LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY

LAGOS LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY

LAGOS

YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Goal 2: Improve Access to Clean Goal 2: Position Lagos as an CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTING RESILIENCE Water and Sanitation...... 59 Attractive and Open City Valuing Letter from the Governor of Cultural and Environmental Mainstreaming Resilience...... 116 Lagos State...... 6 Provide Public Toilets and Assets...... 88 Collaborative Engagement...... 117 Letter from the Lagos State Head of Bathrooms to Each Local Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 117 Service...... 7 Governments and LCDAs’...... 60 Strengthen the Creative Sector Letter from the Lagos State Construct Community Wastewater in Lagos by Establishing a Film Resilience Office ...... 8 Treatment Plants...... 61 Village...... 90 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION Letter from 100RC ...... 9 Develop an Integrated Waste Promote Sustainable Waterfront Executive Summary ...... 10 Management System...... 63 Tourism to Improve Livelihood in Final Words from the Deputy Chief Expand and Protect Water Coastal Communities...... 91 Resilience Officer ...... 119 Sources to Improve Lagos’ Regenerate Farm Centers and Acknowledgements ...... 120 CHAPTER TWO: LAGOS HISTORY AND CONTEXT Water Supply...... 65 Explore Urban Agriculture Opportunities to Strengthen Food References...... 123 Introduction...... 14 Summary Table of Pillars, Goals, Goal 3: Enhance the Provision Security...... 94 Lagos City Context ...... 16 and Initiatives...... 124 of Affordable and Reliable Geographical and Spatial Administrative Facts of Nigeria.. 126 Energy...... 66 Goal 3: Prepare Youth for a Context...... 18 Acronyms...... 127 Changing Economy...... 95 Political Structure...... 20 Conduct an Energy Audit to Plans and Policies Governing Determine Infrastructure and Broaden the scope of ICT in the International Case Study Boxes Urban Development ...... 21 Supply Gaps...... 67 School Curriculum...... 96 1. River Thames, Uk...... 56 Lagos: A Journey through Time...24 Delivery of Clean and Safe Scale Up the Code Lagos 2. e-Platform for Transit, Digital Lagos: Genesis...... 24 Energy for Cooking...... 68 Programme...... 97 Transit Information Sharing, Lagos: Metamorphosis ...... 25 Develop a Campaign to Promote Barcelona...... 58 Lagos: Evolution...... 25 3. Collaborative Wastewater Efficient Energy Use...... 69 Pillar 3: Inclusive City A Lagos History of Shocks...... 26 Management, Kenya Water Services Trust Fund...... 62 Goal 4: Enhance the City’s Goal 1: Create an Inclusive 4. Waste-To-Energy (Biogas) Resilience through Land-Use Environment for All City CHAPTER THREE: THE RESILIENT LAGOS Johannesburg, South Africa...... 64 JOURNEY Planning...... 71 Residents...... 99 5. Campaign on Efficient Use Of Activating City Resilience...... 30 Strengthen the Implementation Scale up Implementation of the Energy, Cairo...... 70 100RC City Resilience of Operative Physical Development Lagos State Special People’s 6.Informality: Baan Makong, Framework...... 31 Plans...... 72 Law...... 100 Thailand...... 77 100RC Network Connections...... 32 Increase Access to Affordable 7. Atal Incubation Centres, India...84 8. Waterfront Tourism to Resilience Lens ...... 34 Housing...... 74 Goal 2: Strengthen Information Improve Livelihood in Coastal Shocks and Stresses...... 36 Strengthen the Lagos Urban Management and Disaster Communities in Ada, Ghana...... 93 The Lagos Resilience Timeline.....38 Renewal Programme...... 76 Preparedness...... 101 9. Community Participatory Flood Mapping, Ramani Huria, Pillar 2: Enterprise City Community Participatory Flood CHAPTER FOUR : ENVISIONING A RESILIENT Management...... 102 Tanzania...... 103 LAGOS 10. Improved Digital Surveillance Goal 1: Support Individual and Strengthen the State’s Emergency for Punjab – Safe Cities Collective Entrepreneurship as a Response System...... 104 Vision...... 42 Authority, Pakistan...... 108 Strategy Principles and Driving Force for Innovation and Expand Use of the Lagos State Development...... 79 Citizens Gate Platform For Effective Hierarchy...... 46 Lagos Resilience In Action: Case How to Read the Initiatives...... 48 e-Governance...... 106 Strengthen Lagos State Strengthen the State’s Capacity Study Boxes 1. Lagos BRT Lite...... 54 Pillar 1: Efficient City Employment Trust Fund to for Collection, Analysis, and Support Job Creation...... 80 Dissemination 2. Lagos Home Ownership Mortgage Scheme...... 75 Goal 1: Develop a Robust, Establish at Least One Innovation of Data...... 107 and Incubation Hub in Each of 3.Lagos State Employment Multimodal, and Integrated Trust Fund (LSETF)...... 81 The 57 LGA/LCDA...... 82 Goal 3: Improve the Health Transportation System ...... 51 4. Lagos Innovates Programme....83 Upgrade Market Infrastructure.....85 System to Support Lagos 5. Lagos Creative Economy...... 89 Establish an Information and Residents in Times of Shock..... 109 Implement the Lagos State Strategic 6. Lekki Conservation Centre Transport Master Plan (LSTMP).....52 Communication Technology (ICT) Village that will Incorporate the Implement the Lagos State Health (LCC)...... 92 Expand the Water Transportation 7. Lagos State Emergency Network with Increased Private Current Computer Village...... 86 Scheme...... 110 Expand the Master Craftsman Upgrade Public Healthcare Management Agency Sector Participation...... 55 (LASEMA)...... 105 Develop an e-platform that Project...... 87 Facilities...... 111 Coordinates and Integrates Public Develop an e-Health System Transport Services...... 57 that Incorporates Disease Surveillance...... 112 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

4 Pupils at Adekunle Primary School Makoko 5 LETTER FROM THE GOVERNOR OF LAGOS STATE LETTER FROM THE LAGOS STATE HEAD OF SERVICE

I am delighted to share with you the Lagos Resilience Strategy, the first of its kind in our Country, The Lagos Resilience Strategy represents an excellent opportunity for Lagos State to put Nigeria. As Nigeria transits to an urban majority, the Lagos Resilience Strategy demonstrates building blocks in place for our future city. The strategy eloquently outlines a framework to build our visionary role as the pioneer city that addresses the challenges of population growth, rapid an efficient, enterprising and inclusive Lagos for residents today and the predicted population urbanization and environmental changes in an integrated manner. of the future.

