Health and Safety Guidelines

Version 1.3 Discovery Geophysics Inc.

Mission Statement

Discovery Geophysics Inc. is committed to operating in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. It is the responsibility of every employee to adhere to the safety standards set out by the company. It is the responsibility of the management of the company to establish and maintain healthy and safe working practices and procedures. All activities and operations of the employees of the company or by separate independent contractors will be carried out so as to protect the occupational health and safety of all employees and contractors, and the environment of all who may be affected by our business activities.

Discovery Geophysics Overview

Exploration work is often carried out in remote areas, evacuation to a medical treatment centre may be difficult and may depend on weather or daylight conditions. Therefore, emergency procedures and communications should be carefully planned and tested before field work commences.

While outdoor safety may be considered common sense or “bush sense”, one should remember that what is considered common sense in one culture may not be so considered in another culture. Companies should provide employees with a safety manual that addresses the issues of the regions where they work. A comprehensive safety manual can form the basis for camp orientation meetings, training sessions and routine safety meetings throughout the field season.

Geophysical surveys are carried out by a “survey crew” supervised by, a “Crew Chief” (in some situations where only one person is required to carry out the survey, the party chief is the survey crew). The primary duty of the party chief is to ensure that the highest quality data possible are collected, given the inherent limitations of the survey type and location, in the safest and most environmentally benign manner as possible.

It is the responsibility of the crew chief that all safety practices and standards set out by the company are implemented at all times on the work site and while traveling to or from the work site. The crew chief must ensure that all crew members are competently trained to safely carry out their assigned functions. The crew chief must maintain direct control, either in person or via radio communication, of all activities during the survey to ensure that the survey is conducted as efficiently and safely as possible. Copies of basic safety practices must be issued to crew members prior to commencement of a particular survey and each crew member must understand completely all safety rules and practices for that survey.

It is the responsibility of the survey crew to comply with all instructions, rules and work practices set out by the company and enforced by the crew chief. The survey crew must adopt a safety-first attitude and common-sense approach to safety and environmental

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issues, and must not take undue risks that may jeopardize the safety of themselves and fellow workers.

The survey crew must practice care with smoking in the bush, always insuring that matches and cigarettes are completely extinguished before disposing. The survey crew must not litter the survey site, all garbage is to be disposed of in a proper manner.

Safety on the job is a core priority and we encourage our employees and contractors to report all incidents (no matter how minor) and near misses so we can thoroughly investigate to determine causes and implement successful corrective actions. Our goal in all instances is to understand exactly what happened and why, so we can minimize the chance of a recurrence.

Emergency Response Preparedness

Although we strive for 100% safe practices in our business operations, it is only prudent to plan for the unlikely event of a crisis or emergency. Emergency preparedness and planning the appropriate response will help to minimize human, property, and economic losses. Discovery management recognizes this fact and, as a result, institutes an emergency response plan on all projects.

Discovery management and the project crew chief are responsible for the development and administration of the emergency response plan. The first task is to: a) identify all environmental, mining and forestry regulations within the survey jurisdiction, b) recognize specific safety concerns and requirements for the particular survey type, and c) obtain advice from the client about any specific safety concerns at the job site. The next step is to itemize all direct and indirect health and safety hazards that may arise from our activities, and to formulate an emergency response plan that details the steps that will be taken to eliminate or mitigate risks and respond to an emergency if an accident was to happen.

A risk assessment is the basis for the emergency plan. Projects must be carefully assessed to identify all risks and to properly prepare an emergency response. A risk assessment begins by creating a list of all potential hazards that could possibly impact the project. Once a fully prepared potential hazards list is in place, methods can be considered to eliminate or reduce the risk, and to prepare for the appropriate action in case of an accident.

One of the keys to an effective emergency response is an effective and reliable communications system that is able to relay accurate information quickly. Reliable communications equipment must be used, procedures have to be developed and all personnel must be trained to operate the equipment. A list of emergency telephone numbers that can assist during an emergency is essential for the rapid activation of an appropriate emergency response. The telephone list must be posted in plain view close to the communication system.

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Emergency phone numbers should include:

1) closest hospital 2) fire department or provincial forestry/environment agency 3) search and rescue 4) ambulance or air ambulance 5) local law enforcement 6) helicopter or fixed wing air support 7) business and home phone number of the Project manager

General Health and Safety

Duties of the Employer The duties of an employer at a place of employment include:

(a) the provision and maintenance of plant, systems of work and working environments that ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of the employer’s workers;

(b) arrangements for the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances in a manner that protects the health and safety of workers;

(c) the provision of any information, instruction, training and supervision that is necessary to protect the health and safety of workers at work; and

(d) the provision and maintenance of a safe means of entrance to and exit from the place of employment and all worksites and work-related areas in or on the place of employment. 4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s12.

Duties of the Employee

A worker shall:

(a) use the safeguards, safety appliances and personal protective equipment provided in accordance with these regulations and any other regulations made pursuant to the Act; and

(b) follow the safe work practices and procedures required by or developed pursuant to these regulations and any other regulations made pursuant to the Act. 4 Oct 96 cO-1.1 Reg 1 s13.

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Qualification and Training

All employees must ensure they have adequate training and qualification prior to completing a job task, or operating equipment.

Ideally, all exploration workers should be trained and certified in basic first aid and wilderness first-aid skills. Larger camps or worksites should have at least one employee trained and certified in advanced or industrial first-aid skills.

Employees should be trained in the safe use all equipment. All geophysicists and helpers should be trained to use ground (earth) geophysical equipment that may operate at high current or voltage. Additional training topics should include fire prevention, fire drills, fuel handling and firearms handing, when relevant.

