Environmental Sustainability Impact of the Okobaba Sawmill Industry On

& W ries ild e lif sh e i S F c , i y e r t n l

c Elijah and Elegbede, Poult Fish Wildl Sci 2015, 3:1 u

o s Poultry, Fisheries & P DOI: 10.4172/2375-446X.1000131 ISSN: 2375-446X Wildlife Sciences

Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Environmental Sustainability Impact of the Okobaba Sawmill Industry on Some Biogeochemistry Characteristics of the Lagos Lagoon Elijah FB 1* and Elegbede Isa2 1Department of Marine sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria 2Department of Environmental and Resource Management, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany

Abstract Okobaba hub of Lagos Lagoon is a water body that is presented to direct impact of sawmilling movement and other local wellsprings of contamination of the water body. The physic-concoction parameters, substantial metals and also disintegrated supplements for both water and silt tests of Lagos tidal pond at Okobaba were considered for a time of six month, tests were gathered from March to August as part of the arrangement of studies for the determination for the levels of tainting of the oceanic environment. Five stations were considered and an aggregate of thirty examples were gathered for both water and dregs tests each. Four out of the five stations extended along the water bank of Okobaba while the last (control) is taken after third terrain span. Profundity of water ranges between 0.6 m-2.2 m, temperature ranges somewhere around 240°C and 300°C for air and 250°C and 350°C in water. Complete strong in water was seen to have a scope of 7010-21104. Saltiness of water body ranges from 5.7-22.8 mg/l. Scope of qualities for DO, BOD, alkalinity and pH qualities are given as 3.5-7.4 mg/l, 2106-12104 mg/l, 36.5-105.2 mg/l and 6.7-7.9 mg/l individually. Results got demonstrated that with the exception of Chloride, suspended strong, depth and transparency, all other physic-compound parameters and broke down supplements are not altogether diverse (p>0.05). Centralization of overwhelming metals, for example, Chromium, Nickel, Zinc and Iron demonstrated noteworthy distinction (p<0.05). It was thusly presumed that the levels of sawmill waste contamination from Okobaba has brought about a contrarily noteworthy effect on the water body.

Keywords: Aquatic pollutants; Wood pollutants; Biodiversity loss; Typically, pure wood residue leachate is a black liquid with Sustainability; Contamination; Environmental degradation petroleum like odour that causes foaming water. Wood residue decomposition is a slow process that can result in decades of leachate Introduction production. During periods of prolonged substances found naturally Aquatic ecosystems have been suffering significant changes due in wood, such as resin acids, lignins, terpenes, fatty acids and tannins, to anthropogenic activities which eventually produce biodiversity dissolved from these concentrations. Wood wastes deposited into or losses as a direct consequence. Ajao [1] identified sand mining, near water course can alter, disrupt or destroy fish habitat. In fact, it can sand filling, industrial effluent discharge, oil wastes, domestic waste, smother spawning ground areas, decreasing fish variety and abundance sewage discharges among others as human related activities capable (FAO, 1991). and presently destroying the sensitive coastal environment of Nigeria The fish and the fisheries of the Lagos lagoon has been documented species. According to Ajao [1] pollution is a natural or induced change by authors like Fagade; FAO, Fagade and Olaniyan, Udolisa and in the quality of water which renders it unusable or dangerous as Solarin, Solarin, Solarin and Kusemiju, Emmanuel et al. [6-9]. regards food, human and animal health, industry, and agriculture, fishing, or leisure pursuits. Basically, pollution is induced by those Over the years the Lagos lagoon has continued to be under human activities which cause pollutants to enter natural waters. intensifying pressure from pollution. According to Ajao et al. [10] coastal waters can be contaminated from both natural and anthropogenic Pollution of water ways by organic discharges in Nigeria is sources of pollution. The anthropogenic sources include sand mining, perhaps a serious threat posed to the Nigerian inland waters. Sources industrial and domestic effluents, logging and timber transportation by of pollution of the inland waters of Nigeria are well known. The water. The anthropogenic pollutants/waste has an attendant effect on most notable point source arises from the dumping of untreated or the biodiversity of aquatic resources. Reduction in the composition and partially treated sewage into the River [2], brewery effluents into the density of algae, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, fish and fisheries river. discharge of bio-degradable wood wastes from sawmill located resources has been linked to the increasing menace over the years of along the lagoon [3]. Wood shavings and leachates are sources of aquatic pollution in the Lagos lagoon, Nigeria [9,11-13]. inert solids as well as toxic pollutants that directly clog fish sill (FAO 1991) and indirectly reduce light penetration which limits productivity contamination of the aquatic environment, makes aquatic organism vulnerable (FAO 1991), fish immune system in particular are weakened *Corresponding author: Elijah FB, Department of Marine sciences, 0020, Akoka, leading to increased incidence of parasites. Manufacturing operations Lagos, Nigeria, Tel: 08023028914; E-mail: [email protected] that produces raw wood, such as sawmill, paper mills and furniture manufacturers are the major source of pollution in the Nigeria Received March 28, 2015; Accepted May 04, 2015; Published May 30, 2015 water ways. Others include Agricultural and domestic wastes which Citation: Elijah FB, Elegbede I (2015) Environmental Sustainability Impact of the find their ways into the river body [4]. Wood residue can negatively Okobaba Sawmill Industry on Some Biogeochemistry Characteristics of the Lagos Lagoon. Poult Fish Wildl Sci 3: 131. doi:10.4172/2375-446X.1000131 impact the environment, contaminate and destroy fish habitat. Wood residue leachate is produced when water percolates, or flows, through Copyright: © 2015 Elijah FB, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted wood residue; storing wood waste in pits where it has contact with use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and groundwater creates another source of leachate (FAO) [5]. source are credited.

Poult Fish Wildl Sci ISSN: 2375-446X PFW, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 1000131 Citation: Elijah FB, Elegbede I (2015) Environmental Sustainability Impact of the Okobaba Sawmill Industry on Some Biogeochemistry Characteristics of the Lagos Lagoon. Poult Fish Wildl Sci 3: 131. doi:10.4172/2375-446X.1000131

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The importance of fish in the society cannot be over emphasized, wellspring of contamination, not only in light of the fact that they are hence there is the need to know the influence of sawmill wood wastes dangerous at generally low fixation, additionally in light of the fact on the water quality and distribution of fish. that they are not subject to corruption thus upon presentation they get to be perpetual expansion into the environment. The uptake and Water pollution capacity of these metals by oceanic organic entities when presented Contamination is a characteristic or incited change in the nature over and again to sub lethal amassing of these poisons likewise prompts of water which renders it unusable or perilous as respects sustenance, the life form’s tissue convergence of substantial metals to turn into a human and creature wellbeing, industry, and agribusiness, angling, or few requests of size higher than that of control creatures, a sensation recreation interests. Essentially, contamination is actuated by those known as bioaccumulation. This increment in the tissue’s metal focus human exercises which cause contaminations to enter characteristic happens as a consequence of the net pick up in metal fixation because waters. The fundamental driver of water contamination is the release of the low discharge rates of the metals from the creature’s body and of strong or fluid waste items containing contaminations on to the the ensuing impelling of metal detoxification frameworks, for example, area surface, or into surface or beachfront waters. Direct release of the establishment of metal granules and blend of low- :atomic weight- untreated local squanders, for example, kitchen squanders, excrement protein e.g. metallothionien [19]. and pee into the Lagos tidal pond frameworks undermine the oceanic Lead is an environmental poison known to bring about harm to biological system from numerous points of view. These incorporate human wellbeing, influencing exceptionally the focal sensory system, bringing about an increment in the microbial load in these water bodies, conceptive organs, the insusceptible framework and kidney [20]. It supplement enhancement, contamination of the dirt and amphibian is viewed as an aggregate toxic substance to warm blooded animals, situations [14] and in addition the accessibility of substratum for symptomatically, intense lead harming generally influences the bacterial development. It additionally causes a decrease in broke up gastrointestinal tract or the nervous framework and incidentally it oxygen level, diminishment in the appropriation and differing qualities influences both, There can be a sweetish metallic taste, blazing in the of life forms and lessening in straightforwardness because of the mouth, serious anorexia, sickness, extreme migraine and spewing. For vicinity of non-disintegrated solids and eutrophication [15]. these and different manifestations, researchers created enthusiasm for The amassings of heavy metals in the water may be raised concentrating on the danger of the metal. From the point of view of provincially by releases from numerous mechanical techniques, and in propagation, lead influences both men and ladies. Reported impacts silt they may get to be high. They may be discharged into the water in ladies incorporate fruitlessness, unsuccessful labor, preeclampsia, from residue aggravated by digging, or by changes in pH or redox pregnancy hypertension and unexpected labor [21]. Lead may instigate potential. Watchful checking of these metals is clearly crucial in any engraving instrument [22], bringing on relentless changes in uterine territory where lethal metal contamination of fish’s is plausibility. estrogen receptors and ovary LH receptors following perinatal introduction. The Lagos Harbor, in the same way as other beachfront Harbors, serves as a seaport, community for recreational cruising and a sink for In Mytilusedulis (a mollusc), examines on the uptake of lead transfer of local and modern squanders. A scarcity of data exists on demonstrated that the kidneys contained 50-70% of the aggregate lead the degree of contamination of the harbor and henceforth its general and were the tissues which picked up and lost it most promptly [23]). wellbeing ramifications. Ireland and Wootton [24] reported that in both Littorina and Thais, the convergence of lead in the shell was far higher than the fixation The brooks and tidal ponds of south-western Nigeria, aside from in the delicate body; they further specified that in both species the their more biological and financial essentialness, serve as sink for the lead substance of the shell represented around 80% of the aggregate transfer of an expanding exhibit of waste sorts. Sewage, wood waste, lead content. While the lead quality reported by [25] was somewhat refine oil, waste warmth, city and mechanical effluents among others higher in Patella shell than ody, yet it was impractical for them to know discover their path unabated into prompt seaside waters through whether it was altogether diverse since no correlation was made in the courses, for example, tempest water channels, streams, springs and middle of body and lead values. Lead was likewise found in the tissues tidal ponds [16]. of different mammalian species to be moved in the bone [26-30]. Ecological unsettling influences from such squanders are known Robert et al. [31] on their examination on the intense danger and to incite changes to the structure and capacity of natural frameworks. bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in sea-going spineless creatures Accordingly, scientists throughout the years have endeavored to judge reported that lead was intensely poisonous to amphipods and brought the degree and seriousness of contamination by dissecting changes in on more noteworthy than 50% mortality at amassings of 136 ugfi or organic frameworks [17]. more following 4 days of introduction. They further reported that lead exposures with stoneflies, caddies flies and snails proposed that some The amphibian environment has a characteristic capacity for oceanic irwertebrates were generally insensitive to this metal, even purging toward oneself. Physicochemical and biologic exercises following 28 days presentation. including microbiologic activity achieve the breakdown of little amounts of natural materials. Essentially, debased waterway, for Merlini et al. [32] explored the aggregation of lead by an eatable example, a stream can be rinsed through self-purification forms [18]. freshwater fish at pH 7.5 and pH 6.0; as per their examination, they It is the point at which the kind of waste is non-biodegradable e.g. discovered that t the lower pH the sunfish focused just about three times more lead than at the higher pH. They additionally inferred that plastics or the measure of natural data surpasses the conveying limit of when lead was added to Lake Maggiore water as a sak just 8% stayed the environment that there radiate undesirable conditions that evoke in the ionic state and as being what is indicated was grabbed by fish; negative effects on the biological system. This is the stage that there is this they said demonstrated that lead aggregation by fish would rely on ecological contamination. upon its chemicophysical state, which thusly, rely on upon the water Heavy metals pollution: Heavy metals are viewed as an essential nature of the oceanic environment.

