0 271 0 morazonemethotrimeprazineglafeninedypyronedipyrone ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 70 0 -100.0 tramadolsuprofensalicylamideoxyphenbutazone 0 645 ... 1,290 0 1,418 0 1,972 ... 1,113 0 1,810 0 2,329 1 109.3 Analgesics combinationsdiphenhydramine-magnesiumanalgesics-NOSzomepiracxylazine NTA salicylate 478 20 20 415 ... 50 407 ... 80 1,001 ... 02 975 ... 0 588 ... 0 785 ... 0 544 ... 1 ... analgesicprednisone/salicylamideparaaminobenzoicmagnesium combinations-NOS salicylate-phenyltoloxamine acid/sodium salicylate 20 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 90 ... 0 ... 0 ... (continued)Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year Drug name12.3 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change 20011994, % change 1999,2001 . % change 2000,2001 . Anorexiants dexfenfluramineclobenzorex 2,354 0 1 2,489 02 2,655 0 2,349 10 1,552 ... 1,436 20 1,540 ... 0 953 0 -59.5 -100.0 mazindolfenproporexfenfluraminediethylproplon ... 05 ...1.. 14 1 100 02 537 04 ... 0 ... 03 032 ... 00 phenylpropanolaminephenterminephenmetrazinephendimetrazine HCI 1,487 ... 1 1,366 192 08 1,312 176 0 770505 25 545197 ... 1 647217 ... 0 725 54... 0 129 ... 09 -100.0 -91.3 -80.1 ... -82.2 ... Anticonvulsants--- ' 5-allyI-5-isobutylbarbituricanorexiants-NOSsibutramine acid 9,358 677 0 10,455 774 0 11,496 1,065 0 12,193 524 0 13,990 398 0 14,938 425 0 16,849 754 0 14,642 596 ... 56.5 dIvalproexcarbamazepineaprobarbitalaloxidone sodium 1,7623,879 00 2,5503,633 ... 0 4,0993,743 0 5,1553,473 0 6,2283,221 ... 0 5,9843,113 ... 0 6,2352,276 0 5,3651,827 05 204.5-52.9 fosphenytoinfelbamateethotoinethosuximide ... 05 036 ... 01 ... 02 02 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... ..b. levetlracetamlamotriginehydantoingabapentin ... 08 20 0 ... 06 296 ... 0 1,002 ... 0 2,395 ... 02 ... 0 3,461 323 ... 5 ... )D oxcarbazepinemethsuximidemethetoinmephenytoin ... 01 01 040 0 0 ... 01 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 phensuximIdephenacemideparamethadione 1 0 .. . 0 ... 0 0 1 trimethadionetopiramatetiagablneprimIdonephenytoin 3,266 23 0 3,573 211 0 2,923 23 0 2,426 ... 0 2,974 ... 0 2,766 ...19 0 2,239 540 12 0 1,795 621 9 -60.9-45.0 ... Antlemetidantivertigo agents anticonvulsants-NOSzonisamIdebenzocaine-trimethobenzamidevalproic acid 1,263 279 40 849449 60 865598 70 786618 ... 0 1,134 263 70 1,003 357 0 1,139 916 ... 0 526 ... 92 125.0-58.4 clImenhydrInate/nladn/pentylenetetrazoldimenhydrinatecydizinediphenidol 638 08 397 ...33 618 01 427 03 674 0 . 475 0 849 03 329 0 -100.0 -100.0 Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total Total2001 % change 1994, % change 1999, % change 2000, dolasetron ... 1 11 ... 2001 ... 2001 2001 isopropamidegranisetrondronabinol iodide 573 1 0 ... 07 03 ... 0 ...... 8 ... scopolaminephosphoratedondansetronmedizine carbohydrate solution 0 380 ... 0 203 14 0 300 ... 0 368 ... 02 ... 1 02 ... 09 -100.0800.0 Antiparkinson agents antiemetic/antivertigotrimethobenzamidethiethylperazine agents-NOS 3,519 30... 2 3,463 15 30 3,039 17 0 2,564 31 0 1 1,895 16 0 1,264 ... 0 755 10... 985 20... -72.0 ... carbidopabromocriptinebiperidenbenztropine 2,790 ... 0 2,787 ... 0 2,363 13... 0 2,055 ... 05 1,713 24 0 1,036 12 0 658 ... 0 735 ...10 0 -73.7 levodopaentacaponecarbidopa-levodopa ...... 1 ...... 12 17 ... 0 11 0 ... f,..t procyclidinepramipexolepergolide 20 10 0 ... 0 0 0 1 0 01 -100.0 -100.0 cz,CO selegiline trihexyphenidyltolcaponeropinirole 525 ... 0 462 02 464 01 426 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 General anesthetics etomidatedroperidolmethohexitalantiparkinson agents-NOS 02 12 ... 6 10 7 ... 0 ... 20 10 0 400.0 -100.0 thiopentalthiamylalpropofol sodium 1 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 2 ... 0 ... 0 10 0 -100.0900.0 Muscle relaxants acetaminophen/chlorzoxazonegeneral anesthetics-NOS 12,223 ... 13,733 2 13,520 ... 1 12,318 ... 13,612 2 13,717 ... 15,914 2 19,001 0 55.5 38.5 -100.0 19.4 ASA/carisoprodol/codeineASA/caffeine/orphenadrineacetaminophen/orphenadrine ... 0 22... 0 ... 0 ...12 40 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 928 70 ... -100.0 atracuriumaspirin-methocarbamolaspirin-meprobamateaspirin-carisoprodol ...18 ... 0 ... 3 ... 6 103 ... 0 ... 0 20 1 -88.9 botulinumbenzoctaminebadofen toxin type BA ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 72 0 319 0 318 0 ... 0 1 306 ... 0 -100.0 (continued)Table 2.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by To change/ 0/0 change` 'Y. change` year carisoprodol Drug name Total1994 6,569 1995Total 7,771 Total1996 7,279 Total1997 6,133 1998Total 8,454 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total 20011994, 71.1 1999,2001 2000,2001 cyclobenzaprinecisatracuriumchlorzoxazonechlorphenesin 3,133 535 0 2,924 338 0 3,599 512 ... 3,626 ... 0 2,967 27 0 2,7618,829 ... 0 3,9759,520 ... 0 11,2394,191 23 0 -95.7 51.8 mephenesindoxacuriumdantrolene 1 04 0 06 00 0 0 1 0 -100.0 -100.0 metocurinebenzodioxanmethoxyethoxyethylaminomethy1-1-4-methocarbamolmetaxalone 1,127 17 4 1,053 ... 682235 4 1,054 266 0 977246 ... 719359 7 689527 0 597909 0 5,247.1 -100.0 -47.0 -100.0 pipecuroniumpancuroniumorphenadrinemivacurium 57 0 302 0 301 00 395 01 228 0 178 0 ... 0 ... 0 tubocurarinetizanidinesuccinylcholinerocuroniumrapacuronium 03 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 358 0 350 0 -100.0 ... Miscellaneous CNS agents musclevecuronium relaxants-NOS 374 0 540 0 277 0 443 0 1 273 0 305 ... 0 278 ... 273 ... 3 ergoloiddonepezilcevimeline mesylates 0 0 0 01 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 tacrinerivastigminepilocarpinelaudanosinegalantamine 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 2Cocainerequirements'This classification (Schedule (2002). Iof substance) drugsThe Multum is derived / morphine Licensing from isthe AgreementBrompton's Multum Lexicon, governingmixture.All Copyright use other of COthementions Lexicon2002, ofMultum iscocaine provided Information are in classified an appendixServices, under toInc. Majorthis The report Substances classification and can of behas Abuse. found been on the modified to meet DAWN's unique Internet at http://www.multum.com. `ThissAnestheticestimateNOTE: column These gasseswith denotes anestimates areRSE statistically classified greater are based significantthanunder on50% Inhalants. a representativehas(p < been0.05) suppressed.increases sample and ofDashes decreasesnon-Federal, () indicate between short-stay that estimates an hospitals estimate for the withhas periods 24-hourbeen supressed noted.See emergency dueRelative departments to incomplete Standard in Errorthedata. coterminous Data U.S. Dots (...) indicate that (RSE) tables for p-values.were not sufficiently complete an on SOURCE:OfficeCNStoactual produce = datacentral estimatesfrom nervous ofJanuary-June Applied for system, Atlanta Studies, 2000.ED for = theSAMHSA, emergencyDrugs period are January-JuneDrug classified department, Abuse to Warning the2001. NOS degree For= Network, not the of otherwise specificityAtlanta 2002 contribution specified,(09/2002 recorded update).NTA into thethe = DAWNnotnational tabulated case estimates, reports. above. data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based Table 2.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year % change2 % change2 Antihistamines Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 1,446 Jan-Jun 1998 1,239 Jul-Dec 1998 1,231 Jan-Jun 1999 1,768 Jul-Dec 1999 1,279 Jan-Jun 2000 1,761 Jul-Dec 2000 1,503 Jan-Jun 2001 1,917 Jul-Dec 2001 2,195 Jan-Jun * 2002 1,852 H2 H12001, 2002 H1 2001,2002 azatadineastemizoleacetaminophen/phenylpropanolamine/phenyltoloxamine ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 1 0 00 0 0 0 0 cetirizinecarbinoxaminebrompheniraminebromodiphenhydramine ... 0 1 ... 271 ... 0 249 ... 0 289 04 ... 0 237 0 305 0 226 ... 0 ... 0 clemastinechlorphentenninechlorpheniraminechloropyramine ... 0 49... 0 27 20 ... 0 25 30 31... 32 0 35... 0 505 ... 0 4932 0 -90.3 diphenylpyralinedexchlorpheniraminedexbrompheniraminedesloratadinecyproheptadine HCI ... 20 07 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 07 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 meclozineloratadinefexofenadine HCI 409 ... 1 334 ... 0 178 ... 0 285 36 0 22-2. 0 142 0 376 ... 0 263201 0 410347 0 457 ... 0 methdilazinemethapyrilene HCI 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 pheniraminephenindamineneo-antergan hydrogen meleate 10 0 20 4 0 0 10 ... 0 0 -100.0 rotoxaminepyribenzaminephenyltoloxaminepromethazinepheniramine/phenyltoloxamine/pyrilamine tartrate 227 0 363 ... 0 538 00 779 ... 0 442 ... 0 745 0 487 0 471 ... 0 324 0 732 0 triprolidinetripelennaminetrimeprazineterfenadine ... 0 ... 07 02 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 Bronchodilators albuterol-ipratropiumalbuterolantihistamines-NOS 651206 ... 0 473 ... 0 370 3938 0 536149 38 0 419 ... 0 188378 ... 0 231264 ... 0 182 23... 241 ...64 221328 ... formoterolisoetharinedyphyllinebitolterolaminophylline ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 oxtriphyllinemetaproterenollevalbuterolisoproterenol-phenylephrine ... 0 ...... 0 0 ... 0 1 0 -100.0 Table 2.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimates Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan -Jun' % H2 2001, change2 % change2H1 2001, pirbuterol Drug name/ 1997 0 1998 0 1998 0 1999 0 1999 0 2000 0 2000 0 2001 ... 2001 ... 0 2002 1 H12002 H12002 terbutalinesalmeterolproxyphylline ... 80 ... 0 072 ... 0 03 1 02 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 013 ... Decongestants bronchodilators-NOStheophyllinetheobromine magnesium oleate 486843 1 1,0711,185 272 0 213261370 ... 244261 ... 5 343348322 ... 378443 ... 561606 ... 0 505509 32... 341350 11... 333 ... 0 Expectorants decongestants-NOSpseudoephedrine 331835 8 644 ... 372 ... 1 283 16 261 ... 488 ... 287 ... 260 30 216 ...10 473 0 -100.0 -100.0 chlorpheniramine/codeine/phenylephrineanhydrousambroxolguaifenesin calcium iodide-isoproterenol 331 00 643 10 371 0 283 0 261 0 483 0 287 0 260 0 213 0 473 0 Upper respiratory combinationsexpectorants-NOSterpinpotassium hydrate iodide 2,218 0 3,056 0 2,007 245 0 1,987 154 0 1,411 159 0 2,483 395 ... 3,193 722 0 2,432 994 0 3,265 997 0 3,367 836 0 acetaminophen/dextromethorphan/acetaminophen-pseudoephedrineacetaminophen-phenylephrineacetaminophen-dextromethorphanacetaminophen-chlorpheniramine 2527 0 261 43 0 ... 0 19 0 21 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 1 acrivastine-pseudoephedrinedoxylamine/ephedrineephedrine/ipecac/PEammonium chloridechloride/CPM/codeine/PE /CPM/DM/ 0 0 ...... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 APAP/ASA/PPAAPAP/brompheniramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/brompheniramine/phenylpropanolamineanhydrous calcium iodide-codeine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 APAP/chlorphenlramine/codeine/phenylephrineAPAP/caffeine/PPA/salicylamideAPAP/caffeine/guaifenesin/phenylephrineAPAP/caffeine/CPM/hydrocodone/PEAPAP/caffeine/chlorpheniramine/PPA APAP/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/APAP/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrineAPAP/chlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/PPAAPAP/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEAPAP/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPA 00 00 ... 0 0 0 00 00 ... 70 14 02 11... APAP/CPM/phenylephrine/PPA/pyrilamineAPAP/clemastine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/chlorpheniramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolaminedextromethorphan/guaifenesin 15... 0 ... 16 0 ... 70 ... 80 ... 0 17... 0 1517 0 2018 0 ... 60 -70.0 -60.0 Table 2.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Drug name Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 EstimatesJul-Dec for1999 the coterminous U.S. by half Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' year (continued) % H2 2001, change2 °/0 change2H1 2001, APAP/dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/CPM/phenylephrine/salicylamide 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 8 2002 1 H1 2002 -87.5 H1 2002 -66.7 APAP/dextromethorphanIguaifenesiNPSEAPAP/dextromethorphan/guaifenesiNPPAAPAPAPAP/dextromethorphaNdiphenhydramine/PSE /dextromethorphanldoxylamine /PSE 650 320 790 80 588 60 483 13 00 417 80 356 ... 0 821 ... 0 517 ... 00 810 ... 01 741 20 -100.0 APAP/pseudoephedrine/triprolidineAPAP/dextromethorphan/pseudoephedrineAPAP/diphenhydramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/dextromethorphan/PSE/pyrilamineAPAP/dextromethorphan/phenylpropanolamine 28 0 18 30 ... 01 10 50 15 40 1210 0 22 0 21 0 ... 0 ... ASA/chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamineASA/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAASA/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphanASA/brompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPA ... 0 10 10 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 1 0 -100.0 scopolamineatropine/CPM/hyoscyamine/PE/PPA/aspirin-pseudoephedrineASA/diphenhydramine/PPA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 brompheniramine-phenylpropanolaminebrompheniramine-phenylephrinebromodiphenhydramine-codeineazatadine-pseudoephedrine ... 3 13... 0 28 0 1 16 0 ... 02 ... 0 ... 70 ...... 0 ... 00 ...... 1 brompheniramine/DM/guaifenesin/PPAbrompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEbrompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAbrompheniramine/codeine/phenylpropanolaminebrompheniramine-pseudoephedrine 15... 0 ... 0 24... 0 26... 0 ... 0 265 0 ... 0 ... 9 1 0 1 ... 0 caffeine/pheniramine/PE/Nabrompheniramine/phenylephrine/PPA.PPAbrompheniramine/guaifenesin/phenylephrine/ citrate, salicylat 10 00 ... 20 ... 0 00 00 00 00 0 carbetapentane/CPWephedrine/phenylephrinecarbetapentanecarbetapentane-chlorpheniramine /chlorpheniramine /phenylephrine 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 carbinoxamine-pseudoephedrinecarbetapentane/PE/PPA/Kcarbetapentane/guaifenesin/phenylephrine guaiacolsulfonate ... 2 1 0 0 3 6 ... 0 1 cetirizine-pseudoephedrinepseudoephedrinecarbinoxamine/methscopolamine/carbinoxamine/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrinecarbinoxamine/dextromethorphan/PSE ...... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 chlorpheniramine-phenylpropanotaminechlorpheniramine-phenylephrinechlorpheniramine-hydrocodonechlorpheniramine-dextromethorphan ... 0 188 0 10 20... 0 ... 0 19 03 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 02 14... 0 ... 406 Table 2.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) % change2 % change2 Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 15 Jan-Jun 1998 13 Jul-Dec 1998 ... Jan-Jun 1999 ... Jul-Dec 1999 4 Jan-Jun 2000 ... Jul-Dec 2000 4 Jan-Jun 2001 ... Jul-Dec 2001 ... Jan-Jun 2002 ... H2 H120022001, H1 H120022001, chlorpheniramine/codeine/pseudoephedrinechlorpheniramine/codeine/phenylephrine/PPAchlorpheniramine/codeine/PE/Kchlorpheniramine-pseudoephedrine iodide 0 0 1 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 chlorpheniramine/DWphenylephrinechlorpheniramine/DM/guaifenesin/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/dihydrocodeine/PE/PPAchlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEchlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPA ... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ... 0 chlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrinechlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/ephedrine/guaifenesin 1 chlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PEchlorpheniramine/hydrocodone/PSEchlorpheniramine/hydrocodone/phenylephrine 010 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ...... 0 chlorpheniramine/PE/phenyltoloxaminechlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PSEchlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PPA 0 0 ... 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 1 0 ... 0 chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/PPA/pyrilaminechlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/PPAchlorpheniramine/phenindamine/PPAchlorpheniramine/PE/PPA/phenyltoloxamine 02 050 ... 0 ... 0 05 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 clemastine-phenylpropanolaminechlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/pyrilaminecodeine-guaifenesin ... 1 ... 91 ... 0 ...... 02 ... 31 ... 7 69 1 ... 2 201 -100.0 -83.3 codeine-pseudoephedrinecodeine/guaifenesin/phenylpropanolaminecodeine-promethazine ... 0 04 ... 02 ... 001 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 020 ... 002 ... 0 -100.0 codeine/pseudoephedrine/triprolidinecodeine/phenylephrine/pyrilaminecodeine/phenylephrine/promethazinecodeine/pheniramine/phenylephrine/Nacodeine/guaifenesin/PSE citrate ... 0 ... 07 ... 0 05 06 ... 0 ... 0 01 01 0 -100.0 -100.0 0 dextromethorphan-guaifenesindextromethorphan/doxylamine/phenylephrinedexchlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/PSEdexbrompheniramine-pseudoephedrine ... 0 ... 0 70 ... 70 ... 50 ... 0 ... 60 20 07 19... 0 ...... dextromethorphan-promethazinedextromethorphan-potassiumdextromethorphan-phenylpropanolamine guaiaoolsulfonate 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 -100.0 dextromethorphan/guaifenesin/PPAdextromethorphan/guaifenesin/phenylephrinedextromethorphan-pseudoephedrine ... 02 30 0 1 0 ... 0 ... 20 102 ...18 2 ... 24 0 -100.0 1.4 074 dextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilaminedextromethorphan/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrineephedrine-potassiumephedrine-guaifenesindiphenhydramine-pseudoephedrine iodide ... 5 ...14 ...... 8 ...11 ...... 2 12 2 ... 9 Table 2.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents Drug name' Jul-Dec Jan-Jun by drug category: Estimates for theJul-Dec coterminous U.S. Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec by half year (continued) Jan-Jun * % changez % change? guaifenesin-hydrocodonefexofenadine-pseudoephedrine 1997 0 1998 0 1998 0 1999 0 1999 0 2000 0 2000 0 2001 2 2001 0 2002 8 H2 H12001, 2002 H1 H12001, 2002 guaifenesin-phenylpropanolamineguaifenesin-phenylephrineguaifenesin-hydromorphone ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 20 ... 10 07 ... -100.0 gualfenesin/hydrocodone/phenylephrinegualfenesin/hydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPAguaifenesin/hydrocodon/pheniram/PPA/pyrilaminguaifenesin-pseudoephedrine ... 0 05 10 06 ... 0 0 13 03 1. 2 0 12 08 ... 0 ... hydrocodone-phenyiephrinehomatropine-hydrocodonegualfenesin/phenylephrine/PPAguaifenesin/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrine ... 1 ... 0 ... 80 ....4. 0 1-.1 1 ... 40 ... 01 ii... 0 ii 20 10 40 hydrocodone/phenylephrine/pyrilaminehydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPA/pyrilaminehydrocodone-pseudoephedrinehydrocodone-potassiumhydrocodone-phenylpropanolamine guaiacolsulfonate 0 ... 0 001 0 0 1 01 ... 00 ... 0 ... 01 702 naproxen-pseudoephedrinemethscopolamine-pseudoephedrineloratadine-pseudoephedrineibuprofen-pseudoephedrinehydrocodone/potassium gualacoisulfonate/PSE ... 6 ...... 8 ... 6 ... 0 ...... 9 ... 7 ... 10 1 phenylephrine-promethazinepheniramine/PPA/pyrilaminepheniramine/PPA/phenyltoioxamine/pyrilaminepheniramine/phenyltoloxamine/PSE/pyrilamine ... 0 01 ... 0 0 0 02 00 0 ... 0 20 upperpseudoephedrine-triprolidinepseudoephedrine-terfenadinephenylephrine-pyrilamine respiratory combinations-NOS 279 26 360234 165 ... 215 ... 24... 8730 117 12 3323 0 ...11 ... Respiratory agents NTAaminophylline/amobarbital/ephedrineaminophylline-guaifenesinalphaacetylcystelne 1-proteinase inhibitor 59 0 ... 0 ... 0 51 0 0 214 0 123 0 429 0 242 0 242 4 beclomethasoneaminophylline/ephedrine/PB/Kaminophylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PB iodide 00 00 01 01 ... 00 0 00 0 ... 0 0 caramiphen-phenylpropanolaminecalfactantbudesonldeberactantbenzonatate 18 10 ...... 11 ... 0 90 ...... 6 ... 0 cromolyncolfoscerilcodeine/terpin hydrate 0 00 01 0 00 00 00 0 ... 0 0 Table 2.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) % change' % change2 cyclopentamine/methapyrilene HCl/ Drug name Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 H2 H120022001, H1 H120022001, dyphylline-guaifenesindomasedextromethorphanpyrrobutamine alfa 39 0 ... 0 ... 0 34 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 212 00 ... 0 ephedrine/phenobarbital/theophyllineephedrine/PB/Kephedrine/hydroxyzine/theophyllineephedrine/guaifenesin/theophyllinedyphylline /ephedrine iodide/theophylline /guaifenesin/PB 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 flunisolideguaifenesinephedrine/phenobarbital/theophylline/ 0 0 0 2 0 ... 0 0 0 70 ... 0 ... gualfenesin-theophyllineguaifenesin-oxtriphyllinefluticasone-salmeterolfluticasone ... 0 0 0 ketotifenipratropiumhomatropinehexylresorcinol fumarate 0 1 ... 0 0 00 0 10 10 00 ...... nesiritidenedocromilmontelukast 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 11 0 ... 0 antlasthmaticzileutonzafirlukastporactantnikethamide combinations-NOS 00 0 0 ... 0 0 07 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 4 lungleukotrieneantitussives-NOSrespiratory surfactants-NOS modifiers-NOS agents-NOS ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 1 This classificationEstimates of drugsrespiratory foris derived this time Inhalant from period the products-NOS Multumare preliminary. Lexicon, Final Copyright estimates 0 2002, will Multum be produced Information later and Services, may be Inc. highe The or classification lower than preliminaryhas been modified estimates to meetdue to nonresponse adjustment and otherDAWN's factors. unique requirements (2002). 2The ThisanNOTE: Multum RSEcolumn These greater Licensing denotes estimates than Agreement statistically 50% are has based governingbeen significant on suppressed. a representative use (p triprolidine 30 0 ...... 111 ...... 4 25 9 34... ::: ASA/diphenhydramine/PPAASA/chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolamineASA/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAASA/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphanASA/brompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPA 20 0 ... 0 0 20 ... 0 ... 0 ... 1 azatadine-pseudoephedrinescopolamineatropine/CPM/hyoscyamine/PE/PPA/aspirin-pseudoephedrine ... 87 ... 5 ... 0 ... 0 20 0 ... brompheniramine-pseudoephedrinebrompheniramine-phenylpropanolaminebrompheniramine-phenylephrinebromodiphenhydramine-codeine ... 72 ... 0 ... 0 171 3 41 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 brompheniramine/DM/guaifenesin/PPAbrompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEbrompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAbrompheniramine/codeine/phenylpropanolamine 327 0 491 0 289 0 ... 09 169 12 0 ... 0 333 0 ...10 1 ...... caffeine/pheniramine/PE/Nabrompheniramine/phenylephrine/PPAPPAbrompheniramine/guaifenesin/phenylephrine/ citrate, salicylat ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 40 ... 30 0 0 -100.0 carbetapentane/CPM/ephedrine/phenylephrinecarbetapentane/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrinecarbetapentane-chlorpheniramine ...... 0 0 1 0 0 0 carbetapentane/guaifenesin/phenylephrinecarbinoxamine-pseudoephedrinecarbetapentane/PE/PPA/K guaiacolsulfonate 7 3 2 ... 3 0 9 1 -85.7 cetirizine-pseudoephedrinepseudoephedrinecarbinoxamine/methscopolamine/carbinoxamine/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrinecarbinoxamine/dextromethorphan/PSE 3 2 4 ...... 0 ...... -88.9 chlorpheniramine-phenylpropanolaminechlorpheniramIne-phenylephrinechlorphenlramine-hydrocodonechlorpheniramine-dextromethorphan 444 ... 0 578 ... 0 148 ... 0 214 ... 0 208 ... 0 147 03 ... 00 ... 07 ... Table 2.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) % change2 % change2 % change 2 Drug nem& 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 ... Total1998 15 1999Total 10 Total2000 ... 2001Total ... 20011994, 20011999, 2000,2001 chlorplheniramine/codeine/phenylephrine/PPAchlorplheniramine/codeine/PE/Kchlorplheniramine-pseudoephedrine iodide 247 228 20 1 ... chlorpheniramine/dihydrocodeine/PE/PPAchlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEchlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAchlorpheniramine/codeine/pseudoephedrine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 10 0 0 10 ... 0 chlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrinechlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/ephedrine/guaifenesinchlorpheniramine/DM/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/DM/guaifenesin/phenylephrine chlorpheniramine/hydrocodone/PSEchlorpheniramine/hydrocodone/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PPAchlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PE 03 ... 0 ... 0 1 03 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 chlorpheniramine/phenindamine/PPAchlorpheniramine/PE/PPA/phenyltoloxaminechlorpheniramine/PE/phenyltoloxaminechlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PSE ... 02 14 0 ... 0 06 ... 8 08 ... 0 1 01 -100.0 -87.5 -100.0 chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/pyrilaminechlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/PPA/pyrilaminechlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/PPA 13 0 50 ... 0 ... 0 10 ... 0 ... 80 11... codeine-pseudoephedrinecodeine-promethazinecodeine-guaifenesinclemastine-phenylpropanolamine 245 07 245 ... 4 ... 0 1 153 ... 02 316 13 05 ... 01 ... 02 ...10 06 -95.9 500.0 codeine/pheniramine/phenylephrine/Nacodeine/guaifenesin/PSEcodeine/guaifenesin/phenylpropanolamine citrate 0 0 02 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 10 230 ... 100.0 codeine/pseudoephedrine/triprolidinecodeine/phenylephrine/pyrilaminecodeine/phenylephrine/promethazine ...... 0 ... 1 11 0 11 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... dextromethorphan-guaifenesindextromethorphan/doxylamine/phenylephrinedexchlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/PSEdexbrompheniramine-pseudoephedrine ... 20... 232 35 29...... 13...... 39... 200.0 dextromethorphan-promethazinedextromethorphan-potassiumdextromethorphan-phenylpropanolamine guaiacolsulfonate 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 dextromethorphan/guaifenesin/PPAdextromethorphan/guaifenesin/phenylephrinedextromethorphan-pseudoephedrine 12 10 ...11 0 ... 03 ... 0 50 ... 0 ... 30 ... 7 dextromethorphan/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrineephedrine-potassiumephedrine-guaifenesindiphenhydramine-pseudoephedrinedextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilamine iodide 418 ... 617 ... 1,048 ... 326 ... 335 ...... 19 312 ...... 4 ... -78.9 Table 2.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Drug name 1994Total 1995Total 1996Total Total1997 1998TotalEstimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 20011994, % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 guaifenesin-phenylephrineguaifenesin-hydromorphoneguaifenesin-hydrocodonefexofenadine-pseudoephedrine 00 00 0 0 00 00 00 ... 22 guaifenesin/hydrocodone/phenylephrineguaifenesin/hydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPAguaifenesin/hydrocodon/pheniram/PPA/pyrilaminguaifenesin-pseudoephedrineguaifenesin-phenylpropanolamine 232 24 212 ... 367 9 193 ... 11...... 15... 1013 -58.3-94.4 hydrocodone-phenylephrinehomatropine-hydrocodoneguaifenesin/phenylephrine/PPAguaifenesin/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrine 295 ... 219 50 303 12 0 207 ... 5 ... 0 ... 5 ... 50 22... 0 -92.5 hydrocodone/phenylephrine/pyrilaminehydrocodone/pheniramine/PEJPPA/pyrilaminehydrocodone-pseudoephedrinehydrocodone-potassiumhydrocodone-phenylpropanolamine guaiacolsulfonate 0 02 0 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 ... 5 naproxen-pseudoephedrinemethscopolamine-pseudoephedrineloratadine-pseudoephedrineibuprofen-pseudoephedrinehydrocodone/potassium guaiacolsulfonate/PSE ... 0 13 0 ... 0 ... 15...... phenylephrine-promethazinepheniramine/PPA/pyrilaminepheniramine/PPA/phenyltoloxamine/pyrilaminepheniramine /phenyltoloxamine /PSE/pyrilamine ... 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 02 ... 0 -100.0 upperpseudoephedrine-triprolidinepseudoephedrine-terfenadinephenylephrine-pyrilamine respiratory combinations-NOS 483507 400499 400466 580 74 525363 421 ... 205 41 ...34 -93.3 Respiratory agents NTAaminophylline/amobarbital/ephedrineaminophylline-guaifenesinalphaacetylcysteine 1-proteinase inhibitor 419 478 275 173 ... 195 337 672 244.6 beclomethasoneaminophylline/ephedrine/PB/Kaminophylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PB iodide ... 0 800 50 50 0 1 01 0 ... 0 -100.0 caramiphen-phenylpropanolaminecatfactantbudesonidebenzonatateberactant ... 26 ...... 17 ... 0 ... 3 cromolyncolfoscerilcodeine/terpin hydrate 0 ... 0 00 00 10 00 0 ... 0 Table 2.