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective equipment (PPE) must be worn at all times. Each employee must analyze the hazards for the job tasks they are completing and select the correct PPE for the task.

Communication

In the field it is important for workers to maintain communications. The crew chief must be kept informed of changes to plans, incidents and maintain regular check-ins.

An open line of communication between crew chiefs and workers is important to make sure everyone understands their assigned tasks. Workers must feel they can report near misses and incidents to their crew chief so that hazards can be mitigated and incidents can be prevented.

Personal Behavior

Horseplay is strictly prohibited. Horseplay can lead to accident and injuries and must not be tolerated.

Discovery Geophysics has a zero tolerance policy for harassment and abuse. All employees are to be treated with respect by all crew chief and workers. Any employee participating in violent behavior may be terminated.

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Discovery Geophysics has a zero tolerance policy for drugs and alcohol. Drugs and alcohol are not allowed while on the job or when staying in a work campsite. Anyone caught with band substances may be terminated. If an employee is taking prescription drugs that may affect their ability work a crew chief should be informed.

Working Alone Policy

Any employee working alone must carry means of communication (cell phone or radio) and must maintain regular contact with crew chief.

Crew chief should check on any employee working alone on a regular basis, and should review any hazards involved prior to starting the work alone.

Slips, Trips, and Falls

Slips, trip and falls are a very common source for injury. Each employee must be aware of their surrounding and the conditions.

Weather conditions play a role in slips, trips and falls because when it is icy or wet walking can become more hazardous. Snow cover can hide hazards and object that a person could slip or trip on. It is important to be aware and adjust speed of travel when conditions require.

Awareness and paying attention to each foot placement can provide confidence in adequate and safe footing. Keeping eyes on the path of travel can reduce risks of slips trips and falls.

Further prevention of slips, trip and falls include wearing proper footwear, ensuring proper lighting, and keeping area free of clutter.

One must consider the hazard of slipping, tripping or falling when carrying a sharp object of any sort. Sharp objects should be carried pointed away from the body so as to prevent injury should a slip, trip or fall occur.

Fatigue

It is important that workers stay aware of their mental and physical condition. When a person works long hours in harsh conditions fatigue may set in. It is important to get a reasonable amount of sleep, eat properly and take breaks when necessary.

Personal Hygiene

Cleanliness and personal health must be considered when working in the field. Infections and other health related problems can be prevented by taking proper care of oneself.

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Using the facilities regularly is a requirement to maintain normal bodily functions. Serious health conditions can occur when your body is denied the opportunity to liberate its waste.

Heavy Lifting

Employees may be required to move and lift equipment while working. Proper lifting techniques must be observed. Use the knees and not the back to lift heavy objects. Do not twist while lifting or carrying heavy object.

Every employee must ask for help if the weight of an object exceeds their personal limits. If a piece of equipment may be too heavy for one person to lift two people should lift it together. Or a mechanical means of transport may be considered.

Every worker should ask for help and take adequate breaks when completing job tasks requiring continuous, and repetitive lifting. Remember as a person’s body becomes tired their personal weight limit for lifting will be reduced.

Light Vehicle Operation

All light vehicle operators must be authorized to do so. Operators must hold a valid drivers license. All operators should complete a walk around check prior to operating a vehicle.

No driver shall operate a vehicle under the influence of any substance which may hinder their ability to react, or impair their decisions. Rest frequently on a long trip to avoid travel fatigue and include a “driver reviver” stop at least every two hours.

Drivers are to follow the laws of the road for the area they are operating the vehicle. The light vehicle operators are not to exceed the posted speed limits. Operators will not operate a cell phone, unless a hands free device is in use.

Seat belts are mandatory while riding as a passenger or while driving a light vehicle. The number of passengers in each vehicle is limited by the number of seatbelts available. No person is ever authorized to ride in the box of a truck.

Each truck must carry a properly provisioned and maintained first aid kit, one certified fire extinguisher, and roadside marker signs to alert oncoming traffic in the event of an emergency pull over.

All Terrain Vehicle and Snowmobile Operation

In order to operate an all terrain vehicle (ATV) the employee must have an ATV safety course. A certified helmet is required at all times when operating an ATV or a snowmobile.

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Operators must drive at reasonable speeds for the terrain, and conditions.

Proper lighting and a basic emergency survival kit should be available on all ATVs and snowmobiles. A handheld radio should be carried.

Boats

Boat safety and cold water survival skills are essential. All individuals operating boats must be certified. The most important consideration is to wear a personal flotation device, and to know how to handle the craft in both calm and rough water. Do not overload and be sure everyone understands the importance of keeping weight low and evenly distributed. Be aware of the weather while on the water and alert to any change that could influence your safety. If in doubt head back, never take risk in boats.

Helicopter Always pay close attention to the pilots' pre-flight briefing. Workers should always approach in the pilots' visual field [front] ,approach a helicopter walking uphill or crouching if on the level ,never approach a helicopter from above [main rotor] ,never approach a helicopter from the rear [tail rotor] ,hold onto all light weight items as they could be blown away.

Helicopters are often used to move supplies, fuel, drill and camp equipment. Some major hazards include overloading, incorrect use of or poorly maintained slinging equipment, untidy worksites with debris or equipment that may be blown about, protruding vegetation or anything that loads may snag on. In addition, pilot fatigue, lack of personnel training, miscommunication between parties involved (especially between the pilot and groundman) and marginal weather conditions increase the risks of slinging. For safe slinging and to prevent accidents, all parties must follow safe slinging procedures and be fully alert and well briefed with mutual responsibilities clearly understood. The sling cargo weight must not exceed the lifting capacity of the helicopter. Loads should be arranged so they are secure and nothing will slip out of the cargo net. When slinging with a very long line (e.g., jungle, mountainous sites with very tall trees), a pile of logs or large rocks should be used to weigh down the sling for the return trip because one should never fly with empty slings or lanyards dangling from the sling hook. Fatal accidents have occurred when unweighted lanyards have struck the helicopter tail or main rotor during flight.