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Mathis and Kevem [33] expressed that the component was very must be changed over into different sizes that will boost benefit poisonous to oceanic creatures; with fish being the most touchy furthermore fulfill the interest of the individuals. gathering. They found that the mixture sunfish in Wintergreen Lake The sawmill business remains the foundation of furniture industrial had a mean of 0.98 ± 0.110 ppm of lead whilst flesh eating fish from the facilities which has supported numerous Nigerian families and has Illinoids River were reported to have 0.57 ppm (Mathis and Cumming, given venture opportunities on account of its high productivity because 1973). of the plenitude of its crude materials. This has prompted the change Patrick et al [34] thought about the amassing of lead in tiny fish of the financial improvement and strengthening of its laborers [37,38]. tests from Ulliswater with focuses in tests from Bassenthwaite Lake Sawmilling industry started in Nigeria with the foundation of the and Mockerkin Tarn. They discovered that Melosiraand Asterionella first pit-sawing office in 1782 [39]. From that point forward, more sprouts from ullswater contained up to 772 ugP bg-1 natural dry weight, sawmills have been made as the interest for timber (sawn wood) whilst tests from alternate lakes contained 29-169 ugpbg-1, and that keeps on expanding. As at 1991, there were around one thousand the algal blossoms contributed 1-2 mg Pbm-2 to the silt Fergusson et al. six hundred and seventeen (1617) sawmills in Nigeria, larger part of analyzed lead in human hair and discovered the mean lead substance which are situated in the backwoods rich ranges including the Western of the head hair of 203 nationals of Christchurch, New Zealand to be piece of the nation [40]. Sawmill industry in Nigeria is to a great extent 10.4ugg-1 while the mean level for i 6 workers of a neighborhood battery described by little size administrators who more often than not handle plant was 363uge and that of 65 individuals from representatives timber with the CD arrangement of sawing machine (i.e. CD4, CD5, families was 67 ugg-1. They further reported that the high mean for the CD10, machines and so on). Expansive amounts of waste in type of relatives (both grown-ups and kids) was essentially diverse (P<0.001) pieces, sawdust and bark are frequently produced in sawmills. from the mean for the city study, which uncovered an issue emerging from workers exchanging lead tidy home, likely in their working Lumber recuperation component has been characterized as the garments. rate or a degree of volume of sawn wood yield to that of the volume info of logs handled in the sawmill, paying little heed to the sorts and sort of Simpson and Hunt [35] indicated lead harming because of the handling hardware embraced and types of wood included [41]. It is a ingestion of lead angling shot as the reason for death of various quiet measure of sawmill effectiveness. Lumber recuperation component is a swans (Cygnus olorgmelin). They reported that the territory in which sign of the effectiveness with which sawmill is being run. they were bolstering was vigorously debased with angling shot. They further reported that the kidneys of the dead flying creatures contained Lumber recovery is determined by many factors. These factors from 350 to 6650 ugg-1 DM of lead and blood lead levels in the rest of include: the winged creature were significantly lifted, ascending to 3290 ug/10 1. Log diameter, length, taper and quality. Ornl. 2. Kerf width of the sawing machines. As per Joosse et al. [36] high lead fixations in the sustenance of litter-staying Collembola showed up not to have any hurtful impacts, 3. Sawing variation, rough green-lumber size, and size of dry and that the vast majority of the lead stayed unabsorbed and was dressed lumber. moved in the defecation, while of the retained lead 30% was put away in intestinal epithelium cells and discharged by occasional remodel 4. Product mix. of the intestinal epithelium, which happened at every shedding. 5. Decision making by sawmill personnel. Nuclear retention spectrophotometric examination was directed by Braharn on fissues tests taken from 19 organs in the California 6. Condition and maintenance of sawmill equipment. sealion, Zalophuscalifornianus to focus the conveyance and amassing 7. Sawing method. of the overwhelming lead metal. He discovered that lead was gathered in altogether higher focuses in hard tissues, bone and teeth, than in Wood waste produced in sawmills can’t however be totally disposed of yet can be fundamentally decreased by enhancing the delicate tissue, for example, fat and muscle. preparing systems in the sawmill [41]. Various variables have been EIA on the Lagos Lagoon: In a community oriented study with recognized as the component impacting the wood recuperation degree Oyenekan and Nwankwo, the effects of natural toxins in the Lagos from logs amid transformation in sawmill. These incorporate log shape tidal pond on the green growth, microscopic organisms and benthic (slanted, decrease, forked and straight), log sizes (circumference and spineless creatures were researched [11]. Sawdust brought about silting length), machine upkeep society and accessibility of machine parts and and oxygen lacking water. Natural matter substance of the tidal pond experience of the administrator. Badejo is of the assessment that, the had a direct connection with the coliform and heterotrophic bacterial sizes of log being transformed, paying little mind to the species, have populaces yet was contrarily connected with benthic fauna. Organic imperative impact on timber recuperation. toxins in Lagos tidal pond forced turbidity that diminished profundity Larger part of the saw plant commercial enterprises is situated in of light entrance with resulting decline in photosynthetic exercises the wood delivering precipitation woods zones of the Country in which including disintegrated oxygen focus. In this manner, contamination the western states are among. The biggest centralization of sawmills has negative effects on essential and auxiliary generation of the oceanic are in Lagos, Ekiti, Osun Cross River, Ondo, Oyo, Imo, Edo, Delta environment. and Ogun States. Together, they represented more than 90% of the Wood processing industry in Nigeria: the sawmill saw processing exercises in the Country. This showed that ensured log supply is a central point in the area of sawmills in the Country. A sawmill can be characterized as a wood handling industry outfitted with different wood preparing machines. These machines Dangers/hazards in the sawmill business incorporate; ecological incorporate band saw and round saws. In sawmill industry, the wood risks as an aftereffect of poor ranger service practices and administration,

Page 4 of 19 poor strong waste administration and dangerous emanations to air, clamor, perils because of hardware utilization, and ergonomic dangers coming about because of lifting of overwhelming burdens, coming to for articles, dull work, and poor work carriage [42]. Specialists are likewise inclined to harm when expelling scrap or completed pieces from the Tables 1 and 2, Kickback wounds as a consequence of off base sharpened steel tallness and so forth. As a consequence of the abnormal state of human (manual taking care of) associations in sawmilling operations, laborers are presented to more elevated amounts of dangers connected with log taking care of and machine operation, ecological risks, work related body wounds, and in amazing cases, passing. Human components, which follows up on the working limit and the day by day generation productivity, incorporate the individual qualities, for example, sex, age, body-size, physical wellness, dietary and Figure 1: Transportation of logs of wood to the Okobaba sawmill through condition of wellbeing [43]. It has likewise been watched that mental, the Okobaba waters. social, monetary, innovative and authoritative elements additionally follow up on man’s working limit and generation. Okobaba sawmill: The Okobaba Sawmill Industry is situated at Ebute Meta, in the Mainland of Lagos State of Nigeria, near to the Third Mainland Bridge that unites the Mainland to the Lagos Island. The sawmill sources its wood from the different woods in and around Lagos and are transported by rafting through the Lagos tidal pond to the sawmill for preparing to sawn wood, plywood and so forth. Monstrous measure of sawdust are created as an aftereffect of the sawmill exercises and to lessen the pile of this sawdust, the mill operators resort to consistent blazing which causes awesome situations effect on the occupants inside its region. These incorporate contamination by particulate matter from sawdust, thick overwhelming smoke from blazing of the sawdust, the foul scent from logs of wood submerged in the tidal pond anticipating transforming, wood shaving that finds some way or another to the adjacent water body and so on (Figures 1-3).