The strategy is anchored on an inclusive approach in which the city’s stakeholders across The Lagos State Resilience Office will essentially work with Ministries, Departments and sectors including Academia, Business, Government, Non-governmental, Local communities, Agencies in the State Public Service including Local Authorities, Communities, Non- Traditional institutions and Citizens were mobilized to identify the city’s main challenges and co- Governmental Organizations, Academia and Private Sector Institutions towards the delivery of create dynamic initiatives to address them. It offers a clear pathway towards achieving our vision its mandate. It is therefore critical that everyone is on the same page and the implementation of of becoming Africa’s model megacity. It outlines tangible this strategy provides a platform for that harmonization. actions for anticipating, mitigating and responding to the most critical challenges that we are confronted with The envisaged success in implementing the Lagos Re- as a city. It positions us towards becoming a city that silience Strategy rests on the rank and file of the Lagos values and exemplifies data-driven policy development State Public Service. The time has therefore come for and decision-making; a city that leverages the strengths the Public Service to retool and reboot for the future. we have, transforms our challenges to opportunities, New technologies and the pace of emerging realities, and most importantly - a city that works for all Lagos including the change in public perceptions and taste, residents. essentially demands new proactive initiatives and inno- vative approaches to problem solving, policy develop- With the delivery of the strategy, the task of ment, administration and governance. It also speaks to implementation is now at hand and it is the responsibility the need for a review of curricular in schools, upgrading of all. The implementation of the Lagos Resilience of our public infrastructure and even a general attitudi- Strategy will enable us build a Greater Lagos; a Lagos nal change and approach to service delivery as public Mr Babajide Sanwo-Olu that is safe, sustainable and inclusive; a Lagos which Mr. Hakeem Muri-Okunola servants. The Governor of Lagos State anticipates and plans for different shocks and stresses; Head of Service. Lagos State a Lagos which survives, adapts and grows in spite of any To this end, innovation is non-negotiable and we must be LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS challenges it might experience. prepared to continually acquire additional knowledge, HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT skills and understanding of emerging realities, an appreciation of changing public taste and I applaud the efforts of the Lagos State Resilience Office (LASRO), our partners at the Rockefeller needs as well as the necessity for proficiency in the application of modern technologies in the Foundation via the 100 Resilient Cities programme and the good people of Lagos, without discharge of our duties and responsibilities. It is only in this way that we are assured of our whom this tremendous undertaking would not have been possible. continued relevance to the Public Service and Lagos State of the future.

We express our availability to pursue further partnerships that ensure the successful I should not end this message without expressing my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude first implementation of the first urban resilience strategy in Nigeria. to the Governor of Lagos State, Mr Babajide Sanwo-Olu, for his clear leadership in the Lagos Resilience Strategy development process and demonstrated commitment to its implementation. Next, I wish to commend the leadership of the Lagos State Resilience Office and the Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget for its detailed and painstaking efforts at ensuring that the strategy is not only delivered in the best quality possible but also delivered on schedule. In addition, I wish to appreciate the 100 Resilient Cities’ leadership, particularly Dana Omran and Nse Umoh-Esema, for their support and commitment to the Lagos State Resilience plans and also for the confidence demonstrated in Lagos State Government in this regard.

Finally, I wish to say that I remain confident that the template developed by the Lagos State Resilience Office would serve the 100 Resilient Cities’ global objectives across Africa and other partner cities worldwide.

6 7 LETTER FROM THE CHIEF RESILIENCE OFFICER LETTER FROM 100RC

Lagos is experiencing a time of great change: climate change, population growth, intense On behalf of 100 Resilience Cities (100RC), a program pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation, migration, rapid urbanization etc. These changes come with complex challenges some of which I would like to congratulate Lagos State Governor, Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu, and the entire we have chosen to see as opportunities. The Lagos Resilience Strategy is a testament of our Lagos State Resilience Office on the release of the city’s first ever Resilience Strategy, a major commitment to improve the quality of life of Lagos residents. The strategy is based on a shared milestone for our partnership and global network of resilient cities. vision towards a stronger, more resilient city that is able to adapt to the demands of the 21st century and beyond. The cultural and commercial epicentre of Nigeria, Lagos has grown into a formidable regional metropolis. It exemplifies the rapid growth and dynamism of African urbanization in the 21st For Lagos, the commitment to urban resilience means bringing together systems, institutions, Century and the ability of cities on the continent to turn their challenges into opportunities. and people to co-create solutions that strengthen our capacity to prepare for and mitigate the Lagos is exposed to a variety of shocks such as flash flooding, storm surge and urban fire. effects of acute shocks and to become more responsive These shocks exacerbate the deep underlying to everyday stresses that our city is confronted with. stresses that plague the city such as, unemployment, traffic congestion, and inadequate social and physical Our work in developing the Lagos Resilience Strategy infrastructure. These intersecting challenges have has been built around some guiding principles: echoed throughout the narrative Lagos has crafted about its drive to survive, adapt and thrive. - build on existing structures and institutions; - leverage innovation and technology; Working to build resilience in a city as large and complex - avoid duplication of effort and investment as Lagos is certainly a daunting challenge. This strategy - deliver tangible resilience outcomes to communities is a critical step forward because it sets out a clear vision for an innovative, inclusive and prosperous Lagos. We acknowledge the complex and interconnected Several projects highlight this ambition. For example, challenges we face as a city and the importance of the actions around expanding the water transportation developing a strategy that addresses these in a holistic network and promoting sustainable waterfront tourism to Arc. Gbolahan Owodunni Oki manner. Therefore, the pillars, goals and initiatives Dana Omran improve livelihood in coastal communities demonstrate Chief Resilience Officer presented here are the results of collaborative Managing Director - Africa the city’s commitment to innovate, develop and use engagement with stakeholders across various sectors its waterways responsibly while protecting its natural LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS – academia, business, government, non-governmental, assets for future generations. Meanwhile, initiatives that HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT local communities and citizens. focus on co-designing solutions to the city’s waste and emergency response challenges with its most poor and vulnerable communities signal a shift I specially thank the Lagos State Governor, Mr Babajide Sanwo-Olu, for the opportunity to serve towards a more participatory and holistic approach to urban planning. Lagos through this process in my capacity as the Chief Resilience Officer. I salute the team spirit and passion of the Lagos State Resilience Office. I am also thankful to the staff and leadership of We are proud to have partnered in deepening the city’s understanding of its vulnerabilities by 100 Resilient Cities, particularly Nse Umoh-Esema who went beyond the call of duty to ensure applying a holistic, transversal lens to this interrogation. This strategy, however, is just the start; the Lagos Resilience Strategy becomes a reality. the urgent and important task lies ahead in implementing these actions. We and our global network look forward to supporting the city in bring this work to life. Achieving the vision of a more resilient Lagos requires work over the short, medium and long terms. The initiatives articulated in this strategy are affordable, scalable, replicable and measurable. They will support our communities’ efforts to adapt to global environmental change, to survive no matter what shocks occur, and to confidently thrive, resulting in a Lagos that is truly efficient, inclusive and prosperous. We look forward to implementing the Strategy’s, many critical, initiatives.

