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Hydropolitics in China Edwin Jurriëns the Region The Newsletter No. 89 Summer 2021 News from Australia and the Pacific Regional Editor 21 Hydropolitics in China Edwin Jurriëns The Region Hydropolitics in China For News from Australia and the Pacific, we ask contributors to reflect on their own research and the broader academic field in Australia and the Pacific of which it is The Asia Institute a part. We focus on current, recent or upcoming projects, books, articles, conferences The Asia Institute is The University of and courses, while identifying related interests and activities of fellow academics Melbourne’s key centre for studies in Asian languages, cultures and societies. in the field. Our contributions aim to give a broad overview of Asia-related studies Asia Institute academic staff have an array in Australia and beyond, and to highlight exciting intellectual debates on and with Asia of research interests and specialisations, and strive to provide leadership in the study in the region. The style of our essays is subjective and informal. Rather than offering of the intellectual, legal, politico-economic, fully-fledged research reports, our contributions give insight into the motivations cultural and religious traditions and transformations of Asia and the Islamic behind and directions of various types of conversations between Asia and the region. world. The Institute is committed to In the current edition, we focus on hydropolitics in China. community engagement and offers a dynamic program of academic and community-focused events and cultural exchanges that aim to promote Articles are edited by Edwin Jurriëns [email protected] from the Asia dialogue and debate. Institute at The University of Melbourne https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/asia-institute The hydropolitics of China’s latest mega water project Sarah Rogers ince 2014, the drinking water supply of Beijing and Tianjin has come almost Sexclusively from the Danjiangkou Reservoir 1000km away. Thanks to the massive South-North Water Transfer scheme, wealthy city residents turn on their taps and consume clean water from an economically is having long-lasting and deeply unequal marginalised part of central China. The environmental and socio-economic impacts. scheme, the most recent of China’s mega A clear example is that while Beijing and water projects, brings water from the Yangtze Tianjin residents consume high-quality River and its tributaries to drier parts of Danjiangkou water, at the time of our last northern China, mostly for urban and visit in 2019, towns and villages surrounding industrial use. the Reservoir in Henan were still reliant on polluted groundwater. For the past three years, as part of an Geographers based in Melbourne have Australian Research Council grant “The for nearly two decades been engaged in Technopolitics of China’s South-North Water documenting and understanding the on- Transfer Project,”1 I have been studying the ground impacts of China’s environmental impacts of the South-North Water Transfer governance, including the Three Gorges Project on the Danjiangkou region. With Project,4 the Yellow River crisis,5 environmental colleagues from the University of Melbourne, resettlement,6 Shanghai’s water insecurity,7 Nanjing’s Hehai University and Wuhan’s household water consumption,8 and the Changjiang Water Resources Protection Chinese dam industry’s9 activities in Africa. Institute, I visited the Danjiangkou Reservoir Our current research into the South-North itself (the source of the scheme’s Middle Water Transfer Project builds on this earlier Route), surrounding counties in Henan Above: From the Danjiangkou Reservoir, Henan (Image by the author, 2019) to the waters work and shows the value of sustained, Province, and upstream counties in Shaanxi main destination, Beijing (Upsplash, courtesy Li Vang). collaborative social science research with Province to interview farmers and officials Chinese colleagues. and to better understand how this massive of RMB in lost GDP, the responsibility of and further push people to rely on off-farm inter-basin transfer scheme is reshaping local supplying far-away cities with high quality wage employment. The second force is the Sarah Rogers, economies, livelihoods, and environments. water has clearly had a huge economic preferential treatment given to agribusinesses Centre for Contemporary Chinese The counties that surround the reservoir, impact on what are quite poor counties in by local government. Convinced that small Studies, The University of Melbourne including Xichuan County in Henan Province, central China. Their successful transformation farmers are polluting and “backward”, local [email protected] have experienced sustained impacts since the to “green” development paths is yet to authorities have mediated large-scale land early 2000s: first in the need to resettle people be seen. transfers to outside enterprises to establish and industries in advance of inundation as In 2019 we began to examine how this specialised, “organic” farms. In future these the Danjiangkou Dam height was raised, prioritisation of water quality is impacting farms will not just produce fruit, but are Notes and then in pursuit of strict water quality people’s livelihoods in Xichuan County. also designed to attract city dwellers to pick, 1 https://www.researchgate.net/project/ targets. The Danjiangkou region has suffered We travelled to several villages that had stay in rural guesthouses, and enjoy the local The-Technopolitics-of-Chinas-South- entrenched problems of water pollution, lost considerable farmland to inundation scenery. Where small farmers fit in this new North-Water-Transfer-Project from industrial runoff (nearby Shiyan City and where many residents had been rural future is unclear. 2 https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ has since Mao’s Third Front2 been a major resettled to towns in and beyond the county. Measured in environmental terms, the maos-third-front/6235F306DE45DB4B358 C6F32ABB42FA9 car manufacturing base), urban domestic Our interviews suggest that local smallholders interventions at the Danjiangkou Reservoir 3 h ttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ runoff, and agricultural runoff. To achieve are being squeezed by two powerful forces. have been an outstanding success. Water full/10.1177/2399654420917697 drinking water of a high enough standard, The first is government farming bans on what quality in the Reservoir and its tributaries 4 h ttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1 there are now strict controls in place for the used to be people’s contracted farmland (this now consistently ranks as Grade I or Grade II, 080/10357823.2011.552707 use of pesticides and fertilisers, farming bans highly fertile land is exposed for about half of ensuring that the residents of Beijing and 5 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ in the Reservoir’s “fluctuation zone”, as well the year when the Reservoir’s levels are low), Tianjin are consuming water of the highest article/abs/pii/S1462901108000221 as projects to improve wastewater treatment instructions to pursue organic farming instead quality. Factories have mostly been closed, 6 h ttps://www.jstor.org/ in towns and to restructure local economies of using synthetic pesticides and fertilisers, rubbish is regularly swept from the Reservoir’s stable/27503978?seq=1 away from polluting industries like cement, forceful encouragement to plant cash crops surface, intensive water quality monitoring 7 h ttps://www.amazon.com.au/Water- Supply-Mega-City-Political-Analysis/ paper, and chemical manufacturing to instead of corn and wheat, and a ban on is conducted, pollution spills are jumped on, dp/1786433923 tourism and organic agricultural production. livestock close to the Reservoir. In an area and extensive reforestation is taking place 8 h ttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ 3 In a recently published article, my co-author where families’ landholdings were already to both beautify the local area and to filter the full/10.1177/0956247818779700 and I begin to document some of these very small and have been further constrained water flowing into the Reservoir. But much like 9 h ttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1 processes and the narratives of sacrifice and by inundation, these directives are coalescing earlier environmental projects of the Chinese 080/24694452.2017.1320211?journalCode opportunity that go with them. With billions to undermine viable smallholder livelihoods state, the South-North Water Transfer Project =raag21.
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