Investigations on sawdust pollution of Lagos lagoon (Okobaba Figure 2: Wood wastes being poured into the Lagos Lagoon. area): As indicated by akpata, At EbuteMetta, Okobaba, there are sawmills situated on the bank of the tidal pond. Logs of timber are drifted on the tidal pond at this station. Sawdust created from processing the logs is stored adjacent to the tidal pond. The stores were washed by water amid wave activity and ebb and flow into the tidal pond. At this station, the event and periodicity of organisms in Lagos

Stations Description of study area Co-ordinates Longitude Latitude 1 Okobaba Water Shore (Nearest to 30 231 34.2011E 60 291 25.5711N the Sawmill) 2 Way to Iddo, Right of Okobaba 30 231 36.8011E 60 291 21.6911N Sawmill 3 Between Makoko and Okobaba 30 231 40.6011E 60 291 42.6611N 4 Close to Makoko 30 231 50.1111E 60 291 47.0511N 5 Beyond Third Mainland Bridge 30 241 00.6911E 60 291 21.6311N

Table 1: Description of co-ordinates of sampling areas. Figure 3: Log of wood being transported through the water body.

Month Values (mm) MARCH 28.7 tidal pond were contemplated with a perspective to comprehension the APRIL 161.0 environment of parasites and their parts in the biodegradation of the MAY 221.1 plant material dirtying the tidal pond. Interestingly, the organic poison JUNE 476.7 at Iddo station was of creature inception and our examinations were JULY 250.2 mostly on the bacteriological status of the tidal pond (Table 3). AUGUST 10.4 Microorganisms and growths are significant gatherings of TOTAL 1148.1 microorganisms in the sea-going environment. Tests of water were Table 2: Record of rainfall measured at 06 Gmt in Lagos State. gathered aseptically from assigned stations on the tidal pond and

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Parameters Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 F. values Mean ± SD Min Max Mean ± SD Min Max Mean ± SD Min Max Mean ± SD Min Max 1 Air 26.50 ± 1.378 25 29 26.33 ± 2.422 24 30 26.75 ± 1.332 24.5 28 26.667 ± 24 30 26.4167 ± 24 29 0.049 Temperature 2.5033 1.25 Water 28.00 ± 1.897 26 30 28.1667 ± 25 30 29.0833 ± 25 32 29.500 ± 26 34 28.5833 ± 26 31 0.476 Temperature 2.228 2.2003 2.8167 1.855 Conductivity 1.006 ± 0.0031 1.002 1.01 1.0065 ± 1 1.01 1.0058 ± 1 1.01 1.0142 ± 1.003 1.05 1.00767 ± 1.01 1.01 1.023 0.0028 0.0042 0.0177 0.00216 Transparency 0.211 ± 0.083 0.08 0.28 0.345 ± 0.108 0.24 0.55 0.395 ± 0.2 0.6 0.475 ± 0.15 0.83 0.682 ± 0.28 1.01 3.594 0.20724 0.2812 0.335 Depth 0.667 ± 0.216 0.64 0.69 1.038 ± 0.32 0.78 1.6 1.2367 ± 1.02 1.34 1.382 ± 1.06 1.88 1.8217 ± 1.43 2.15 20.508 0.1161 0.286 0.2573 pH 7.51 ± 0.23 7.25 7.9 7.43 ± 0.243 7.13 7.71 7.272 ± 0.395 6.78 7.82 7.338 ± 7.11 7.61 7.358 ± 7.01 7.74 0.668 0.1639 0.2822 Total Solid 52225.667 ± 17250 69800 41152.33 ± #### #### 32607.167 ± 18960 41185 31241 ± 7040 #### 11725 ± 7521 20840 7.695 0.00018 0.00037 83555.5 0.000155 4798.28 Suspended 9232.0 ± 1658 7010 12104 5631.5 ± 4236 6580 7829.3 ± 133.6 6540 10315 6746.5 ± 3800 9141 4835.3 ± 2106 8460 6.757 Solid 821.9 2001.92 2074.7 Chloride 14279.16 ± 10524 17510 13342.83 ± 9876 #### 11935.67 ± 9786 15211 13001.67 ± 9042 #### 8826.67 ± 5263 11450 4.206 2490.19 2250.8 1964.34 3403.28 2200.3 Salinity 18.193 ± 2.734 15.3 22.8 17.095 ± 14.2 21.8 15.65 ± 4.8656 10.6 22.08 16.628 ± 12.5 19.8 11.928 ± 5.7 20707 2.266 2.7446 3.083 5.303 Alkalinity 64.55 ± 23.04 43.2 101.4 49.98 ± 13.58 36.5 70.2 59.7 ± 15.004 38.4 84.1 58.517 ± 44.8 84.4 66.95 ± 52.7 105.2 0.836 14.402 19.808

NO3 0.794 ± 0.71 0.3 2.201 0.571 ± 0.626 0.15 1.81 0.454 ± 0.288 0.265 1.022 0.655 ± 0.43 0.133 1.32 0.684 ± 0.51 0.937 0.408 0.166

SO4 9.56 ± 6.19 2.038 16.7 9.35 ± 5.88 2.72 17.4 10.97 ± 7.77 1.36 18.8 8.8 ± 7.11 0.697 18.7 10.42 ± 4.77 5.14 18.9 0.11

PO4 0.274 ± 0.357 0.017 0.86 0.138 ± 0.158 0.35 0.4 0.093 ± 0.757 0.008 0.184 0.068 ± 0 0.28 0.148 ± 0.01 0.31 0.989 0.105 0.150 DO 5.567 ± 1.01 4.22 6.74 5.405 ± 1.19 3.84 6.54 5.22 ± 1.12 3.45 6.51 5.973 ± 4.34 7.14 5.675 ± 4.53 7.42 0.43 0.911 1.050 BOD 100.21 ± 40.3 64.2 161 104.3 ± 39.65 70.6 163 127.08 ± 63.58 86.8 247 111.73 ± 54.2 337 137.53 ± 68.2 348 0.24 110.86 107.09 Cu 0.013 ± 0.004 0.006 0.018 0.0115 ± 0 0.02 0.0095 ± 0 0.019 0.0125 ± 0.05 0.02 0.0185 ± 0.01 0.42 1.198 0.00698 0.0061 0.063 0.118 Cr 0.00267 ± 0 0.006 0.001 ± 0 0 0.00067 ± 0 0.003 0.0067 ± 0 0.01 0.00050 ± 0 0.002 6.073 0.00216 0.0013 0.0012 0.00497 0.00084 Pb 0.0 ± 0.0 0 0 0.0 ± 0.0 0 0 0.0 ± 0.0 0 0 0.00117 ± 0 0.01 0.00017 ± 0 0.001 1.788 0.002 0.000408 Ni 0.0048 ± 0.01 0.008 0.00167 ± 0 0 0.00017s ± 0 0.001 0.00033 ± 0 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0 0 10.969 0.00299 0.00137 0.000408 0.00052 Zn 0.568 ± 0.07 0.009 0.172 0.123 ± 0.087 0.01 0.21 0.0513 ± 0.247 0.018 0.083 0.00917 ± 0.008 0.01 0.0073 ± 0 0.021 5.015 0.0015 0.007 Fe 0.0998 ± 0.246 0.072 0.13 0.1665 ± 0.05 0.31 0.2092 ± 0.458 0.125 0.253 0.266 ± 0.184 0.38 0.2670 ± 0.16 0.487 4.738 0.0903 0.0834 0.1175 Table 3: Summary of physico-chemical, heavy metal and dissolved nutrient conditions of water of the stations; mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum values and anova f-values. investigated for organisms utilizing distinctive society media. Some squanders are generally disposed of aimlessly or dumped at different physicochemical highlights e.g. profundity, turbidity, temperature, destinations where they are blazed, covered of left to break down in pH, aggregate suspended solids, broke up oxygen and saltiness of the this manner bringing about huge natural contamination with genuine tidal pond were measured amid test accumulation to check whether wellbeing outcomes [44,45]. The saw-plants situated at Okobaba, there were connections with the occurrence of parasites. Some growths Ebute- Metta, Lagos, on the western piece of Lagos Lagoon introduce a happened during the time though others showed up regularly [18]. significant wellspring of point contamination. The wood-wastes (saw- Individuals from the class Mucor happened amid the stormy season dust, wood-shavings and leachates) are kept on the shores of the tidal or at stations having low saltiness as recorded at mid-tidal pond. The pond from where they inevitably discover some way or another into Lagos tidal pond was shallow at the sawdust station; values for turbidity the waters bringing about substantial natural tainting at the saw-plant and suspended solids were high though broken down oxygen level site of the tidal pond. This has been found to diminish biodiversity, were low. Saltiness differed with season, being higher in the dry season, especially, of diatoms, which could adversely influence the amphibian lower amid the downpours and at the mid-tidal pond control station. sustenance web [16]. The ramifications of these outcomes were clarified via completing some These waste materials could be transformed from liabilities research center studies. into resources. Living beings which use cellulosic materials for their Microfungi involved in wood-waste: Waste cellulosic materials carbon and vitality source could be abused for the transformation which may be delegated rural, mechanical or civil squanders are of these squanders into items that are helpful to man. Case in point, delivered in gigantic amounts in all aspects of Nigeria. These strong waste cellulosic materials give perfect substrates to the development of