8 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Lagos Resilience Strategy is the State’s first urban resilience strategy document and it articulates an integrated approach to addressing the shocks and stresses the city experiences or might experience.

From a small coastal village of fishermen and farmers Management Agency, Lagos BRT Lite, Lekki Conservation during the pre-colonial times, Lagos has evolved into a Centre and Lagos State Employment Trust Fund. spectacular urban metropolis. Today, Lagos is a melting pot Furthermore, successive Lagos State Governments where many Nigerians from diverse cultural backgrounds participated in many global networks focusing on converge, all due to its leading position in innovation, addressing the various challenges of the State. governance and infrastructure. Currently, Lagos is globally recognized as the 4th largest economy in Africa. A city rich It was in line with this that Lagos State joined the 100 in opportunities and increasingly striving to provide the Resilient Cities Network, pioneered by the Rockefeller social safeguards that will optimize the resourcefulness of Foundation in 2016. The 100RC network is a global network its people for a prosperous future. dedicated to helping member cities build resilience against social, economic and physical challenges that are part of Lagos’ history is typified by unprecedented urbanization the 21st century. and high population growth which has outpaced sustainable urban planning, causing the city and the The Lagos Resilience Strategy is the State’s first urban administrative structure to contend with increasingly resilience strategy document and it articulates an integrated complex challenges. Today, Lagos contends with disease approach to addressing the shocks and stresses the city outbreaks, coastal erosion and flooding, forced evictions, experiences or might experience. Through this strategy, LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS economic downturn, building collapse, high unemployment Lagos is committed to building a city that is efficient, and underemployment, traffic congestion, inadequate innovative and inclusive. It presents a platform for planning physical and social infrastructure, inadequate transportation for and tackling acute shocks and chronic stresses, thereby system, formal-informal economic contestation, erratic enabling the city to survive, adapt and grow in spite of its power supply, civil unrest, urban fires, and an inadequate multifaceted challenges. The Lagos Resilience Strategy is health system. a product of three years of collaborative efforts and actions including workshops, research, inclusive engagement Past and current administrations of Lagos State have and participatory processes with Civil Society, Academia, attempted to tackle these complex challenges through Private Sector, Government, and Community Groups from several initiatives, schemes and actions. Some of across Lagos. The content of this Strategy expresses the these include the establishment of various agencies collective goals and vision for Lagos; and the initiatives and programmes such as the Lagos Innovates, Lagos proposed to be implemented to achieve them. Rent-to-Own Housing Scheme, Lagos State Emergency

10 Eagles’ Wings Statue at Tinubu Square Lagos Island 11 CHAPTER 2 LAGOS HISTORY AND CONTEXT

12 Children playing at Lekki Conservation Centre 13 INTRODUCTION Lagos State is blessed with a robust and rich culture, a great history, and human resources.

Sangbeto Masquerade Festival, Badagry

Tinubu Square, Lagos Island

Lagos is the largest metropolitan area and most urbanised State in Nigeria. LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Elegushi beach, Lekki at night Lagos Carnival With an estimated 26 million people occupying 3,577 km2, Lagos is a major economic, financial, and social centre, with a vibrant and growing private sector. Its prosperity has hinged on its coastal location, where This is evident in the variety of festivals held all year Lagos also features on the global arts, culture, and it serves important port functions for the country and round: from the traditional festivals such as the Eyo tourism map with such events as the Lagos Fashion the West African region. Masquerade of Lagos Island, Zangbeto Vigilante Raffa Week and the Lagos Marathon. Lagos is the epicentre Masquerade of Badagry, the Easter Boat Regatta, and of Nollywood, Nigeria’s creative sector which is Fanti Carnivals, to contemporary concerts by Nigeria’s the third largest in the world, after Hollywood and vast array of musical talent. Bollywood. IN ARICA

Lagos Carnival Lagos is globally recognised as the seventh largest economy in Africa, a state rich in ILLION S opportunities and increasingly striving to provide the social safeguards that will optimise the resourcefulness of its people Lagos is the melting pot for Nigerians of various for a prosperous future. cultural backgrounds. It is the nucleus of Nigeria’s urbanisation, a strong pull for youth in rural areas; a land of refuge and opportunity for the wise. It is a city leading in innovation, governance, and infrastructure, providing a bustling real estate market with formal and informal transactions.

14 1 Ayeni, B. (1979). Concepts and Technologies in Urban Analysis. London: Croom Helm. 372 15 Cactus Restaurant, Victoria Island Drumming at festival LAGOS CITY CONTEXT N ECONOY