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name Total1994 Total1995 1996Total Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 Total2000 2001Total % change220011994, % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 pyrrobutamlnecyclopentamine /methapyrilene HCU 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ephedrine/guaifenesin/theophyllinedyphylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PBdyphylline-guaifenesindomasedextromethorphan alfa 138 4 368 0 180 0 64 0 ... 0 ... 0 189 0 368 ... ephedrine/phenobarbital/theophyllineephedrine/PB/Kephedrine/hydroxyzlne/theophylline iodide/theophylline ... 05 ... 0 03 0 1 00 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 fluticasoneflunisolideguaifenesinephedrine/phenobarbital/theophylline/ 0 ... 0 0 0 0 02 ... 0 70 -100.0 hexylresorcinolguaifenesin-theophyllineguaifenesin-oxtriphyllinefluticasone-salmeterol ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 homatropinenedocromilmontelukastketotifenipratropium fumarate 0 ... 0 ... 0 01 ... 0 00 20 ... zafirlukastporactantnikethamidenesiritide 0 0 01 0 0 80 ... 8 ... 0 lunglaukotrieneantitussives-NOSantiasthmaticzileuton surfactants-NOS modifiers-NOS combinations-NOS 5 2 ... 7 ... 0 ...... 1 This classification of drugsrespiratory is derived inhalantagents-NOS from products-NOSthe Multum Lexicon, Copyright © 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The dassif cation has been modified to 3 ...... 0 0 0 ... meet DAWN's unique ... estimateNOTE:2requirements This column These with (2002). anestimatesdenotes RSE The greater statistically are Multum based than Licensing significanton50% a representativehas Agreement been(p < 0.05)suppressed. goveming sampleincreases ofDashes use non-Federal,and of decreases the() indicate Lexicon short-stay between that is provided an hospitals estimateestimates in an withhas appendixfor 24-hourbeenthe periods supressed to emergency this noted. report due See anddepartments to Relativeincompletecan be found Standard in thedata. on coterminous the Data Error were (RSE) U.S. tables Dots for (...) indicate that Internet at http://www.multum.com. not sufficiently complete p -values. an SOURCE:EDonto produce actual= emergency data Officeestimates from department,of January-JuneApplied for Atlanta Studies, NOS for 2000. =the SAMHSA,not period Drugs otherwise January-June are Drug classifiedspecified, Abuse 2001.toWarning NTA the =Fordegree not Network, the tabulated Atlantaof specificity 2002 contributionabove. (09/2002 recorded toupdate). thein the national DAWN estimates, case reports. data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based rn71 Table 2.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by half year Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting Drug name Jul-Dec 1997 841 Jan-Jun 1998 356 Jul-Dec 1998 648 Jan-Jun 1999 738 Jul-Dec 1999 662 Jan-Jun 2000 750 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change2H2 H120022001, % change2H1 H120022001, guanfacinemethyldopaguanabenzdonidine 780 ... 291 ... 80 568 ... 0 731 ... 0 646 11 0 692 ... 0 401406 ... 0 476484 ... 0 1,3061,368 ... 0 1,1211,196 ... 0 147.1 Beta-adrenergic blockingantiadrenergic agents agents, centrally acting-NOS 1,149 4 1,081 1 1,174 990 2 1,345 ... 1,006 2 950 2 1,161 0 2 0 -100.0 carteololbisoprololbetaxololatenololacebutolol 391 0 336 258 0 281 1 549 0 365 494 0 533 1,221 705 1,175 693 ... tDm labetalolesmoloicarvedilol 30 70 30 ... 0 80 0 ... 0 ... 2 ... 2 ... 3 zco0_0I penbutololoxprenololnadololmetoprolol ... 0 217 ... 0 285 ... 0 287 03 152 ... 0 06 1-1. 0 325 ... 0 ... 5 ... 0 -100.0 30m timololsotalolpropranololpindolol 480 030 453 00 558 ... 0 411 ... 0 514 ... 0 473 ... 0 264 0 287 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Calcium channel blockingbepridilamlodipine agentsbeta-adrenergic blocking agents-NOS 879 ... 60 722 19... 0 684 30 80 600 ... 0 255730 ... 0 659 ... 0 267866 30 647 ... 0 290739 0 219995 ... 0 isradipinefelodipinediltiazem 407 ... 0 46 04 210 06 ...... 6 37 7 ... 186 12 ...... 18 ... 7 nimodipinenifedipinenicardipinemibefradil 149 02 226 0 ... 0 34 00 341 0 ... 20 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 calciumverapamilnisoldipine channel blocking agents-NOS 173 40 427 0 275 20 ... 0 88 10 262 010 211 00 ... 1 172 00 ... 0 -100.0 Diuretics bendroflumethiazideamilorideacetazolamide 439 ... 0 300 0 368 0 1 447 02 1 340 ... 0 542 0 507 ... 0 438 0 383 ... 0 584 ,.. 0 chlorothiazidebumetanidebenzthiazide ... 40 ... 0 50 ... 0 20 1 ... 20 ... 0 12 02 ... 0 ... 0 ... furosemideethacrynicdichlorphenamidechlorthalidone acid 172 0 ... 0 210 ... 255 0 0 324 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Table 2.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec U.S. by ha f year (continued) Jan-Jun * % change2 2001, % H1 2001, change2 hydrochlorothiazide Drug name 1997 39 0 1998 ... 0 1998 18 0 1999 ... 0 1999 ... 0 2000 ... 0 2000 ... 0 2001 ... 2001 ... 0 2002 ... 0 H12002 H12002 mannitolindapamidehydroflumethiazide ... 00 00 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 1 ... 1 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 pamabrommetolazonemethyclothlazidemethazolamide 20 ... 0 10 ... 0 ... 0 04 00 0 01 0 -100.0 torsemidespironolactonepolythiazlde ...16 0 05 1 ... 05 ... 40 ... 02 ... 06 ... 40 ... 2015 0 40 -73.3-55.0 diuretics-NOSureatrichlormethiazidetriamterene 13 ... 4 ... 6 ... 1 ...... 6 Cardiovascular agents NTAamidephrineadenosine 1,174 0 1,716 ... 1,425 5 1,947 1 1,749 2 1,869 1 1,794 ... 1,555 0 1,988 ... 0 2,619 0 68.4 amiodaroneamiloride-hydrochlorothlazIdeamlodipine-benazepril 00 ... 00 0 ... 0 1 ... 10 10 ... 0 1 ... 70 ... 1 50 1 benazeprilatenolol-chlorthalidonearbutamineamyl nitrite ... 05 16 0 ...... 03 ...... 0 ... 01 ... 0 10 0 ... 0 ... blsoprolol-hydrochlorothiazidebendroflumethiazide-rauwolflabendroflumethlazide-nadololbenazepril-hydrochlorothiazide serpentine 40 ... 0 80 ... 0 ... 0 60 ... 0 ... 0 ... 1 00 -100.0 1 bretylium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 1 captoprilcandesartan-candesartan hydrochlorothiazide 22 0 ... 0 14 0 ... 0 70 ... 0 40 ... 84 ... chlorothlazide-reserpinechlorothiazide-methyldopacaptopril-hydrochlorothiazidechlorthalidone-reserpinechlorthalidone-clonldine ... 0 00 ... 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 cilostazoldeserpidine-methyclothiazidedeserpidine-hydrochlorothiazidedeserpidinecyclandelate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... digoxindigitoxindiazoxidedeslanosidediltiazem-enalapril 243 0 300 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 226 0 ... 0 241 0 Table 2.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular Jul-Dec Jan-Jun agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminousJul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun U.S. by half year (continued) % change2 % change2 dobutaminedisopyramide Drug name' 1997 ... 1998 8 1998 ... 1999 ... 1999 0 2000 ... 2000 0 2001 0 Jul-Dec 2001 ... Jan-Jun * 2002 0 H2 H12001, 2002 ... H1 H12001, 2002 edetatedoxazosindopaminedofetilide disodium (EDTA) 20 50 40 20 ... 0 ... 0 ... 2 90 ... 0 0 1 -88.9 ephedrineenalapril-hydrochlorothiazideenalapril-felodipineenalapril 239 ...49 361 ... 0 365 ... 359 ... 0 333234 0 ... 0 466 ... 464 21 0 264 ... 0 543 22 0 ethanolamineerythrityleprosartanepinephrine tetranitrate oleate 03 08 ... 0 0 01 10 00 ... 1 08 46 500.0 fosinoprilflecainidefenoldopamethaverine 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 guanethidine-hydrochlorothiazideguanethidineguanadrelfosinopril-hydrochlorothiazide 08 07 0 10 0 04 05 09 12 0 07 ... 0 ...... hydrochlorothiazide-irbesartanhydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide/reserpinehydralazine-hydrochlorothiazidehydralazine 03 ... 0 ... 0 004 ... 0 ... 0 02 ... 03 03 1 ... 0 -100.0-100.0 -100.0 hydrochlorothiazide-metoprololhydrochlorothiazide-methyldopahydrochlorothiazide-losartanhydrochlorothiazide- lisinoprll ... 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 03 ... 00 0 ... 02 0 1 ...... 0 hydrochlorothiazide-quinaprilhydrochlorothiazide-propranololhydrochlorothiazide-moexiprit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 10 hydrochiorothiazide-hydrochlorothiazide-telmisartanhydrochlorothiazide-spironolactone timololreserpine ... 0 00 ... 0 0 0 0 0 10 ... 0 ... 0 inamrinoneibutilidehydroflumethiazide-reserpinehydrochlorothiazide-valsartanhydrochlorothiazide-triamterene 26 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 04 0 ... 2 03 -100.0 isosorbideisoproterenolirbesartan dinitrate 11 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 ... 0 ... 1 0 1 -100.0 lisinoprilisoxsuprineisosorbide mononitrate 158 ... 0 210 ... 02 189 ... 07 ... 8 242 ... 0 227 02 ...... 07 76... 0 583 ...11 293 ... 07 Table 2.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Drug namel Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Estimates for the coterminous U.S.Jan-Jun by ha f2000 year (continued) Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change2H2 H12001, 2002 % change2H1 H12001, 2002 metaraminolmephenterminemecamylaminelosartan 0 ...... 9 8 ...... 3 ... 16 433.3 mexiletinemetyrosinemethyclothiazide-reserpinemethoxamine 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 ... 0 midodrinemoexiprilminoxidilmilrinone 03 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ... 00 ... 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 nitroprussidenitroglycerinmorrhuatemoricizine sodium ... 0 ... 186 ...... 0 30... 25 ... 0 19 0 papaverinenylidrinnorepinephrine HCI 0 001 0 02 0 0 1 00 0 0 ... 0 pentaerythritolpargylineperindoprilpentaerythritol chloral tetranitrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 polythiazide-prazosinphenylephrinephentolaminephenoxybenzamine 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ... 0 0 0 ..J:"... procainamide prazosinpolythiazide-reserpine 0 106 ...... 0 ... 10 ... 1 ... 03 0 0 1 ... 0 a quinidinequinaprilramiprilpropafenone 1110 0 ... 50 ... 70 ...12 ...... 5 266 ...... 4 -100.0 reserpinerescinnaminerauwolfia serpentina 0 0 0 1 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 telmisartantamsulosinsodiumreserpine-trichlormethiazide tetradecyl sulfate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 2 ... 0 -100.0 tocainideterazosintolazoline ... 70 50 ... 0 0 05 05 09 05 1 0 valsartantrimethaphantrandolapril-verapamiltrandolapril camsylate 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 ... 0 18 1 316 ... 0 -100.0 ... Table 2.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec U.S. by ha f year (continued) Jan-Jun ' % change2H2 2001, % H1 2001, change agentsveratrum for alkaloids hypertensive emergencies-NOS 0 0 00 0 0 2000 0 2000 0 2001 0 2001 ... 0 2002 0 H1 2002 H1 2002 antiarrhythmicantianginalantiadrenergicangiotensin agents-NOS agents-NOSIIconverting inhibitors-NOS agents, peripherallyenzyme inhibitors-NOS acting-NOS 0 vasodilators-NOSperipheralinotropiccardiovascularantihypertensive agents-NOS vasodilators-NOS agents-NOS combinations-NOS 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 02 ... 0 ... 4 EstimatesThis classificationvasopressors-NOS for this time of period drugs isare derived preliminary. from the Final Multum estimates Lexicon, will beCopyright produced © 2002, 0 0 later and may be highe or lower thanMultum preliminary Information estimates Services, due Inc. to The classification has been0 modified 0 0 0 0 nonresponse adjustment and other factors.... 0 0 an2 This NOTE:TheRSE Multum greater These Licensing than estimates 50% Agreement has are beenbased governingsuppressed. on a representative use Dashes of the Lexiconsample () indicate isof providedcolumnnon-Federal, that an denotes inestimate statistically has been significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases an appendix to thisshort-stay report and hospitals can be foundwithbetween 24-hour on the Internetemergencyestimates at forhttp://www.multum.com. departments the periods in noted. the coterminous See Relative U.S. Standard Error (RSE) tables supressed due to incomplete data. Data were not sufficiently complete to to meet DAWN's unique requirements (2002). Dots (...) indicate that an estimate withfor p -values. SOURCE:EDfor Drugs Atlanta= emergency are Officefor classified the department, ofperiod Applied to January-June the Studies, degreeH1 = first SAMHSA,of 2001.halfspecificity (Jan-Jun) For Drug therecorded AbuseAtlantaof year, in Warning contributiontheH2 DAWN Network, = second half (Jul-Dec) of year, NOS = not otherwisecase reports.specified, NTA = not tabulatedto the above. national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta2002 nonrespondents (09/2002 update). based on actual data from January-June 2000. produce estimates Table 2.12.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by year % change % change2 % change2 Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting Drug name Total1994 1,259 Total1995 1,291 Total1996 1,412 1997Total 1,603 Total1998 1,003 Total1999 1,401 2000Total 1,156 2001Total 1,852 20011994, 20011999, 2000,2001 60.2 guanabenzclonidinemethyldopaguanfacine 1,108 35... 0 1,202 ... 0 1,200 ... 0 1,360 ...... 859 ... 0 1,377 16 08 1,093 ... 40 1,781 ... 20 -94.3 -50.062.9 Beta-adrenergic blockingatenololacebutololantiadrenergic agents agents, centrally acting-NOS 2,827 825 1 2,598 394 1 2,339 931 2,250 702 0 2,255 594 1 2,334 830 1 1,956 858 ... 1,2382,382 ... esmololcarvedilolcarteololbisoprololbetaxolol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 oxprenololnadololmetoprolollabetalol 362 ... 0 411 ... 09 ...76 04 352 ... 03 502 10... 0 439 ...11 0 278 17... 0 538 ... 48 -63.6 sotalolpropranololpindololpenbutolol 1,424 0 1,639 0 1,232 ... 0 968 05 1,011 ... 0 925 ...... 0 737 ... 0 521 ... 01 -63.4 Calcium channel blockingamlodipinetimolol agentsbepridilbeta-adrenergic blocking agents-NOS 2,658 21... 0 3,095 ...14 0 1,931 246 ... 8 1,511 ...11 0 1,406 4815 0 1,330 350 ... 0 1,525 335 0 1,386 453 ... 0 2,057.1 -47.9 felodipinediltiazemisradipine 529 18 5 917 ... 8 347 29 473 12 0 256 10 0 353 ...13 272 ...... 216 15 1 200.0-94.4-59.2 nimodipinenifedipinenicardipinemibefradil 1,342 08 1,149 11 0 732 ... 0 274 02 388 0 375 0 305 ... 0 378 ... 0 -100.0 -71.8 calciumverapamilnisoldipine channel blocking agents-NOS 733 10 756 21 0 591 ... 0 572 70 702 20 232 40 473 0 1 320 0 1 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 Diuretics bendroflumethiazideamilorideacetazolamide 1,105 ... 8 1,209 04 1,035 60 878 02 668 01 787 ... 1 1,049 ... 0 821 ... 0 bumetanidebenzthiazide ...11 0 ... 0 ... 5 1..... 10 ... 0 930 10 20 19 20 -81.8 -100.0 -100.0 furosemideethacrynicdichiorphenamidechlorthalidonechlorothiazide acid 486 1 379 0 319 0 280 ... 304 385 0 539 0 251 0 -100.0 (continued)Table 2.12.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular Total Total agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. Total % change2 % change2 by year % 2 hydrochlorothiazide Drug name' 1994 448 1995 428 Total1996 341 1997 207 1998Total ... Total1999 258 2000Total 300 2001Total 241 20011994, 1999,2001 2000,change2001 mannitolindapamidehydroflumethiazide 130 11 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... metolazonemethyclothiazidemethazolamide ... 0 ... 10 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 00 ... 0 02 1 100.0 torsemidespironolactonepolythiazidepamabrom 33 04 20... 0 ... 01 ... 02 10 0 1 ... 06 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 diuretics-NOStrichlormethiazideureatriamterene 1518 12... 1410 ...... 11...... Cardiovascular agents NTAamidephrineadenosine 5,090 ... 0 3,823 0 3,525 2 2,182 20 0 3,141 10 9 3,696 3 3,662 ... 2 3,543 ... 0 -30.4 -100.0 amlodipine-benazeprilamiloride-hydrochlorothiazideamiodarone 108 ... 0 07 0 ... 0 ... 10 ... 0 1 16... benazeprilatenolol-chlorthalidonearbutamineamyl nitrite 13...... 13 0 29...10 ...16 0 ... 252 ... 4 290 02 ...... bisoprolol-hydrochlorothiazidebendroflumethiazide-rauwolfiabendroflumethiazide-nadololbenazepril-hydrochlorothiazide serpentina ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 60 12 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 1 C) captoprilcandesartan-hydrochlorothiazidecandesartanbretylium ... 0 217 0 ... 0 35 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 4 chlorthalidone-reserpinechlorothiazide-methyldopachlorthalidone-clonidinechlorothiazide-reserpinecaptopril-hydrochlorothiazide 07 04 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 -100.0 deserpidinecyclandelatecilostazol 1 0 0 0 deslanosidedeserpidine-deserpidine-hydrochlorothiazide methyclothiazide 1 0 0 0 0 -100.0 diltiazem-enafaprildigoxindigitoxindiazoxide 521 0 567 323 0 424 0 475 0 ... 0 312 0 369 0 (continued)Table 2.12.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % change2 % change2 year % change2 dobutaminedisopyramide Drug name 1994 ... 1995 ... 0 1996 ... 0 1997 ... 0 1998 12 1999 ... 0 2000 ... 0 2001 ... 0 20011994, 20011999, 2000,2001 edetatedoxazosindopaminedofetilide disodium (EDTA) ... 92 5 1 11... 10 0 ... 0 235 2 ... 0 -100.0 ephedrineenalapril-hydrochlorothiazideenalapril-felodipineenalapril 1,992 460 0 1,265 106 0 1,366 137 1 481140 ... 726177 ... 692423 0 749192 ... 728 ... 0 -63.5 ... ethanolamineerythrityleprosartanepinephrine tetranitrate oleate ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 1 10 ... 9 800.0 flecainidefenoldopamethaverine ... 0 30 ... 1 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 guanethidineguanadrelfosinopril-hydrochlorothiazidefosinoprilguanethidine-hydrochlorothiazide 09 ... 0 ... 0 ... 9 10 0 14 0 13 0 19 0 hydrochlorothiazide-irbesartanhydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide/reserpinehydralazine-hydrochlorothiazidehydralazine ... 0 12 0 1 13 0 11 0 ... 0 005 ... 0 ,.. 704 hydrochlorothiazide-losartanhydrochlorothiazide-moexiprilhydrochlorothiazide-metoprololhydrochlorothiazide-methyldopahydrochlorothiazide-lisinopril ... 0 0 1 ... 03 06 ... 0 07 11 0 023 hydrochlorothiazide-reserpinehydrochlorothiazide-telmisartanhydrochlorothiazide-spironolactonehydrochlorothiazide-guinaprilhydrochlorothiazide-propranolol ... 0 ... 0 0 03 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ibutilidehydroflumethiazide-reserpinehydrochlorothiazide-valsartanhydrochlorothiazide-triamterenehydrochlorothiazide-timolol 377 0 230 0 116 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 2 isoproterenolirbesartaninamrinone 10 0 0 00 0 10 0 ... 1 isoxsuprineisosorbidelisinoprilisosorbide dinitrate mononitrate 289 42 0 269 ...31 0 198 ...22 0 239 25... 0 399 ... 0 369 ... 475229 09 659 ... 1 71 .p.r..) Table(continued) 2.12.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular Total agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by % chan % change2 year % change2 losartan Drug name' 1994Total 0 1995 0 Total1996 0 Total1997 0 Total1998 13 Total1999 16 2000Total ... 2001Total ... 200119 949e2 20011999, 20002001 , methoxaminemetaraminolmephenterminemecamylamine 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100.0 midodrinemexiletinemetyrosinemethyclothiazide-reserpine ...... 7 ... 2 1 1 ... moricizinemoexiprilminoxidilmilrinone 0 020 0 04 0 01 0 ... 1 norepinephrinenitroprussidenitroglycerinmorrhuate sodium 152 0 431 0 427 0 ... 0 340 0 ... 2 111 ...... 0 pargylinepentaerythritolpapaverinenylidrin HCI chloral 0 021 ... 1 ... 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 -100.0 -100.0 phenoxybenzamineperindoprilpentaerythritol tetranitrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 polythiazide-reserpinepolythiazide-prazosinphenylephrinephentolamine ... 0 1 051 ... 00 00 ... 0 00 0 10 ... 00 -100.0 procainamideprazosin 1110 3 ... 0 1 ... 7 08 1 ...... 0 ... 0 1 -100.0 -90.0 rauwolfiaramiprilquinidinequinaprilpropafenone serpentina ... 4 ... 7 1218... 1720 0 ...12 0 ... 3 ... 401 ... -66.7 -66.7 sodiumreserpine-trichlormethiazidereserpinerescinnamine tetradecyl sulfate ... 0 05 0 ... 0 10 0 ... 0 0 tolazolinetocainideterazosintelmisartantamsulosin 02 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 12 0 ... 0 09 13 05 550.0 valsartantrimethaphantrandolapril-verapamiltrandolapril camsylate 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 26 1 (continued)Table 2.12.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimates for the coterminous U.S. by Drug name/ Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % change2 1994, % change2 1999, year % change2 veratrum alkaloids 1994 0 1995 1 1996 0 1997 0 1998 0 1999 0 2000 0 2001 0 2001 2001 2000,2001 antianginalantiadrenergicangiotensinagents for hypertensive agents-NOSIIconverting inhibitors-NOS agents, peripherallyenzyme emergencies-NOS inhibitors-NOS acting-NOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... cardiovascularperipheralinotropicantihypertensiveantiarrhythmic agents-NOS vasodilators-NOS agents-NOS agents-NOS combinations-NOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 This classification of drugsvasopressors-NOSvasodilators-NOS is derived from the Multum Lexicon, Copyright © 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 modified to meet DAWN's... unique estimateNOTE:2requirements This column These with (2002). anestimatesdenotes RSE The greater statistically are Multum based than Licensing significanton50% a representativehas Agreement been(p < 0.05)suppressed. governing sampleincreases ofDashes usenon-Federal,and of decreases ()the indicate Lexicon short-stay between that is provided an hospitals estimateestimates in an withhas forappendix 24-hourbeenthe periods supressed to emergency this noted. report due See anddepartments to Relativeincompletecan be found Standard in thedata. on coterminous the Data U.S. Dots (...) indicate Error (RSE) tables for p -values. ntemet atwere http://www.multum.com. not sufficiently complete to that an SOURCE:EDfromproduce = January-Juneemergency estimates Office department,of for2000. Applied Atlanta Drugs Studies, forNOS are the =classified periodSAMHSA,not otherwise January-June to Drugthe specified, degree Abuse 2001. of Warning NTA specificity For = thenot Network, Atlanta tabulatedrecorded 2002contribution inabove. the(09/2002 DAWN to theupdate). case national reports. estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data Table 3.1 - ED drug episodes: Estimates by metropolitan area by half year Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change'H2 H12001, 2002 % change'H1 2001,H1 2002 BostonAtlantaTOTALBaltimore COTERMINOUS U.S 261,719 6,1373,979 271,862 6,4405,540 270,570 7,2965,177 278,243 7,1224,891 276,524 7,0495,298 302,673 5,7315,435 298,890 5,7745,677 311,785 6,110 326,699 6,8225,515 308,558 5,9526,537 DenverDallasChicagoBuffalo 14,037 2,2353,2831,2415,868 12,873 2,0303,6321,2766,739 13,3332,0573,5666,9171,407 12,4822,2583,1045,7841,223 13,673 2,5573,1415,8851,487 14,651 2,5053,4731,4167,230 15,6762,4393,3231,4847,672 16,5262,6923,3691,7438,163 - 16,1212,7773,1318,6901,614 13,9373,0032,6382,2548,452 -15.7 39.7 -21.7-15.7 NewMinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Angeles Orleans 2,4023,0458,3788,241 2,2353,1708,1278,482 2,0943,2558,9768,994 2,4143,4029,9388,183 10,739 2,2293,7257,942 12,9764,1252,5338,584 12,3102,6644,4358,458 12,1573,1884,3119,580 12,5123,3334,5749,685 11,2663,3584,7208,482 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew York 11,77218,1624,7383,5812,607 12,67018,0454,6193,7522,762 12,25418,0963,3064,3262,325 12,30315,1724,0674,0852,328 12,11015,491 4,2244,2162,131 11,54515,6354,3923,9702,286 11,88616,2474,6803,7772,378 12,71616,7994,8663,6431,862 13,07415,5085,2173,5741,868 13,76115,1665,0553,7092,158 Washington,SeattleSanSt. Louis FranciscoDiego DC 5,5435,4874,7912,8283,671 5,9734,6204,5963,5902,861 5,6233,7074,4723,3912,858 5,0253,9314,2243,2393,206 4,4924,7045,2583,7963,129 5,1255,7174,1613,6603,683 5,1795,3983,6973,4343,225 5,3575,7204,1713,6153,897 5,2095,7764,4053,3474,319 4,2722,6563,6183,1944,927 -18.0-54.0-17.9 -4.6 -53.6-11.6 NOTE:* Estimates These for estimates thisThis time column periodare based denotesare preliminary.on a statistically representative Final significant estimates sample (p willof < non-Federal,0.05) be produced increases short-stay later and and decreases hospitals between with 24-hour estimates emergency for the periodsdepartments noted. in See the coterminousRelative Standard U.S. Dots Error (...) (RSE) indicate tables that for p-values. may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. an estimate with SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater forOffice the than department,ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first suppressed.SAMHSA, 2001. half (Jan-Jun) For Drug theDashes Atlanta Abuseof year, (--) contributionWarning indicateH2 = second Network,that to an thehalf estimate national2002(Jul-Dec) (09/2002 hasestimates, of been year. update). supressed data were due imputed to incomplete for Atlanta data. nonrespondents Data were not based sufficiently on actual data complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. Table 3.2 - ED drug episodes: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change' 1994,2001 0/0 change' 1999,2001 0/0 change" 2000,2001 BostonBaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 518,880 15,37415,86310,660 513,519 16,06715,96611,063 513,933 13,53715,994 9,400 526,818 12,22412,7558,003 542,432 13,65713,73610,717 554,767 11,66914,17110,189 601,563 14,90211,50511,112 638,484 16,85311,62514,456 -26.7 35.623.1 -18.0 44.441.915.1 30.113.1 6.1 DetroitDenverDallasChicagoBuffalo 21,484 4,9515,1412,745 21,883 4,6065,2302,714 23,522 4,9753,4163,587 26,875 4,3326,1942,812 26,206 4,0877,1982,683 26,1544,8156,2452,711 30,327 4,9446,7962,899 32,647 5,4686,5003,356 26.452.0 13.624.8 10.6 NewMinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles Orleans 19,25017,6534,7374,3645,908 19,25818,6264,3255,8676,417 20,27520,796 5,8444,8286,283 17,18717,604 5,2094,9576,283 17,10317,477 5,0884,3286,426 20,67716,1254,4594,6437,128 25,28617,0424,6645,1978,560 24,66919,2653,7296,5218,886 -21.349.450.4 40.424.719.3 -20.0 25.5 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew Louis York 42,98017,7316,8089,394 20,50140,79210,870 7,910 21,62840,468 7,4319,909 23,22537,111 7,3278,893 24,92436,141 7,0588,944 24,41330,6628,2918,301 23,43131,882 9,0727,747 25,79032,30710,0847,217 -24.848.145.5 -13.1 21.6 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 10,36314,15212,1155,0436,038 11,83010,1618,5054,6605,657 11,720 8,4719,5335,8066,179 11,19310,587 9,4246,7475,664 11,596 8,3279,0686,9825,719 10,2828,4248,9287,0366,336 10,30311,1157,8577,0946,908 10,56611,495 8,5756,9628,216 -29.238.1 36.5 -1.9 9.1 estimateproduceNOTE: with These estimates an RSEestimatesThis forgreater Atlanta column are than based for denotes 50% the on period has a statistically representative been January-June suppressed. significant sample 2001. Dashes (p of For< non-Federal,0.05) the (-) indicate Atlantaincreases contribution short-staythat and an decreasesestimate hospitals to the has nationalbetween with been 24-hour estimates, supressedestimates emergency datafordue the wereto periodsdepartmentsincomplete imputed noted. fordata. in AtlantaSee the Data coterminousRelative nonrespondentswere Standard U.S. Dots Errorbased (...) (RSE) on indicate tables that for p not sufficiently complete to -values. actual data from an Lj1--4i\D SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA,January-June EDDrug = emergencyAbuse 2000. Warning department Network, 2002 (09/2002 update). 13 Table 3.3 - ED drug mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by half Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 year Jan-Jun 2000 i Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change'H2 H120022001, % change'H1 H120022001, AtlantaBostonBaltimoreTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 470,085 10,587 8,061 491,409 10,86510,596 490,355 12,676 9,570 509,449 12,5189,283 504,795 12,25410,198 553,303 10,708 9,598 546,004 10,27511,232 566,106 10,804 599,261 12,8089,973 564,196 11,08912,649 DenverChicagoDallasBuffalo 26,31210,654 3,8566,0412,333 23,77112,2366,8072,3403,542 24,57312,6406,5983,6282,594 22,81810,5043,7985,7802,218 25,04910,7154,4295,6662,710 26,55712,5114,3386,3092,591 28,89113,3524,2236,1672,783 29,18414,1544,5576,2683,096 - 28,63315,6414,8555,8462,840 24,68815,1145,0174,7294,214 -19.148.4 -24.6 36.1 NewMinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Orleans Angeles 14,24815,2854,9464,4754,964 13,72416,0155,1494,2415,270 16,08016,5674,5003,8555,485 17,66815,5354,5744,4765,743 19,27714,6724,3324,4736,416 23,25916,4664,4594,9937,140 21,75616,2744,7135,0987,743 21,54618,0763,4845,9987,652 23,12419,0883,5526,3038,267 20,92216,7134,0806,3598,635 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew Louis York 21,82929,752 6,3058,004 23,08428,914 6,3877,873 22,51029,447 5,8987,307 22,80224,949 6,9976,947 22,85725,652 7,0477,032 21,80826,053 7,4116,759 22,57626,583 8,0176,312 23,94527,226 8,6006,335 24,27624,829 9,2056,254 25,53923,728 8,6096,603 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 9,4609,4936,8836,3735,338 9,8257,7866,3926,3265,317 9,2306,1286,1335,8595,386 8,3816,4105,8815,6005,925 8,5557,4446,8216,4415,762 8,0359,5996,3195,9197,057 8,1949,3755,8515,7206,260 8,6609,4716,7346,1427,470 10,347 8,8197,0095,6378,492 7,2104,7185,4865,4569,099 -18.2-54.4-21.7 -3.2 -50.2-18.5-11.2 NOTE:* Estimates These for estimates thisThis time column periodare based denotesare preliminary.on a statistically representative Final significant estimates sample (p willof < non-Federal,0.05) be produced increases short-stay later and and decreases hospitals between with 24-hour estimates emergency for the periodsdepartments noted. in See the coterminousRelative Standard U.S. Dots Error (...) (RSE) indicate tables that for p may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. -values. an estimate with SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater Officefor the than ofdepartment,period Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first SAMHSA,suppressed. 