WHIMIS All employees must have current WHIMIS training, and have an understanding of all chemicals handled on a site. The material safety data sheets should be readily available for all chemical handled by employees.

All containers containing chemicals must be properly labeled, as per WHIMIS standards.

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Liquid Nitrogen for HT Squid Surveys Liquid nitrogen has extremely low temperatures; careless handling of liquid nitrogen may result in cold burns. As liquid nitrogen evaporates it will reduce the oxygen concentration in the air and might act as an asphyxiate, especially in confined spaces. Nitrogen is odourless, colorless and tasteless, and may produce asphyxia without any sensation or prior warning. Treat liquid nitrogen as if it were hot boiling water.

Points for handling liquid nitrogen: • use in well ventilated areas • always wear eye protection • always wear safety gloves • keep liquid containers vertical at all times • avoid mechanical or thermal shock • open valves slowly and listen for gas noises • avoid splashing and use minimum quantities • never touch un-insulated pipes, parts or vessels • always transfer slowly • never leave open to the atmosphere • never drop objects into the liquid • never accompany liquids in lifts • do not store container in a confined space or in an area unprotected from extreme temperatures.

Chain Saw Safety

See Appendix I

Electrical Safety

See Appendix II

Axe and Machete Safety

When swinging a sharp metal object, safety is of the utmost concern. Always ensure that the path of the swing is clear and that no bystander is standing behind.

Keep the tool in a sheath over the blade when not in use. Covering the tool both protects the tools blade and any person who can become injured by the sharp blade. Before using a hand tool inspect the handle or shaft for nicks or cracks. Also, make sure that the blade is attached securely to the shaft or handle and that it does not wiggle on the end of the shaft. If the blade is not firmly attached to the shaft it is possible for the blade to fly off while working with the axe.

For maximum protection it is important to have the correct personal protective equipment like a set of safety glasses and safety boots while chopping wood. With splinters capable

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of flying in any direction safety glasses are required. Even the smallest piece of wood coming in contact with a person’s eyes can cause a major injury. With the possibility of large pieces of wood falling or the axe missing the target while chopping safety shoes with steel toes are recommended.

Remember to have a firm and stable surface when chopping wood. Never use an axe by attempting cut a log leaning against an uneven surface. The log may spring off to one side but the axe may continue to fall possibly into a leg or foot. The axe may continue to fall hitting a rock which may dull the blade. To maintain a stable surface it is important to keep the chopping area clean and free of debris. When finished chopping one log, stack the pieces to the side before beginning again with a new log

It is important that the log that is being cut with a hand axe it less than three inches thick and does not contain material in it such as old nails or spikes. Foreign objects embedded into a wood log can hurl into the air while chopping wood and can cause injuries in the process. The general rule is that if the wood log has metal in it throw it away it is not worth the trouble the flying metal can cause for a few sticks of wood.

A persons cutting stance is very important. When cutting wood with an axe it is important to use both hands to maintain control of the axe. A person must plant their feet firmly on the ground a few inches apart to balance their weight. Stand right in front of the platform with the log squarely in the center of the line of sight. A person must be balanced in order to deliver the most power with each stroke and be prepared to deal with a situation that may arise while chopping wood

When using a machete a person must make use of the machete's sweet spot, as one would a baseball bat. Depending on the machete's size, the sweet spot is usually located about an inch or so from the point of the blade. Swing with the whole arm, so as to maximize the momentum. Let the machete do the work: swing slightly downwards, making use of gravity. Find the right angle, to slice properly. Don't attack the target perpendicularly. Cutting a tree at a right angle, for example, can often bounce the machete straight backwards. This is to be avoided, especially when using a proper, well-sharpened blade.

Elements of Survival

Outdoor workers should wear suitable clothing that protects them from extremes of heat, cold and rain or snow. In regions with high levels of ultraviolet light, workers should wear a broad-brimmed hat and use a sunscreen lotion with a high sun protection factor (SPF) to protect exposed skin. When insect repellent is required, repellent that contains DEET (N,N-diethylmeta-toluamide) is most effective in preventing bites from mosquitoes. Clothing treated with permethrin helps protect against ticks.

Obtain any necessary maps, aerial photos, etc. and study in detail before leaving camp. A compass and/or hand held GPS is required for orienteering.

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All crew members are encouraged to carry and use personal survival kits, particularly if the person has individual medication needs.

All employees with severe allergies are to carry an Epi-Pen. Allergic reaction can quickly lead to a serious medical emergency. The most likely scenario is bee sting or other insect sting reactions. It is critical that Epi-Pens be on hand and knowledge of usage is understood with individuals who have experienced allergic reaction in the past or in areas of high risk

Extreme Cold Temperatures

Each worker should ensure that they are dressed appropriate for the weather. Extreme cold posses multiple risks including hypothermia and frost bite.

In extreme cold it is important to keep the head warm as a person can lose 40-45% of their body heat from it. Workers also lose heat from their ankles, wrists and neck.

To stay warm; • keep clothes clean and dry • avoid overheating • wear clothes in layers • Stay hydrated

Extreme Hot Temperatures

A person’s body deals with hot temperatures by sweating. It is important to replenish the fluid lost through sweat by drinking lots of water.