ECONOY TAINTERNALLY GENERATE REE Lagos has a GDP of $136.6 Billion (≈ 26% of Nigeria’s GDP) which makes it NE IGR the 4th largest city economy in Africa; Lagos State Government generates it is expected to overtake Johannes- about N30 Billion monthly; INRASTRCTRE burg as the second largest economy in however, records show that less the continent by 2035. The GDP of than 700,000 persons, of the 10 Lagos is equivalent to the 5th largest million potential tax payers in the country GDP in Africa, of which the State, pay tax formally. Annual formal sector contributes 66% ($90 revenues grew from N10 Billion in Billion) and the informal sector 33% 1999 to N313 Billion in 2016 owing ROA NETOR TRANSORT ($46.6 Billion). to various successes recorded in Over 5 million vehicles ply the State’s tax reforms within this period. 16,000km road networks daily. The mode share of transport options are: 45% journeys by local ‘Danfo’ minibuses INSTRY (≈50,000 on the road), 40% daily Over 60% of industrial NIGERIAN STOC ECANGE journeys by walking, 11% by private cars, investment flows into Lagos CORORATE LAGOS 1% by o¤cial LAGBUS and 0.34 % and approximately 90% of Lagos is home to the Nigerian journeys by water/ferry. EOLE corporate businesses are Stock Exchange (NSE), which lists headquartered here. 169 companies with a market capitalization of over N13 Trillion ($36 Billion). This is the second ORTS largest in Africa, after Johannes- The ports in Lagos handle about 75% of OLATION OS ELOYENT OR burg at N27 Trillion. non-oil exports from Nigeria and 80% of Estimated to be 26 million as at imports. They received a total of 2,501 2018 (13% of Nigeria’s population) Lagos is the hub of over 3.2 million vessels with a Gross Registered and increasing by nearly 3,000 MSMEs, mostly informal sector, Tonnage of 73,410,699 MT in 2017. which create 94.5% of new jobs and persons/day, it is the largest and INTEC INNOATION ECONOY These were discharged unto trucks that fastest growing city in Africa. The employs 67% of working adults. The cause huge tra¤c congestion on the population is projected to double unemployment rate dropped from Over 80% of ventures funding for roads. by mid-century and reach 80million 18.3% in 2017 to 14.6% in 2018, the FinTech & Innovation Economy by 2100, becoming the world’s while the underemployment rate fell flow into Lagos ($115million as at largest city. from 15.4% to 12.4% within the same 2017). period. NE INRASTRCTRE The Oshodi Bus Interchange covers EOGRAICS GET 70,000sqm and is expected to handle The State has a youthful population, The 2020 State Budget stands at up to 1 million passenger journeys daily. with approximately 54% of its total N1.168 Trillion ($3.24 Billion); ARETS COERCE TRAING population less than 25 years old. 75.9% of which will be internally N There are over 450 local markets Over 95% of youths were literate as generated and 15.8% expected on public land and over 500 on OSING ATER SANITATION at 2010. In 2017, Infant Mortality from Federal Transfers. private land. These markets are 33% of population have access to rate was 49 per 1000 live births the life-blood of the local adequate housing, 41% access to while Total Fertility Rate was 4 economy, sustaining millions of adequate sanitation, 33% access to births per woman; these were lower LAGOS STATE EELOENT LAN livelihoods. pipe-borne water. Lagos supplies just than the national averages of 70 per 210m litres/Day, against a requirement live births and 6 births per woman LS for 794 m l/D. respectively. Average national life In place since 2013, as the master road expectancy however rose from 47 to map for Lagos development manage- ENTERTAINENT TORIS 54 years between 2000 and 2016. ment. 4 Pillars; i) Economic Develop- The sector contributes $2.2 ment; ii) Infrastructure Development; iii) Billion annually to Lagos GDP. OER SLY Security; iv) Environmental & Sustainable 40% of the population do not have Development. It is domiciled in Ministry INTERNATIONAL CONITY access to grid power and 80% of for Economic Planning & Budget (MEPB). those on the grid have less than 4 There are 47 Consulates located in hours supply/Day. Lagos receives Lagos and 80% of the internation- about 700MW from the total current als in Nigeria, drawn from about 76 National Grid supply of about 4GW nationalities, reside here. The and there is a supply gap of over predominant nationalities repre- 10GW to Lagos alone. sented in Lagos are the Chinese, Indian and Lebanese communities. 16 17 Water bodies and wetlands cover over 40% of Geographical and Spatial Context the total land area of Lagos and an additional 12% is subject to seasonal flooding. Lagos is a group of several large islands separated by creeks on a vast lagoon on the Bight of Benin, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The entire region lies within the coastal lowland of South Western Nigeria, generally less than 100 m above sea level.

The topography of Lagos State slopes from north to south, flattening out at its lowest points in Victoria Island, Lagos Island, Ikoyi, and Apapa. The elevation of the built-up area of the city ranges between one metre in the coastal areas and about 75 metres above sea level at its northern fringes. The climate The economic, spatial, and political representation

.000000 .000000 .000000 is tropical continental.000000 with rainfall throughout the .000000 .000000 490000 520000 550000 580000 of Lagos610000 has gone through a series of modifications640000 year. Floods usually occur during the rainy season over time and is still in development. Lagos State (April-October), aggravated by the poor surface has five administrative divisions: Ikeja, Badagry, drainage systems of the coastal lowlands. The .000000 Ikorodu, Lagos Island, and Epe (IBILE), which are .000000

760000 natural vegetation is saltwater mangrove swamp 760000 subdivided into 20 Local Government Areas (LGAs) forest, though this has been replaced by concrete and 37 Local Council Development Areas (LCDA), Lagos has a landmass of approximately Lagos is located along 180 km of Nigeria’s and other impermeable surfaces in response to the 2 making a total of 57 Local Authorities. 3,577sqkm, of which waterbodies 853km Atlantic Coastline (latitude 6°35′ rapid urbanization process. Ê constitute 22%. It has a population density N, longitude 3°45′ E) and sits on swampy of approximately 4,907 people per square mangrove and largely water-logged soils. kilometer, however, this could be as high as 20,000 people per square kilometer MAP OF LAGOS in the densely populated areas of the metropolis. .000000 .000000 740000 740000

IFAKO IJAIYE LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS EPE HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT

AGEGE IKORODU IKEJA KOSEFE ALIMOSHO

OSHODI- ISOLO SHOMOLU MUSHIN .000000 .000000 720000 720000 SURULERELAGOS LAGOS LAGOON MAINLAND

IBEJU-LEKKI AJEROMI BADAGRY OJO AMUWO-ODOFIN LAGOS ETI-OSA IFELODUN ISLAND

APAPA

BRIGHT OF BENIN .000000 .000000 700000 700000

0 12,000 24,000 48,000 Meters

2 Olajide, O., & Lawanson, T. (2014). “Climate change and livelihood vulnerabilities of low- income coastal communities in Lagos, Nigeria.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable 18 Development, 6 (1), 42-51. 19 .000000 .000000 680000 680000

490000.000000 520000.000000 550000.000000 580000.000000 610000.000000 640000.000000

Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 31N Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: WGS 1984 False Easting: 500,000.0000 False Northing: 0.0000 Central Meridian: 3.0000 LEGEND Scale Factor: 0.9996 Latitude Of Origin: 0.0000 Units: Meter EKO ATLANTIC LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA Path: C:\Users\iseoluwa\Documents\Projects\UN Project Femi Dada\WORKING.mxd WATER BODY Author: Ademosu Iseoluwapo PLANS AND POLICIES GOVERNING URBAN DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

The 17 SDGs are integrated and self-reinforcing in that action in one area will affect outcomes in others and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.4

Through the pledge to “Leave No One Behind,” countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind. The SDGs are thus designed to bring the world to several life-changing “zeroes” encompassing poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