2001. half (Jan-Jun) For Drug the Dashes AbuseAtlanta of year, (-) Warning contribution indicateH2 = second Network, that to anthehalf estimate2002 national (Jul-Dec) (09/2002 hasestimates, of beenyear. update). supressed data were dueimputed to incomplete for Atlanta data. nonrespondents Data were notbased sufficiently on actual data complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. Table 3.4 - ED drug P71 e t kof o s Estimates by metropoiitan area by year TOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S Metropolitan area 899,600Total1994 900,287Total1995 906,366Total1996 942,3821997Total 981,764Total1998 1,014,243 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change' 20011994, 0/0 change' 1999,2001 % change" 2000,2001 AtlantaBuffaloBostonBaltimore . 28,43126,89220,847 30,03727,11722,298 24,91227,08219,083 22,39222,05516,182 24,87623,54120,167 21,21924,77219,480 1,099,306 25,86321,93919,874 1,165,367 29,79520,77727,254 -22.729.530.7 -16.140.439.914.9 15.2 4.56.0 DetroitDenverDallasChicago 31,66337,241 8,3009,3104,779 34,15238,407 8,2179,6404,871 38,95242,412 5,9089,1716,682 32,48711,42850,479 7,5195,285 32,58248,34413,4057,1704,934 30,20747,86711,4458,2264,927 32,74012,47655,449 8,5615,374 37,16412,11457,817 9,4125,935 30.155.3 20.814.4 9.9 NewMinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles YorkOrleans 33,195 9,4498,4139,471 11,12710,07233,389 8,324 11,03335,218 9,1269,902 10,24829,6849,7219,340 29,80510,7559,6498,097 36,94512,1588,9078,949 10,09014,88345,015 9,172 44,67012,30015,9197,037 -25.5 46.268.134.6 -21.0 37.430.920.9 -23.3 21.9 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 11,00611,44131,72116,52263,977 62,45410,34613,18736,94719,291 38,75265,61411,02012,51718,011 42,81860,25010,31012,65415,038 45,59312,28515,18058,360 45,65914,04413,97950,601 44,38515,42813,07252,636 48,22252,05517,80512,589 55.652.0 26.8 15.4 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 25,18717,70718,147 8,676 19,87614,06815,527 8,175 19,80113,72814,21310,184 18,95918,20313,49111,851 19,05413,91412,52512,18410,704 16,93613,85412,70212,04011,687 16,22918,97412,17111,63913,317 17,48019,81813,74311,77915,963 -24.3 35.8 43.0 12.9 estimateNOTE: with These an RSEestimatesThis greater column are than based denotes 50% on hasa statisticallyrepresentative been suppressed. significant sample Dashes (p of < non-Federal, 0.05) () indicateincreases short-stay that and an decreases estimate hospitals has betweenwith been 24-hour estimates for he periods noted. See Relativesupressed Standard Errordue to (RSE) emergencyincomplete tables data.departmentsfor p -values.Data were in the not coterminous sufficiently complete U.S. Dots to (...) indicate that an SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the periodSAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Warning For the Network, Atlanta 2002contribution (09/2002 to theupdate). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.5 - Alcohol-in-combination: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by half Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 year Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change'H2 H12001, 2002 % change'H1 H12001, 2002 BuffaloBostonBaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 86,744 2,3151,4372,266 615 91,0642,5451,2992,522 590 93,927 2,5852,1381,779 683 102,088 2,2292,2441,891 567 94,134 2,2111,6752,709 100,347 2,3611,1863,076 104,164 2,6151,4423,360 104,533 2,6751,525 --- 113,472 3,1443,3551,386 97,527 2,6163,1921,522 -14.1 DetroitDenverDallasChicago 3,9085,262 788840 4,0424,533 733978 3,9494,7851,046 809 3,6634,458 786882 3,5364,770 924792655 4,2154,820 920917629 4,2325,416 838953764 4,3435,183 858934804 4,7665,1241,017 852744 3,9044,8821,252 670991 -21.4 68.3 -28.3 55.7 NewNewMinneapolisMiamiLos York Angeles Orleans 7,4592,240 985789945 2,6461,043 775 7,2381,0893,483 876716 1,2273,725 961807 4,4701,417 955871 5,7081,508 984867 5,2861,659 964913 5,1041,1001,756 616 1,1375,8031,924 565 2,0095,2491,094 674 St.PhiladelphiaNewark PhoenixLouis 3,7791,5461,0151,286 1,0501,2534,2261,4816,956 4,3391,0461,349 915 4,3631,0641,1806,073 979 4,4526,2601,197 969936 4,1106,1521,3331,0851,080 4,2216,2981,1571,2191,043 1,4051,2964,5161,0316,192 4,7121,7521,3315,629 984 4,7991,4181,0045,060 985 -24.6 -22.5 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 1,6291,5631,008 994 1,6931,242 827985 1,577 979759893 1,3861,031 822826 1,3591,197 883976 1,1271,526 908809 1,1731,647 897813 1,3011,4691,010 806 1,4731,6771,144 854 1,239 800717816 -52.3-37.3 -4.4 -45.5-29.0 NOTE:1 This column These estimatesEstimates arefor thisbased time on period a representative are preliminary. sample Final of estimatesnon-Federal, will short-staybe produced hospitals later and with may 24-hour be higher emergency or lower departments than preliminary in the estimates coterminousdenotes due statistically toU.S. Dots significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for nonresponse adjustment and other factors. (...) indicate that anp -values.estimate with for SOURCE:EDanAtlanta RSE= emergency forgreater Officethe period than department,of Applied 50%January-June has Studies, H1 been = first 2001.suppressed.SAMHSA, half For (Jan-Jun) the Drug DashesAtlanta Abuseof year, contribution(-) Warning indicateH2 = second Network, thatto the an half national estimate 2002(Jul-Dec) (09/2002estimates, has of beenyear. update). data supressed were imputed due to incompletefor Atlanta nonrespondentsdata. Data were basednot sufficiently on actual data complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. Table 3.6 - Alcohol-in-combination: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan Metropolitan area Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total area by year 2000Total 2001Total % 1994,change'2001 0/0 thane.' 1999,2001 % change1 2000,2001 BuffaloBostonBaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 160,798 5,9324,6406,971 166,907 6,2974,7497,825 166,172 5,3514,3776,140 171,963 4,8903,3714,714 184,991 5,1303,0794,660 196,222 4,4394,9523,566 204,510 4,9762,6286,436 218,005 2,9116,8785,818 -37.3 35.6 -18.4 31.138.9 16.910.8 DetroitDenverDallasChicago 7,4841,6331,3577,4061,119 8,3781,6351,3647,9111,140 9,0858,0211,1901,3841,835 10,3427,8941,5241,5871,448 7,9921,5422,0249,3181,273 7,1999,2281,7101,6731,222 10,2368,4471,7581,8701,393 10,3079,1091,8751,7861,548 31.639.2 26.5 NewNewMinneapolisMiamiLos York Angeles Orleans 12,3232,6261,4231,5235,649 13,5342,8075,5941,4181,682 2,4575,6481,5961,688 4,6501,9701,6761,948 1,9191,4912,1326,129 2,6458,1951,9161,678 10,9933,1681,9481,780 10,9072,2383,6791,181 141.6-55.057.3 -38.4 33.439.1 -39.425.716.1 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 2,1312,0006,1923,209 2,0062,7566,8874,040 16,033 1,9912,5956,8253,947 14,689 2,5287,4962,967 14,1942,1688,5652,830 12,3338,8152,3771,915 12,450 2,3038,3312,123 11,821 2,6279,2282,015 31.449.0 -15.237.2 14.1 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 4,9262,9002,9411,375 3,4072,2722,5781,405 3,6052,1492,1731,776 3,2162,9881,9411,8021,898 3,2702,2212,0961,5861,878 2,7452,2281,7051,8012,033 2,3003,1731,8041,6222,490 2,7743,1452,1551,6603,157 -43.7-26.7 41.226.4 20.619.5 estimateNOTE:1 This column These with anestimatesdenotes RSE greater statistically are based than significanton50% a representativehas been(p < 0.05)suppressed. sampleincreases ofDashes non-Federal,and decreases (--) indicate short-stay between that an hospitals estimates estimate with forhas 24-hour been supressed emergency due departments to incomplete in the data. coterminous the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. Data were not sufficiently complete to U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the SAMHSA,period January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Warning For the Network, Atlanta 2002 contribution (09/2002 to update). the national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.7 - Cocaine: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by half year Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % change'H12002H2 2001, % change'H1 H120022001, BostonBaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 82,359 3,0412,0161,672 85,757 2,0513,1673,127 86,254 2,4753,7042,853 79,575 1,7223,4492,453 89,176 1,8383,4722,783 84,704 1,8832,3532,820 90,178 2,2172,5903,410 96,752 2,554 96,282 2,6662,3764,306 91,687 2,5242,8064,036 18.1 DenverDallasChicagoBuffalo 7,273 581959642 6,8831,262 502610 1,3246,760 653615 1,0116,150 658494 1,0967,248 724624 7,2871,105 668430 7,5921,075 674588 8,2692,267 631619964- 7,933 712805601 6,614 926654838 -18.8 30.1 -32.2-20.0 MinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Angeles 1,6162,4083,604 377 2,6294,1721,768 394 1,7853,1504,445 381 1,8723,1833,785 407 2,1463,5863,914 407 2,1314,6224,028 397 2,2524,4723,842 444 2,1924,6254,160 462 2,4505,3743,570 643 2,4924,6522,820 681 -21.0 -32.2 47.446.8 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew YorkOrleans 5,7981,9449,9691,186 659 6,6239,9891,3041,908 749 6,4251,8359,5601,091 737 6,2071,5537,3861,081 862 62271,0151,5717,4131,058 5,2856,8831,448 855937 5,2137,3671,2781,061 920 5,6867,4491,327 848689 5,6736,4501,304 904734 6,2471,6546,334 788694 Washington,SeattleSanSanSt. Diego Louis Francisco DC 1,6191,583 987450787 1,8921,2611,017 912462 1,8261,1391,055 930509 1,4721,0891,180 423776 1,6781,4301,1591,149 640 1,3731,5841,0711,255 484 1,4581,7541,148 982518 1,4401,6601,2201,434 439 1,4541,7501,2611,645 373 1,0321,830 551964389 -29.0-68.5-23.6 -28.3-66.8-21.0-11.4 ' EstimatesNOTE: These for this estimates timeThis period column are are based denotes preliminary. on a statistically representative Final estimates significant sample will (p of be< non-Federal,0.05) produced increases later short-stay andand maydecreases hospitals be higher between with or lower24-hour estimates than emergency preliminary for the periodsdepartments estimates noted. duein See the to coterminousRelative Standard U.S. Dots Error (...) (RSE) indicate tables that for p-values. nonresponse adjustment and other factors. an estimate with foran SOURCE:EDRSEAtlanta = greateremergency for Officethe than period department,of 50% Applied January-June has beenStudies, H1 =suppressed. first2001. SAMHSA, half For (Jan-Jun) the Dashes Drug Atlanta Abuseof (-) year, contribution indicate Waming H2 = thatsecond Network,to anthe estimate halfnational 2002(Jul-Dec) has estimates,(09/2002 been of year. supressedupdate). data were dueimputed to incomplete for Atlanta data. nonrespondents Data were notbased sufficiently on actual data complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. Table 3.8 - Cocaine: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area 1994Total Total1995 1996Total Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total Y. change' 20011994, 0/0 change' 20011999, % change' 2000,2001 AtlantaTOTALBostonBaltimore COTERMINOUS U.S 143,337 4,8108,8826,190 135,711 5,2676,5158,603 152,420 4,1068,5155,434 161,083 3,3326,2534,244 172,011 4,5266,8715,980 168,751 3,5606,9215,236 174,881 4,0994,9436,229 193,034 4,9334,9308,891 -44.5 43.634.7 -28.8 38.669.814.4 20.342.710.4 DetroitChicagoDenverDallasBuffalo 10,7338,2681,2731,4421,136 10,7028,7631,1441,4571,333 10,43512,6882,2031,393 811 14,373 8,0931,0721,7781,526 13,642 8,6171,1542,5861,225 13,399 7,6991,3822,1061,119 14,8792,1807,8701,3421,018 16,202 7,7301,3431,7701,220 22.751.0 -16.0 20.9 -18.8 LosNewMinneapolisMiami Angeles YorkOrleans 2,7485,0691,883 562 4,9802,0183,078 465 2,3803,1045,708 674 2,3633,2544,703 736 2,3953,5535,779 775 2,1394,0186,768 814 4,3831,9989,094 841 4,6411,4221,1059,999 -24.5 96.668.997.3 -33.5 35.747.7 -28.831.4 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 20,145 4,2281,0578,481 19,7154,6581,8411,1659,502 21,59210,3834,4361,382 11,20220,202 3,5711,337 13,04819,549 1,4863,743 12,43414,799 1,8773,124 10,49714,250 1,7752,726 11,35813,898, 1,7522,631 -31.0 65.8 -15.8 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 4,8493,0292,3293,227 667 3,5422,1582,560 644 3,8812,1432,3101,852 906 3,2232,8501,9791,494 844 3,7182,3991,8432,072 971 2,5193,1501,9351,0632,329 2,8303,3382,0541,0022,403 2,8943,4092,4823,080 812 -40.3-23.1 -23.6 35.328.3 -19.0 20.8 estimateNOTE:1 This withcolumn These an RSEestimatesdenotes greater are than based 50% on has a representative been suppressed. sample Dashes of non-Federal, (-) indicate short-staythat an estimate hospitals has with been 24-hour supressed emergency due to departmentsincomplete data. in the Data coterminous were U.S. Dots (...) indicate that statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. not sufficiently complete to an January-JuneSOURCE:EDproduce = emergency estimates Office2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the periodSAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Waming For the Network, Atlanta 2002contribution (09/2002 to theupdate). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.9 - Heroin: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area half year TOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % change'H2 H12001, 2002 % change'H1 H12001, 2002 BuffaloBostonBaltimoreAtlanta 35,899 2,8321,229 263213 37,859 1,3583,015 222228 37,829 1,3803,696 245316 37,406 3,5021,360 247197 44,786 1,5003,497 275218 47,635 1,8202,887 363241 47,169 2,0482,518 318244 44,138 2,0222,593 283 -- 48,926 2,3361,888 325439 42,571 2,1551,977 484337 -13.0 -23.8 71.0 LosDetroitDenverDallasChicago Angeles 1,4514,651 278256 1,4264,506 248261 1,4534,810 244239 1,2544,640 305201 1,3994,988 324227 1,6616,109 323262 1,6676,346 215343 2,1026,178 380251 1,7685,724 389191 1,4404,359 519147 -18.6 33.4 -31.5-41.4 36.6 NewMinneapolisMiami YorkOrleans 4,5811,147 208314 81 4,6131,214 257364 83 4,6051,387 253403 62 4,1531,431 278453 87 5,1501,491 371464 95 1,791 466681 96 1,386 516771132 1,440 262154830 1,437 268837184 1,245 278180932 St.PhoenixPhiladelphia NewarkLouis 2,0132,504 414212 1,6002,575 467300 1,8452,497 406322 2,3011,925 406393 2,1612,433 446446 2,2492,2855,378 556424 2,4112,1145,630 416528 2,5131,8495,428 372561 2,8491,8695,216 405 2,4414,6351,925 640298 -26.4 -19.9 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 1,4961,318 863496 1,0501,2791,323 477 1,0481,1421,038 507 1,1801,213 863501 1,2901,838 908562 1,4031,490 957590 1,0871,266 442989 1,3571,024 903401 1,0241,433 864332 -. 1,344 591475316 -31.6-53.6 -4.8 -42.3-47.4-21.2 anI This NOTE:RSE greater These than estimatesEstimates 50% has are for beenbasedthis time suppressed. on period a representative are Dashes preliminary. (-)sample indicate Final of column non-Federal, estimatesthat an denotes estimate will short-stay be statistically producedhas been hospitals significantlatersupressed and with 24-hour(p due < 0.05)to incomplete increases data. and decreasesData were betweennot estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate with Error (RSE)sufficiently tables complete for p -values. to produce estimates 1.%)t'*0 SOURCE: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA,for EDAtlanta Drug = emergency Abuse for the period department, January-June H1 = first 2001. half For (Jan-Jun) the Atlanta of year, contribution H2 = second to the half national (Jul-Dec) estimates, of data were imputed for Atlanta Warning Network, 2002 (09/2002 update). year. nonrespondents based on actual data from January-June 2000. Table 3.10 - Heroin: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year TOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S Metropolitan area 1994Total 63,158 Total1995 69,556 Total1996 72,980 Total1997 70,712 1998Total 75,688 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total Y. change' 20011994, % change' 20011999, % change' 2000,2001 AtlantaBuffaloBostonBaltimore 2,5637,471 314443 2,9568,207 379404 2,7298,093 443388 2,5005,863 468384 2,7386,711 538473 82,192 2,8616,999 522415 94,804 3,8675,405 681485 93,064 4,3584,481 607848 -40.0 70.091.447.4 104.3-36.052.3 -17.1 74.812.7 LosDetroitDenverDallasChicago Angeles 2,9282,1604,737 472242 2,3904,702 463264 3,1886,268 336331 3,0288,602 465505 2,8799,316 492500 2,6539,629 629428 12,4543,328 666478 11,9023,870 769443 151.3 62.979.283.1 45.922.323.6 16.315.5 NewMinneapolisMiami OrleansYork 11,129 191258 65 10,706 3,060 263333 83 11,132 3,278 303388105 9,4812,471 422591138 2,601 510145767 2,923 649182917 3,1771,452 228982 2,8781,666 530338 420.0545.7177.5 -18.3 85.781.7 -46.0 48.214.7-9.4 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 2,3854,493 392472 3,8395,681 369485 3,8645,386 489632 3,7124,364 447827 3,4455,0729,218 622873 4,0874,7339,302 851839 11,009 1,0844,6614,399 841 10,644 5,3623,718 777 233.9124.8 64.6 -21.4 -15.5 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 1,2542,1373,654 687 2,0231,2953,113 675 2,4181,5273,132 970 2,8942,7191,689 911 2,0972,4212,360 984 1,7712,4703,0501,063 2,4901,9462,7561,031 2,7901,8881,9271,309 733 -23.6 50.6 -22.0-31.0 -22.6-28.9 estimate1 ThisNOTE: with These an RSEestimates greater are than based 50% on has a representative been suppressed. sample Dashes of non-Federal,column (-) indicate denotes short-stay that statistically an estimate hospitals significant has with been 24-hour (p < 0.05) increases and decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard supressed due emergencyto incomplete departments data. Data in were the coterminousnot sufficiently U.S. complete Dots (...) to indicate that an Error (RSE) tables for p -values. SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the periodSAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Waming For the Network, Atlanta 2002contribution (09/2002 to theupdate). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.11 - Marijuana: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by half year Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change'H2 H12001, 2002 % change'H1 H12001, 2002 BuffaloBostonBaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 32,331 197847713807 37,863 1,4841,410 204708 38,979 1,4231,223 788 43,094 1,185 967801 43,974 1,331 993878 49,028 1,4251,265 767 47,398 1,5201,166 300854 55,164 1,684 942 -- 55,347 1,7391,681 844 55,727 1,7411,910 944 DetroitDenverDallasChicago 1,8882,364 290481 2,0492,607 291759 2,2862,395 287751246 2,2542,273 291614225 1,8462,282 387558268 2,1252,494 404670253 2,2192,905 413555 2,4172,704 461570374 2,482 518479187 2,238 423364192 -24.0 -36.1-48.7 NewMinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles Orleans 1,023 709296460 1,343 241714561 2,079 482249553 2,517 545308574 2,955 500317709 3,219 404519855 2,627 549399913 2,685 424582920 1,0113,0442,600 391618 3,0372,6951,195 444620 29.9 St. PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNewLouis York 2,3961,900 588384251 2,8301,986 693386266 2,4711,696 340266 2,8411,799 864548313 2,6241,692 479220 2,4461,856 464274 2,4821,688 609265 2,8631,904 635309 2,6331,598 649338 3,4411,624 609414 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 1,225 888194514 1,121 569204607 1,238 366187520645 1,208 409163 1,308 398306513775 1,284 723342481969 1,226 691285474793 1,0871,112 858387521 1,0491,198 738317585 1,592 843298217625 -59.6-31.5 6.8 -65.3-43.920.0 NOTE:I" ThisEstimates column These for denotesestimates this time statistically periodare based are significant preliminary.on a representative (p Final< 0.05) estimates increasessample willof andnon-Federal, be decreasesproduced short-stay later between and may hospitalsestimates be higher with for the 24-houror lowerperiods emergency than noted. preliminary See departments Relative estimates Standard in thedue coterminous to Error (RSE) U.S. Dots (...) indicate that nonresponse adjustment and other factors. tables for p-values. an estimate with SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater forOffice the than department,ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first suppressed.SAMHSA, 2001. half (Jan-Jun) For Drug theDashes Atlanta Abuseof year, (--) contributionWarning indicateH2 = second Network,that to an thehalf estimate national2002(Jul-Dec) (09/2002 hasestimates, of been year. update). supressed data were due imputed to incomplete for Atlanta data. nonrespondents Data were not based sufficiently on actual data complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. Table 3.12 - Marijuana: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total Yo change' 1994, 0/0 change' 1999, % change' 2000, AtlantaTOTALBaltimore COTERMINOUS U.S 40,034 1,544 770 45,259 1,671 945 53,770 1,1941,547 64,720 1,4021,577 76,842 2,6331,495 87,068 1,6792,515 96,426 1,6202,431 110,512 1,7863,486 2001 131.9125.8176.0 2001 38.6 2001 10.214.6 DenverDallasChicagoBuffaloBoston 2,2261,859 395470219 2,9222,401 497549295 2,1273,531 288553512 4,4241,768 505916472 5,0022,9071,510 451578 1,1724,5551,960 677493 1,2255,3982,945 817553 1,0495,1863,423 979561 147.8123.2133.0156.2 44.674.6 NewMinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Angeles Orleans 2,9551,656 884411713 1,7063,8751,025 469966 4,2101,2471,0112,132 543 1,3451,0242,0843,742 604 3,4224,3351,1961,113 490 5,4724,1001,0441,283 625 1,7685,8464,3441,068 803 1,9325,7295,0171,200 814 171.0246.0192.0 92.050.6 -23.849.4 PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew York 2,0862,578 451628 3,0592,974 474742 3,4323,571 610627 4,5603,839 741500 5,3023,682 727532 5,4653,4911,028 533 4,9283,5441,073 539 5,4963,5011,284 647 184.7163.5 21.424.9 Washington,SeattleSanSt. Louis FranciscoDiego DC 2,712 910500512897 2,035 480861993506 2,167 899424626924 2,3941,1091,663 388970 2,3601,1281,338 936391 2,5161,639 469923808 2,5101,4141,763 627955 2,132,3111,5961,107 704 116.2157.6 75.440.8 97.550.119.9 12.912.315.9 estimateI ThisNOTE: column with These andenotes RSEestimates greaterstatistically are than based significant 50% on has a representative been(p < 0.05)suppressed. increases sample Dashes and of non-Federal, decreases (-) indicate between short-staythat an estimateestimates hospitals has for with beenthe 24-hourperiods supressed emergencynoted. due See to Relativedepartmentsincomplete Standard data. in the Data Error coterminous were (RSE) tables U.S. Dotsfor (...) indicate that not sufficiently complete to p -values. an January-JuneproduceSOURCE:ED = emergencyestimates Office2000. for department.of Atlanta Applied for Studies, the period SAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. WarningFor the Atlanta Network, contribution 2002 (09/2002 to the update).national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.13 - Amphetamines: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan Metropolitan area Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec area by half yearJan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan -Jun' % change' % change' AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 1997 5,946 ... 1998 5,476 1998 6,706 1999 5,921 1999 6,575 2000 8,497 2000 8,638 2001 9,049 2001 9,506 2002 10,079 H12002H2 2001, H1 H120022001, ChicagoBuffaloBostonBaltimore 122 ...30 4 184 738546 4 109112 951059 106115160 67 7 100115 982183 143196160 1580 173151 95 9 188126-- 13 204136151 4 213297125 10 150.0 LosDetroitDenverDallas Angeles 391170111182 272207163 56 268155173 58 410104138 95 456140169 73 532163185 540217171166 595167163223187 666270243185191 227256143184 -25.1 -23.557.1 NewMinneapolisMiami YorkOrleans 151850 8 25292326 27262137 32215023 513116... 20437545 113 601939 108 21...32 117 66...32 685100 6340... m St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 252201 51 8 218169 40 8 144191 5212 102248200 13 271245 8222 294250 6024 367240 66... 389228 86... 499171 81 676126 ... -44.7 CD0.cn Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 246491133 ... 424199 90... 329 9383... 154109379 67 192145537 ... 291432171 ... 348201462 ... 345376432 ... 354409510 ... 104279566 .,. -70.6-31.8 11.0 -69.9-25.8 31.0 30 NOTE:* Estimates These for estimates thisThis time column periodare based denotes are preliminary.on astatistically representative Final significant estimates sample (p willof< 0.05)non-Federal, be produced increases short-stay later and anddecreases mayhospitals be between higher with 24-hour estimates for the periods or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater Officefor the than department, ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first suppressed.SAMHSA, 2001.half (Jan-Jun) For Drug theDashes AbuseAtlantaof year, () Warning indicatecontribution H2 = second thatNetwork, toan half the estimate 2002 (Jul-Dec)national (09/2002 has estimates, of been year. update). supressed data due to incomplete data. Data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from January-June 2000.emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate with were not sufficiently complete to produce estimates Table 3.14 - Amphetamines: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % change' 1994, % change" 1999, % change' 2000, AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 1994 10,118 67 1995 9,581 83 1996 9,772 134 1997 10,496 254 1998 12,183 295 1999 12,496 ... 2000 17,134 ... 2001 18,555 365 2001 444.8 83.4 2001 48.5 2001 BaltimoreBuffaloBoston 7210...55 144 22...35 194116 2050 231 89... 9 181180105 14 204216150 28 360369175 25 409392262 17 468.1376.4 ... 100.5-39.381.574.7 -32.049.7 DenverDallasChicagoDetroit 305550189 92 280596292133 627440120 95 728359216263 541362114336 866178235307 1,072 334351 ... 1,261 437406378 310.9129.3114.8 45.672.823.1 LosNewMinneapolisMiami Angeles Orleans 212733-. 533512... 463426... 45702859 52554464 101 4153 103189 83 226118 64 584.8 123.8 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkNew Louis York 402143 3718 453251 7419 304256 76 7 408420 8818 362361 9220 184519444 3548 661489126 39 400167888 46 351.4120.9179.7 71.1 34.3 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 433186381 ... 233425329 84 235489178 ... 462273872 ... 293172753 ... 345254916 ... 640371894 ... 699786942 ... 275.8147.2 81.5 209.4102.6 111.9 ... estimate1 ThisNOTE: column with These an denotes RSEestimates greater are than based 50% on has a representative been suppressed. sample Dashes of non-Federal, (-) indicate short-staythat an estimate hospitals has with been 24-hour supressed emergency due to departmentsincomplete data. in the Data coterminous were U.S. Dots (...) indicate that statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values. not sufficiently complete to an January-JuneproduceSOURCE:ED = emergencyestimates Office2000. for department.of AtlantaApplied for Studies, the period SAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Warning For the Network,Atlanta contribution 2002 (09/2002 to the update). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.15 - Methamphetamine: ED mentions: Estimates by Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 metropolitan area by half year Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change'H2 H120022001, % change'H1 H120022001, BaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 8,936 129 6,534 ...94 4,952 67 4,730 31 5,717 52 7,323 65 6,182 44 1 6,786 8,137 81 6,136 93 ChicagoBuffaloBoston 19... 3 16 23 15 473 10 685 12... 15 ... 57 ... 0 ... 44 35...10 2 36 074 ... LosDetroitDenverDallas Angeles 633143 82 0 418118 66 0 368 5367 0 414 ...2858 496 7342... 682 6475 0 693 4660... 711 ...5056 806 48... .. 700 ...63... NewMinneapolisMiami YorkOrleans ...17... 8 ...1368 7 191241 9 ...57 9 ...1455 6 175912 7 ...1595 8 111 ...13 6 210 ...14 182 ...35 6 -64.3 ... 483.3-61.5 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 339 43... 294 3017... 152 3731... 147 4417... 194 6030.. 269106 ... .. 331 5629 4 264 6231 0 340 5330 03 224 5932 0 Washington,SeattleSanSan Francisco Diego DC 267528558 ... 160385421 10 106232300 6 251150260 ... 203303324 29 305270411 ... 235322336 18 166274344 228337329 115323257 -49.6-21.9 -30.7-25.3 NOTE:1 This column These estimatesdenotesEstimates statistically are for basedthis time significanton perioda representative are (p