Stay out of direct sunlight, use sunscreen, cover the head and protect the eyes from the sun. Wear long clothing to protect skin from the sun.

Working on Ice Covered Water

Ice crossing introduces significant risk. It is critical that the ice quality or type of ice is evaluated before crossing it. Solid, clear/blue ice is the only kind of ice that should be traveled on. Avoid slushy ice, ice on or near moving water (e.g. rivers, currents), ice that has thawed and refrozen, layered or rotten ice caused by sudden temperature changes. Other factors that weaken or “rot” ice are: blanketing snow pack that inhibits ice hardening, and pressure ridges and cracks due to wind or current pressure. No ice is without some risk, be sure to measure clear hard ice in several places and proceed with caution. The following ice thickness table can be used as a general guideline.

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Ice Thickness Permissible load 4 inches (10 cm) ...... walking 5 inches (12 cm) ...... one snowmobile 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) . . . . . car or small pickup (Strength value of river ice is 15 percent less)

Camp Management

Potential health and safety issues will vary with the location, size and type of work performed at a camp. Any field campsite should meet local fire, health, sanitation and safety regulations. A clean, orderly camp will help reduce accidents.

Campsite Selection

A campsite should be established as close as safely possible to the worksite to minimize travel time and exposure to dangers associated with transportation. A campsite should be located away from any natural hazards and take into consideration the habits and habitat of wild animals that may invade a camp (e.g., insects, bears and reptiles).

Choose a campsite and layout that provides acceptable standards of safety and hygiene and minimizes risks from fire or flood. Sites should be reasonably level, with trees for protection from the elements, but with a minimum of tree stumps and fallen timber. In the best sites, it is possible to walk about the camp without watching where one puts their feet.

Camp regulations will vary from region to region, depending on territorial government policy. Prior to mobilization all rules and regulations must be carefully studied and fully understood.

Whenever possible, camps should be near a source of clean drinking water.

When working at very high altitude, the camp should be located at a lower elevation to help prevent altitude sickness.

Fire Control and Fuel Handling

Fire extinguishers must be clearly located at all camp facilities.

Camps should be set up so that tents or structures are well spaced to prevent or reduce the spread of fire.

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Fire-fighting equipment should be kept in a central cache and appropriate fire extinguishers kept in kitchen and office structures. Smoking regulations help prevent fires both in camp and in the field. All workers should participate in fire drills and know the plans for fire evacuation.

Fuels should be accurately labelled to ensure that the correct fuel is used for lanterns, stoves, generators and so on. Fuel caches should be located at least 100 m from camp and above any potential flood or tide level.

Liquefied petroleum gas is heavier than air, and accumulates in confined areas where it can explode if it is sparked or lighted. Precautions include making sure all connections are tight, and checking for gas leaks with a detergent and water solution which will bubble at a leaking connection. Do not keep bottles in confined places where gas can accumulate.

Sanitation

Camps require a supply of safe drinking water. The source should be tested for purity, if required. When necessary, drinking water should be stored in clean, labelled containers separate from non-potable water.

Food shipments should be examined for quality upon arrival and immediately refrigerated or stored in containers to prevent invasions from insects, rodents or larger animals. All garbage, cooking and washing water, and human waste must be correctly disposed in accordance with regulations for a given area.

Handwashing facilities should be located near eating areas and latrines.

Latrines must conform to public health standards and should be located at least 100 m away from any stream or shoreline.

Camp Equipment, Field Equipment and Machinery. All equipment (e.g., chain saws, axes, rock hammers, machetes, radios, stoves, lanterns, geophysical and geochemical equipment) should be kept in good repair.

If firearms are required for personal safety from wild animals such as bears, their use must be strictly controlled and monitored.

A reliable generator is required not only for comfort but also for the ability to obtain reliable light in an emergency. Under no circumstances should a generator be allowed to run dry of fuel so it cannot be instantly restarted. If a generator is used every day, it should be serviced once a week, preferably on the same day each week. Locate the generator so the noise levels and exhaust nuisance are as low as possible. .

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First aid and emergency facilities required at a camp site will vary according to the hazards and risks employees may be exposed to, location of the camp relative to other facilities and the number living in the camp. Large camps in remote areas require a well- equipped first aid room with a fully qualified first aid attendant whereas a smaller camp close to emergency facilities requires a industrial first aid kit and employees should have at least basic first aid qualifications.

Wildlife Encounters

Report wildlife encounters to crew chief immediately. For safety, workers should keep their distance and keep their cool when encountering wild animals.

Wild animals generally avoid human contact, but if an animal is seen in the wild, maintain a good distance. Don’t attempt to feed, catch or pet a wild animal. Never approach wildlife babies or animal mothers with their babies; the mother’s protective response can be very fierce.

Bears try to avoid people, but if one is seen, make as much noise as possible. Do not corner a bear. If the bear feels trapped, it may act aggressively. To avoid attracting hungry animals don’t carry food products, don’t keep food near, and don’t leave food in opened vehicles.

Wildlife encounters can expose workers to rabies, a disease that causes brain swelling and death. Because the virus that causes the disease is present in animal saliva, a bite or even a lick from an infected animal can be serious. Infected animals may not show the symptoms of rabies such as frothing at the mouth. They may act aggressive or out of character, such as a nocturnal animal being active during the day.

Avoiding animals is the best prevention for rabies, but if bitten, scratched, or licked by a wild animal, wash the area with soap and water immediately. If it is possible and safe to do so, try to trap the animal for testing. Seek medical treatment right away. If a person is in frequent contact with wild animals, there are vaccines available to prevent rabies.

