NLÉ Shaping the Architecture of Developing Cities
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MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL
RESEARCH REPORT – APRIL 2012
SUPPORTED BY MAKOKO IS A COMMUNITY ON WATER. FOR NEARLY 100 YEARS IT HAS THRIVED ON THE FISHING AND SAWING INDUSTRIES – PROVIDING OVER A THIRD OF LAGOS’ FISH SUPPLY AND MOST OF ITS TIMBER. IT IS A HIGHLY DENSE AND URBANIZED AREA, YET IT HAS NO ROADS, NO LAND, AND NO MODERN INFRASTRUCTURE. MAKOKO IS AN INNOVATIVE AND CONTEMPORARY MODEL FOR COASTAL AFRICAN CITIES.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 1 MAKOKO
Photography : Ade Adekola
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 2 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION 4
1 URBAN AND INFRASTRUCTURAL 11 2G Waste Management and Sanitation 116 ISSUES 2H Ideal Standalone System 119 1A Challenges and Conditions 12 2I Other Makoko Building Projects 123 1B How Makoko is Perceived 31 2J Conclusions 125 1C Life in Makoko 40 1D Project Location and Access 46 3 SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND 140 1E Sanitation, Sewage and Waste 54 EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF THE Disposal Systems SCHOOL AND BUILDING USE 1F Ecological impact on Marine Life 57 3A School Program, Schedule and 142 Teachers 3B Community Programs, Social Patterns 145 2 ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH 67 and Cultural Events OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES 4 LAND AND WATER USE 152 2A Makoko Building Techniques: Learning 68 (REGULATIONS AND POLICIES) From Makoko 4A Makoko Land Legality, Ownership and 153 2B The Ganvie Experience 72 Jurisdiction 2C Building Materials Supply, Local 77 4B Lagos Inland Waterways and 154 Availability and Durability Jurisdiction 2D Flotation & Anchoring Technoogy 82 4C Applicable Building Regulations, 155 Principles Permits/Waivers, Rights and Licenses 2E Alternative/Reusable Energy Systems 92 and Installation 2F Water Supply, Storage and Treatment 102 Systems
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 3 MAKOKO
Photography : NLÉ
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 4 INTRODUCTION
Makoko community has adapted its lifestyle to its In response to this, we propose to develop a environment and has become a ‘city’ on water. Floating School for the community. This school will meet the immediate needs of the community, It builds wooden houses on stilts and at the same time be a new building for adapting transportation is by canoes only. Although an to the imminent impact of climate change. informal settlement, it is believed that about 100,000 people now call Makoko home. Due to Our proposal of a floating building addresses the impact of climate change, rising sea levels, different issues regarding flooding, poor building increased rainfall and flooding are becoming day- structures and land titles. The project will also to-day reality for people of Lagos and other world provide a flexible multi-use space which can cities under similar coastal conditions. be used outside of school hours by the entire community for a range of purposes. With its current building quality and stilt construction, Makoko is better prepared, RELATED NEWS ON MAKOKO yet not completely spared. Although overall living conditions are very poor and modern 1. BBC documentary: Welcome to Lagos: infrastructure is not available, the people of Episode 2 Makoko’s adaptation to their environment offers 2. Aljazeera documentary: Street Life in Lagos valuable insights for addressing the imminent 3. TIME article: Intelligent Cities challenges of rapid urbanization and climate 4. Nigerian Tribune article: Amphibious change in coastal cities. Residents of Makoko 5. The Guardian article: Images of the Within Makoko a nursery and primary school Community of Makoko facility was built, not even on stilts, but on reclaimed land. The consequences are now RELATED NEWS ON FLOODING: uneven settlement and recurrent flooding of the school building, which hinders children’s access 1. BBC article: Nigeria floods to their basic need — an education. The last 2. BBC clip: West Africa meets for climate talks flooding occurred in October 2011.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 5 WHAT WE ARE DOING KEY BENEFITS
NLÉ is developing a floating school for Makoko. 1. Supports the immediate educational needs We began engaging the community through of children comprehensive survey questionnaire, conducting 2. Provides a flexible space and a multi-use research and conceptualizing designs for the facility for the larger community needs school as a self-initiative in May 2011. Now, with 3. Poverty alleviation strategy: through the support of the Heinrich Böll Stiftung, we have integrated social development and gainful funding for further research and documentation employment of local skills and technologies of the school, the evironment and the community 4. Addresses challenges of climate change: needs. mitigates urban flood risks and disasters 5. Furthers the development of water Our proposal for the Floating School is a bulding settlements as an attractive and that is self-sustaining and adaptable for other contemporary way of living building typologies—homes, community centres, 6. Ecologically/Environmentally friendly and playgrounds—to gradually cultivate an improved responsible in energy use/building systems. quality of architecture, urbanism & living on water. 7. Addresses challenges of rapid urbanisation: densification of inner city core We would appreciate support or collaboration for 8. Re-usable modular building prototype that 3 outstanding phases of the project to realise the increases the urban housing stock through project by May 2012 (before the onset of heavy affordable, good quality, flexible housing rains). 9. Identifies and unlocks an alternative to reclamation of land as urban assets. 1. Concept Design & Research (Funded by 10. Creates opportunities for international NLÉ) knowledge exchange and professional 2. Detail Research & Documentation (Funded practice by Heinrich Böll Stiftung) 3. Design Development and Construction Please contact [email protected] for more Supervision information, collaboration or support. 4. Building Construction & Operations cost 5. Post-occupancy Evaluation