Achieving the SDGs hinges on the collaboration of Johnson Jakande Tinubu (JJT) Park, Alausa government, business, community, and civil society actors. Lagos State Government is committed to achieving the SDGs, with linkages to all government- led and government-supported programmes and EXECUTIVE policies; a dedicated office has been established to POLITICAL STRUCTURE The Lagos State Executive is headed by monitor this process. the Governor, who is elected alongside LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS The administrative structure of Lagos State a Deputy Governor. The State Executive HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT consists of three arms of government, similar is responsible for policy formulation and 4 https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable- development-goals.html. to other States in Nigeria. implementation, in addition to the day to day administration of the State. State Commissioners are appointed to oversee Ministries and affiliated Departments and Agencies.3 LAGOS STATE DEVELOPMENT Importantly, the Lagos State Development Plan LOCAL GOVERNMENT captures the aspiration of Lagos. The Vision Statement This consists of the Executive LEGISLATURE PLAN 2012-2025 The Lagos State Legislature is the arm outlines how Lagos sees itself in the future, in the (council chairman and appointed of the State Government charged with T L S context of Africa and the rest of the world: departmental heads), Legislative D The Lagos State Development Plan making laws that govern the State. It Council (elected councillors LOCAL (LSDP 2012-2025) was drafted to comprises elected members from the LSD representing administrative wards) chart an economic development By 2025, Lagos will be Africa’s Model 40 constituencies of the State, led by an and Judiciary (magistrates’ court). and overall strategy for the State Megacity and Global, Economic, and elected Speaker. based on four pillars: Economic De- These branches are autonomous Financial Hub that is Safe, Secure, and have statutory responsibilities, velopment, Infrastructure Development, Social Devel- as well as budgetary allocations STATE JUDICIARY opment and Security, and Environmental and Sustain- Functional, and Productive. under the various enabling laws of The judiciary is headed by a chief Judge, able Development. It is the bedrock of all Lagos State the State. who is appointed by the State Governor, projects and programmes. The mission of the LSDP document as stated is on the recommendation of the National to “achieve poverty eradication and sustainable Judicial Council, subject to confirmation by The plan is a dynamic, multi-sectoral, joint strategy economic growth through infrastructure renewal and the State House of Assembly. The Lagos for the development of Lagos. It involves the public development.” State Judiciary is subdivided into criminal, sector (government), private sector (business), and 3 State Ministries in Lagos: Finance; Economic Planning and Budget; Waterfront Infrastructure land matters, probate and family affairs, the general public (community and civil society). Development; Commerce, Industry, and Cooperatives; Tourism Arts and Culture; Education; Science and Technology; Youth and Social Development; Environment; Women’s Affairs commercial and general civil divisions, as and Poverty Alleviation; Health; Housing; Local Government and Community Affairs; Justice; well as the special offences and sexual Works and Infrastructure; Establishment, Training and Pensions; Physical Planning and Urban Development; Energy and Mineral Resources; Special Duties and Intergovernmental Relations; offences courts. Information and Strategy; Transportation; Home Affairs; Wealth Creation and Employment; and 20 Agriculture. 21 THEMES The Lagos State Government has identified six pillars of development, for which there are prioritised actions. These pillars, known as “THEMES,” resonate with the SDGs and the most urgent challenges of Lagos State.5 The focal areas of the pillars are as listed below:

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT HEALTH AND EDUCATION AND AND TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGY

Public transport system Health and wellbeing Basic education Rail infrastructure Water Technology Water transport Waste management e-governance Expand and improve bus network Air pollution Climate change LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS LAGOS HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT

MAKING LAGOS A 21ST ENTERTAINMENT SECURITY AND CENTURY ECONOMY AND TOURISM GOVERNANCE

Conducive business environment Tourism and culture Community surveillance and intelligence gathering Citizen participation Creative arts CCTV coverage Opportunities for the workforce for Sports job and wealth creation Partner with private sector to co-locate surveillance Youth development cameras and power Reposition Lagos as an ultimate streetlights investment destination Civic engagement and Support for key economic sectors community participation Energy efficiency Integrate all emergency handling agencies

SDGs displayed at Aekunle Primary School, Makoko 22 5 Vision for a Greater Lagos: The THEMES Pillars. 23 LAGOS: A JOURNEY THROUGH TIME

Lagos has withstood the test of time. Accordingly, its past had to be reflected and integrated into the strategy development process, which opened up a path to envision the future. This strategy reflects the genesis of Lagos; the acts of all stakeholders driving the city’s development; solutions to address the various shocks and stresses of the city; and the revelation – a vision, including goals and actions for a more resilient Lagos.

LAGOS: GENESIS LAGOS: METAMORPHOSIS

From a small fishing and farming village, Lagos has The city has grown immensely over the many evolved into the largest African urban conurbation: decades and is faced with a myriad of resilience Nigeria’s centre for commerce, industry, and challenges that compel it to synergise its efforts, innovation. Lagos is a port city that originated on to tackle these issues in an inclusive manner, by islands separated by creeks fringing the southwest involving government, academic, private sector, mouth of the Lagos Lagoon, protected from the civic society, and community stakeholder groups. Atlantic Ocean by long sand spits (beaches) which Coming together in this way helps the city further stretch up to 100 km east and west. Lagos has moved identify and deliberate on challenges and future through various trajectories in its development, changes, as well as implement complementary governance structure, and political administration, initiatives that can address multi-sectoral challenges. based on the varied economic and political roles it Lagos is a dynamic city and significant future shifts has played in the history and political development in the following areas are anticipated: population of Nigeria. growth, infrastructure provision, and environmental management approaches, as well as economic After it was ceded to Britain in 1861, the city was diversification into entertainment, tourism, and the administered as a separate city-state and operated knowledge economy. However, it is acknowledged as a colony until its merger with the former Western Canoe Statue; depicting Lagos coastal identity Statue of three white cap chiefs in Lagos that the city is a work-in-progress and it needs LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Nigeria in 1951. In 1953, a Federal Territory, which to continuously redefine its priorities and review HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT included Lagos, was carved out of Western Nigeria. approaches and methodologies to address current In 1967, following the outbreak of civil war in Nigeria, Modern-day Lagos was founded in the and future changes. the country was split into 12 states and Lagos State thirteenth century. It was later called became the nation’s capital, a status it retained until Eko. The Portuguese explorer Ruy 1991 when the Federal Capital was relocated to Abuja. de Sequeira, who visited the area in LAGOS: EVOLUTION 1472, named the area around the city Lagos is a city of over 26 million people made up of “Lago de Curamo”; the present name Building the resilience capacity of Lagos starts with indigenes, Nigerians from all states of the Federation, a well-established, comprehensive vision that is Africans from the ECOWAS region and beyond, Lagos means “lakes” in Portuguese. easily understood, and that aligns with the needs as well as other nationalities including Americans, and desires of all stakeholders in the city. The pillars, British, Indians, Chinese, Greeks, Syrians, Lebanese, goals, and initiatives articulated in this Resilience and Japanese. Reflecting on this cosmopolitan Strategy chart a course for achieving the vision of a history, Lagos has leveraged the advantage of its more Resilient Lagos at community and city scales, many nationalities to create integrated systems to in the short, medium, and long term. They also align collectively tackle the many challenges of the city with the Sustainable Development Goals and the and attract tourists from far and near. State’s overarching development plan.