CO41, Table 3.25 - Miscellaneous hallucinogens: ED mentions: Estimates Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec by metropolitan area by half year Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun * % change'H2 2001, % change'H1 2001, AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 845 ... 863 ... 986 8 1999 573 ... 1999 960 ... 2000 791 ... 2000 3 2001 718 2001 1,070 2002 620 H12002 H12002 BuffaloBostonBaltimore 29 15 ... 13 36 ... 3 23 8 15 7 ... 1 --- 93 2212 28 37 DenverDallasChicago 2511 9 15 96 1014 1 17 972 1916 40 19 480 2611 4 14...13 0 18... 90 11 03 MiamiLosDetroit Angeles ... 0 13... 5 2010 1 ... 47 18... 2 53 23 35 73 5010 3 36 0 26 4 -77.8 -71.4 NewMinneapolis YorkOrleans ...24 8 1 ...... 6 13 21 21... 2 ...10 0 32 43 ...14 2 26 1 24 432 42 002 -100.0-100.0 75.0 -100.0 -33.3 St. PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewarkLouis 1316 7 ... 290 13 210 3330 4 3822 86 ...4020 1318 3 I 1718 40 ... 8 22...13 0 ... Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 351114 23...14 6 132228 9 ...1510 6 3316 75 ...191213 211814 2 ...3024 1 ...4119 9 111217 -73.2 88.9 1,600.0 -63.3-50.0 NOTE:1* EstimatesThis column These for estimatesdenotes this time statistically periodare based are significantonpreliminary. a representative (p Final < 0.05) estimates sample increases of will non-Federal, and be produced short-stay later and hospitals with decreases between estimates for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. tables for p-values. 0 SOURCE:foran EDRSEAtlanta = greateremergency Officefor the than ofperiod Applieddepartment, 50% January-June has Studies, been H1 =suppressed.SAMHSA, first 2001. half For (Jan-Jun) Drug theDashes AbuseAtlanta of () year, Waming indicatecontribution H2 = thatNetwork, second toan the estimate half 2002 national (Jul-Dec) (09/2002 has been update). supressed due estimates,of datayear. were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from 24-hour emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that to incomplete data. Data were not sufficiently complete to produce estimates January-June 2000. an estimate with Table 3.26 - Miscellaneous hallucinogens: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total Total2001 % change' 20011994, % change' 20011999, % change' 2000,2001 AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 1,577 ... 1,463 2 1,600 4 1,629 13 1,849 12 1,533 11 5 1,849 7 1,788 BaltimoreBuffaloBoston 44 18 3827 6 3328 34 4531 5 2918 46 3239 2 4525 8 1 --2231 05 -100.0 -50.0-37.5 -100.0 -54.5 -100.0 -51.1-37.5 ChicagoLosDetroitDenverDallas Angeles 301138 5 2630 87 44261819 2159...18 331119 7 42271116 881512 5 861032 186.7 113.3 NewMinneapolisMiami OrleansYork 41... 76 22... 5 2249 4 1339 14 20 468 31... 6 1046 58 50 645 -85.4 ... St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 231512 8 27 76 111036... 132336... 22... 30 71531210 5338 5 ...2527 212.5 ... -64.8-49.1 ... -52.8 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 7426...18 4123...14 602529... 13532417 21452334 48221215 373327... 724210... 133.3-61.5 180.0-54.5 50.0 -63.0 94.6 estimateNOTE:1 This column These with anestimatesdenotes RSE greater statistically are based than significanton50% a representativehas been(p < 0.05)suppressed. sampleincreases ofDashes non-Federal,and decreases () indicate short-stay between that an hospitals estimateestimates withhas for 24-hourbeenthe periods supressed emergency noted. due See departments to Relativeincomplete Standard in thedata. coterminous Data Error were (RSE) U.S. tables Dots for (...) indicate that not sufficiently complete to p -values. an LA)CDIN SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the periodSAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Warning For the Network, Atlanta 2002contribution (09/2002 to theupdate). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from 0171 Table 3.27 - Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol): ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000area by half year Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change'H2 2001, % change'H1 2001, AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S ... 0 ... 0 ... 1 ...... 0 ...... 2 16 0 H1 2002 -100.0 H1 2002 ChicagoBuffaloBostonBaltimore 0 0 ... 0 ... 02 ... 007 00 0 0 0 00 DetroitDenverDallas 02 ... 0 0 02 ... 0 ... 0 02 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 1 -100.0 MinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles 190 06 ... 60 ... 05 02 ... 07 ... 30 ... 02 140 ... 2 NewarkNew YorkOrleans 0 01 00 0 0 0 00 00 00 St.PhoenixPhiladelphia Louis 0 0 10 1 0 0 ... 10 00 ... 010 00 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC ... 02 1 ... 04 ... 0 4 10 70 0 04 0 03 200.0 -25.0 NOTE:1* EstimatesThis column These for estimatesdenotes this time statistically periodare based are significant preliminary.on a representative (p Final< 0.05) estimates increasessample willof andnon-Federal, be decreasesproduced short-stay laterbetween and mayestimateshospitals be higher withfor the 24-hour periods or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse0 adjustment and other factors. noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p -values.0 0 0 0 0 SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater Officefor the than department, ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first suppressed.SAMHSA, 2001.half (Jan-Jun) For Drug theDashes AbuseAtlantaof year, () Warning indicatecontribution H2 = second thatNetwork, toan half the estimate 2002 (Jul-Dec)national (09/2002 has estimates, of been year. update). supressed data were due imputed to incomplete for Atlanta data. nonrespondents Data emergency departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate with were not sufficiently complete to produce estimates based on actual data from January-June 2000. Table 3.28 - Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol): ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 2001Total % change' 1994, % change' 1999, % change' 2000, AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 1994 13 0 1995 ... 0 1996 0 1997 ... 1998 ... 1999 ... 5 2000 ...... 2001 2001 -60.0 2001 BuffaloBostonBaltimore 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 09 0 -100.0 DenverDallasChicago 01 14 0 1 ... 04 13 0 07 05 04 01 700.0 MiamiLosDetroit Angeles ... 40 32... 57 4 23 10 ...12 0 ... 7 ...10 ... 16 50.0 NewarkNewMinneapolis YorkOrleans 01 ... 0 ... 0 012 0 1 0 0 0 -100.0 St.PhoenixPhiladelphia Louis 0 ... 0 0 70 0 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 ... Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 0 001 02 ... 01 ... 080 ... 05 1 080 05 -100.0 -37.5 estimateNOTE: These with anestimates RSEThis greatercolumn are based thandenotes on50% a statistically representativehas been suppressed.significant sample (p of Dashes< non-Federal,0.05) increases() indicate short-stay and that decreases an hospitals estimate between withhas 24-hourbeen estimates supressed emergency for he due periods departments to incomplete noted. in See thedata. Relativecoterminous Data were Standard U.S. DotsError (...)(RSE) indicate tables that for p-values. not sufficiently complete to an SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the periodSAMHSA, January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Waming For the Network, Atlanta 2002contribution (09/2002 to theupdate). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.29 - GHB: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by half year Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 H22001,H1 2002 change' % change'H12001,H1 2002 BaltimoreAtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 459 23 0 387 33 0 895 46 0 1,192 ... 1 1,987 ... 6 2,865 57 1 72... 2 1,679 6 1,661 ...33 2,024 27 6 ... DallasChicagoBuffaloBoston 5126 0 1 7516 0 8654 06 618413 1 955113 .. 818820 5 8751 16 755220 1 53 08 5340 07 -100.0 -65.0 DetroitMiamiLosDenver Angeles ... 25 39 254 ... 89 703916 7 22612932 751228 177416 9 31221710 5216... 6 ...13 NewMinneapolis OrleansYork 15 10 16 13 18 45 2919 1 ...4914 36281556 3337... 2926... 4341...... 191116 -55.8-73.2 ... -57.7 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis 01 ... 020 ... 0 28 654 12... 2 4311... 2 ... 45 ...11 56... 08 ... 37 ... Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 4017 02 4211 25 125923 2 167038 5 683918 8 17296936 298228 7 268222 9 147535 7 822& 67 -50.0-20.0 -73.1 27.3 NOTE:I* ThisEstimates column These for denotesestimates this time statistically periodare based are significant preliminary.on a representative (p Final< 0.05) estimates increasessample willof andnon-Federal, be decreasesproduced short-stay later between and mayhospitalsestimates be higher with for the 24-houror lowerperiods emergency than noted. preliminary See departments Relative estimates in thedue coterminous to U.S. Dots Standard Error (RSE) tables for p-values. nonresponse adjustment and other factors. (...) indicate that an estimate with SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater forOffice the than department,ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, GHB been = suppressed.SAMHSA,gamma 2001. Forhydroxy Drug the Dashes Atlanta Abusebutyrate, () contributionWarningindicate H1 = first thatNetwork, tohalf an the estimate(Jan-Jun) national2002 (09/2002 has ofestimates, year, been update). H2 supressed data = second were due halfimputed to (Jul-Dec) incomplete for Atlanta of year. data. nonrespondents Data were not based sufficiently on actual data from January-June 2000. complete to produce estimates Table 3.30 - GHB: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 1997Total Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change' 20011994, % change' 20011999, % change' 2000, AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 56 1 145 14 638 38 762 54 1,282 80 3,178 142 4,969 129 3,340 84 8,300.05,864.3 2001 -34.9 BuffaloBostonBaltimore 0 0 01 02 06 26 37 26 63 28 17 133.3-83.3 DetroitDenverDallasChicago ...11 0 37 06 6033 0 ...7255 7 160 691113 156135 4571 169139 4322 128104 3116 1,063.6 ... -77.5 -62.8-25.2 MiamiMinneapolisLos Angeles 27 0 1 ... 0 108 ... 2 ... 12 4810 8 130 3329 149 4693 683383 6,700.0 207.4 106.1 -28.3-44.3 NewarkNew YorkOrleans 0 0 1 ... 08 27... 06 35 05 1678 7 3169 5 ...1572 SanSt. PhoenixPhiladelphiaLouis Diego 30 22 10 37 0 34 03 34... 2 771753 8 651679 7 57...1990 , 1,800.0 ...... Washington,SeattleSan Francisco DC 11 0 16 10 78 30 83... 0 102 17 4 138 3413 151 2457 158 3915 1,336.4 -26.0 14.5 -31.6 estimateNOTE: These with an estimates RSEThis greater are column based than denotes 50%on a hasrepresentative statistically been suppressed. significant sample Dashesof (p non-Federal, < 0.05) (--) increasesindicate short-stay that and an decreaseshospitals estimate with hasbetween 24-hourbeen estimatessupressed emergency for due the departments to periods incomplete noted. in data.the See coterminous Data Relative were Standard U.S. Dots Error (...) indicate(RSE) tables that for p-values. not sufficiently complete to an SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. department,of for Applied Atlanta Studies, forGHB the = periodSAMHSA,gamma January-June hydroxy Drug Abusebutyrate. 2001. Warning For the Network, Atlanta 2002contribution (09/2002 to theupdate). national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.31 - Inhalants: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by half year Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 1,214 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 931 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % change'H22001,H1 2002 % change'H12001,H1 2002 BostonAtlantaTOTALBaltimore COTERMINOUS U.S 10... 1 1,280 13 1 1211 0 535 12 15 627 ...13 6 946 ... 99 576 ... 3 338 -- 05 338 05 1 559 ... 23 -60.0 DenverDallasChicagoBuffalo 352614 7 222526 1 1519 1 242514 1 192918 0 142815 2 272112 2 242512 0 2011 80 39 260 254.5 -92.0 MinneapolisMiamiLosDetroit Angeles 201312 1 201310 5 191718 5 20221215 121630 8 1114 96 142110 4 15 09 11... 4 13 67 -60.0 NewarkNew YorkOrleans 0 1.6... 3 11 05 ... 1 02 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 01 SanSt.PhoenixPhiladelphia Diego Louis 26 643 345 12 83 1037 79 4417 64 1213 ...19 34 641 ... 20 ...16 8 Washington,SeattleSan Francisco DC 497 14 56 ... 2 1 ... 62 11 23 673 ... 5 1 ... 52 10 02 ... 03 -100.0 -100.0 ... NOTE:I This column These denotesestimatesEstimates statistically are forbased this significant ontime a periodrepresentative (p are< 0.05) preliminary. increasessample Finalof andnon-Federal, estimates decreases willshort-stay between be produced hospitalsestimates later with andfor the24-hour may periods be emergencyhigher noted. or lowerSee departments Relative than preliminary Standard in the coterminous estimates Error (RSE) due U.S. tables to Dotsnonresponse for (...) indicate that adjustment and other factors. p -values. an estimate with SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater Officefor the than department, ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first suppressed.SAMHSA, 2001.half (Jan-Jun) For Drug theDashes AbuseAtlantaof year, () Warning indicatecontribution H2 = second thatNetwork, toan half the estimate 2002 (Jul-Dec)national (09/2002 has estimates, of been year. update). supressed data were due imputed to incomplete for Atlanta data. nonrespondents Data were not basedsufficiently on actual data complete to produce estimates from January-June 2000. Table 3.32 - Inhalants: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change' 1994,2001 % change' 20011999, % change' 2000,2001 AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S 1,511 1825 1,036 17 1,313 18 8 2,225 18... 2,211 2421 1,162 18 1,522 2212 676 20 6 -55.3-66.7 -66.7 -50.0-55.6 DallasChicagoBuffaloBostonBaltimore 664617 2 393823 2 574911 1 63271110 4445 2 1 5343... 1 492713 4 4520 0 -100.0 -31.8-56.5 -100.0 -53.5 -100.0 LosDetroitDenver Angeles 22233161 243950 8 2656 7 26...70 3 28371030 23365132 35411517 1135... 4 -81.8-64.5 -82.6-78.4 ... -73.3 ... NewMinneapolisMiami YorkOrleans 31 73 18...25 181031 46... 39... 8 24... 1 23... 0 26 0 -100.0 -100.0 St.Newark PhoenixPhiladelphiaLouis 2122... 1614 0 273039 7 4712 70 2711... 8 261481... 1732 70 4217 40 -81.0 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC ...15 42 1015 39 ... 34 201014 4 1514 67 ...1612 5 ...12 46 15... 53 275.0150.0-80.0 -75.0 ... -50.0 25.0 estimateI ThisNOTE: column with These andenotes RSEestimates greaterstatistically are than based significant 50% on hasa representative (pbeen < 0.05) suppressed. increases sample Dashes ofand non-Federal, decreases (-) indicate betweenshort-stay that an estimates estimatehospitals for the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for with 24-hour emergencyhas been departments supressed in due the to coterminous incomplete U.S.data. Dots Data (...) were indicate not sufficiently that an complete to p -values. January-JuneSOURCE:EDproduce = emergency estimates Office2000. department.of for Applied Atlanta Studies, for the SAMHSA,period January-June Drug Abuse 2001. Waming For theNetwork, 2002 (09/2002 update). Atlanta contribution to the national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from Table 3.33 - Combinations NTA: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan Metropolitan area Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 area by half year Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' % change'H2 2001, % change'H1 2001, AtlantaTOTAL COTERMINOUS U.S ...75 70 1 55 1 42... 52 0 68... 59... 156 2002 118 H1 2002 H1 2002 BuffaloBostonBaltimore 0 1 ... 20 024 04 1 01 04 1 02 05 1 043 053 400.0-40.0 DetroitDenverDallasChicago ...... 0 1 ... 20 ... 04 ... 04 ...... 05 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 20... 9 ... MinneapolisMiamiLos Angeles 12 0 ... 3 ... 8 22 0 ... 6 06 2 15 ... 1 ... 2 NewarkNew YorkOrleans ... 0 10... 00 0 1 ... 0 1 01 ... 0 0510 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 -100.0 SanSt.PhoenixPhiladelphia Louis Diego 10 302 13 04 ... 05 ... 4 ... 02 ... 03 37 ...13 0 068 30 04 275.0 130.8 Washington,SeattleSan Francisco DC ...25 0 096 ... 32 10 221 15 063 1612 04 ...12 43 13 4 1 ...11 5 ...10 2 100.0-60.0 -50.0 NOTE: These estimatesEstimatesThis column are for basedthis denotes time on period a statistically representative are preliminary, significant sample Final (p of < non-Federal,0.05)estimates increases will short-stay be and produced decreases hospitals later between and estimates for may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. the periods noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for p-values. 0 SOURCE:EDforan RSEAtlanta= emergency greater forOffice the than department,ofperiod Applied 50% January-June has Studies, H1 been = first suppressed.SAMHSA, 2001. half (Jan-Jun) For Drug the Dashes Atlanta Abuseof year, () contributionWamingindicate H2 = second thatNetwork, to an thehalf estimate national 2002(Jul-Dec) (09/2002 has estimates, of been update). supressed data due to incomplete year, NTA = not tabulated above. with 24-hour emergency departments in the coterminouswere imputed U.S. for AtlantaDots (...) nonrespondents indicate that based on actual data from January-June 2000. data. Data were not sufficiently complete to produce estimates an estimate with Table 3.34 - Combinations NTA: ED mentions: Estimates by metropolitan area by year Metropolitan area Total1994 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change' 20011994, % change' 20011999, % change' 20012000, AtlantaTOTALBaltimore COTERMINOUS U.S 495 73 163 61 383 70 201 ... 4 125 42 ...94 1 127 ... 1 298 ... 8 700.0 700.0 DallasChicagoBuffaloBoston ... 795 ... 012 14 273 ... 0 1 ... 82 ... 905 06 ... 05 -100.0 ... MiamiLosDetroitDenver Angeles 18... 2 ... 381 10... 01 14... 04 11... 2 ... 20 ... 680 3709 50.0 ... 250.0 50.0 ... -50.0 ... NewMinneapolis YorkOrleans 41 0 1 ... 20 48 10 23 0 1 11 40 320 ... 51 ... 10 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 -80.0 St.PhoenixPhiladelphiaNewark Louis ...20 45 2795 1213... 2 21 02 22 09 ... 6 10... 37 21... 70 -100.0 110.0 Washington,SeattleSan FranciscoDiego DC 58 63 49... 28 3412 09 36 036 ...11 37 1713 28 2125... 7 ...1217 9 100.0200.0-70.7 ... 50.0 -42.9-32.028.6 estimateNOTE: These with an estimates RSEThis greatercolumn are based than denotes 50%on a statistically hasrepresentative been suppressed. significant sample (p Dashesof < non-Federal,0.05) (---)increases indicate short-stay and that decreases an hospitals estimate between with has 24-hour been estimates supressed emergency for he due periods departments to incomplete noted. in See thedata. Relativecoterminous Data wereStandard U.S. DotsError (...)(RSE) indicate tables that for p not sufficiently complete to -values. an SOURCE:EDJanuary-Juneproduce = emergency estimates Office 2000. ofdepartment, for Applied Atlanta Studies, forNTA the = SAMHSA,periodnot tabulated January-June Drug above. Abuse 2001. Warning For the Network, Atlanta 2002 contribution (09/2002 to update). the national estimates, data were imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from rn71 0 Table 4.1.0 - ED drug episodes by patient demographic characteristics. EstimatesDemographic for characteristics the coterminous U.S. by half year Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % change'H2 H120022001, % changeH1 H120022001, GENDER UnknownFemaleMale 125,639133,615 2,464 127,809141,133 2,920 128,402140,130 2,038 130,452145,341 2,450 127,531146,677 2,317 143,181154,922 4,569 138,612154,685 5,593 142,265164,777 4,743 154,048168,594 4,058 143,883161,704 2,972 -37.3 RACE/ETHNICITY2 HispanicBlackWhite 140,37426,24766,853 145,61930,08469,299 149,72727,07867,175 158,635 27,63564,339 151,32929,20668,642 170,90633,23267,275 163,913 35,04966,460 169,037 37,01471,620 182,208 42,50367,755 172,628 37,19766,764 AGE 6-17UnknownRace/ethnicity years NTA 29,42625,254 2,990 32,99024,051 2,809 27,04624,017 2,574 29,65225,210 2,425 24,21824,187 3,160 34,18228,749 2,511 30,28630,819 2,649 32,61431,544 2,570 30,09431,594 2,639 30,65929,728 2,241 18-25 years 20-2518-1912-176-11 years years years 38,00251,99628,30913,994 1,117 35,98350,79032,49614,806 495 37,32815,25552,58326,589 458 39,13629,01814,97854,114 634 40,70555,46423,66614,760 551 44,84517,22462,06933,495 687 44,10617,13461,24129,948 337 43,46716,92860,39532,178 435 49,13066,78017,65029,517 577 47,47565,72129,84618,246 813 3526-34 years years and older 35-4426-2930-34 years years 109,553 74,78240,89829,08269,980 116,813 78,58240,69629,78170,476 122,32740,44327,55267,99581,442 128,35881,27737,84927,88065,729 130,898 84,20640,50525,02065,525 137,808 88,69040,90627,28668,192 139,47586,36527,86567,27239,407 146,18691,28942,14029,63171,771 155,60695,92442,05831,57973,637 143,58085,43040,72427,38968,114 -10.9-13.3 -7.7 TOTAL DRUG ABUSE EPISODES Unknown 5545-54 years years and older 261,719 26,470 8,301 765 271,862 28,763 9,469 793 270,570 31,438 9,447 619 278,243 35,40711,673 390 276,524 10,40036,292 418 302,673 37,66811,450 422 298,890 41,14011,969 617 311,785 41,62913,268 820 326,699 46,91312,769 582 308,558 43,73314,417 485 co. 2 ANOTE:1 more This detailedcolumn These estimates denotesEstimatestabulation statistically areforof thethisbased racial time significanton periodand a representative ethnic are (p preliminary.droperidol-fentanylfentanylASA/caffeine/dihydrocodeine ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 00 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 hydrocodone/combinationsacetaminophen-hydrocodonehydrocodone 2030 023 023 023 031 40 04 04 1 ... 40 0415 -100.0 m hydroxy-N-methylmorphinanhydromorphone hydrocodone-ibuprofenaspirin-hydrocodone ... 00 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0(/)7CD meperidine/combinationslevorphanollevomethadylkaolin-pectin/paregoric acetate 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 O-n meperidine-promethazineacetaminophen/meperidinemeperidine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 1 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 3 morphine/combinationsmethadone 01 0 1 1 01 01 01 2 1 2 1 2 1 02 opium/combinationsnoscapinenalbuphine cocainemorphine (Schedule I substance) /morphine ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... opiumbelladonna-opium 10 0 1 0 1 ... 0 1 ... 10 ... 20 ... 20 30 40 40 oxycodone/combinationsaspirin-oxycodoneacetaminophen-oxycodoneoxycodone ... 01 ... 1 0 1 0 1 ... 10 01 1 02 1 02 ... 3 1 55.8 pentazocine/combinationspapaveretumoxymorphone pentazocine ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... -100.0 phenacetin/combinationsaspirin-pentazocineacetaminophen-pentazocinenaloxone-pentazocine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 pseudoephedrineaspirin/caffeine/phenacetin/APAP/ASA/caffeine/phenacetinphenacetin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 Table 12.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the co coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun * % changeH2 2001, % change/H1 2001, propoxyphene/combinations 1997 2 1 1998 1 1999 1 1999 1 2000 1 2000 1 2001 1 2001 1 2002 1 H12002 H12002 remifentanil ASA/caffeine/propoxypheneacetaminophen-propoxyphenepropoxyphene 0 1 ... 0 1 01 01 0 1 ... 10 01 01 ... 10 0 1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorynarcoticsufentanil agents analgesicanalgesics-NOS combinations-NOS 604 604 504 50 406 5050 5050 ... 460 406 ... 470 ... didofenac-misoprostoletodolacdidofenacbromfenac ... 0 00 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 indomethacinibuprofenflurbiprofenfenoprofen ... 40 ... 04 ... 40 ... 30 ... 30 ... 40 ... 30 ... 30 ... 30 03 -100.0 -100.0 mefenamicmeclofenamateketoprofenketorolac acid ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 oxaprozinnaproxennabumetone ... 0 1 0 1 ... 10 ... 10 ... 0 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 01 ... 0 1 -100.0 -90.0 -100.0 tolmetinsulindacpiroxicamphenylbutazone ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 00 00 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 Salicylates/combinationsaspirin/combinationsnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents-NOS 30 ... 3 ... 3 20 ... 22 30 ... 23 20 20 1 20 1 ASA/citrichydroxideAlaspirin hydroxide/ASA/Ca acid/Na bicarb carbonate/Mg 02 ... 02 03 ... 2 ... 2 ... 2 ... 02 0 1 ... 01 ... 1 aspirin-caffeineASA/caffeine/salicylamideASA/butalbital/caffeineaspirin-butalbital ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 choline salicylate aspirin/salsalateaspirin-phenyltoloxamineaspirin-diphenhydramine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 00 00 ... 00 ... 0 0 salsalatemagnesiumdiflunisalcholine salicylate-magnesium salicylate salicylate ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 Tablecoterminous 12.7.0 - EDU.S. mentions by half year for central (continued) nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun % change % change' sodium thiosalicylatesalicylate Drug name' 23 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 H1H2 20022001, H1 H12001, 2002 Miscellaneous analgesics/combinationsacetaminophen/combinationssalicylates-NOS 7890 9790 6780 6780 570 10 790 80 890 80 70 -13.5-13.3 -17.9-18.2 acetaminophen-caffeineacetaminophen-butalbitalacetaminophen ... 0 ... 0 0 1 ... 0 0 0 06 ... 06 ... 06 05 -100.0 acetaminophen-salicylamideacetaminophen-phenyltoloxamineacetaminophen-pamabromacetaminophen-diphenhydramine ... 0 1 ... 0 1 0 ... 01 ... 01 0 1 ... 01 ... 01 ... 01 ... 0 1 -100.0 acetaminophen/aspirin/pyrilamineacetaminophen/aspirinacid/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrineacetaminophen/ascorbicacetaminophen-tramadol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... hydroxideAPAP/AIephedrineacetaminophen/atropine/caffeine/ hydroxide/ASA/caffeine/Mg 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 00 0 APAP/caffeine/pyrilamineAPAP/butalbital/caffeineAPAP/ASA/caffeine/salicylamideAPAP/ASA/caffeine ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 00 0 -57.5 benzydaminebenoxaprofenammonium sulfate HCL APAP/pamabrom/pyrilamineAPAP/pamabrom/pyridoxine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 glafeninedypyronedipyronemorazonemethotrimeprazine 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 tramadolsuprofenoxyphenbutazonesalicylamide 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Analgesics combinationsdiphenhydramine-magnesiumanalgesics-NOSzomepiracxylazine NTA salicylate 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 -100.0 analgesicprednisone/salicylamideparaaminobenzoicmagnesium combinations-NOS salicylate-phenyltoloxamine acid/sodium salicylate ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 00 Table 12.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the o0 coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name''" Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % change`H2 H120022001, % change`H1 H120022001, Anorexiants diethylpropiondexfenfluramineclobenzorex 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 166.4 phendimetrazinemazindolfenproporexfenfluramine 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 ... sibutraminephenylpropanolaminephenterminephenmetrazine HCI 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Anticonvulsants aloxidone5-allyI-5-isobutylbarbituricanorexiants-NOS acid 03 ... 30 03 ... 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 -100.0 divalproexcarbamazepineaprobarbital sodium 10 10 0 1 ... 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 fosphenytoinfelbamateethotoinethosuximide 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 -100.0 mephenytoinlevetiracetamlamotriginehydantoingabapentin ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 01 001 ... 0 1 ... 0 1 ... 0 1 ... 0 1 -100.0 -100.0 paramethadioneoxcarbazepinemethsuximidemethetoin 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 primidonephenytoinphensuximidephenacemide ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 1 ... 0 1 00 0 0 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 valproictrimethadionetopiramatetiagabine acid 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Antiemetic/antivertigo agents benzocaine-trimethobenzamideanticonvulsants-NOSzonisamide ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 294.7 diphenidoldimenhydrinate/niacin/pentylenetetrazoldimenhydrinatecyclizine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 Table 12.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name1.2.3 Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * 2002 % changesH2 H12001, 2002 % changesH1 H12001, 2002 isopropamidegranisetrondronabinoldolasetron iodide 0 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 scopolaminephosphoratedondansetronmeclizine carbohydrate solution ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Antiparkinson agents antiemetic/antivertigotrimethobenzamidethiethylperazine agents-NOS 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 carbidopabromocriptinebiperidenbenztropine 0 ... 0 0 00 0 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 00 ... 00 entacaponecarbidopa-levodopapergolidelevodopa ... 0 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... selegilineropiniroleprocyclidinepramipexole 00 00 00 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 0 0 -100.0 General anesthetics antiparkinsontrihexyphenidyltolcapone agents-NOS 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 00 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 propofolmethohexitaletomidatedroperidol 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 Muscle relaxants generalthiopentalthiamylal anesthetics-NOS sodium 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 0 ... ASA/caffeine/orphenadrineacetaminophen/orphenadrineacetaminophen/chlorzoxazone ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 ... 04 04 03 atracuriumaspirin-methocarbamolaspirin-meprobamateaspirin-carisoprodolASA/carisoprodol/codeine ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 benzoctaminebaclofenbotulinum toxin type BA 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Table 12.7.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name1.3 Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change°H2 H12001, 2002 % change°H1 H12001, 2002 chlorzoxazonechlorphenesincarisoprodol ... 01 02 02 02 ... 02 ... 02 ... 02 02 02 ... 02 mephenesindoxacuriumdantrolenecyclobenzaprinecisatracurium 01 0 1 0 1 01 0 0 1 0 1 01 0 1 ... 0 -40.1 metocurinebenzodioxanmethoxyethoxyethylaminomethy1-1-4-methocarbamolmetaxalone ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 orphenadrinepipecuroniumpancuroniummivacurium ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 tizanidinesuccinylcholinerocuroniumrapacuronium ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 Miscellaneous CNS agents cevimelinevecuroniumtubocurarinemuscle relaxants-NOS 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 pilocarpinelaudanosinegalantamineergoloiddonepezil mesylates 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 * Estimates for this time period are preliminary. Final estimates will be producedtacrinerivastigmine later and may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nonresponse adjustment and other factors. 0 ... 0 32TheI ThisAnestheticCocaine Multum classification (Schedule Licensing gasses of are I drugs Agreementsubstance) classified is derived governing/under morphine from Inhalants. theuse is Multum Brompton'sof the Lexicon Lexicon, mixture. is Copyright provided All other in an mentions appendix of tococaine this report are classifiedand can be under found Major on the Substances Internet at of Abuse. 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique requirements (2002). http://www.multum.com. for4 This anNOTE:Atlanta RSE column These forgreater thedenotes estimatesperiod than statistically 50% January-June are has based been significant on 2001.suppressed. a representative For(p < the 0.05) Dashes Atlanta increases sample (--)contribution indicate andof non-Federal, decreases that to the an nationalestimate betweenshort-stay estimates, has estimates hospitals been datasupressed for with werethe 24-hour periods imputed due to emergency noted. incomplete for Atlanta See departmentsRelative data.nonrespondents Data Standard werein the not basedErrorcoterminous sufficiently (RSE) on actual tables U.S. data Dots for (...) indicate that complete to produce estimates from January-Junep -values. 2000. an estimate with SOURCE:CNSBureauDrugs = central are ofOffice theclassified nervous Census. of Applied system,to the Studies, degree ED = SAMHSA,ofemergency specificity Drug department, recorded Abuse in Warning H1the =DAWN first Network, half case (Jan-Jun) reports. 2002 (09/2002of ED year, rates H2 update). are = second calculated half using (Jul-Dec) decennial of year, census NOS =data and intercensal population not otherwise specified, NTA = not tabulated above. estimates provided by the U.S. Table 12.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year Drug name'" 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % changed 20011994, % changed 20011999, % changed 2000,2001 Analgesics Antimigraine agents APAP/dichloralphenazone/isometheptenealmotriptan 59 0 59 0 57 0 59 0 59 00 57 0 68 0 69 0 15.7 20.6 dihydroergotaminecaffeine-ergotaminepentobarbitalbelladonna/caffeine/ergotamine/ 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -88.3 91.8 frovatriptannaratriptanmethysergideisomethepteneergotamine maleate mucate 00 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 -87.0 -100.0 -51.2 10m antimigrainezolmitriptansumatriptanrizatriptan agents-NOS ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... -51.2 O3-nCO Cox-2 inhibitor valdecoxibcelecoxibrofecoxibmeloxicam 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 01 ... Narcotic analgesics/combinationsalfentanilcox-2 inhibitor-NOS Narcotic analgesicsanalgesic combinations 1119 8 1019 9 2010 231211 111424 111728 141933 263914 203.0102.6 24.9 21.249.138.0 32.117.6 butorphanolbuprenorphineaspirin/ethoheptazineanileridine 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 354.1 -100.0 41 codeine/combinationsacetaminophen-codeinecodeine 314 314 31 30 213 20 20 0 1 -64.9-60.6-64.2 -34.1-28.3 -33.1-31.5 aspirin/caffeine/codeineaspirin-codeineASA/butalbitaVcaffeineAPAP/butalbitaVcaffeine/codeineacetaminophen/caffeine/codeine /codeine ... 0 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 codeine/phenacetincodeine/papaverineaspirin/caffeine/codeine/phenacetin/aspirin /caffeine /codeine /phenacetin ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 -100.0 dihydrocodeine/combinationsdezocine codeinecodeine/salicylates combination-NOS ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 theTable coterminous 12.8.0 - ED U.S. mentions by year for (continued) central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for Drug name Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total % change4 1994, % thane° 1999, % change4 2000, APAP/caffeine/dihydrocodeinedihydrocodeine 1994 ... 0 1995 0 1996 0 1997 ... 0 1998 ... 0 1999 ... 0 2000 ... 0 2001 ... 0 2001 2001 2001 fentanyVcombinationsdihydromorphinone droperidol-fentanylfentanylASA/caffeine/dihydrocodeine ... 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 0 00 00 0 2,202.8 ... 102.1102.1 -100.0 hydrocodone/combinationsaspirin-hydrocodoneacetaminophen-hydrocodonehydrocodone 40 04 1 045 1 045 6 1 056 1 07 18 0a9 1 111.9110.1 74.8 40.135.6 kaolin-pectin/paregorichydroxy-N-methylmorphinanhydromorphone hydrocodone-ibuprofen 0 0 0 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 levorphanolmeperidine/combinationslevomethadyl acetatemeperidine ... 00 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 methadone meperidine-promethazineacetaminophen/meperidine ... 10 ... 20 ... 20 ... 20 ... 2 ... 20 ... 30 ... 40 199.5 89.6 -100.0 33.8 nalbuphinemorphine/combinationscocainemorphine (Schedule I substance)/morphine 0 0 1 0 ... 01 1 ... 0 1 0 1 ... 0 1 01 1 -100.0181.5181.2 -100.0 -100.0 -I-xA ..n belladonnaopium/combinationsiliumnoscapine -opium ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ..v.bxycodone.0.. imcodone/combinations aspirin-oxycodoneacetaminophen-oxycodone 02 ... 0 1 01 02 02 0213 0324 0347 7,204.6 310.9 80.1 490.1174.6 53.1 185.5-70.7 65.8 pentazocine/combinationspapaveretumoxymorphone pentazocine 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 phenacetin/combinationsnaloxone-pentazocineaspirin-pentazocineacetaminophen-pentazocine ...... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 -100.0 pseudoephedrineaspirin/caffeine/phenacetin/APAP/ASA/caffeine/phenacetinphenacetin ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 -100.0 Table 12.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug namel" 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total 0/0 change41994,2001 % thange4 20011999, % thane 2000,2001 remifentanilpropoxyphene/combinationsASA/caffeine/propoxypheneacetaminophen-propoxyphenepropoxyphene 0213 ... 203 023 023 ... 20 02 ... 20 ... 20 -59.0 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorynarcoticsufentanil agents analgesicanalgesics-NOS combinations-NOS 12 40 13... 