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 6 MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL CONCEPT DESIGN
Art wall (placeholder for student project) inspired by Yinka Shonibare MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 7 Location is suggestive only MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 8 INDIGENOUS ECOLOGICAL LOCAL MATERIALS SELF SUSTAINING ECONOMICAL ADAPTABLE MOVABLE
Location is suggestive only SAFE MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 9 FLOATING COMMUNITY
Location is suggestive only MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 10 URBAN AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ISSUES 1
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 11 1A CHALLENGES AND CONDITIONS
Photography: Ade Adekola MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 12 MAJOR URBAN MAJOR SOCIAL COMMUNITY CHALLENGES COMMUNITY CHALLENGES
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY WATER SUPPLY EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT
SANITATION AND ELECTRICITY HEALTH & SECURITY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Source: NLÉ questionnaire kindly responded to by inhabitants of Makoko
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 13 3 2 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ISSUES MAJOR
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – secondary level secondary above education no had 73% of respondents 10 years 2and between there living been have Makoko in of respondents 60% events of flooding frequency in change no observed 75% of residents disposal waste improper by caused blockage to due overflow Rivers to 4days up lasts Flooding year per times 3–4 occurs flooding Major ties family existing of because there live residents Makoko Most of 4–6persons comprise of households 50% house their own 10% residents of Makoko tenants are residents of Makoko number A large (22%) bungalows concrete one-storey by (35%) followed shacks houses/ wooden is type housing dominant The issues ownership Land connection energy Poor network drainage of the Inadequacy accumulation Waste (malaria) Disease Insecurity Flooding Communities To Climate ChangeInLagos,Nigeria Communities To Climate ChangeInLagos,Nigeria Ibid. Adelekan, IbidunO. Adelekan, IbidunO. 3 Vulnerability OfPoorUrbanCoastal Vulnerability OfPoorUrbanCoastal MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL 1 2 — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
VARIABLE MAKOKO MAKOKO OWNER
DON’T KNOW BY MAKOKO OCCURENCE TENANT STATUS OF RESIDENTIAL PERCEPTION OF FLOOD FLOOD OF PERCEPTION MAKOKO INHABITANTS MAKOKO
NO CHANGE SQUATTING INHABITANTS 14
2 1 an to have claim who residents of Makoko 57.1% the with contrasts of 65% claim This Lagos. in of buildings 65% than more for exist not do plans of building records approved to them, According ministry. the in officials government the by refuted is plans building of approved existence The – – – OWNERSHIP – – – –
– – – – – – – buildings and the general environment. general the and buildings of the quality of the light in title of legal importance the see not do simply respondents of the most that show interviews The table). (see documents these have not do Most registration. land and plan building the are of them to most known of ownership titles The laborious. and expensive is title legal of obtaining process the that claim residents Makoko Most of ownership title 7% legal have Only Family) (Olaiya landowner large byone owned is land The 19%unemployed are Around artisans as and employment government in work Some trade and fishery are occupations Major Field Survey Ibid. , 2006 MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL 1
2 — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT PERCENTAGE 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CIVIL SERVANT
ARTISIAN MAKOKO
TRADER STATUS EMPLOYMENT OF FISHERMAN INHABITANTS MAKOKO
GOVERNMENT
WHARF WORKER
UNEPLOYED
STUDENT 15 This arrangement is observed in Makoko, where approved building plan. This discrepancy could three major dominant groups, Ilajes, Eguns and be explained through incorrect answers given Ijaws, were identified. by residents out of fear for reprisal, but there are also indications that records of the city’s SOURCE OF LAND PROCUREMENT approved building plans are not properly kept. Government 7.1% LAND PROCUREMENT Community (major ethnic group) 9.5% Family owner (Olaiya) 57.1% Direct interviews revealed that very few of the Transfer from previous occupants 7.1% plots in Makoko have been purchased by the Self acquisition 11.9% current tenant. Most are instead occupied on Purchased from vendor 7.1% a leasehold basis, whereby the occupants are required to pay an annual rent to the land owners (in this case the family representatives). REASONS FOR NOT HAVING LEGAL TITLE Not interested 16.7% A sizable proportion of the occupants admitted Will soon relocate 2.4% that they moved in and occupied the space Not aware of the implications 14.3% without the consent of land owners (self Too expensive and laborious 66.7% acquisition).