Page 6 of 19 mushrooms while the growths can thus debase the stringy squanders and add parasitic protein to the spent substrates [46-48]. Recuperation 3.082 15.139 15.643 6.673 1.307 1.87 1.639 3.817 4.095 22.669 and re-utilization of waste cellulose has been a subject of far reaching F-values 0.453 examinations as a method for allaying vitality and sustenance 2.14 0.393 0.295 0.54 1.768 46.12 5.08 3.05 1.76 4.22 deficiencies [49,50]. Cellulose is a renewable carbon source and Max 6.98 records for the aging capability of the Ligno-cellulose materials. It can 0.092 0 0 0 0.23 0.084 0.85 0.38 0.22 3.85 Min 6.04 be corrupted by various microscopic organisms and growths. These living beings can deliver a direction battery of extracellular chemicals fit for corrupting cellulose and in addition some other plant cell- 0.80555 0.14451 0.11182 0.21959 0.57833 16.9566 1.66381 0.94712 0.5487 0.13615 Std. Dvtn 0.32886 divider polymers [51]. Bioconversion, especially, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials to helpful items has extraordinary potential. Of expanding hobby is the creation of modern compounds, for example, STATION 5 .502000 ± .195167 ± .071167 ± .091833 ± .632000 ± 29.934000 ± 1.706667 ± 1.590000 ± .916667 ± 4.078333 ± cellulases, xylanases, glucose oxidases and so on from creatures become Mean ± 6.635000 ± on these materials [45]. 0.768 0.299 0.062 0.031 1.124 62.14 4.16 2.46 1.42 5.12 Max 6.92 The accessibility of tremendous measure of cellulosic materials 0.086 0 0 0 0.432 0.022 1.04 0.21 0.12 3.97 in Nigeria underlines the need to investigate the possibilities of the Min 5.9 characteristic decomposers of the plant cell-divider polymers for the change of these squanders into helpful items. Strains of the practical life forms could be utilized for the generation of cellulases and other cell- .2477192 ± .1218272 ± .0282022 ± .0124325 ± .2559198 ± 20.7197191 ± 1.4389394 ± .9046694 ± .5228161 ± .4582030 ± divider hydrolyzing chemicals required for modern saccharification of Std. Dvtn .3970264 ± cellulosic materials (Tables 4 and 5). Despite the fact that microscopic organisms and growths can create cellulolytic proteins, the contagious STATION 4 .286000 ± .050333 ± .031833 ± .005833 ± .751833 ± 35.103667 ± 2.686667 ± 1.543333 ± .891667 ± 4.575000 ± Mean ± catalysts are typically favored on the grounds that they are extracellular, 6.705000 ± versatile and normally emitted in extensive amounts (up to 2% by 1.254 0.536 0.021 0.502 1.12 38.19 2.58 0.92 0.53 4.05 Max weight) amid development in submerged clump fluid fermenters. This 7.03 is in sharp differentiation to numerous bacterial catalysts which exist as 0.512 0.126 0 0.0211 0.412 0.201 1.08 0.09 0.05 2.75 Min tight multi-enyme buildings, frequently layer bound, from which it is 6.12 hard to recoup singular dynamic protein species [52,53]. Conseqently, our attention is on cellulolytic microfungi. We have evaluated the 0.2543 0.15183 0.00854 0.18219 0.28085 14.8124 0.5011 0.36526 0.20877 0.49084 Std. Dvtn possibilities of a portion of the microfungi separated from deteriorating 0.34616 wood-squanders from Okobaba saw-factories, EbuteMetta, Lagos for cellulose generation. STATION 3 .891833 ± .417833 ± .004833 ± .321017 ± .706833 ± 22.920167 ± 1.998333 ± .438333 ± .253333 ± 3.170000 ± Mean ± Effects of sawdust on germination of fungal spores in Lagos 6.725000 ± lagoon: The impacts of wood concentrates on parasitic spore 2.003 0.536 0.058 0.511 2.131 86.15 1.72 7.11 4.11 5.52 Max germination and germ tube lengths were measured. Data was gotten 7.56 on the sorts of wood species transported on the tidal pond. Fluid 0.611 0.282 0 0.035 0.098 3.89 0.27 1.31 0.76 3.96 Min concentrates were arranged of sawdust of wood species specifically; 5.82 Khaya ivorensis (iroko), Mitragyna ciliate (abura) and Triplochiton scleroxylon (obeche). Research center investigations were planned such 0.4791 0.09212 0.01917 0.17818 0.64387 31.6551 0.51909 2.11892 1.22443 0.62905 Std. Dvtn that spores of distinctive organisms were hatched in wood extricates. 0.59677 Aliquots of the way of life were analyzed with the magnifying instrument and quantitative information was acquired on number of 1.174500 ± .362833 ± .030333 ± .320500 ± 1.127833 ± 55.236667 ± 1.208333 ± 2.963333 ± 1.713333 ± STATION 2 4.943333 ± Mean ± spores sprouted. Additionally, lengths of germ tubes were measured 6.918333 ± with a balanced eyepiece micrometer embedded in a magnifying 1.21 0.004 0.447 0.052 1.522 82.19 2.17 8.15 4.17 5.78 Max instrument. Length of germ tube and number of spores sprouted 7.23 expanded essentially (p>0.05) for Aspergillus flavus in the concentrate 0.324 0 0.084 0 0.053 1.381 0.92 1.92 1.11 4.98 Min of K. ivorensis. This added to the number of inhabitants in the parasite 6.01 in the amphibian biological system. 0.37896 0.00183 0.14035 0.01953 0.52183 31.0364 0.43356 2.33385 1.13412 0.30453 Std. Dvtn Microscopic examination of the architecture of conidiophores 0.46457 of Aspergillus giganteus” One of the growths disengaged from Table 4: Summary of sediment conditions the stations; mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum values anova f-values. the sawdust contamination site was Aspergillus giganteus that has exceptionally tall and thin conidiophores. The interior structure of 0.709000 ± 0.001167 ± 0.325000 ± 0.013333 ± 1.070333 ± 49.258500 ± 1.608333 ± 3.501667 ± 1.935000 ± 5.378333 ± Mean ± 6.876667 ± STATION 1 the conidiophores was inspected minutely utilizing birefringence and dichroism. The learning could be helpful to or affect decidedly on the building design and designing configuration of thin and tall structures. A piece of this work was done in the research facility of Graham Gooday at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Marischal College, Aberdeen, UK. Zn_(Mg_Kg-1_) Ni_(Mg_Kg-1_) Pb_(Mg_Kg-1_) Cr_(Mg_Kg-1_) Cu_(Mg_Kg-1_) PO43-_(Mgkg-1) NO3_(Mgkg-1) Total_Organic_Matter_ (%) Total_Organic_Carbon_ (%) Moisture_Content_(%) pH

Page 7 of 19 Fe 1 Zn 1 -.039 * ** Ni 1 .485 -.364 1 Pb -.094 -.171 .156 1 6.565E-1 Cr .153 -.111 .141 ** .084 .122 Cu .108 .052 1 .582 ** ** -.170 -.023 BOD .064 1 .626 .170 .634 ** * ** * .138 .116 DO 1 -.304 -.725 -.412 -.561 -.435 -.276 -.113 PO4 1 -.224 .176 .202 .010 .158 .016 * * .085 -.006 SO4 -.024 1 -7.370E-1 .313 5.245E-1 4.701E-1 .456 .369 * ** * .226 .297 NO3 .272 1 .504 -.409 .287 .252 .420 .247 .294 ** ** ** ** ** * ** .567 .034 .054 Alkalinity .238 .465 1 .626 -.692 .776 .633 .374 .265 ** * ** * * ** * .483 .387 .277 .562 .446 .370 .311 -.557 .415 .160 Salinity -.022 1 .171 * ** .501 .267 -.323 -.196 -.197 -.270 -.168 -.400 .327 .263 .043 .345 Chloride -.110 1 * .296 .247 1 .441 -.212 -.131 -.125 -.258 -.326 -.348 .065 .108 -.025 -.137 Suspende Dsolid -.088 ** * * ** * ** ** ** .236 -.384 .324 .206 -.493 -.362 .350 -.469 -.365 1 .558 .825 .039 -.672 .118 Total Solid -.063 * * * .022 .146 .349 -.343 .061 .149 -.069 .217 .097 .450 .439 .318 .034 1 .400 -.072 pH .051 ** * ** ** ** * * -.692 1 -.195 -.645 -.423 -.601 -.075 -.175 .242 .020 -.003 .397 -.291 -.581 -.146 -.045 -.443 Depth -.214 ** * * * * ** ** ** ** -.307 1 .411 -.387 .592 .355 -.409 .553 .006 .752 -.396 .086 .072 .144 .516 .102 -.132 -.552 Transparency -.021 * * * -.044 .348 .090 .384 -.110 .211 .420 .098 -.147 -.012 1 .178 .203 .207 -.007 -.002 -.022 -.243 Conductivity -.128 .367 Table 5: Correlation matrics for physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals and dissolved nutrients of okobaba waters (March- August 2012). * ** * ** ** * .035 -.115 -.151 -.192 1 .268 .500 -.028 .227 .441 .149 .558 -.392 .334 .481 .159 .170 .421 -.204 Water Temperature -.109 .216 ** * * * * ** ** ** ** * ** * * ** 1 .452 .410 .368 .255 .454 -.273 .391 -.064 -.101 .555 .406 .416 -.286 .523 -.665 Air Temperature .669 .716 .122 .513 .311 .565 3 4 4 Air Temperature Water Temperature Zn Pb Ni BOD NO Depth pH Chloride Suspended Solid F e Conductivity Transparency Total Solid Cu DO Salinity PO SO Cr Alkalinity