04 11 05 11 07 11 080 11 90 10 0 13 90 252.0-28.4 251.7 21.1 etodolacdiclofenac-misoprostoldiclofenacbromfenac 00 0 0 0 00 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 -88.7 ... -91.3 indomethacinibuprofenflurbiprofenfenoprofen ... 900 ... 09 ... 07 07 ... 70 06 ... 70 ... 70 -99.7 -84.0 mefenamicmeclofenamateketorolacketoprofen acid 0 1 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ...... 0 -100.0 ... phenylbutazoneoxaprozinnaproxennabumetone ... 20 02 ... 02 ... 02 02 02 02 ... 02 tolmetinsulindacpiroxicam ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... .0 -68.0 Salicylates/combinationsaspirin/combinationsnonsteroidal anti-inflammatoryAlaspirin hydroxide/ASA/Ca agents-NOS carbonate/Mg 6780 ... 57 ... 567 ... 56 ... 56 ... 45 ... 456 230 -61.8-61.1-59.4-94.1 -37.2-32.6-28.3 -46.1-44.5-39.9 ASA/butalbital/caffeineASA/citrichydroxide acid/Na bicarb ... 1 ... 0 1 ... 10 10 ... 0 1 ... 0 ... 1 ... 0 -61.2 aspirin-diphenhydramineaspirin-caffeineaspirin-butalbitalASA/caffeine/salicylamide ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -52.3 -1 choline salicylate aspirin/salsalateaspirin- phenyitoloxamine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 0 ... 0 cnCn salsalatemagnesiumdiflunisalcholine salicylate-magnesium salicylate salicylate ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0. ... 00 -100.0 -89.9 ... -68.0 c7)6.) Table 12.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug names'2.3 Total1994 Total1995 1996Total 1997Total Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change's 20011994, % change's 20011999, % change4 2000,2001 Miscellaneous analgesics/combinationssalicylates-NOSsodiumsodium thiosalicylate salicylate 19 1 19 1 20 1 19 1 17 1 15 0 18 0 17 0 12.2 acetaminophen/combinationsacetaminophen-caffeineacetaminophen-butalbitalacetaminophen 1619 0 ...1518 0 ...1619 0 1518 0 ...1316 0 ...1114 0 1317 0 ...1215 0 -81.8-24.8 10.0 acetaminophen-salicylamideacetaminophen-phenyltoloxamineacetaminophen-pamabromacetaminophen-diphenhydramine ... 0 1 ... 01 ... 01 ... 0 1 ... 0 1 ... 01 ... 02 ... 01 110.9 acetaminophen/aspirin/pyrilamineacetaminophen/aspirinacid/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrineacetaminophen/ascorbicacetaminophen-tramadol hydroxideAPAPephedrineacetaminophen/atropine/caffeine/ /AI hydroxide/ASA/caffeine/Mg 00 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 -100.0 APAP/butalbital/caffeineAPAP/ASA/caffeine/salicylamideAPAP/ASA/caffeine ... 1 0 1 ... 1 1 ... 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10 1 ..) ammonium sulfate APAP/pamabrom/pyrilamineAPAP/pamabrom/pyridoxineAPAP/caffeine/pyrilamine ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 glafeninedypyronedipyronebenzydaminebenoxaprofen HCL ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 -100.0 oxyphenbutazonemorazonemethotrimeprazine ...... xylazinetramadolsuprofensalicylamide 0 0 10 0 1 1 0 10 10 100.7 Analgesics combinationszomepirac NTAdiphenhydramine-magnesiumanalgesics-NOS salicylate 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... analgesicprednisone/salicylamideparaaminobenzoicmagnesium combinations-NOS salicylate-phenyltoloxamine acid/sodium salicylate 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... Table 12.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name12.3 Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change4 20011994, % change4 1999,2001 % chan4 2000,2001 Anorexiants diethylpropiondexfenfluramineclobenzorex 01 ... 01 0 1 1 ... 1 01 ... 001 ... 0 -63.2 -100.0 phendimetrazinemazindolfenproporexfenfluramine ... 0 ... 0 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... sibutraminephenylpropanolaminephenterminephenmetrazine He' ... 01 01 0 1 0 0 00 ... 0 -100.0 -92.1 -80.9 -82.6 Anticonvulsants aloxidone5-anorexiants-NOS allyl- 5- isobutylbarbituric acid 40 40 05 ... 60 06 007 06 42.1 divalproexcarbamazepineaprobarbital sodium 2 10 ... 2 1 20 2 1 310 ... 21 031 2 10 176.5-57.2 fosphenytoinfelbamateethotoinethosuximide ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... levetiracetamlamotriginehydantoingabapentin ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 01 ... 02 ... 0 1 ... paramethadioneoxcarbazepinemethsuximidemethetoinmephenytoin ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 primidonephenytoinphensuximidephenacemide 01 02 ... 0 1 ... 0 1 ... 1 01 0 1 01 -64.5-50.1 valproictrimethadionetopiramatetiagabine acid 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 74 Antiemetidantivertigo agents anticonvulsants-NOSzonisamidebenzocaine-trimethobenzamide 10 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 104.3-62.2 to diphenidoldimenhydrinate/nlacin/pentylenetetrazoldimenhydrinatecyclizine 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 00 -100.0 -100.0 Table 12.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug namet" 1994Total 1995Total Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change4 1994, % change./ 1999, 0/0 change4 2000, granisetrondronabinoldolasetron ... 0 0 0 0 ...... 0 2001 ... 2001 2001 phosphoratedondansetronmedizineisopropamide carbohydrate iodide solution 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 763.2 trimethobenzamidethiethylperazinescopolamine ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 Antiparkinson agents biperidenbenztropineantiemetidantivertigo agents-NOS ... 2 1 ... 0 1 ... 10 ... 0 1 10 1 ... 01 00 ... 00 -76.1-74.6 ... entacaponecarbidopa-levodopacarbidopabromocriptine ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 procydidinepramipexolepergolidelevodopa ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 00 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 -100.0 trihexyphenidyltolcaponeselegilineropinirole ... 0 0 0 ...... 0 ...... 0 General anesthetics etomidatedroperidolantiparkinson agents-NOS 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 00 354.1 -100.0 generalthiopentalthiamylalpropofolmethohexital anesthetics-NOS sodium 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 -100.0808.1 Muscle relaxants ASA/caffeine/orphenadrineacetaminophen/orphenadrineacetaminophen/chlorzoxazone ... 05 060 ... 06 ... 05 ... 06 ... 06 ... 06 07 41.2 -100.0 32.9 -100.0 16.4 aspirin-methocarbamolaspirin-meprobamateaspirin-carisoprodolASA/carisoprodol/codeine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -89.9 ... botulinumbenzoctaminebaclofenatracurium toxin type BA ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 Table 12.8.0 - ED mentions for central nervous system agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug namel" Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 Total1998 Total1999 2000Total 2001Total % change/ 1994,2001 % change/ 20011999, % change/ 2000,2001 cisatracuriumchlorzoxazonechlorphenesincarisoprodol 03 03 ... 03 ... 03 40 ... 40 ... 04 04 -96.1 55.4 mephenesindoxacuriumdantrolenecyclobenzaprine 0 1 0 1 02 02 01 01 02 02 -100.0 45.6 -100.0 benzodioxanmethoxyethoxyethylaminomethy1-1-4-methocarbamolmetaxalone 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,755.9 -100.0 -51.9 -100.0 pancuroniumorphenadrinemivacuriummetocurine 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 rocuroniumrapacuroniumpipecuronium 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 musclevecuroniumtubocurarinetizanidinesuccinylcholine relaxants-NOS 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... Miscellaneous CNS agents ergoloiddonepezilcevimeline mesylates 0 00 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... tacrinerivastigminepilocarpinelaudanosinegalantamine 0 00 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 3Anesthetic2Cocainerequirements'This classification (Schedule gasses (2002). are I ofsubstance) classified drugsThe Multum is derived under/ morphine Licensing Inhalants. from is the AgreementBrompton's Multum Lexicon, governingmixture.All Copyright use other of thementions Lexicon of iscocaine provided are in classified an appendix under to Majorthis report Substances and can of be Abuse. found on the 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique Internet at http://www.multum.com. 4ThistoestimateNOTE: producecolumn These with denotesestimates an estimates RSE statistically for greater Atlantaare based than significant for 50%theon aperiod hasrepresentative (p dexchlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/PSEdexbrompheniramine-pseudoephedrinecodeinecodeine/phenylephrine/pyrilamine /pseudoephedrine/triprolidine ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... dextromethorphan/doxylamine/phenylephrinedextromethorphan-potassiumdextromethorphan-phenylpropanolaminedextromethorphan-guaifenesin guaiacolsulfonate ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 00 0 ... 0 -100.0 dextromethorphan/guaifenesin/PPAdextromethorphan/guaifenesin/phenylephrinedextromethorphan-pseudoephedrinedextromethorphan-promethazine ... 0 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 00 -100.0 dextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilaminedextromethorphan/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrineephedrine-potassiumephedrine-guaifenesindiphenhydramine-pseudoephedrine iodide ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... Table 12.9.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun * % change2H2 2001, % change2H1 2001, guaifenesin-hydromorphoneguaifenesin-hydrocodonefexofenadine-pseudoephedrine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 2002 0 H1 2002 H1 2002 guaifenesin-pseudoephedrineguaifenesinguaifenesin-phenylephrine - phenylpropanolamine ... 0 ... 00 00 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 guaifenesin/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrineguaifenesin/hydrocodone/phenylephrineguaifenesin/hydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPAguaifenesin/hydrocodon/pheniram/PPA/pyrilamin ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 hydrocodone-phenylpropanolaminehydrocodone-phenylephrinehomatropine-hydrocodoneguaifenesin/phenylephrine/PPA ... 00 ...... 00 ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 hydrocodone/potassiumhydrocodone/phenylephrine/pyrilaminehydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPA/pyrilaminehydrocodone-pseudoephedrinehydrocodone-potassium guaiacolsulfonate/PSE guaiacolsulfonate 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 ... 0 0 pheniramine/phenyltoloxamine/PSE/pyrilaminenaproxen-pseudoephedrinemethscopolamine-pseudoephedrineloratadine-pseudoephedrineibuprofen-pseudoephedrine ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 pseudoephedrine-terfenadinephenylephrine-pyrilaminephenylephrine-promethazinepheniramine/PPA/pyrilaminepheniramine/PPA/phenyltoloxamine/pyrilamine ... 0 00 ... 0 0 0 00 00 00 ... 0 00 Respiratory agents NTAalphaacetylcysteineupperpseudoephedrine-triprolidine 1-proteinase respiratory inhibitor combinations-NOS 00 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 00 ... 00 aminophylline/ephedrine/PB/Kaminophylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PBaminophylline/amobarbital/ephedrineaminophylline-guaifenesin iodide 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 catfactantbudesonideberactantbenzonatatebeclomethasone 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 cromolyncolfoscerilcodeine/terpincaramiphen-phenylpropanolamine hydrate 00 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 ... 0 0 Tableby half 12.9.0 year - (continued)ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. % change2 % change2 cyclopentamine/methapyrilene HCl/ Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 H2 H120022001, H1 H120022001, dyphylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PBdyphylline-gualfenesindomasedextromethorphanpyrrobutamine alfa 00 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ephedrine/hydroxyzineltheophyllineephedrine/guaifenesinitheophyllineephedrine/phenobarbital/theophyllineephedrine/PB/K iodideltheophylline 0 00 00 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 fluticasone-salmeterolfluticasonefiunisolideguaifenesinephedrine/phenobarbital/theophylline/ 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... ipratropiumguaifenesin-theophyllineguaifenesin-oxtriphyllinehomatropinehexylresorcinol 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 00 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 nesiritidenedocromilmontelukastketotifen fumarate 0 0 00 00 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 antiasthmaticzileutonzaflrlukastporactantnikethamide combinations-NOS 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 lungantitussives-NOSrespiratoryleukotriene surfactants-NOS inhalantagents-NOSmodifiers-NOS products-NOS ... 0 ... 0 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 The1 This Multum classification LicensingEstimates of Agreementdrugs for thisis derived time governing period from theareuse Multum preliminary.of the Lexicon Lexicon, Final is Copyright providedestimates in will an beappendix produced to thislater report and may and becan higher be found or lower on than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique requirements (2002). the Internet at http://www.multum.com. adjustment and other factors. 2 ThisforanNOTE: AtlantaRSEcolumn These greater for denotes theestimates than period statistically 50% areJanuary-June has based beensignificant on suppressed. a 2001. representative (p Forc 0.05) the Dashes Atlantaincreases sample () contribution indicate ofand non-Federal, decreases that to anthe short-staynationalbetween estimates, estimates hospitals dataforwith the 24-hourwere periods emergency noted. See Relative Standard Error (RSE) tables for estimate has been supressed due to incomplete data. Data were not sufficiently complete to produce estimates imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based on actual data from January-June 2000. departments in the coterminous U.S. Dots (...) indicate that an estimate with p -values. Urco71 SOURCE:EDBureauDrugs = emergency are of the classifiedOffice Census. ofdepartment, Appliedto the degree Studies, H1 = of first SAMHSA,specificity half (Jan-Jun) recordedDrug Abuse of inyear, the Warning H2DAWN = second Network, case halfreports. 2002 (Jul-Dec) ED(09/2002 rates of year, areupdate). calculatedNOS = not using decennial census otherwise specified, NTA = not tabulated above. data and intercensal population estimates provided by the U.S. rnto Table 12.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the rn coterminous U.S. by year Drug name' Total1994 1995Total Total1996 1997Total Total Total Total Total % change2 1994, % change2 1999, % change2 2000, Antihistamines acetaminophen/phenylpropanolamine/ 1 1 1 1 1998 1 1999 1 2000 1 2001 2 2001 2001 2001 brompheniraminebromodiphenhydramineazatadineastemizolephenyltoloxamine 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 00 -100.0 -100.0 chlorpheniraminechloropyraminecetirizinecarbinoxamine ...... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 dexbrompheniraminedesloratadinecyproheptadineclemastinechlorphentermine ... 0 0 00 ... 00 ... 0 ... 00 ...... 2,480.6 21,702.7 ... loratadinefexofenadinediphenylpyralinedexchlorpheniramine HCI ... 0 0 00 ... 00 ... 0 0 00 00 neo-anterganmethdilazinemethapyrilenemeclozine HCI hydrogenHCI meleate ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... phenyltoloxaminepheniramine/phenyltoloxamine/pyrilaminepheniraminephenindamine ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 ... 0 ... 00 ... 00 ... 00 -100.0 -100.0 -100.0 terfenadinerotoxaminepyribenzaminepromethazine tartrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ... 0 antihistamines-NOStriprolidinetripelennaminebimeprazine 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 ... 0 ...... Bronchodilators aminophyllinealbuterol-ipratropiumalbuterol 0 1 0 1 0 1 ... 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 -74.0-86.3 isoetharineformoteroldyphyllinebitolterol ... 0 ... 00 00 0 0 0 00 ... 0 -100.0 oxtriphyllinemetaproterenollevalbuterolisoproterenol-phenylephrine ... 0 ... 0 00 00 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 Table 12.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name' Total1994 Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total 0/0 change2 1994,2001 % change2 1999,2001 , change2 2000,2001 salmeterolproxyphyllinepirbuterol 0 ... 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 theophyllinetheobromineterbutaline magnesium oleate ... 0 1 ... 0 0 ...... 0 0 ... 0 0 -97.7-98.7 -93.4 Decongestants decongestants-NOSpseudoephedrinebronchodilators-NOS ... 01 01 0 1 01 01 0 ... 0 0 -62.5-64.5 Expectorants anhydrousambroxolguaifenesinchlorpheniramine/codeine/phenylephrine calcium iodide-isoproterenol ... 0 0 ... 00 0 0 00 00 ... 00 expectorants-NOSterpinpotassium hydrate iodide 30 30 ... 30 20 20 0 1 ... 02 020 -100.0 60.8 Upper respiratory combinationsacetaminophen-phenylephrineacetaminophen-dextromethorphanacetaminophen-chlorpheniramine 0 0 ... 0 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 1 8,940.5 ... 508.1 ammoniumacrivastine-pseudoephedrinedoxylamine/ephedrineacetaminophen/dextromethorphan/acetaminophen-pseudoephedrine chloride/CPM/codeine/PE 00 0 0 0 ...... 0 ... APAP/ASA/PPAanhydrousephedrine/ipecac/PEammonium calcium chloride/CPWDW iodide-codeine ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ZA.3 APAP/caffeine/guaifenesin/phenylephrineAPAP/caffeine/CPM/hydrocodone/PEAPAP/caffeine/chlorpheniramine/PPAAPAP/brompheniramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/brompheniramine/phenylpropanolamine 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 APAP/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEAPAP/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAAPAP/chlorpheniramine/codeine/phenylephrineAPAP/caffeine/PPA/salicylamide 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 TI APAP/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrineAPAP/chlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/PPAAPAP/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/ ... 0 0 0 rn APAP/clemastine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/chlorpheniramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/chlorpheniramine/phenylpropanolaminedextromethorphan/guaifenesinAPAP/CPWphenylephrine/PPA/pyrilamine ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 205.2 Table 12.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name Total1994 1995Total 1996Total 1997Total Total1998 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 1994, % change2 1999, % change2 2000, APAP/dextromethorphan/diphenhydramine/PSEAPAP/dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/CPM/phenylephrine/salicylamide 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 2001 2001 2001 APAP/dextromethorphan/PSE/pyrilamineAPAP/dextromethorphan/phenylpropanolamineAPAP/dextromethorphan/guaifenesin/PSEAPAP/dextromethorphan/guaifenesin/PPAAPAP/dextromethorphan/doxylamine/PSE ... 01 0 ... 01 001 010 0 ... 0 ... 10 ... ASA/brompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAAPAP/pseudoephedrine/triprolidineAPAP/diphenhydramine/pseudoephedrineAPAP/dextromethorphan/pseudoephedrine 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 ... aspirin-ASA/diphenhydramine/PPAASAlchlASA/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorpharVPPAASA/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan pseudoephedrineorpheniramine / phenylpropanolamine 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 azatadine-pseudoephedrinescopolamineatropine/CPM/hyoscyamine/PE/PPA/ 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... brompheniramine-pseudoephedrinebrompheniramine-phenylpropanolaminebrompheniramine-phenylephrinebromodiphenhydramine-codeine ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 -100.0 brompheniramine/guaifenesin/phenylephrine/brompheniramine/DWguaifenesin/PPAbrompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAbrompheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEbrompheniramine/codeine/phenylpropanolamine 0 0 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... --- carbetapentane/chlorpheniramine/phenylephrinecarbetapentane-chlorpheniraminecaffeine/pheniramine/PE/Nabrompheniramine/phenytephrine/PPAPPA citrate, salicylat 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 00 0 0 -100.0 carbinoxamine-pseudoephedrinecarbetapentane/PE/PPAXcarbetapentane/guaifenesin/phenylephrinecarbetapentane/CPM/ephedrine/phenylephrine guaiacolsulfonate ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 0 0 0 cetirizine-pseudoephedrinepseudoephedrinecarbinoxamine/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrinecarbinoxamine/methscopolamine/carbinoxamine/dextromethorphan/PSE 0 0 0 ...... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 -87.0 ... -89.2 chlorpheniramine-phenylpropanolaminechlorpheniramine-phenylephrinechlorpheniramine-hydrocodonechlorpheniramine-dextromethorphan ... 00 ... 00 ... 0 ... 00 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... Table 12.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name' 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total 1999Total 2000Total 2001Total % change2 1994,2001 % change2 20011999, % change2 2000,2001 chlorpheniramine/codeine/pseudoephedrinechlorpheniramine/codeine/phenylephrine/PPAchlorpheniraminelcodeine/PE/Kchlorpheniramine-pseudoephedrine iodide 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 ...... 0 chlorpheniramine/DM/gualfenesin/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/dihydrocodeine/PE/PPAchlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PSEchlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/PPAchlorpheniramine/DM/phenylephrine ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 chlorpheniramine/hydrocodone/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrinechlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/phenylephrinechlorpheniramine/ephedrine/guaifenesin 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... chlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PSEchlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PPAchlorpheniramine/methscopolamine/PEchlorpheniramine/hydrocodone/F'SE 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 -100.0 chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/PPAchlorpheniramine/phenindamine/PPAchlorpheniramine/PEJPPA/phenyltoloxaminechlorpheniramine/PE/phenyltoloxamine ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 -88.0 chlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/PPA/pyrilaminecodeine-clemastine-phenylpropanolaminechlorpheniramine/phenylephrine/pyrilamine gualfenesin 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -96.3 475.4 codeine/pheniramine/phenylephrine/Nacodeine/guaifenesin/PSEcodeine/guaifenesin/phenylpropanolaminecodeine-pseudoephedrinecodeine-promethazine citrate 0 ... 0 00 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 ... 95.0 dexchlorpheniramine/guaifenesin/PSEdexbrompheniramlne-pseudoephedrinecodeine/pseudoephedrine/triprolidinecodeine/phenylephrine/pyrilaminecodeine/phenylephrine/promethazine ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... dextromethorphan-potassiumdextromethorphan-phenylpropanolaminedextromethorphan-guaifenesindextromethorphan/doxylamine/phenylephrinedextromethorphan-promethazine guaiacolsulfonate ... 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 187.7 dextromethorphan/gualfenesin/pseudoephedrinedextromethorphan/guaifenesin/PPAdextromethorphan/guaifenesin/phenylephrinedextromethorphan-pseudoephedrine ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -79.8 ephedrine-potassiumdextromethorphan/phenylephrine/pyrilamineephedrine-gualfenesindiphenhydramine- pseudoephedrineIodide 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... _ ... Table 12.10.0 - ED mentions for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the 0 coterminous U.S. by year (continued) Drug name' 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total Total Total % change2 1994, % change2 1999, % change2 2000, fexofenadine-pseudoephedrineguaifenesin-hydrocodone 0 0 0 0 0 1999 0 2000 0 2001 ... 0 2001 2001 2001 guaifenesin-pseudoephedrineguaifenesin-phenylpropanolamineguaifenesin-phenylephrineguaifenesin-hydromorphone 0 ... 00 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 00 0 -62.2-94.9 guaifenesin/hydrocodone/pseudoephedrineguaifenesin/hydrocodone/phenylephrineguaifenesin/hydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPAguaifenesin/hydrocodon/pheniram/PPA/pyrilamin ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 hydrocodone-phenylpropanolaminehydrocodone-phenylephrinehomatropine-hydrocodoneguaifenesin/phenylephrine/PPA ... 0 0 0 00 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -93.2 hydrocodone/potassiumhydrocodone/phenylephrine/pyrilaminehydrocodone/pheniramine/PE/PPA/pyrilaminehydrocodone-pseudoephedrinehydrocodone-potassium guaiacolsulfonate/PSEguaiacolsulfonate 00 0 00 0 0 0 00 ... 0 pheniramine/phenyltoloxamine/PSE/pyrilaminenaproxen-pseudoephedrinemethscopolamine-pseudoephedrineloratadine-pseudoephedrineibuprofen-pseudoephedrine 0 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ...... pseudoephedrine-terfenadinephenylephrine-pyrilaminephenylephrine-promethazinephenlramine/PPA/pyrilaminepheniramine/PPA/phenyltoloxamine/pyrilamine ... 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 0 ... 0 -100.0 Respiratory agents NTAalphaacetylcysteineupperpseudoephedrine-triprolidine 1-proteinaserespiratory combinations-NOS inhibitor 0 0 0 00 ... 0 0 00 ... 0 -93.9 230.5 aminophylline/ephedrine/PB/Kaminophylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PBaminophylline/amobarbital/ephedrineaminophylline-guaifenesin iodide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 calfactantbudesonideberactantbenzonatatebeclomethasone ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 cromolyncolfoscerilcodeine/terpincaramiphen-phenylpropanolamine hydrate 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 coterminousTable 12.10.0 U.S. - ED by mentions year (continued) for respiratory agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the % change2 % change2 % change2 cyclopentamine/methapyrilene HCV Drug name 1994Total Total1995 Total1996 Total1997 1998Total Total1999 2000Total 2001Total 1994,2001 1999,2001 2000,2001 dyphylline/ephedrine/guaifenesin/PBdyphylline-guaifenesindomasedextromethorphanpyrrobutamine Oa 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 00 ephedrine/phenobarbitaVtheophyllineephedrine/PB/Kephedrine/hydroxyzine/theophyllineephedrine/guaifenesin/theophylline iodide/theophylline ... 0 ...... 0 0 0 00 00 0 ... 0 -100.0 fluticasoneflunisolideguaifenesinephedrine/phenobarbital/theophylline/ 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 fluticasone-salmeterolhomatropinehexylresorcinolguaifenesin-theophyllineguaifenesin-oxtriphylline ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 montelukastketotifenipratropiumnesiritidenedocromil fumarate 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... antiasthmaticzileutonzafirlukastporactantnikethamide combinations-NOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 respiratorylungleukotrieneantitussives-NOS surfactants-NOS agents-NOSmodifiers-NOS 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ...... requirements1 This classification (2002). of The drugsrespiratory Multum is derived Licensing inhalant from products-NOSAgreementthe Multum governingLexicon, Copyright use of the 02002, Lexicon Multum is provided Information in an appendixServices, toInc. this The report classification and can be has found been on modified the to meet DAWN'S Internet at http://www.multum.com. unique toestimate2 ThisproduceNOTE: column with These estimates an denotes RSEestimates for greater statistically Atlanta are than based for significant50%the on period has a representative been (pJanuary-June < suppressed.0.05) increases sample 2001. Dashes of Forand non-Federal, thedecreases (--) Atlanta indicate short-staycontributionbetween that an estimatesestimate hospitals to the nationalhas withfor beenthe 24-hour periodsestimates, supressed emergency noted. data due See were todepartments Relativeincomplete Standard Error (RSE) tables for imputed for Atlanta nonrespondents based in the coterminous U.S. Dotsdata. (...) Data indicate were that not an sufficiently complete p -values. SOURCE:EDdataon actual= andemergency intercensaldata Office from ofdepartment, AppliedJanuary-June population Studies, NOS estimates 2000. = SAMHSA, not Drugs otherwise provided areDrug classified specified,by Abuse the U.S. Warning to NTA the Bureau =degree notNetwork, oftabulated theof specificity Census.2002 above. (09/2002 recorded update). in the DAWN case reports. ED rates are calculated using decennial census CA) Table 12.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan -Jun' % change2H2 2001, % H1 2001, change2 Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 0 2001 0 2001 1 2002 H12002 H12002 methyldopaguanfacineguanabenzclonidine ... 00 ... 00 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 1 ... 0 142.9 Beta-adrenergic blockingbetaxololatenololacebutolol agentsantiadrenergic agents, centrally acting-NOS 0 0 00 00 01 ... 00 00 ... 00 ... 00 ... 00 -100.0 carvedilolesmololcarteololbisoprolol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 nadololmetoprolollabetalol ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 propranololpindololpenbutololoxprenolol 00 ... 0 0 ... 00 0 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 Calcium channel blockingbeta-adrenergictimololsotalol agents blocking agents-NOS ... 0 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 00 0 ... 0 ... 00 44:ACT) felodipinediltiazembepridilamlodipine ..... 0 0 0 ...... 00 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 CO nifedipinenicardipinemibefradilisradipine 0 0 0 ... 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 00 00 -100.0 verapamilnisoldipinenimodipine 00 00 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 -100.0 Diuretics bendroflumethiazideamilorideacetazolamidecalcium channel blocking agents-NOS ... 0 0 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 00 00 00 ... 0 chlorthalidonechlorothiazidebumetanidebenzthiazide ... 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 .. 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... furosemideethacrynicdichlorphenamide acid 0 ... 0 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 Table 12.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 % change2H2 H120022001, % change2H1 H120022001, mannitolindapamidehydroflumethiazidehydrochlorothiazide ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 pamabrommetolazonemethydothiazidemethazolamide ... 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 00 0 0 0 00 00 -100.0-100.0 -100.0 trichlormethiazidetriamterenetorsemidespironolactonepolythiazide ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 0 -73.3-55.0 Cardiovascular agents NTAadenosinediuretics-NOSurea 0 ... 1 0 1 ... 1 0 1 1 10 ... 1 ... 1 0 1 65.6 amlodipine-benazeprilamiodaroneamiloride-hydrochlorothiazideamIdephrine 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 0 benazeprilatenolol-chlorthalidonearbutamlneamyl nitrite ... 00 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... benazepril-hydrochlorothiazidebisoprolol-hydrochlorothlazidebendroflumethiazide-rauwolfiabendroflumethiazide-nadolol serpentina 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 candesartan-hydrochlorothiazidecaptoprilcandesartanbretylium 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 00 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 chlorthalidone-reserpinechlorthalidone-clonidinechlorothiazide-reserpinechlorothiazide-methyldopacaptopril-hydrochlorothiazide ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 deserpidine-hydrochlorothiazidedeserpidinecydandelatecilostazoldeserpidine-methydothlazide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... diltiazem-enalaprildigoxindigitoxindiazoxidedeslanoside 00 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 T1 Tablecoterminous 12.11.0 -U.S. ED mentionsby half year for (continued)cardiovascular agents by Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec drug category: EstimatedJan-Jun rates per 100,000 population for the Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun Jul-Dec % change2 % change2 disopyramide Drug name' 1997 ... 1998 0 1998 ... 1999 1999 0 2000 ... 2000 0 2001 0 2001 ... Jan-Jun * 2002 0 H2 H120022001, ... H1 H120022001, doxazosindopaminedofetilidedobutamine 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 00 -89.1 enalapril-hydrochlorothiazideenalapril-felodipineenalapriledetate disodium (EDTA) ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 erythrityleprosartanepinephrineephedrine tetranitrate 0 0 ... 0 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 489.8 flecainidefenoldopamethaverineethanolamine oleate 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 0 ... 0 guanethidineguanethidine-hydrochlorothiazideguanadrelfosinopril-hydrochlorothiazidefosinopril 0 0 ... 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ...... hydrochlorothiazide-irbesartanhydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide/reserpinehydralazine-hydrochlorothiazidehydralazine 0 ... 0 ... 00 ... 0 ... 00 0 ... 00 ... 00 ... 0 -100.0-100.0 -100.0 hydrochlorothiazide-moexiprilhydrochlorothiazide-metoprololhydrochlorothiazide-methyldopahydrochlorothiazide-losartanhydrochtorothiazide-lisinoprit ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 CCC) hydrochlorothiazide-spironotactonehydrochlorothiazide-reserpinehydrochlorothiazide-quinaprilhydrochlorothiazide-propranolol ... 0 0 ... 0 00 0 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 hydroflumethiazide-reserpinehydrochlorothiazide-valsartanhydrochlorothiazide-hydrochlorothiade-timololhydrochlorothiazide-telmisartan triamterene 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 isoproterenolirbesartaninamrinoneibutilide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 -100.0 lisinoprilisoxsuprineisosorbide mononitratedinitrate ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ....,. 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 00 Table 12.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan -Jun' 2002 % change2H2 H12001, 2002 % change2H1 H12001, 2002 metaraminolmephenterminemecamylaminelosartan 0 ...... 0 0 ...... 0 0 424.3 midodrinemexiletinemetyrosinemethyclothiazide-reserpinemethoxamine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 moexiprilminoxidilmilrinonemoricizine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 -100.0 norepinephrinenitroprussidenitroglycerinmorrhuate sodium ... 0 ... 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 00 ... 0 0 pentaerythritolpargylinepapaverinenylidrin HCI tetranitratechloral 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 ... 0 polythiazide-prazosinphenylephrinephentolaminephenoxybenzamineperindopril 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 propafenoneprocainamideprazosinpolythiazide- reserpine 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 00 ... 0 -100.0 quinidinequinaprilrescinnaminerauwolfiaramipril serpentina 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 ... 0 ...... 0 sodiumreserpine-trichlormethiazidereserpine tetradecyl sulfate 0 0 0 0 00 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 00 00 -100.0 terazosintelmisartantamsulosintolazolinetocainide ... 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 00 0 0 ... 0 valsartantrimethaphantrandolapril-verapamiltrandolapril camsylate 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 -100.0 ... rnci4 Table 12.11.0 - ED mentions for cardiovascular agents by drug category: Estimated rates per 100,000 population for the coterminous U.S. by half year (continued) Drug name' Jul-Dec 1997 Jan-Jun 1998 Jul-Dec 1998 Jan-Jun 1999 Jul-Dec 1999 Jan-Jun 2000 Jul-Dec 2000 Jan-Jun 2001 Jul-Dec 2001 Jan-Jun 2002 51. c h a n g eH2 2 H120022001, % change2H12002H1 2001, antiadrenergicangiotensinagentsveratrum for alkaloids hypertensive IIconverting inhibitors-NOS agents, peripherallyenzyme emergencies-NOS inhibitors-NOS acting-NOS 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cardiovascularantihypertensiveantiarrhythmicantianginal agents-NOSagents-NOS combinations-NOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 vasopressors-NOSvasodilators-NOSperipheralinotropic agents-NOS vasodilators-NOS 0 0 0 0 0 The* Estimates Multum forLicensing this timeThis Agreement period classification are governing preliminary. of drugs use Finalis of derived the estimates Lexicon from theiswill provided Multumbe produced Lexicon,in an appendixlater Copyright and to this report 2002, Multum Information Services, Inc. The classification has been modified to meet DAWN's unique may be higher or lower than preliminary estimates due to nonresponse adjustment and other factors. 0 0 ... 0 0 requirements (2002). 2 ThisforanNOTE: RSEAtlantacolumn These greater for denotes theestimates than period statistically 50% areJanuary-June has based been significant on suppressed. a 2001. representative (p