Self acquisitiong occurs especially in areas on MAKOKO RESIDENTS AND BUILDING PLANS the lagoon (this Portion of the site belongs to Have an approved building plan 57.1% the federal government), and areas along the Do not have an approved building plan 42.9% canal at Ajegunle.
Source: Some occupants claimed that they acquired the Urbanization, slum development and security of tenure: the occupied and developed land from their relatives challenges of meeting Millennium development goal 7 in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria - FIELD SURVEY 2006 By Tunde who were original occupants who had now Agbola & Elijah M. Agunbiade migrated elsewhere. There are instances where the community found in these areas—in this case, the major ethnic group—has a collective leasehold title which is sublet to the community.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 16 RECOMMENDATIONS
–– This research is intended as a wake-up call to policy-makers and stakeholders in the city of Lagos. The negative socio-economic and environmental consequences of this process need to be reduced both to solve currently observed problems and to prevent future ones. –– A forum involving all the major stakeholders in the city should develop a vision of how to regularize the city’s informal settlements and develop an inclusive city for all its citizens. –– This must be preceded by a land audit to assess the legal ownership of the land occupied by informal settlements. –– As recommended by the Lagos State Urban Renewal Authority, all the identified blighted areas should be declared and designated as special zones or districts for regularization.
Source: Urbanization, slum development and security of tenure: the challenges of meeting Millennium development goal 7 in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria - FIELD SURVEY 2006 By Tunde Agbola & Elijah M. Agunbiade
Photography NLÉ
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 17 “We are a community with a great and bright future. Yes, people living on water, people that are great fishermen.”
Noah Shemede Community figure
Photography: BichopBishop MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 18 URBAN GROWTH OF LAGOS
1978 - current
1963 - 1978
1901-1962 Makoko
Lagos 1900
Source: SNC-Lavalin Report 1995 MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 19 COASTAL SETTLEMENTS & RECLAIMED AND SQUATTED COASTAL LAND
Mile Market Aree
Ogudu Villege
Oworonsoki Ilaje
Iwaya Makoko Okobaba Otto Ijora Olove Badia Marine Beach
CoastalCoastal settlements settlements ReclaimedClaimed Landland Source: SNC-Lavalin Report 1995 SuattedSquatted land Land MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 20 CLIMATE IN LAGOS RAINFALL
–– The average temperature in Lagos, Nigeria is While the mean annual rainfall for the 25-year 26.4 °C (80 °F). period 1971-1995 was 1,697.79mm, that for the –– The warmest average maximum temperature is 10-year period 1996-2005 was 1,647.26mm. 33 °C (91 °F) in February & March. Although the difference in mean annual rainfall in –– The coolest average minimum temperature is the two periods is not much, fewer rain days are 21 °C (70 °F) in August. recorded during the more recent ten-year period –– Lagos receives on average 1,626 mm (64 in) of relative to the 1971 – 1995 period. precipitation annually or 136 mm (5.3 in) each month. This demonstrates the fact that the fewer –– There are 121 days annually on which more rainstorms recorded in the latter period are than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of precipitation much heavier than those of the earlier period. occurs—or 10 days in an average month. This creates a tendency towards producing –– The month with the driest weather is January, more floods. where only two rainfall days are recorded with 40 mm (1.6 in) of total precipitation. Source: http://www.climatetemp.info/nigeria/lagos.html –– The month with the wettest weather is June, where 20 rainfall days are recorded with 336 mm (13.2 in) of total preciptation. –– Mean relative humidity for an average year is 84.7%, ranging from 80% in March to 88% in June, July, September and October. –– There are 1,885 sunshine hours annually and approximately 5.2 sunlight hours for each day. –– Average sunshine hours per day range between 3.0 hours per day in July & August and 6.7 hours per day in February.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 21 RAINFALL MEAN 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1971
1975 MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL
1980
1985 — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 1990 R2+0.040 y=0.253x+76.35 1995
2000
2005 LINEAR (MEAN) MEAN 22 FLOODING
SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION
ENGINEERING APPROACHES –– Sea-walls –– Groynes –– Barrages and barriers –– Elevation of infrastructure –– Dolosse and gabions –– Off shore reefs –– Beach nourishment and replenishment –– Water pumps –– Beach drainage
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES Photography Noah Shemede –– Dune cordons –– Coastal mangroves –– Estuary and wetland rehabilitation –– Kelp beds
SOCIO-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES –– Vulnerability mapping –– Risk communication –– Enforcing a buffer zone –– Preventing activity that compromises the coastline (e.g. sand mining) –– Early warning systems –– Planned relocation Photography Noah Shemede Source: UNEP, The Status of the Nigerian Coastal Zones, 2005
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 23 FLOODING
Makoko’s housing on stilts and use of waterways for transportation and public space offers some strong ideas which could resolve many of the problems caused by flooding. However, Makoko residents are still greatly affected by frequent flooding due to their lack of effective coping strategies for many of the impacts of flooding.