Page 8 of 19

Studies on bioconversion and degradation of waste materials in and 3041 and latitude 60221 and 60281. The tidal pond is an open, coastal environments: The capacity of organisms to corrupt cellulose, shallow and tidal pond, with a surface region of 208 km2 (FAO, 1969). a real segment of wood was tried in lab tests. The discoveries explained It gives the main opening to the ocean for the nine tidal ponds of South the parts of growths in the tidal pond biological community. Case in Western Nigeria. Owing to the flow of waterway inflow and seawater point, some growths took an interest in the disintegration of wood invasion, the Lagos tidal pond encounters bitter condition that is more squanders in Lagos tidal pond. An unidentified basidiomycotina discernable in the dry season. In the wet season, the expanded stream developed and delivered fruiting body on sawdust. Additionally, inflow makes freshwater and low bitter conditions in different parts of Aspergillus species and Trichoderma aureoviride breakdown channel the tidal pond. The harmattan, a short season of dry, dusty North-East paper cellulose in research center examinations. Growths consequently Trade winds are experienced now and again in the middle of November partake in the biogeochemical cycling of substances in nature. and January in the area decreasing perceive ability and bringing down Cellulose debasing growths created catalyst cellulases that may be temperatures [58]. The Lagos Lagoon is the biggest of the four tidal helpful in different commercial ventures. Another biodegradation pond frameworks of the bay of guinea [57] (Figures 4 and 5). study was completed utilizing chitin, part of the shell of shrimp, squid and different creatures, a copious waste in the oceanic environment. Study sites Five stations were selected and sampled from the 31st of March to Dissimilar to cellulose which is an aliphatic polymer of glucose th units, chitin is a fragrant polymer of N-acetylglucosamine units the 25 of august, 2012. The stations were marked with the aid of global and the vicinity of a benzene ring makes the atom more steady and positioning system (GPS) and recorded as co-ordinates of the stations. hard to assault by microorganisms. Bioconversion of chitin by some The stations are: estuarine microscopic organisms was researched with a perspective to discovering a characteristic generation of chitosan that is of interest Station 1: Okobaba water shore (nearest to the sawmill) in pharmaceutical and different businesses [11]. Brutal concoction Station 2: way to iddo, right of Okobaba sawmill systems are utilized as a part of the generation of business chitosan. Station 3: between Makoko and Okobaba Project objective Station 4: close to Makoko This project study is a product of a six months ecological study of the physical and chemical characteristics and heavy metal of Okobaba Station 5: beyond third Mainland Bridge area of Lagos lagoon. The objective of the project work includes: Station 1: Infront of Okobaba sawmill: The location is on 1 11 1 11 1. To determine the physic-chemical parameters of the okobaba longitude 30 23 34.20 E and latitude 6° 29 25.57 N. It is close to the waters and also to know how the values of this parameters have water bank were wood wastes are deposited. The color is silver black, deviated from the normal parameters of the Lagos lagoon. depth is 0.67 m and transparency is 0.08 m.floating vegetation is water hyacinth. Settlement is concentrated around the water bank and the 2. To examine the heavy metal contents in the sediment and also major occupation is transportation of people and goods from the bank in the water body of the area. to other parts of the lagon sediment type is clayish (dark) in texture. 3. To attempt a general environmental assessment on the study Station 2: Between Okobaba and Iddo: The station is located stations based on the pollution activities around the area. on longitude 3°231 36.8011E and latitude 6° 291 21.6911N. It is to the right of Okobaba sawmill. The depth of the water body is 1.61 m and Description of the study area transparency is 0.48 m, colour of water is clear greenish yellow, water Tidal ponds are unmistakable hydrological highlights along the hyacinth is the only floating vegetation. There is no settlement in the West African Coast [54]. They are naturally and monetarily imperative area and the major activity is the transportation of logs of wood across amphibian environments in South-western Nigeria. Also, they are the water body. Soil type is silty. vital for sustenance particularly angle, in water transportation, vitality Station 3: Between Makoko and Okobaba: It is located on era, abuse and investigation of some mineral assets including sand longitude 3° 231 40.6011E and latitude 6° 291 42.6611N. The depth of the [16,55,56]. water body is brown. The major occupation of people in that area is Lagos tidal pond has bolstered many years of little scale fisheries fishing and sand mining, there is also a clustered settlement pattern on which have hinted at over-abuse. The angling apparatuses and artworks the water body. The soil type is sandy/silt. utilized incorporate gillnet, stownets traps, liftnets, longline, wicker Station 4: Close to Makoko (left of Okobaba): It is located on container traps and so on [6,8,9,13]. longitude 3° 231 50.1111E and latitude 6° 291 47.0511N. The depth of Lagos lagoon: The Lagos tidal pond is situated in Lagos State, water is about 1.43 m, transparency is 0.19 m and the colour of water is Nigeria and is one of the nine tidal ponds in South-western Nigeria brown. Settlement is dispersed and scanty in the area. Water hyacinth [57,13]. The tidal pond complex extends from Cotonou in republic of is the major floating vegetation and the soil type is sandy. Benin to the edges of the Niger delta in Nigeria along its 750 km course [57]. The tidal pond is bolstered by different waterways, for example, Station 5: Beyond third Mainland bridge in Okobaba (control): Lekki, Marjidun, Ogun and Epe Lagoons. The Lagos tidal pond purges The lagoon is part of the Lagos lagoon (in the Okobaba axis), located into the Atlantic Ocean by means of a harbor. The southern edge of vertically away from the sawmill in Okobaba (on longitude 3° 241 the Lagos tidal pond is limited by five Cowrie River. The eastern edge 00.6911E and latitude 6° 291 21.6311N). The location is in the open by the palaver island and the northern outskirt by Ikorodu. It has a lagoon and has such has no settlement and the only activity carried profundity running from 1.5-3.0 m and made up of sloppy and sandy out in the area is fishing. Floating vegetations are rare to find, water is base. The focal assemblage of the tidal pond is found between 30231 transparent brown (transparency is 0.3), dept is about 2.15 m. Sediment

Page 9 of 19

Figure 4: Map of Lagos Lagoon showing the study area (Okobaba and its Environment).

Figure 5: Satellite image of sampling stations showing its co-ordinates. type is sandy. collection days. Sampling operations were carried out on board (using an engine boat) (Figures 6 and 7). Materials and Methods Collection of samples and measurement of physico-chemical Sampling operation parameters and heavy metals Five stations were selected and sampled monthly between March Collection of water sample: Gathering of water tests was completed and August, 2012. The stations were marked with the aid of global first in all the examining stations. Water test were gathered for positioning system (GPS) and the readings on the GPS were recorded examination by plunging 1L plastic compartments beneath the water as coordinates of the sampling stations. Samples were collected every surface at the diverse examining stations. The diverse plastic jugs were last Friday of the month between 7.30 am and 10.00 am on sample named fittingly with the dates of when the specimens were gathered

Page 10 of 19

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3

Station1 Station2 Station3 c) Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 0 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 c) 0 40 2.5 40

y(m) ) 1.5 ture( 30 2 30 1.5 en c 1 er a 20 1 20 a r 0.5 10 Depth( m 0.5 10

_Tem p 0 Trans p 0 ter_Temperature( 0 0 Ai r W a

Months Months Months Months

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5

Scm) Station4 Station5 25 80000 )

8 1

- 20

1.06 1) 60000 - 1.04 7.5 15

ctivity( m 1.02 H 40000 10 1 p 7 0.98 6.5 20000 5 inity_(mgL Cond u 0.96 _Solid_(mgL 0 a l

6 0 Sa l To t

Months Months Month Months

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 1)

- Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5

120 - 20000 1) (mgL

15000 - 100 2.5

15000 1) - ids _ 80 2 10000 1.5 So l 60 10000 1 5000 40 linity_(mgL ded _ 5000 0.5 Chloride_(mgL 20 NO3_(mgL 0 pe n 0 Alk a 0 0 Su s

Months Months Months Months Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 400 1 1

20 - 1)

300 - 0.8 0.8 1) 1) - - 15 200 0.6 _(mgL 0.6 _(mgL - _(mgL

_(mgL 10 3

0.4 - -

100 3 0.4 BOD 5

5 PO 4 0.2 PO 4 SO42 0 0.2 0 0 0

Months Months Month Month Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 0.006 0.006 8 0.015

0.005 0.005 1 1) - - 6

0.01 1 1

- 0.004 4 - 0.004 _mg_L g_L 0.005 0.003 g_L

2 C r 0.003 DO_(mgL Pb_ m 0 0 0.002 Pb_ m 0.002

0.001 0.001 0 Months Months 0

Months Months

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series4 Series5 0.6 0.009 0.008 0.5

0.007

- 0.4 0.006 1 0.005 - 0.004 0.3

Ni_mg_L 0.003 0.002 Fe_mg_L 0.2 0.001 0 0.1

0 MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST Months Months

Figure 6: Fluctuations in the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of water samples in the study stations (March-August, 2012).

Page 11 of 19

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3

) Station4 Station5 8 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5

7 5 8 10 6 ) 4 6 8 5 3 nt_( %

pH 4 4 6

2 t e

3 nic_carbon_( % 1 4 2 2

0 nic_matter_(%)

1 _org a 0 2 ure_co n 0 a l

_org a 0 To t a l Mois t

Months To t Month Months Months

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5

6 100

1) - 0.6 - 5 0.6 80 1_)

1_) 0.4 4 60 - - g

g 0.4 3 40 0.2 _(mgkg 0.2 - 20 0 2 3 1 0 _(mg_ k NO3_(mgkg

0 PO 4 Ni_(mg_ k

0 C r

Months Months Months Months

Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station1 Station2 Station3 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 Station4 Station5 0.5

2.5 2.5 0.4 1_) 1_) - 2 1_) 2 - - g 1.5 0.3 1.5 1 1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0

Pb_(mg_kg 0.1 Cu_(mg_ k 0 Zn_(mg_kg 0 MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST Months Months Months

Figure 7: Fluctuations in the physico-chemical parameters heavy metals of sediment samples in the study stations.

and the name of the station where the examples were gathered from. Water tests were put away in the cooler for time of 2–3 days after which they were taken to the research center for examination and qualities for physico-concoction parameters and heavy metals were gotten. Collection of sediment and benthic organisms: Benthic examples were taken at each of the assigned stations with the support of Van Veen get. 2-3 snatch pulls were taken at every station relying upon the amount of every pull acquired. The silt was sieved through a 0.5mm cross section strainer. The held materials were saved in 4% formalin and kept in marked holders which were taken to the research facility for sorting and ID. A bit of dregs was additionally gathered in a marked polythene pack for protection in the profound cooler for 2-3 days Figure 8: Correlation graph of chloride and salinity in water samples. prior to they were taken to the research facility for the examination of substantial metal substance in them (Figure 8). Sediment analysis: Five sampling stations were selected and identified (as station 1,2,3,4 and 5) based on sediment type. Samples of sediments were collected monthly with a Van-Veen grab. Some portions of the sediments were later sun dried before they were taken to the laboratory for physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal analysis. Fauna analysis (benthic organisms): Preserved animal samples collected in the field were washed with tap water through a 0.5 mm sieve to remove preservative and any remaining sediment. The animals were sorted and classified into taxonomic groups (Phyla, class, species) where close members of a family exists, the specimen were examined using a hand lens and a low powered microscope. The number of Figure 9: Correlation graph of dissolved oxygen and salinity in water samples. identified organisms were counted and recorded.