Analytic Series - special topics relating to alcohol, drug abuse and mental health Impact of September 11, 2001 Events on Substance Use and Mental Health in the New York Area (BKD457) Substance Use by Older Adults: Estimates of Future Impact on the Treatment System (BKD404) The ADSS Cost Study: Costs of Substance Abuse Treatment in the Specialty Sector (BKD420) Substance Dependence, Abuse and Treatment: Findings from the 2000 NHSDA (BKD438) Initiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, Patterns and Implications (BKD451) Tobacco Use in America: Findings from the 1999 NHSDA (BKD400) Youth Substance Use: State Estimates from the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (BI(D403) Parental Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use & the Baby Boom Generation: 1979-1996 NHSDA (BKD413) Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Drug Use: Findings from the 1997 NHSDA (BKD377) Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs: Results from the 1994 and 1997 NHSDA (BKD276) Substance Use and Mental Health Characteristics by Employment Status (BKD277) The Relationship Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents (BKD309) Driving After Drug or Alcohol Use: Findings from the 1996 NHSDA (BKD274) An Analysis of Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs (BKD237) Prevalence of Substance Use Among Racial and Ethnic Subgroups in the United States, 1991-1993 (BKD262)

Methodology Series - methodological issues concerning OAS data collection systems Redesigning an Ongoing National Household Survey: Methodological Issues (BKD417) Drug Abuse Warning Network: Development of a New DesignMethodology Report (BKD460) Drug Abuse Warning Network Sample Design and Estimation ProceduresTechnical Report (BKD249) Development of Computer-Assisted Interviewing Procedures for the NHSDA (BKD397)