A view of Waterfront, Victoria Island

24 25 A LAGOS HISTORY OF SHOCKS

JULY 2012 JULY 1924 Lagos experienced heavy rainfall JULY 2017 The bubonic plague hit Lagos in leading to floods and gridlock on Torrential rainfall in Lagos caused the July 1924 due to the trans-border JULY 1981 major roads. Stranded commuters deaths of at least 20 people. The incident and intraregional flows, inadequate In the late 1970s the oil price fell, had to pay increased fares to bus was attributed to the indiscriminate dump- infrastructure, and poor sanitation. depressing public expenditure and drivers willing to drive through the ing of refuse in drainage channels and the There was a continuous outbreak leading to the crumbling of the flooded streets. reclamation of wetlands for developments between 1924 and 1931, with a total country’s economy by 1981. In 1983, along the Lagosian coastline. of 1,947 cases and 1,813 deaths oil prices plunged again to 45% of respectively’.⁶ the 1980 level.⁸

JULY 2014 The index case of Ebola virus in Nigeria was a AUGUST 2017 1955 Liberian-American, Patrick Sawyer, who flew The Nigeria Centre for Disease In 1955, the Lagos Executive Devel- JULY 1990 from Liberia to Lagos on 20 July 2014 and Control was notified of an outbreak opment Board spearheaded the Maroko was a community with an died five days later. WHO o¢cials declared of Lassa fever in Lagos State on 4 forced eviction of over 20,000 estimated 10,000 homes and Nigeria Ebola-free on 20 October 2014. 16 August 2017. By 9 August 2017, the people from Lagos Island and Ikoyi.⁷ 300,000 residents. On 14th July cases and 6 deaths were reported during the State had reported five confirmed The evictees were relocated to 1990, soldiers and bulldozers outbreak. Lagos’s quick response, including cases and 2 deaths. A total of 9 Surulere, paving the way for devel- reduced the community to rubble. It intense and rapid contact tracing, surveil- confirmed cases were reported opments in Lagos Island and Ikoyi. remains one of the largest forced lance, and isolation of all contacts, was partic- during the outbreak. evictions in the history of Nigeria.10 ularly important in controlling and limiting the outbreak. 1924 1955 1969 1981 2017 1983 2014 2012 2012 2018 2016 2019 1990 2002 LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS LAGOS HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT

NOVEMBER 1969 JANUARY 2002 SEPTEMBER 2014 JUNE 2018 A Nigerian Airways flight On the evening of 27 January A guesthouse attached to the Synagogue On the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, an oil tanker from London to Lagos 2002, sudden explosions Church of All Nations in the Ikotun-Egbe area truck exploded during rush hour, setting 57 cars crashed near Lagos, killing occurred at the Ikeja Military of Lagos State collapsed in 2014. The accident ablaze, killing eight people, and injuring others.13 87 people. This was the first Cantonment. These were due to led to the deaths of 86 people, with 131 major aviation disaster in the accidental discharge of high injured.11 Nigeria after independence. calibre bombs which were not 6 Falaye, O. A. 2017. “Environmental Change, stored appropriately. The Sanitation and Bubonic Plague in Lagos, 1924-31” in MARCH 2019 International Review of Environmental History, Vol. commotion after the blasts led to 3, Issue 2, 2017, by ANU Press, Australian National A three-storey building on 63 Massey Street in the University, Canberra, Australia. the deaths of over 1,000 people. MARCH 2016 Ita-Faaji area of Lagos Island collapsed, claiming the 7 Omoniyi, G. O. (2017). “Urbanization, Land Rights A five-storey building under construction at Lekki and Development: A Case Study of Waterfront JANUARY 1983 lives of 20 people, 16 of whom were children. A Communities in Lagos, Nigeria.” Master’s thesis. Gardens Horizon 1 collapsed, killing 34 people and 1066. Then-president of Nigeria Alhaji five-man committee was appointed to conduct a 12 injuring several others. Lagos State Emergency thorough investigation of this incident and to recom- 8 Olowu, D., Laleye, M. and Ayeni, V. “The Shehu Shagari ordered all Nigerian Economy and Economic Policy Responses immigrants without o¢cial papers Management Agency (LASEMA) and other respond- mend how to prevent future occurrences of building since 1980,” Research for Impact of the Economic ers, including the State Fire Service, State Ambulance 14 Crisis on the Public Administration System, to leave the country within a few collapse in Lagos State. African Association for Public Administration and Service, Red Cross, Nigeria Emergency Management Management. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ weeks. There were 2 million undoc- JUNE 2012 public/documents/AAPAM/UNPAN026544.pdf. Agency, Nigeria Police, Federal Road Safety Corps umented West African migrants, A Lagos-bound Dana Air flight from and the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps 9 Lawal, S. (2019). “Ghana Must Go: The ugly half of whom were from Ghana. Abuja crashed into a two-storey history of Africa’s most famous bag.” Mail & performed search and rescue operations. Guardian, http://atavist.mg.co.za/ghana-must-go- Most of these immigrants lived in building in Ishaga, Lagos, killing all 13 Busari, S. and Murphy, P. P. and Adebayo, B. (2018). “Lagos fire kills at least 9 and sets dozens the-ugly-history-of-africas-most-famous-bag. of cars ablaze after oil tanker explosion.” https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/28/africa/oil-tanker- Akhigbe, N. (2015). “Maroko Evictees Mark 25 Years Lagos and had arrived while the 153 passengers. The aircraft explod- explosion-lagos-nigeria/index.html. LASEMA report. of July ’90 Massacre Over Lekki -CITYVOICE.” http:// economy in Nigeria was booming.⁹ saharareporters.com/2015/11/11/maroko-evictees- ed on impact and destroyed the 11 LASEMA report. 14 Olowoopejo, M. (2019). “Ita-faaji collapsed building: Two weeks after, Panel fails to submit mark-25-years-july-%E2%80%9890-massacre-over- building. 12 Ejembi, S. (2016). 10 tragic building collapses in Nigeria. https://punchng.com/10- report.” https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/ita-faaji-collapsed-building-two-weeks-after-panel- 26 lekki-cityvoice. tragic-building-collapses-in-nigeria/. fails-to-submit-report/. 27 CHAPTER 3 THE RESILIENT LAGOS JOURNEY