Page 12 of 19

Measurement of some physico-chemical parameters MARCH, 2012 APRIL, 2012 MAY, 2012 Colour: The color of the sampling stations were determined JUNE, 2012 JULY, 2012 AUGUST, 2012 visually and recorded. 50 70 Y 45 T D R 60 W E

Air and water temperature (°C): The water temperature influences ) 40 FOR numerous advantageous uses including modern, household water 35 50 FOR LS APRI L 30 supplies and amusement. The impacts of temperature on amphibian 40 UST)

LEV E 25 LEVELS AU G life are of most concern, nonetheless, the water quality criteria were 30 - H AN D

NT 20 produced to shield the touchiest oceanic living being from anxiety 15 20 (MAY DIM E DIMENT

(MAR C 10 connected with lifted temperatures. Air temperatures were taken by S E 10 5 IN suspending a mercury-in-glass thermometer noticeable all around for IN S E 0 0 NS around 2-4 min and the readings were recorded, water temperatures MONTHS MONTHS

ST. 1ST. 2ST. 3ST.4ST. 5ST.1 ST.2 ST.3 ST.4ST. 5ST. 1ST. 2ST. 3ST.4ST. 5 I O IATION of the different stations were likewise taken by plunging the mercury- GRAVEL SAND (%) MUD (%) VA R in-glass thermometer at ever station inspected. The thermometer was SEDIMENT TYPE VARIA T permitted to stay in the water for around 3-6 min preceding taking Figure 11: Monthly variations in percentage composition of sediment the readings. The qualities were recorded likewise for every station types At Okobaba. inspected all through the time of testing (Figures 9 and 10). pH (hydrogen ion concentration): This is a measure of the Nitrates (mg/l): The determination of nitrate content was carried hydrogen particle movement in a water test. The pH of common waters out using the method outline in APHA (1995). 1 ml of freshly prepared is a measure of the corrosive base harmony attained to by the different 0.5% sodium salicylate was mixed with 20 ml of the samples. The broke down mixes, salts and gasses. The vital synthetic framework solution was then evaporated on a water bath and allowed to cool. 2 controlling pH in characteristic waters is the carbonate framework. The ml of sulphuric acid was added. 25 ml of water was used to wash the Hanna’s instrument was utilized to focus the pH by dunking the test solution into a calorimeter cylinder or cuvette and 7 ml of alkali reagent into 1 liter of water test and perusing off the qualities from the meter. was added. After 10 minutes reaction time, the solution was made up to the 50 ml mark with distilled water. Finally an yellow colour emerged Salinity (%): The salinity of the water samples was measured by and was matched with prepared standards while the absorbance was using a refractometer. This was done by putting drops of water at the read from a spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 500 nm. transparent end of the refractometer and readings on the instrument were recorded for the five sampling stations. Phosphates (mg/l): The investigation of the phosphate content in the specimens gathered was completed utilizing the Vanadomolybdate -1 Conductivity (mScm ): This is simply defined as the amount of phosphoric corrosive colorimetric system. 10 ml of Vandatemolybdate ions present in water. The conductivity of the water was determined by reagent was added to 35 ml of tests and weakened to 50 ml with using the refractometer. The left side of the refractometer measures the refined water. Ten minutes response time was permitted after which conductivity. Drops of water were placed on the refractometer and the another specimen containing 35 ml of refined water was arranged, corresponding values on the instrument were recorded. Vandatemolybdate reagents, the absorbance of the water test and Total dissolved solids (TDS) (mg/l): The total dissolved solid the clear was measured at a wavelength of 470 nm. The absorbance (TDS) was determined by using the Cole Parmer TDS meter (wide estimation of the example was changed over into equal phosphate as range). The meter was calibrated using calibration standards which parts every million (ppm) from the standard adjustment bend. were obtained from commercially prepared solution. The probe was Dissolved oxygen (mg/l): This is the measure of oxygen immersed into the water sample and the reading noted. Whatman disintegrated in water that is accessible for natural exercises by sea- GF/C grade glass fiber disc was used in the determination of the total going organic entities. Broken up oxygen was resolved synthetically dissolved solids. The disc was washed with 20 ml of distilled water. A by utilizing the Winkler’s strategy. Water test to be broke down was clean evaporating dish was heated at 105°C in an oven for hour. The gathered utilizing 25 ml glass plug bottles. 2 ml of Manganese sulfate heated evaporating dish was reweighed and the difference in weight arrangement (MnSO4) was included utilizing pipette. The plug was represented the TDS (Figure 11). supplanted and the segments blended. 2 ml of tetraoxosulphate (VI) corrosive was added to break up the hasten framed and the jug was shaken tenderly. At that point 100 ml of the subsequent arrangement was moved into a funnel shaped carafe and titrated against 0.025N Sodium Thiosulphate Solution utilizing 2 ml starch arrangement as a marker. A solid blue vanishing denoted the end purpose of the response. The aggregate sum of sodium thiosulphate (in ml) utilized then substituted into the capacity underneath to get the disintegrated oxygen. DO=K.200 Volume of thiosuphate used/Volume of sample titrated

Where K=constant to correct for added reagents: 2 ml MnSO4, 2 ml alkaline iodide and 2 ml tetraoxosulphate VI acid. volumeof bottleused K = volumeof bottle− volumeof reagentsadded Figure 10: Correlation graph of pH and salinity in water samples.

Page 13 of 19

Total organic content : The total organic content of the sediment Salinity (mgL-1) Alkalinity (mgL-1) sample collected were stored in the freezer and later brought out to 25 120 thaw before analysis. After thawing, the samples were air dried until a constant weight was obtained. The samples were put in crucibles 20 100

80 and weighed up to 50g. Then the sample in each crucible was heated TY 15 in a muffle furnace for 8 hours after which each crucible was brought NITY 60 L I out, left to cool and re-weighed. The loss in weight after heating in the S A 10 40 ALKALIN I muffle furnace was calculated as loss on ignition using the formula: 5 20

Loss on ignition=Loss of weight on ignition/Initial weight before 0 0 ignition × 100 on4 a ti ation1 ation1 ation3 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t Acidity: The acidity of the water was determined by titration S t S t S t S t S t method 2310B (APHA 1998). 10ml of the sample was measured into MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES a flask and 2 drops of phenolphthalein (indicator) was added. This was VARIATION IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS titrated to end points of pH acidity 3.7 (m-acidity) and pH 8.3 acidity Figure 12: Monthly variations in salinity and alkalinity of water samples using NaOH, 0.02M titrant against KH C8H4O4. The titre obtained at Okobaba. is the standard and point for titration of total acidity which can be calculated as follows: DO (mgL-1) BOD5 (mgL-1)

Acidity, as mg CaCO3/L=Titre (ml) × molarity × 50,000/Aliquot 8 400

titrated (ml) N 7 350 E 6 300

Turbidity (NTU): Turbidity was measured with the use of the OXY G 5 250

4 200 turbidimeter, or nephelometer, which determines turbidity by the light BOD

LVE D 3 150 scattered at an angle of 90° from the incident beam a 90E detection 2 100 angle is considered to be the least sensitive to variabtions in particle DISS O 1 50 size. Bephelometry has been adopted by Standard Methods as the 0 0 preferred means for measuring turbidity because of the method’s on3 a ti ation5 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t sensitivity, precision, and applicability over wide range of particle S t S t size and concentration. The nephelometric method is calibrated using MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES suspensions of formalin polymer. The preferred expression of turbidity VARIATION IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS is NTU (Figure 12). Figure 13: Monthly variations in dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand of water samples at Okobaba. Laboratory procedures for heavy metals

Analysis of heavy metals: The hurl metals researched in this work the concentration at a particular wavelength. were dead set at the Chemistry Laboratory of the University of Lagos utilizing AA 689 pie unican 2003 nuclear ingestion spectrophotometer To prepare a standard solution, the molecular weight of the (AAS). The examination of substantial metals was completed in residue compound is divided by the molecular weight of the element. This is tests and water tests. The specimens were broke down for Silver (Ag), done by calculating the amount of heavy metals in the sample using the Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Manganese following formula: (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn). The specimens were first made X=CV/W (1) to experience corrosive assimilation. An aliquot of the filtrate was taken and the absorbance was resolved at their attributes wavelength Where X=amount of element in sample utilizing the AAS. More than one recreates into fire, heater and vapor C=Concentration read out from the AAS were resolved for every example and the outcome reported as mean qualities. The mean fixation in parts every million (ppm) for the metals W=Weight of sample in grams in the examples were then decided (Figure 13). V=Volume of solution Concentration of samples (ppm)=absorbance concentration/ OR absorbance of standard X=Molecular weight of the compound/Molecular weight of Note: the calibration standard of each metal was used to element standardize the solution. For example: PbNO /Pb=331.21/207.19=1.6 g Digestion of sediment samples for heavy metal analysis: 20 g 3 of the sediment sample was oven dried at 80°C for 3-6 hours. After Therefore, 1.6 g in 1 litre of distilled water is called the stock drying, visible remains of organisms and debris were removed. The standard or primary standard. To prepare 100 ppm from the stock dried samples were crushed using a mortar and pestle and sieved standard i.e. 1000 ppm in 50 ml, we use the following formula: through a 200 m sieve to normalize for particle size. From the dried M1V1=M2V2 (2) sieved sediment sample, 5 g was placed in a beaker and digested according to the method adopted by Ageiman and Chau, (1976), Bryan Where M1=stock standard and Langston (1992), see appendix. The AAS obeys the law of Beer Lambert which states that the absorbance is directly proportional to V1=volume from stock standard