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National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) Series: Reports in the Household Survey Series present information from SAMHSA's NationalHousehold Survey on Drug Abuse. This representative survey is the primary source of information onthe prevalence, patterns, and consequences of drug and alcohol use and abuse in the generalU.S. civilian non-institutionalized population, age 12 and older. This survey has been conducted periodically since 1971 and annuallysince 1990.

"H" Series publications currently available: H-1: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1995 H-2: The Prevalence and Correlates of Treatment for Drug Problems II-3: Preliminary Results from the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse H-4: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1996 H-5: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1996 H-6: Preliminary Results from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse H-7: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1997 H-8: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1997 H-9: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1998 H-10: Summary of Findings from the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse H-11: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings 1998 H-12: Summary of Findings from the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse H-13: Summary of Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse H-14: National and State Estimates of the Drug Abuse Treatment Gap: 2000 NHSDA H-15: State Estimates of Substance Use from the 2000 NHSDA: Vol. I. Findings H-16: State Estimates of Substance Use from the 2000 NHSDA: Vol. II. SupplementaryTechnical Appendices H-17: Results from the 2001 NHSDA: Vol. I. Summary of National Findings H-18: Results from the 2001 NHSDA: Vol. II. Technical Appendices and Selected Data Tables

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Series: Reports in the DAWN Series provide data on the number and characteristics of (1)drug abuse related visits to a national representative sample of hospital emergency departments, and (2) drug abuserelated deaths from selected medical examiner offices. The medical examiner cases are not from a nationalrepresentative sample. DAWN is an ongoing data system that began in the early 1970's.