Report injured or aggressive animals to authorities; don’t attempt to give aid to injured wildlife. If an injured animal approaches, move slowly away. .

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Appendix I

Chainsaw Safety

CHAINSAW SAFETY

Purpose To provide guidelines to employees on how to prevent injuries resulting from chainsaws.

General Improper use of chainsaws or not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment when operating a chainsaw can result in serious injury. Following safe work practices can prevent these injuries from happening.

General tips to know when using chain saws • Only use chain saws that you have been trained to use properly and safely. • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any chain saw. • Review pertinent health and safety legislation before operating a chain saw. • Operate, adjust and maintain saws according to the manufacturers' directions and the CSA Standard Z62.1-95 "Chain Saws" (most recent version 01-Oct-1995) or ANSI standard B175.1-2000 (Gasoline Powered Chain Saws, Safety Requirements for). Both standards describe safety requirements for the design of chain saws and include recommendations on how to use chain saws safely. • Operate the chain saw in well-ventilated areas only. • Wear personal protective equipment and clothing. • Ask questions if you have any doubts about doing the work safely. Safety procedures that you follow will also depend on where the sawing is carried out (e.g., on the ground or at height in a tree or elevating device) and on the presence of trip, slip, snag, and fall hazards. • Do not use a chain saw in trees unless you have received specific training to do so.

When starting the saw DO: • Use only chain saws that have been manufactured and maintained according to standards like the CSA Standard Z62.1-95 "Chain Saws"and that are equipped with a safety chain and chain brake. Check legislation in your jurisdiction for other requirements. • Know how to use the controls before starting a chain saw.

• Remove the chain guard (scabbard) and inspect the saw and machine for damaged, loose, missing parts, or other signs of wear, or leaks around the engine before starting.

• Ensure that the guide bar is tight and chain fits snugly without binding; adjust the chain tension, if required.

• Inspect the saw chain to ensure it is properly lubricated and is sharp. Sharpen and lubricate, as needed. • Check the air filter and clean when needed. • Check the muffler spark arrestor screen, if present. Spark arrestor screens help reduce the risk of fire, especially in dry forest conditions. • Inspect the chain catcher - it helps reduce the risk of injury when a chain breaks or comes off the guide bar. • Ensure that chain is clear of obstructions before starting. • Engage the chain brake before starting the chain saw. • Ensure that you have secure footing and that your stance is well balanced.

• Hold the saw firmly on the ground. Point the chain away from your body and nearby obstructions. Use a quick, sharp motion on the starter cord. • Warm up the saw prior to cutting. The saw should idle without the chain turning. If the chain continues to turn after the throttle switch is released, stop the saw. Then adjust the idle as shown in the owner's manual. • Check the that the throttle trigger, throttle trigger interlock, master control lever, etc. are operating properly.

When starting the saw DO NOT:

• Do not use a saw if it has damaged, loose or missing parts. • Do not "drop start" (starting a saw in hands) or when a chain saw is touching your body. This method leaves only one hand to control a running saw and can result in leg cuts. • Do not start a saw unless it is at least 3 meters (10 feet) from any approved fuel safety containers. • Do not make adjustments to the chain or guide bar when the motor is running.

Precautions to take when fuelling a chain saw

• Follow manufacturer's directions for oil/gas mixture to be used. • Use only safety containers for storing and dispensing fuel that have been approved by standards like the CSA International B376-M1980 (R1992)(R1998) titled "Portable Containers for Gasoline and Other Petroleum Fuels" or by agencies like Underwriters' Laboratories (UL or ULC [Canada]). • Do not refuel a running or hot saw. • Use funnel or spout for pouring. Wipe off any spills. • Mix fuel in a well-ventilated area. Keep a well-maintained fire extinguisher near by. • Do not smoke or allow any ignition sources while refueling.

When cutting DO:

• Plan each job before you start. Arrange to have help. • Carry the chain saw by its front handle, with the muffler away from your body and the guard bar pointing behind you. • Know the location of the persons working with you at all times. • Use the correct saw. The weight, power, and bar length should all be suitable for the job. • Operate the chain saw in a firm two-handed grip with fingers and thumb surrounding the handles. Keep both feet firmly positioned when operating a chain saw. • Maintain full power throughout each cut. • Ensure that the chain does not move when the chain saw is idling. • Turn off the chain saw before refuelling or doing any maintenance. • Keep your saw clean -- free of sawdust, dirt and oil. • Wear safety gloves or mitts when sharpening the chain.

When Cutting DO NOT:

• Do not start a chain saw when it is resting against any part of your body. • Do not refuel a chain saw within 3 m (10 ft) of a fuel storage container. • Do not stand directly behind the saw. • Do not leave a saw running unattended. • Do not carry chain saws while it is running. • Avoid contact with the muffler. Serious skin burns may result. • Do not cut alone.

Kickback

Kickback is the term to describe the unexpected upward motion of the guide bar. Kickback occurs when the end portion of the nose of the bar (the kickback zone) strikes an object and the chain momentarily snags, or is pinched.

The most common and probably most violent kickback occurs when contact is made, either accidentally or intentionally, in this "kickback zone." In some cases the blade tip may move upward and back toward the operator who could suffer a very serious or fatal injury.

Reducing the risk of kickback

DO

• Select a chain saw that is equipped with kickback-reducing devices (e.g., chain brake, low kickback chain, reduced kickback bar) that are designed for the chain saw that you are using and meet standards like the CSA Standard Z62.3-96: Chain Saw Kickback, or ANSI Standard B175.1-1991: Safety Requirements for Gasoline Powered Chain Saws. These devices will reduce but will not prevent kickback.