Page 14 of 19

M2=Concentration you are preparing for Conductivity V2=Volume you are preparing for Conductivity values vary less significantly with no regular pattern. Highest conductivity (1.050 NS/cm) and the lowest (1.000NS/cm) Therefore V1=M2V2/M1 were recorded in April (Station 3 and 4 respectively). F value shows Where M2=100 ppm that there is no significant statistical difference in conductivity values (P>0.05) as the recorded value was 0.415. V2=50 ml M1=1000 ppm Transparency V1=100 × 50/1000=5 ml Fluctuations in the transparency level of the sampling site almost followed a decreasing pattern across the month. The highest 5 ml of stock standard into 100 ml of dilute water=100 ppm transparency value (1.01 m) was recorded in the April while the lowest (0.08 m) was recorded in July. Transparency value varied significantly From 100 ppm, you can prepare a lower concentration by using (P<0.05) as F value was recorded as 0.019. serial dilution formula. For example: Depth To prepare 2 ppm from 100 ppm in 50 ml …………… 2 × Depth of the study areas varied significantly (P<0.05) with no 50/100=10/10=1 ml regular pattern. The highest depth (2.15 m) was the lowest depth (0.64 m) was recorded in station. Mathematical models pH Statistical analysis: All statistical methods to be used would be adapted from Ogbeibu (2005). Data obtained during the experiment PH values varies with no regular pattern the highest pH values (7.9) would be subjected to One-way analysis of variance (Anova). was the lowest pH (6.78) was recorded in June (station 3) variation in pH Comparisons among treatments means were carried out by using least value was not significant as (P>0.05) the F- value was recorded as 0.62. square difference at a significance level of 0.05. All computations would Total solid be performed by the statistical package SPSS 17.0. There was fluctuation in the total solid levels across station and The variables months. Total solid level varied significantly (P<0.05). The lowest value The variables used are either dependent or independent and they of 2106 was recorded at station 1 (August). F-value for suspended solid include some water quality parameters such as Air Temperature, Water was recorded as 0.001. Temperature, Water depth, Transparency, Conductivity, floating Chloride vegetation, phytoplankton and zooplankton, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD5, Alkalinity, Phosphate, Nitrate, Salinity, Sulphate, COD and Trace Fluctuation in chloride levels varies with no regular pattern. The elements i.e. Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe. highest value for chloride was recorded in June (station 5) The F value for chloride (0.010) shows significant difference in fluctuation shows Results significant (P<0.05). The data obtained from the five stations over the six months period Salinity of sampling showed charges in the physic-chemical parameters and heavy metal contents of the different study sites, Bad odour in the Salinity fluntuation almost follows a decreasing regular pattern area was also observed to be as a result of saw milling activities and across the month. The highest salinity (22.8) was recorded in March transportation of logs of wood. Floating vegetation was observed to vary (station 1 which is closest to the source of pollution) and the lowest major with season as the major floating vegetation (water hyacinth) salinity (5.7) was recorded in the month of June at station 5 (control). occurs in abundance during the rainy month than the dry months. F value for salinity (0.091) showed that there is no statistical difference in salinity variation (P>0.05). A summary of the results of physicochemical and heavy metals obtained is as presented below with the range of each stations across Alkalinity the months and the standard deviations. Alkalinity values varied with no regular pattern, the highest Physico-Chemical Parameters alkalinity value was recorded in March at station 5 (105.2) while the lowest value (36.5) was recorded in July (station 2). Alkalinity variation Air and water temperature was less significant (P>0.05) as the F. value was recorded as 0.516. Air and water temperature raised following almost a similar pattern Dissolved oxygen (DO) the stations. Water temperature was observed to be higher than air temperature. The highest air temperature (30°) was recorded in April Dissolved oxygen varied in an increasing pattern across the months. and May and the lowest (24°) was recorded in June, July and August. (March-August). The highest oxygen level (7.42) was recorded in July The highest of water temperature (34°) was recorded in June (station 4) (stations 5) and the lowest (of 3.45) was recorded in march (stations 3). and the lowest (25°) was recorded in station 2 of the month of August. F-value of dissolved oxygen shows that there is no significant difference Further analysis shows that both air and water temperature variations (F=0.786 P>0.05). are not F values of Air and water temperature records 0.995 and 0.753 Biological oxygen demand (BOD) respectively [58]. BOD varied with no regular pattern. Highest value of BOD (348)

Page 15 of 19 was recorded in March (station 5), the lowest (54.2) was recorded in in July (station 5) for waater samples. F-value (0.004) shows statistical August (station 4). F-value of BOD (0.913) showed that there was no significance in water (P<0.05). statistical difference in BOD (P>0.05). Iron (Fe) Soluble Nutrients There was fluctuation in iron levels. The highest level (0.487) was recorded in March. The lowest (0.052) was recorded in August (station Nitrate (NO3) 2) F-value (0.006) shows significant levels of iron in water (P<0.05). NO3 values varied with no regular pattern. The highest nitrate value (2.201) was recorded in April (station 1) while the lowest value (0.133) Discussion was recorded in July (station 4). F. values of Nitrate (0.801) shows that The creeks and lagoons of south western Nigeria, apart from their Nitrate fluctuation is less significant (P>0.05). more ecological and economics significance, serves as sink for disposal of an increasing array of waste types such as wood waste sewages etc [11]. Sulphate (SO4) Sulphate levels varied with a decreasing pattern across the months. In the case of okobsba (study sites) the major suspected source Highest sulphate level was recorded in April at lowest value (0.68) was of pllation is the sawmill, located at the bank of the Lagos lagon at okobaba. The present study (carried out in okobaba area) is discussed recorded in July at station 4. F- value of sulphate (0.978) shows that in two sections as it relates to the result obtained as follows. there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the values of sulphate. There was no regular pattern of variation also in sediment samples. 1. Physical and chemical conditions of water and sediment samples obtained from the sample locations. Phosphate (PO ) 4 2. Soluble nutrients and heavy metals of water and sediment Phosphate levels varied with no regular pattern (Figure 2). The samples. highest value was recorded in July at station 1 (with value of 0.86) while the lowest value of 0 was recorded at the same month (July) at station The result obtained from this study showed that there was no 4. F-value was recorded as o.432 and this shows that it is less significant significant difference in both air and water temperatures, (P>0.05), this (P>0.05). Variation in sediment samples has no regular pattern also. means that the fluctuations in temperature was reduced throughout the period of the sampling (March–August). Heavy Metals Although the fluctuation in both air and water varied with no Cupper (Cu) regular pattern. However pattern of fluctuation in water temperature still follows almost the same pattern with that of air temperature The level of cupper varied with no regular pattern for water and (Welcome, 1979). The range of air and ruster temperatures observed in sediment. Highest value of cupper (0.042) was recorded in the month this study was observed to be similar to those reported for water bodies of March (station 5) while the lowest value (0.0) was obtained in July in south western Nigeria [59,60]. (station 3). F-value of cupper (0.336) showed that values of cupper is less significant (P>0.05). According to Edokpayi and Nkwoji temperature was not considered an important ecological factor in the tropics. Chromium (Cr) Transparency level followed a decreasing pattern across the The values of Cr wasn observed to vary across the months with no stations, ther was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the transparency regular pattern in water and sediment. The highest value (0.012) was of the watter at different location and at different month of the year. recorded in June (station 4) while the lowest values f value for water Being a lotic water body, there is the movement of excessive nutrient sample (0.001) was significant (P<0.05). and the concentration of pollutant is reduced due to water current. Lead (Pb) Increase in transparency also increase primary productivity by making available, volume of water in which phytoplankton communities Values for lead were very low and have no regular pattern of are photosynthetically efficient (Francisco and Martine1993). Record variation in water and sediment. Highest Pb value was recorded as showed that transparency is lower in station 1 (close to the sawmill) 0.005 in the month of May (station 4) and lowest values (zero) were and becomes higher as it more to station 5 (control) Depth also varied recorded in several stations across the month. F-values for water significantly (P<0.05). sample (0.163) was less significant (P>0.05). Conductivity of water is given as the index of total ionic content Nickel (Ni) which therefore indicates freshness of the water body. Values of Nickel showed a decredasing regular pattern across Conductivity at sampling station shows no regular pattern across the months (march-August) in water samples. The highest values the mouth and values were not statistically significant (P>0.05). was recorded in which (station 1) F-value (0.00) shows statistical Usually water with conductivity of value of below 100 mS/cm are fresh significance in Nickel concentrations (P<0.005). there was no regular water while those above 40,000 NScm-1 indicate marine waters. Those pattern for sediment Nickel. between these two limits are brackish. The values recorded (range of Zinc (Zn) 1000 to a brackish one and followed that of natural African lagoon). pH can drastically affect the structure and function of the ecosystem There was fluctuation in the level of Zn in water and sediment both directly and indirectly, it could lead to increase concentration of across the sampling months (Figure 2). The highest value (0.211) was heavy metals in water through increase concentration of heavy metals recorded in march (station 2) and lowest value (0.002) was recorded in water through increased leading from sediment [60].