Community members noted that sections of the community that have benefitted from improved drainage systems experienced less flooding than areas where the drainage system is poor. The community addresses the flooding impact in the following ways:
COMMUNITY LEVEL IMPACTS
IMPACT COPING STRATEGY Damage to roads Roads are sand-filled or filled with wood shavings
Disruption of movement Use of rain boots; taking available unaffected routes. Residents are often left helpless
Dirty environment Surroundings cleared after flood events
Flooding of community Staying indoors while a community member(s) clear blocked drainage channels
School children prevented from going to school Children stay home until flood water subsides
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 24 HOUSEHOLD IMPACTS
IMPACT COPING STRATEGY Damage to and deterioration of building Roads are sand-filled or filled with wood shavings infrastructure
Flooded houses and rooms Use of rain boots; taking available unaffected routes. Residents are often left helpless
Prevalence of malaria Surroundings cleared after flood events
Homelessness —
Destruction/damage of household property Relocation of property to outside the community; keeping property above flood level
Disease Use of local herbs/medicine
INDIVIDUAL IMPACTS
IMPACT COPING STRATEGY Poor health condition resulting from unnecessary — sickness, including different skin diseases
Effect on social relationships as friends/family — cannot visit each other
Disruption of economic activities —
Scarcity of food —
Source: Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Climate Change in Lagos, Niberia by Ibidun O. Adelekan
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 25 CLIMATE IN LAGOS Measured at an altitude of 40m
40 90
35 88
30 86
25 84 Temperatures Precipitation 20 Wind Speed Relative Humidity % Wet Days 82 Sunlight 15
80 10
78 5
0 76 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Min Temp (oC) Max Temp (oC) Average Temp (oC) Precipitation (cm) Wet Days (>0.1 mm) Average Sunlight Hours/Day Average Wind Speed (Beaufort) Relative Humidity (%) Source: www.climatetemp.info MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 26 FLOOD RISK IN LAGOS
PROJECTED FLOODING AFTER A SEA LEVEL RISE OF 1 METRE
Source: Bas van de Sande, GIS Consultant MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 27 SOCIAL CHALLENGES
Makoko faces immense challenges. The government services are very limited. This reflects a complete lack of governance or political interest in the community. Community issues are addressed by the Baale—the Chief and most respected person in Makoko. The people’s concerns relate primarily to poverty, crime, unemployment, and the need for small-scale businesses.
A great number of children living in Makoko do not attend school. According to a needs Photography: assessment conducted in 1998 with local chiefs NLÉ and other stakeholders, poverty and survival were the major challenges facing Makoko residents.
Chiefs and parents were mainly concerned about the high rate of teenage pregnancy and anti-social activities of ‘area boys’ (small gangs, formed by young men who drop out of school and misuse alcohol and drugs). On the other hand the young people were concerned about their parents’ inability to provide resources for their education, parental unemployment, and the unsanitary and cramped conditions in which they lived. Young people often expressed a feeling of helplessness.
In response to these concerns, several Photography: organizations and foundations, in collaboration NLÉ
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 28 with the Makoko community, offer different community programs.
These programs take the shape of a variety of projects, workshops, seminars and activities involving education, health and human rights. These images are from the ‘Back to School Project’ held at the Makoko HMI Youth Centre.