• Watch the guide bar nose. Do not let it touch logs, branches, or the ground when saw is running. • Cut only one piece at a time. • Run the saw at full power when cutting. • Keep the chain sharpened to specifications. • Match chain and bar for exact pitch and gauge. • Set depth gauges to manufacturer's settings. • Maintain correct chain tension • Hold the saw securely with both hands. • Ensure that you have firm footing before starting to saw. • Stand to side of the cutting path of the chain saw. • Position yourself so that you are not near the cutting attachment when the chain saw is running. • Know where the bar tip is at all times. • Make sure the chain brake functions and adequately stops the chain. The stopping power of a chain brake can be greatly reduced by wear, or by oil, dirt or sawdust in the brake parts. • Install a safety tip that covers the nose of the guide bar on the saw to prevent contact with the kickback zone. The tip must be removed for making bore cuts (pocket cuts) or for cutting wood thicker than the length of the guide bar.

DO NOT

• Do not stand directly behind the saw. • Do not cut in the kickback zone.

Safety tips for handling, transportation and storing

• Handle chain saws safely to prevent injury to yourself or others. • Shut off the chain saw motor before setting it down or carrying it for more than a very short distance. It is extremely dangerous to carry a chain saw when the engine is running. • Let the chain saw cool before transporting. • Use a scabbard or bar guard to cover the chain when carrying or transporting a chain saw.

• Carry the chain saw with the bar to rear. Ensure the scabbard is on and the muffler is away from the body. • Use a carrying case to prevent damage to the saw during transit and storage. The case also provides convenient storage for the owners manual and tools. • Secure the chain saw and carrying case during transportation to prevent them from moving.

• Drain all fuel into an approved safety container before storing the chain saw for long periods including starting the motor to empty fuel from the carburetor. • Store your chain saw in a cool, dry place. • Do not carry a chain saw on your shoulder unless the chain is properly guarded or removed. • Do not transport a chain saw in the passenger compartment of a vehicle.

General guidelines for maintaining and servicing chain saws?

Routine maintenance and service can minimize the hazards of working with chain saws.

• Follow the manufacturer's instructions for maintenance and repair in the chain saw owners' manual. • Do not use a chain saw that is damaged or not adjusted properly. Have it repaired and adjusted according to the manufacturer's specifications before using it. • Use only replacement parts that are intended for the chain saw that you are using. • Turn off the engine before attempting to make any adjustments, clean, do maintenance, or repair the chain saw. • Take the chain saw to a chain saw service centre to be repaired by qualified staff if the repairs required are not described in the Owner's Manual. In any case, chain saws should be returned to a service centre periodically (every few months to a year, depending on the usage) to be inspected and serviced by technically trained staff.

Chain and guide bar

Check the chains for excessive wear, and replace when necessary.

Inspect the drive links, sprockets, cutters and track for damage:

• Repair or replace badly hammered links • If cutters need replacing, file them to the same length as the existing cutters. • Replace the bar if nicked or distorted • Replace bar and chain if bar is damaged • Replace worn or damaged drive sprocket before it damages chain

Use the proper size files to sharpen the chain. Two files are necessary:

1) a flat file for adjusting depth gauge.

2) a round file of uniform diameter for sharpening cutters and maintaining drive links.

Adjust the tension of the saw chain after it has been in use for five to ten minutes. The chain stretches as it heats up and requires adjustments at intervals throughout its operation.

Keep chain lubricated.

Adjust the chain tension

A loose chain increases wear on drive sprockets, drive links and bar, and endanger the operator if it climbs out of the track. A chain that is too tight will increase wear on components.

When adjusting chain tension follow the manufacturer's instructions. General tips include:

• Shut off the saw. • Wear gloves to avoid cuts. • Loosen bar nuts. • Rest tip of bar on small piece of wood to hold tip up. • Tighten chain by turning adjustment screws until the chain is snug against the bar but able to be turned freely. • Tighten bar nuts for correct chain tension by pulling on bar upwards with gloved hand or supporting it firmly from below. • Check tension frequently and adjust as required. • Ensure chain rotates smoothly after tensioning.

Clean out the chain-oil portal when maintaining the guide bar. Sawdust can block delivery of oil to the cutting chain.

Chain brakes

Always test the saw before cutting.

• Apply the chain brake with the saw held firmly in both hands and the engine running at operating power. If the chain does not stop running immediately, have the saw serviced. • Remove the brake housing periodically and clean out any dirt, oil or sawdust.

Personal Protective Equipment for Safe Operation of a Chainsaw

Use proper safety clothing and that are appropriate for the tasks being performed, to reduce the risk of injury. Clothing should be well-fitting to prevent any entanglement with the chain saw. The following personal protective equipment and clothing are recommended when operating a chain saw.

The standards that are referenced below are the most recent editions. You should consult legislation or the local occupational health and safety agency in your jurisdiction to confirm which version is used or is referenced in legislation that applies to your workplaces.

Eye Protection

Safety glasses with side shields, safety goggles, and face shields approved by standards like CAN/CSA Standard Z94.3-99: Industrial Eye and Face Protector, or ANSI Standard Z87.1-1989(R1998): Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.

• A face shield attached to the hard hat without safety glasses does not provide the adequate eye protection.

Gloves & Mitts

Leather gloves with ballistic nylon reinforcement on the back.

• They offer a good grip on the saw and absorbs some vibration that provides some protection for the hands. • Leather gloves can also prevent cuts when sharpening the saw.

Foot Protection

Heavy, well-fitted, safety work boots approved by standards like CAN/CSA Standard Z195-M92: Protective Footwear, or ANSI Standard Z41-1999: Personal Protection - Protective Footwear.