28 Traffic congestion, Apongbon, Lagos Island 29 ACTIVATING CITY RESILIENCE

100RC defines city resilience as the “capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow, no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience.” CITY RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK Cities can assess the extent of their resilience using The City Resilience Framework (CRF) provides a the CRF and identify critical areas for improvements, lens to understand the complexity of a city and the interdependencies between systems, and potential drivers that contribute to its resilience. actions to further the city’s resilience.

Lagos, Nigeria’s most populous city and its commercial- within a city to survive, adapt, and grow, no matter City monitoring industrial epicentre – has encountered numerous what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they management Strategies & data

& plans socio-economic and environmental challenges due experience.” This explains not only the current and developmentLand-use & Building codes,

Housing to its growth over time. Current challenges represent future challenges, but also addresses the nature of standards & Water enforcement

various aspects of vulnerability that require serious these challenges and, most importantly, the actors Energy

Education measures to counteract. As a people, Lagos residents they will impact and be impacted by. Food

are instinctively and individually resilient, coping Public risk rm awareness -Te M ong eets innovatively with everyday challenges like overcoming In activating city resilience, the physical infrastructure, s L Labour policy Risk monitoring ter os Planning Basic energy, water and housing shortages, flooding, and social networks, economic fabric, and most importantly, F ted Nee & alerts gra ds Skills & training economic downturn. In the process, various categories the governance structures (both constitutional and Communication te In Livelihood between govt. d & support of entrepreneurship have grown up ensuring that the informal) must work together to identify, prevent, and a S ro rs L u & public e i p following a shock city holds its place as the commercial hub of Nigeria, respond to vulnerabilities in a timely and effective B ld ve p Knowledge a ho E li o Local business transfer & best s e y H m h r development & and indeed Africa. However, there is still much to be manner. practice sharing r k g p o ts innovation e a e e lo o , w t t a y d done. o S a lt m s f tr h Access to nance p o e & To achieve this, the Lagos State Resilience Office Multi- m S & n Ensures Public stakeholder e t E g & W Moving forward, there is an urgent need to articulate (LASRO) inventoried activities undertaken by the alignment n a ip e R h l Medical facilities these challenges and develop an integrated State Government’s Ministries, Departments, and l s The CRF is built on four dimensions b & practitioners in & r e emergency approach that addresses them in a way that leaves Agencies (MDAs) against the perceptions of relevant Government t p e of urban resilience i i n n E alignment e d H the city safer, more inclusive, more resilient, and more stakeholders within the State. The outcomes are h g n s a e r m s e a u sustainable. The Lagos Resilience Strategy offers this captured in the Lagos Resilience Strategy as initiatives e e g l r d Leadership and Strategy: Health and Wellbeing: this t Access to L h e

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS a a opportunity by articulating an approach that seeks to that are functional, feasible, and inclusive. The City this dimension looks at the dimension is about ensuring that s healthcare JOURNEY THE RESILIENT LAGOS Decision making n S e a P embed systemic and institutional resilience. 100RC Resilience Framework was used to articulate a set & leadership L processes that promote all residents can meet their basic e

u M r s effective leadership, inclusive needs (e.g. food, water, shelter, v b defines city resilience as the “capacity of individuals, of initiatives that speak directly to Lagos’ wishes, e i e t c l decision-making, empowered etc.), even in times of crisis, i v c Capacity & o i e

t communities, institutions, businesses, and systems aspirations, and resilience needs. Emergency stakeholders, and integrated through livelihood opportunities s measures to m c

e capacity & o planning. or aid, and have access to manage public f r coordination f health

P healthcare that prevents the E spread of disease.

C

Transport o & s

m P Community networks e i r m Infrastructure and Economy and Society: this e t social o i

v v i n connectivity u Environment: this dimension dimension is about creating i s u n d Public looks at the man-made and cohesive communities within e i e c m h transport s a natural systems that provide cities characterised by active I o m t R n i o o critical services, protect urban citizens, cultural identity, and C e f Local identity n s C l r assets, and which enable the strong social networks, as i Freight / logistics & a a e & culture flow of people, goods, services, well as the formal systems to t d transport b s o e M le and knowledge. promote law and order, and y g t m o r t a o b u sound fiscal management. e r g i n Communications il c P i c E Community technology t t y u participation o , E r S ty Emergency n e li s i information o u & & b systems f r ta e y e Deterrants to C s E S c r n m l ti Emergency it C v o ia s crime ic o i n c u a n ro o o J plans servicesfor critical l tin n c S & S s Corruption e ui m E e ty rv ty en ur ri reduction Optimisationcritical of i t s u ce n c s P E e promote safety & infrastructure rov S Policing to ide ic assets s & m security Maintenance of N E no atu nhances Eco Law enforcement ral & Fosters Flood risk M y anmad perit management e os A Pr Business sse continuity ts planning Ecosystem City budgets

management investment

Inward Commercial Motor Park, Ojuelegba policy economy

economic 30 linkages Local 31 Environmental Wider

critical

Safeguards for diverse infrastructure

Redundant,

infrastructure THE HAGUE

RC NETOR CONNECTIONS Building a lively start-up economy that oers an attractive environment for the innovative and dynamic entrepreneurs of the future.

ROTTERA

Developing a twenty-first-century skills curriculum that provides a method for embedding resilience OULER into key city curricula.

Conducting a food security assessment to ensure the resilience of the local food system. SURAT

AAR Developing urban design and landscape interventions for Intends to create a competition to increased permeability, reducing spur innovative solutions for water runo, and facilitating drainage management in Dakar. groundwater recharge. EICO

Developing initiatives to integrate the majority of the population without regular and continuous water service to the water supply system. LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS THE RESILIENT LAGOS JOURNEY THE RESILIENT LAGOS

ACCRA

Developing initiatives to upgrade marketplace infrastructure to ensure safety, security, and adequate services. CHRISTCHURCH

Developing community events and local information resources to help new residents build connections with people in their immediate communities. ELOURNE

Developing an initiative to extend CAE TON and link existing urban greening, reforestation and nature initiatives Developing an initiative to create a across Melbourne, to improve live database of referral networks wellbeing and reduce exposure to for at-risk individuals, victims of hazards such as heatwaves and crime, and Capetonians living with flooding. substance abuse or mental illness.