Page 16 of 19

The pH of water was slightly alkalinic almost throughout the study Transp arency (m) Depth (m) period (6.8-7.9). This pH range was similar to those reported earlier for Air Tempe rature Water Tempe rature

Lagos lagoon. Chukwu and Nwankwo [16] recorded a very similar pH 2.5 40 35 PTH 2 30 range (7.2-8.2) at an adjacent water body of the Lagos lagoon. However the TURE D E 1.5 25 pH of sediment samples was slightly acidic as most of the values fall below 7.0. D 20 A N 1 15 Y 0.5 10 N C 5 R E

Total suspended solid is the amount of particulate matter that is 0 0 TER TEMPER A SP A W A in the water column. High levels of suspended solid would result in on5 a ti ation1 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation3 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 AND S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t a reduction in light penetration which in turn will reduce primary TRA N

MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST AIR productivity and decrease dissolve oxygen in the water body [61]. SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES Suspended solid recorded for this study was high. The organic matter VARIATIONS IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS distribution in the Lagos lagoon has been attributed to anthropogenic Figure 16: Monthly variations in air and water temperatures at Okobaba. inputs [62]. There was significant difference in the suspended solid values at study station (P<0.5). Further test (LSD) showed that are close Salinity levels showed no significant difference (p.>0.05) (Figure16). to the Okobaba saw mill (station 1 and 2) (Figures 14 and 15). Heavy Metals and Soluble Nutrients The dissolved oxygen (DO) and bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) always have an inverse relationship existing between them. It Nitrate index is an index derived from organic residue from plant, is the dissolved oxygen in water. That is being depleted or utilized by animals, sewage and fertilizers (Lund 1972, Boyd 1982). Nitrate levels the micro-organisms and hence the elevated value biochemical oxygen across stations falls within the range of 0.133 mg/l-2.2 mg/l. demand values. It means that for a high Do there is a less BOD and vice versa. This is the case in this study. Both dissolved oxygen and Nitrate and other dissolved nutrient recorded for this study was the biochemical oxygen demand (Do and BOD) showed no significant observed not to be significantly different (P>0.05) values for soluble difference of the study station. nutrient were also low and varied between months. The low Do observed in the study stations (especially in station 1 Heavy metals such as Corium, Nickel Zinc and Iron showed and 2) could be attributed to high organic content, decayed plant and significant difference in level of variation (P<0.05) while Copper and animal materials and domestic affluent. This requires large quantities Lead are less significant in sampling station water concentration of of dissolved oxygen for decomposition. Biochemical oxygen demand heavy metal was also reported to be higher in sediment samples than in also provides a measure of the effect of pollution on a receiving water water samples of the same location. However, both samples (water and body. The high BOD in the study showed that the water body had sediment) still falls below WHO standards for permissible heavy metal received an enormous level of organic pollutant into it. concentrations. Salinity range (5.7-22.8) observed in the study areas was brackish. Correlation (Table 5) for water parameters showed that there are This fell within the range reported by other reports within the strong positive correlations between chloride and total solid, nitrate environment [63,64]. and air temperature, sulphate and air temperature, biochemical oxygen demand and iron, biochemical oxygen demand and cupper. There Total Solid (mgL-1) Suspended Solids (mgL-1) Chloride (mgL-1) are correlations between salinity and biochemical oxygen demand,

80000 20000 alkalinity and air temperature, water temperature and transparency. 70000 18000

16000 SOLID 60000 14000 DE D 50000 E 12000 There are strong inverse correlations between dissolved oxygen 40000 10000 LOR I N D 30000 8000 and temperature, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen

6000 C H SP E 20000 4000 10000 2000 and biochemical oxygen demand, total solids and iron. There are

D S U 0 0

A N also correlations between total solid and transparency and between ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 dissolved oxygen and salinity [65-68]. S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t SOLID MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES Extremely weak correlation was observed between biochemical TOTAL VARIATIONS IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS oxygen demand and conductivity, copper and phosphate, copper and Figure 14: Monthly variations in total solid, suspended solids and chloride depth, biochemical oxygen demand and depth. All other correlation in of water samples at Okobaba. the matrix is weak. Table 6 also showed correlation matrix between parameters of

Cr mg L-1 Ni mg L-1 Cu mg L-1 Zn mg L-1 Fe mg L-1 sediment samples. Total organic carbon and total organic matter 0.014 0.6 had a strong positive correlation existing between them. Others that

0.012 0.5 had strong positive correlations include phosphate and pH, nickel

IC KE L 0.01 0.4 D N 0.008 AND IRON and copper. Positive correlations also exist between zinc and nickel,

A N 0.3 NC

0.006 Z I phosphate and cupper, copper and zinc [69-74]. R IUM 0.2 0.004 RO M

C 0.1 0.002 CUPP E Inverse correlations exist between nickel and moisture content, 0 0 nickel and lead. Very weak correlations exist between lead and pH, ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t nitrate and pH, nitrate and copper. There is no correlation between MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES phosphate and total organic carbon (Figure 17). VARIATIONS IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS Figure 15: Monthly variations in heavy metals of water samples at Conclusion and Recommendation Okobaba. The results obtained from this report has revealed that physical

Page 17 of 19

Correlations

pH Moisture Content Total Orgcarbon Total Orgmatter NO2 PO4 Cu Cr Pb Ni Zn pH 1 Moisture Content .403* 1 Total Orgcarbon -.252 .395* 1 Total Orgmatter -.271 .383* .997** 1 NO2 .031 -.082 .084 .084 1 PO4 .724** .550** .000 -.027 .067 1 Cu .490** .490** -.104 -.127 .143 .523** 1 Cr .038 -.322 -.097 -.105 .107 .140 .283 1 Pb -.026 .463* .491** .507** .151 .256 .242 -.207 1 Ni .145 -.528** -.229 -.235 -.081 -.034 .017 .655** -.428* 1 Zn .007 -.027 .349 .345 .240 -.071 .267 .513** .106 .543** 1 *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Table 6: Correlation matrics for physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals and dissolved nutrients of okobaba waters sediment (March-August, 2012).

is the deposition of sawdust and other wood wastes from the Okobaba Transp arency (m) Depth (m) Air Tempe rature Water Tempe rature sawmill. This has reduced the quality of water and made it unfit for

2.5 40 human use. The reduction in level of dissolved oxygen (DO) and 35 PTH 2 30 TURE increased Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has also made it difficult D E 1.5 25 D 20

A N 1 15 for life forms to be found abundant in the water body (Figures 18 and 19). Y 0.5 10 N C 5 R E

0 0 TER TEMPER A Reduction in DO, increased BOD and rise in level of heavy metal SP A W A on5 such as Zn, Pb, Zn, Fe and Cr were generally attributed to the wastes a ti ation1 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation3 ation4 ation1 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 AND S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t TRA N generated from the Okobaba sawmill. It is also noted that these

MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST AIR SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES SAMPLES anthropogenic inputs had resulted in the modification of habitat VARIATIONS IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS when comparing between the stations (Compare Station 1and 5). It is Figure 17: Monthly variations in phosphate and nitrate levels (dissolved observed that the lagoon is no longer what it use to be [57,75-81] and nutrients) of water samples at Okobaba. obviously, this pollution would continue to occur if nothing is done to reduce or even stop the main sources of pollution of this water body

Cr (mg kg-1 ) Pb (mg kg-1 ) Ni (mg kg-1 ) Zn (mg kg-1 ) (Figure 20).

0.6 2.5 0.5 2 Recommendation IC KE L 0.4

D N 1.5

0.3 NC A N

1 Z I Further analysis could still be carried out to show the effect of the

A D 0.2 0.1 0.5 pollution on the organisms present in the area.

IUM,L E 0 0 In other to control the pollution, the following point could be RO M C ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation1 ation1 S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t adopted. S t S t S t

MARCH SAMPLES APRIL SAMPLESMAY SAMPLESJUNE SAMPLES JULY SAMPLES A UGUST SAMPLES 1. Revocation of Okobaba sawmill to area that could contain VARIATIONS IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS them without causing problems to the environment. Figure 18: Monthly variations in heavy metals of sediment samples at 2. Transportation of logs of wood should not be by water but by Okobaba. any other environmentally friendly means.

NO3 (mgkg-1) PO43- (mgkg-1) 3. Regular biological assessment must be carried out on the 6 100 90 5 80 Total organic carbon (%) Total organic matter (%)

4 60 TE pH Moisture content (%) 3 50 9 8

NITRATE 40 8

PHOSPH A 7 2 30 7 6 1 20 6 URE 10 5 0 0 5 D TOM 4

A N 4 on1 ation3 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation4 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 3 a ti ation1 ation1 AND MOIS T S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t 3 TOC S t S t S t

2 2 pH

MARCH SAMPLES APRIL SAMPLES MAY SAMPLES JUNE SAMPLES JULY SAMPLES AUGUST SAMPLES 1 1 VARIATIONS IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS 0 0 Figure 19: Monthly variations in dissolved nutrients of sediment samples ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation3 ation5 ation2 ation4 ation1 ation1 ation1 S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t S t at Okobaba. S t

MARCH SAMPLES APRIL SAMPLES MAY SAMPLES JUNESAMPLES JULY SAM PLES AUGUST SAMPLES and chemical conditions as well as the nutrient and heavy metal VARIATION IN STATIONS ACCROSS MONTHS concentration have been affected due to the anthropogenic sources of Figure 20: Monthly variations in TOC, TOM, pH and moisture content of pollution around the area. The major anthropogenic source however sediment samples at Okobaba.

Page 18 of 19

environment and the result obtained should be used to remedy the conunon mussel. A/Iytilusedulis. Marine Biology 25: 177-193. the pollution level of the water. 24. Wood TM, McCrae SI (1977) Cellulase from Fusariumsolani: Purification and properties of the C1 component. Carbohydrate Research 57: 117-133. References 25. Segar DA, Collins JD, Riley JP (1971) The distribution of the major and some 1. Ajao EA (1996) A review of the state of pollution of the Lagos Lagoon. Nigerian minor elements in marine annuals. Part II. molluscs. J Mar Biol Ass UK 5: 131- Institute for Oceanography & Marine Research Technical, Paper No. 106: 20. 136.

2. Adakole JA, Anunne PA (2003) Benthic Macroinvertebrates as indicators of 26. Blaxter KL (1950) Lead as a nunitionalhaza_rd to farm livestock II. The environmental quality of an urban stream, Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Journal of absorption and excretion of lead by Sheep and rabbit. J Comp Path Ther 60: Aquatic Sc 18: 85-92. 140-159.

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