"D" Series publications currently available: D-1: Drug Abuse Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data 1995 D-2: Mid-Year Preliminary Estimates from the 1996 Drug Abuse Warning Network D-3: Year-End Preliminary Estimates from the 1996 Drug Abuse Warning Network D-4: Drug Abuse Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data 1996 D-5: Mid-Year 1997 Preliminary Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse WarningNetwork D-6: Year-End 1997 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-7: Annual Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, 1995 D-8: Annual Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, 1996 D-9: Annual Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, 1997 D-10: Mid-Year 1998 Preliminary Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-11: Year-End 1998 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-12: Drug Abuse Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data 1997 D-13: Drug Abuse Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data 1998 D-14: Mid-Year 1999 Preliminary Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-15: Year-End 1999 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-16: Drug Abuse Warning Network Annual Medical Examiner Data 1999 D-17: Mid-Year 2000 Preliminary Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-18: Year-End 2000 Emergency Department Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network D-19: Mortality Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2000 D-20: Emergency Dept. Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Preliminary Estimates Jan.-June2001 D-21: Emergency Department Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Final Estimates 1994-2001 D-22: Emergency Dept. Trends From the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Preliminary Estimates Jan.-June2002

(Continued on next page) 559 Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS) Series: Reports in the Services Series provide national and state level dataon (1) the characteristics of specialty treatment facilities providing drug and alcohol services; (2) the number of persons in treatment; and (3) the demographic and drug use characteristics of treatment admissions. The Services Series also includes the National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Programs. The publications in this Seriesare based on SAMHSA's Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS). "S" Series publications currently available: S-1: National Directory of Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Treatment and Prevention Programs 1996 S-2: Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS): Data for 1995 and 1980-1995 S-3: Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS): Data for 1996 and 1980-1996 S-4R:National Directory of Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Treatment and Prevention Programs 1997 S-5: National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services: The Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 1992-1996 S-6: Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS): 1997 S-7: Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 1992-1997 S-8: National Directory of Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Treatment Programs,1998 S-9: Substance Abuse Treatment in Adult and Juvenile Correctional Facilities: Findings from the UFDS 1997 Survey of Correctional Facilities S-10: Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS): 1998 S-11: Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 1993-1998 S-12: National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Programs 2000 S-13: Uniform Facility Data Set (UFDS): 1999 S-14: Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 1994-1999 S-15: National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Programs 2001 S-16: National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS): 2000 Analytic Series: Reports in the Analytic Series address special topics relating to alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health. The Analytic Series generally provides data from outcome and other special studies, secondary analysis of multiple data sources, or more in-depth analysis of the data presented in the standard annual reports in the other Office of Applied Studies publication series.

"A" Series publications currently available: A-1: Employment Outcomes of Indigent Clients Receiving Alcohol and Drug Treatment in Washington State A-2: An Analysis of Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs A-3: Substance Use Among Women in the United States A-4: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistics Source Book 1998 A-5: Services Research Outcomes Study A-6: Prevalence of Substance Use Among Racial and Ethnic Subgroups in the U.S., 1991-1993 A-7: Analyses of Substance Abuse and Treatment Need Issues A-8: Driving After Drug or Alcohol Use: Findings from the 1996 NHSDA A-9: The Relationship Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Among Adolescents A-10:Substance Use and Mental Health Characteristics by Employment Status A-11:Worker Drug Use and Workplace Policies and Programs: Results from the 1994 and 1997 NHSDA A-12:Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Drug Use: Findings from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse A-13:Parental Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use and the Baby Boom Generation: Findings from the 1979-1996 NHSDA A-14:Youth Substance Use: State Estimates from the 1999 NHSDA A-15:Tobacco Use in America: Findings from the 1999 NHSDA A-16:Substance Dependence, Abuse and Treatment: Findings from the 2000 NHSDA A-17:Initiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, Patterns and Implications A-18:Impact of September 11, 2001 Events on Substance Use and Mental Health in the New York Area A-19:Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Drug Use: Findings from the 1999 NHSDA A-20:The ADSS Cost Study: Costs of Substance Abuse Treatment m the Specialty Sector A-21:Substance Use by Older Adults: Estimates of Future Impact on the Treatment System Methodology Series: Reports in the Methodology Series address methodological issues concerning data collection systems conducted by SAMHSA's Office of Applied Studies. These reports include studies of new statistical techniques and theories, survey methods, sample design, survey instrument design, and objective evaluations of the reliability of collected data.

"M" Series publications currently available: M-1: Substance Abuse in States and Metropolitan Areas: Model Based Estimates from the 1991-1993 NHSDA--Methodology Report M-2: Drug Abuse Warning Network Sample Design and Estimation Procedures--Technical Report M-3: Development of Computer-Assisted Interviewing Procedures for the NHSDA M-4: Drug Abuse Warning Network: Development of a New Design--Methodology Report

5E/0 SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Office of Applied Studies

The Office of Applied Studies (OAS) serves as a focal point for data collection, analyses, and dissemination activities on the incidence and prevalence of substance abuse, the distribution and characteristics of substance abuse treatment facilities and services, and the costs and outcomes of substance abuse treatment programs. Both National and State- by-State data are available. Three major surveys provide information used by OAS: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The NHSDA provides information on the prevalence of substance use in the population, and the problems associated with use. The survey collects information on the sociodemographic characteristics of users, patterns of use, treatment, perceptions of risk,criminal behavior, and mental health. Since 1999, the NHSDA sample has been designed to provide State-level estimates, based on 70,000 respondents per year. Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). The DAWN obtains information on drug-related admissions to emergency departments and drug-related deaths identified by medical examiners. Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS). The DASIS consists of three data sets (I-SATS, N-SSATS, and TEDS) developed with State governments. These data collection efforts provide National and State-level information on the substance abuse treatment system.

SAMHSADrug Abuse Information Office of Applied Studies (OAS) Parklawn Building OAS Data Request Line: Room 16-105 301-443-6239 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857 Fax: 301-443-9847

Substance Use and Treatment Data General Population: www.samhsa.gov/oas/nhsda.htm Treatment: www.samhsa.gov/oas/dasis.htm Emergency Dept: www.samhsa gov/oas/dawn htrrt (76 54%IHSA

5G1. SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies Web Site Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistics www.DrugAbuseStatistics.samhsa.gov The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies (OAS) Web site contains highlights from the latest OAS report, data on specific drugs of abuse, and publications of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use. It presents both National and State-by-State data. The Web site also contains data that have not been published, such as detailed tables ofdata from the NHSDA and DAWN, and substance abuse treatment admissions data by State from DASIS, as well as methodological reports. OAS Short Reports: A new feature on the Web site is a series of illustrated short reports on selected topics from OAS major data systems (NHSDA, DAWN, and DASIS). These may be accessed at the following OAS Web site: http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/facts.cfm. Topics in thisshort report series include the following: club drugs, pregnancyand illicit drug use, women in treatment, marijuana useby adolescents, heroin use, heavy alcohol use, perceived availability of drugs, and beliefs about drug risks. Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator: OAS's Web site also contains a searchable on-line version of the National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Programs. This Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator produces maps with the location of the facilities you have listed. Other OAS Web Site Features: You can: Conduct data analysis online (SAMHDA) Download public use files Submit OAS publication requests Join the OAS mailing list Find answers to frequently asked questions (FAQ) about OAS data

-II a ' Web Information Office of Applied Studies (OAS) OAS Homepage: www.DrugAbuseStatistics.samhsa.gov OAS Short Reportsi www.samhsa/oas/facts.cfm Data Archive & Online Analysis: www.icpsr.umich.edu/SAMHDA Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator: www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA

5 c9 DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 03-3779 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA Printed 2002 U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) National Library of Education (NLE) ERIC Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

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