Source: HIV prevention with especially vulnerable young people/ Case studies of success and innovation. Thomas Coram Research Unit Institute of Education, University of London May 2006 p. 23-33
Photography: Dipo Agoro
Photography: Dipo Agoro
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 29 RECOMMENDATIONS
Our research identifies that urgent action and attention is required in the following:
SEWAGE EXPLOITATION OF FISHERY RESOURCES
–– Monitoring of health of the coastal –– Strengthening legal instruments for effective environment from sewage and solid waste management of fishery resources Low cost technology sewage treatment and –– Fish stock assessment management facilities –– Community conscientization for sustainable exploitation of fishery resources SOLID WASTE –– Development of coastal aquaculture
–– Implementing sound disposal methods OIL SPILLS –– Implementing sustainable collection and disposal techniques –– Remediating polluted areas –– Formulating and implementing waste –– Improving facilities in Nigerian ports minimisation strategies –– Building capacity for oil spill management and –– Waste to recycling strategies technical acquisition –– Community conscientization of waste –– Monitoring of oceanographic processes and disposals health of sensitive ecosystems.
CLIMATE CHANGE
–– Development of national climate change plan of action –– Inventory of Greenhouse gases –– Coastal protection from flooding and erosion resulting from sea level rise.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 30 2J CONCLUSIONS
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 125 FLOATING BUILDING
PHOTOVOLTAICS
ROOF
S FURNITURE W
SHELL
FRAME
GREEN AREAS E N
TOILET
FLOATING PLATFORM
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 126 PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION
8
1 FLOTATION PLATFORM
2 SERVICES AREA
3 ACCESSIBILITY
4 OPEN GREEN SPACE
5 PLANTING AREAS 7
6 TOILET
7 CLASSROOMS
8 OPEN AIR CLASSROOMS
3 5 2 4 6 1
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 127 BUILDING ASSEMBLY
SITE ROOF FLOATING PLATFORM FRAME SHELL
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 128 SITE
ANCHOR POINTS Aluminium
FLOATING PLATFORM
SURFACE WATER
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 129 FLOTATION PLATFORM
BARRELS Plastic
PLATFORM FRAME Aluminium/Wood
FLOATING PLATFORM
SURFACE WATER
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 130 ROOF
PHOTOVOLTAICS 20 panels 174Wp
ROOF 03 Aluminium/Thatch
ROOF 02 Bamboo joists
ROOF 01 hardwood beams
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 131 SHELL
SOUTH FACADE Bamboo Louvres
WALLS Bamboo/Aluminium
NORTH FACADE Bamboo Louvres
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 132 FRAME
FRAME hardwood
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 133 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1 2 3
4 5 6
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 134 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS DIAGRAM
energyS o l a r PV panels Batteries Supply
+ -
Green waste Compost unit Compost Food
Rainwater Storage Filration Shower Washing Drinking Cooking
Borehole
Toilet
Greywater Helophytes Filter
Irrigation
Surface Septic tank water & Bio-Rock
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 135 WATER
Rain and borehole water is stored in a 1000 Liters tank(1).The collected water then passes to a vortex filter and pressure pump. Afterwards, this water could be used for irrigation and domestic use (2). For drinking water further filtration is 7 necessary (3). All the ‘grey waste water’ that is produced 8 6 could be temporarily stored in a grease trap tank and 5 then purified in a helophytes H2O filter (5). The effluent from 9 4 the constructed wetland is 3 then used to rinse the toilet and as irrigation water for UV FILTERS the plants (6). The water for H2O sinsing the toilet is called VORTEX FILTER black water. Black water 2 settles into a septic tank (7) H2O before final purification is carried out by a BIOROCK filter (8). The purified water then could be released in the lagoon surface or be re-used 1 as grey water.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 136 ELECTRICITY
Generating electricity is one of the most crucial aspects in a stand alone system. Based on the climate conditions solar energy is our best option to provide electrical energy to the school. Thus, we use PV Panels. At the same time, as a supplamentary system, there could be the option of bio- gas production the toilet and kitchen waste. The surplus electrical production could power near by houses.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 137 FOOD
The idea is that the platform could funtion as a food production are (vegetables agriculture). The plants are watered with ‘grey water’ (1) 4 filtered by the helophytes filters (2). If insufficient stock tain water can be made of use (4). The organic waste 3 together with a portion of the CH4CO2 waste water are collected 2 6 in a 1000 Liter tank (5) in which methane is captured for biogass production for 5 the possibillity of cooking (6). The combination with black water is possible but could make the system significally H2O complex and harder to use the remaining effluent as a 1 fertilizer for the vegetable garden.
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL — AFRICAN WATER CITIES PROJECT 138