• In addition to the regular requirements for safety boots, chain saw operators should wear boots made from cut-resistant materials that offer protection from contact with running chain saws. • Boots made of ballistic nylon offer the best cut protection. • Rubber soles for wet weather and snow, and hobnail boots, grip soles or cork soles for rough terrain.

Head Protection

Hard hat, highly visible in colour, approved by standards like CSA Standard Z94.1-92: Industrial Protective Headwear (Reaffirmed: 1998-05-27), or ANSI Standard Z89.1- 1997: Industrial Head Protection).

Hearing Protection

Hearing protection devices, approved by standards like CSA Standard Z94.2-94: Hearing Protectors. (Chain saws create high noise levels of up to 95 to 115 dBA.)

Leg Protection Clothing

• Trousers or chaps with sewn-in ballistic nylon pads. • Close fitting clothing without cuffs, made of close-woven fabrics. • The American Society for Testing and Materials Standard has published "Standard Specification for Leg Protection for Chain Saw Users" (ASTM F1897- 98). This standard specifies the minimum requirements for the design, performance, testing, and certification of protective garments and protective devices designed to provide cut resistance protection to the legs of operators of power chain saws.

"The object of this specification is to prescribe fit, function, and performance criteria for protective garments and protective devices that, when worn by chain saw operators, that are intended to reduce leg injuries caused by contact with a running power saw chain

Appendix II

Electrical Safety

Working Safely Around Electricity

Notes on Geophysical Electrical Safety

Electrical safety when conducting geophysical surveys is of the utmost importance. The notes below describe the effects of electrocution to reiterate the possible consequences of not following safety rules. Read carefully and always be aware of electrical safety.

The Human Response to Being Electrocuted.

The human body responds in several ways to electrical current flowing through it. The sensation of shock is only one such effect and this can be extremely painful. When a shock is received, the electric current may take multiple paths through the body and its intensity at any one point is difficult or impossible to predict.

The passage of electric current may cause muscular contractions, respiratory failure, and fibrillation of the heart, cardiac arrest or injury from internal burns. Any of these can be fatal depending on the severity and electrical path of the shock. High voltage common to IP/Resistivity surveys and to a lesser extent electromagnetic surveys increases the likelihood of electrocution. Proper procedures must be followed at all times when conducting these surveys. If procedures are strictly followed, the likelihood of electrocution is virtually nil.

Electrical Shocks.

For most average healthy adults a high voltage shock from hand to ground would cause:

1 - 5 mA Threshold of perception - tingling. No ill effects 5 -20 mA Mild shock. No lasting effect. Dangerous shock. Nervous controls paralysed and muscles go into spasm, hand 20 - 100 mA clenches and cannot let go if prolonged, Can cause breathing difficulty and short term heart problems. Severe shock. Muscle spasms. Chest tightens possible breathing problems. May cause heart failure. After effects may include traumatic shock i.e. low blood pressure, 100 - 300 mA shaking etc. The seriousness of the shock depends on the path of the current through your body and how much passes near the heart. The worst is between left hand and foot, as the electrical path could pass through the heart. As above but can often cause ventricular fibrillation (where the heart tries to beat at the Over 300mA same rate of the electrical transmission) and may not return to proper rhythm even when the current stopped. Can be FATAL depending on a number of factors.

The effects of a shock are often related to the square root of the duration. A 100 mA shock if limited to 50ms (1/20th sec) second will give a painful jolt but is unlikely to result in any permanent damage. Durations exceeding 500ms (½ sec) or about one heart beat are much more likely to give heart failure. Note that DC is about half as harmful as AC

at the same voltage and as a rule the muscular contractions that can result in “hold on”, (or the inability to release) response is absent with DC current.

A shock which does not pass by the chest is less damaging to the whole body, e.g. from finger to thumb of same hand. However resistance would be lower, currents higher and where over 100mA and coming from a point contact entry and exit burns will occur on the skin. Very high currents will cook flesh and cause severe, painful and slow healing deep burns.

Electricity treats the human body as a bag of salt water. Its impedance / resistance varies with voltage and whether touched with wet or dry hands. As a rough guide from hand to hand is about 1000Ω at 500V DC so if standing on very wet ground the poor victim could receive a shock in the range of 500mA which could be a serious shock, possibly life threatening. From hand to bare feet on a dry wood floor would be less serious, but could still be 50mA, if standing on a rubber mat then current drops to perhaps 0.2mA. In general a geophysical worker would be standing on either dry or wet ground, and wet conditions create the worse possible setting for receiving maximum electrical shock.

Electrical or Electromagnetic Geophysical Safety Rules

• DO NOT EVER TOUCH WIRE OR ELECTRODES WHEN POWER IS ON. • Always make certain clear communications are maintained. If you do not clearly understand that the power is turned off, do not touch or handle wire, electrodes, or transmitting equipment. • Always make sure your handheld radio is fully charged and in proper working order before going to work. If your radio ceases to work or communications are not clear bring this to the attention of the crew chief immediately. • Always repair or replace wire as needed. Repair wire with high quality tape. Apply with a thick layer, extended about 1 inch either side of the repair location. • Place “Danger High Voltage” signs at all locations where passersby could intercept wire, i.e. roads, trails, paths, etc. In a situation where wire parallels a roadway or trail place signs at 100m intervals or at very minimum at all locations where persons would first see the wire if entering the area, i.e. road intercepts, trail intercepts, etc. • Notify all persons present in the area of your activities. Clearly convey the danger of handling wire. • Elevate wire high in tree branches, 9ft/3m or higher where possible. This can be carried out using long lifting sticks, which are provided or can be made from local environment. • If beneficial to safety it may be prudent to assign one or more members of the survey crew to remain in areas where uniformed persons may come into contact with wire. Basically the crew member would inform persons of work activity and dangers associated with the survey wire. • Make sure all signs are removed once the survey is completed and wire is wrapped up.

• Always make sure points of current injection are not hot to the touch after completion of a current injection. If there is ground heat douse with water until there is clearly no chance of fire source. • Always make sure wires are not tightly bound to vegetation, i.e. trees, shrubbery, etc. Vegetation can be a source of grounding resulting in leakage and heat generation that could result in fire. • When conducting IP/DC Resistivity surveys, perform “Leak Tests” frequently to assess current leakage. A leakage of greater then 5mA should be addressed; a leakage over 10mA absolutely requires attention. • Always stand at minimum, 3 feet away from any wire, or points of current injection while transmitting.

Lighting Protection

Remember "If you can hear it, fear it!" Lightning, one of nature's most powerful forces, can cause serious injury or death in an instant. A lightning strike can start fires, damage instrumentation and seriously electrocute humans. Summer is the peak season for lightning occurrences, which is often the peak season to be outdoors. Cloud-to-ground lightning can kill and injure people by direct or indirect means. It is known that not all people are killed who are directly struck by the lightning itself. Lightning current can branch off to a person from a tree or other object. In addition, lightning will produce current that will travel through the ground to a person after striking an object nearby.

Conducting geophysical surveys often increases the probability of lightning electrocution. This is because we are often handling long lengths of wire, which are often grounded at one or both ends. Whenever there is a voltage difference between one point and another, a current will flow. It is this flow of electricity (the current) that can cause serious injury or death. In normal conditions it would be necessary for a lightning strike to hit close proximity, say within one hundred meters, to produce harmful effects. However, when conducting a geophysical survey, with long lengths of grounded wire, a lightning strike many kilometers away can result in serious injury or death. This is due to the voltage potential built up between two distant points of ground contact, likely to be the distant grounded electrode and your grounded body. If handling the wire at the point of which lightning strikes the ground. This will result in electrocution through your grounded body at the point you are standing. The degree of electrocution is dependent on the location of the lightning strike relative to either the electrode location or your location.

Grounding can occur in a number of ways and is not necessarily limited to an electrode plant. Any bare wire touching ground, whether it is water, vegetation, etc can also be a point of grounding. A lightning strike under these conditions and very close to an electrode plant could have lethal consequences. Immediately cease handling wire when there is electrical activity in any direction from your work area.

How to stay safe

The best defense is to halt all activities when weather looks threatening. Dark cumulus clouds are a dead giveaway that lightning is a possibility. Lightning cumulus clouds are puffy, generally dark and tower 8 to 11 miles (13 to 18 km) up. Little light shines through, thus they look dark from below and the darker they are the more threatening. Weather viewed like this in any direction is a danger.

On relatively flat ground, the naked eye can see for about 14 to 16 km, which is about the limit of view due to the curvature of earth, weather of a threatening nature viewed in any direction is therefore a threat when conducting long wire geophysical surveys and all activities must be halted. Lightning strikes do not always come in clusters. It is common to have a lone lightning strike. This would likely be sourced in a relatively insignificant looking cloud system. A major storm system would look much more threatening. If you can't count more than 60 seconds between lightning and thunder, you're in danger. That means the lightning is less than twenty kilometres away, every three seconds is equal to one kilometre.

Understand safe locations to be to limit the likelihood of being hit by lightning. Don't be an isolated tall object, and don't be connected to anything that may be an isolated tall object. Do not touch or handle anything grounded. If you’re in a boat get to land immediately, if you’re standing or swimming in water get out immediately. If in an open area, get to a low spot, if possible get on a log, get your feet off the ground.

The number one consideration when conducting geophysical surveys and using wire is to not touch the wire at any time while there is threat of a lightning storm. In addition to this remove all wires from instrumentation to avoid damaging the instruments in the event of a lightning strike.

First Aid for Electrocution

Electric shock and electrical burns are serious injuries and should receive immediate medical attention. Contact a first aid attendant, if available, or get other medical help. Arrange for transport to hospital immediately if the situation warrants.

Initiate priority action following the ABC approach: A. Airway — Establish and maintain an open airway. B. Breathing — Check and maintain breathing. If the injured worker is not breathing, start assisted ventilation (using mouth-to-mouth or a pocket mask). C. Circulation — Monitor the worker’s circulation constantly. Initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if necessary, and carry on until more advanced life support is obtained. Geophysical workers should be familiar with CPR. 3. Keep the injured worker warm and at rest. 4. If the injured worker is conscious, offer reassurance. If the injured worker vomits, turn the worker onto one side to keep the airway clear. Transport the injured worker to medical aid. While waiting for

transport or en route to medical aid, administer first aid for burns. Do not leave injured workers unattended. Maintain a constant watch on their airway, breathing, and circulation while they are transported to medical aid.

First Aid for Burns

First aid for burns can be administered while the injured worker is waiting for transport or being transported to medical aid: • Remove rings, wrist watches, and footwear, if possible. • Elevate burned extremities, if possible, to decrease fluid loss. Do not splint burned limbs unless there is an obvious fracture or dislocation. Avoid handling the affected body parts unnecessarily. Apply wet dressings on burns to less than 20% of the body surface. Any burns in excess of 20% can be covered with dry dressings or clean sheets. Do not apply tight, encircling dressings. Do not break blisters. Do not apply creams, ointments, or other medications to the burned area. Do not examine burned eyelids. Cover them with sterile dressings until they can receive specialized treatment.