32 33 RESILIENCE LENS RESILIENCE QUALITIES

INTEGRATED INCLUSIVE RESOURCEFUL Systems work together Broad consultation and Can easily repurpose resources communication Integration and alignment People and institutions are able The resilience lens is a diagnostic and between city systems promotes An emphasis on the importance to rapidly find different ways decision-making tool that is used to consistency in decision-making of broad consultation and to achieve their goals or meet evaluate and prioritise options, make and ensures that all investments engagement of communities, their needs during a shock or are mutually supportive to a including the most vulnerable when under stress. This may decisions and trade-offs about initiative common outcome. Integration groups. Addressing the shocks include investing in capacity design, and ensure maximum resilience is evident within and between or stresses faced by one sector, to anticipate future conditions, benefits in identified initiatives. resilient systems, and across location, or community in set priorities, and respond, different scales of their isolation is anathema to the for example by mobilising and operations. Exchange of notion of resilience. An inclusive coordinating wider human, information between systems approach contributes to a sense financial, and physical resources. enables them to function of shared ownership or a joint Resourcefulness is instrumental collectively and respond rapidly vision to build city resilience. to a city’s ability to restore through shorter feedback loops functionality of critical systems, throughout the city. potentially under severely constrained conditions. ROBUST The Resilience Lens has been 1 Approach the risks and Limits system failure or puts applied to the Lagos Resilience REFLECTIVE buffers in the system vulnerabilities of Lagos in an Ability to learn Journey through the following REDUNDANT integrated and comprehensive Robust systems include well- Has backup capacity considerations: way Reflective systems are conceived, well-constructed, and accepting of the inherent and well-managed physical assets, Redundancy refers to spare ever-increasing uncertainty so that they can withstand Consider impacts of multiple capacity purposely created 2 and change in today’s world. the impacts of hazard events within systems so that they

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS They have mechanisms to without significant damage or shocks and stresses in Lagos can accommodate disruption, JOURNEY THE RESILIENT LAGOS continuously evolve and will loss of function. Robust design extreme pressures, or surges in modify standards or norms anticipates potential failures in Have short, medium, and long- demand. It includes diversity: 3 based on emerging evidence, systems, making provision to the presence of multiple ways term direct and indirect benefits rather than seeking permanent ensure failure is predictable, to achieve a given need or for Lagos and its residents solutions based on the status safe, and not disproportionate fulfil a particular function. quo. to the cause. Actively avoids Redundancies should be over-reliance on a single asset, intentional, cost-effective, and 4 Incorporate the relevant qualities cascading failure, and design prioritised at a city-wide scale, of resilience thresholds that might lead and should not be an externality to catastrophic collapse if of inefficient design. FLEXIBLE exceeded. 5 Aim for equitable outcomes Has alternative strategies among all socio-economic groups Flexibility implies that systems in Lagos can change, evolve, and adapt in response to changing Recognise and leverage the circumstances. This may favour 6 decentralised and modular capacity and abilities of different approaches to infrastructure stakeholders or ecosystem management. Flexibility can be achieved through the introduction of new 7 Have transformational potential knowledge and technologies beyond the boundaries of Lagos as needed. It also means considering and incorporating indigenous or traditional knowledge and practices in new 34 ways. 35 SHOCKS AND STRESSES PRIORITISED STRESSES AFFECTING LAGOS’ RESILIENCE

The following are the dominant shocks and stresses affecting Lagos. They are not listed in order of severity or magnitude and are based on findings from stakeholder engagements. UNEMPLOYMENT AND FORMAL-INFORMAL ERRATIC POWER SUPPLY

UNDEREMPLOYMENT ECONOMIC The total current National Grid supply is PRIORITISED SHOCKS AFFECTING LAGOS’ RESILIENCE CONTESTATION about 4GW, and there is a supply gap of Lagos has a youthful population, over 10GW in Lagos alone for economic with approximately 54% of its total and social activities. More than 40% of population under 25 years old. Despite Lagos is a hub for over 3.2 million the population does not have access to a high literacy rate of 85% (Lagos State MSMEs, mostly in the informal sector that grid power and 80% of those on the grid Strategic Development Plan, 2013) and supplies 94.5% of new jobs and employs have less than eight hours’ supply per the State’s status as Nigeria’s economic 67% of working adults in the city. Conflict day. City residents are adapting to this and commercial hub, unemployment over access to urban spaces in Lagos is stress by investing in individual (fossil and underemployment are urgent common between the formal and informal fuel) power generating units and battery- challenges that need to be addressed sectors as they respond to gaps in formal powered inverters. With extensive ECONOMIC DOWNTURN RIOT AND CIVIL UNREST STORM SURGE as young people are particularly urban service delivery. Contestations maintenance costs and environmental affected. In 2018, the unemployment and are visible in many sectors including impacts, these approaches are not underemployment rates were 14.6% and market, housing, transportation, and sustainable. The State Government Lagos was significantly affected by The Lagos Metropolis has experienced Climate change and the city’s location 12.4% respectively. health, leading to food insecurity, forced is investing in embedded, captive, Nigeria’s economic recession in 2014. periodic outbreaks of security breaches. below sea level increase the flood eviction, insecurity, homelessness, and and renewable power solutions, but Lagos is the hub for over 3.2 million Micro Civil unrest has resulted from clashes vulnerability of Lagos. Most of the barrier slum proliferation, as well as challenges significant resilience gains are yet to be Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). among local street gangs, increases islands and long sand spits are shrinking, in accessing safe, efficient, and reliable realised for all residents. Its unemployment rate dropped from in the pump price of Premium Motor due to coastal erosion driven by natural transport and health services. 18.3% in 2017 to 14.6% in 2018, while the Spirit (PMS), forced evictions, political ocean surges and other morphological underemployment rate fell from 15.4% to grievances, and “jungle justice” in processes worsened by the rise in 12.4% within the same period. However, response to criminal acts. sea levels and human actions. The macro-economic factors such as vulnerability of Lagos’ coastline to sea economic recession continually threaten surges is exacerbated by its low-lying the livelihood of Lagos residents, putting location. While actions have been taken INADEQUATE families at risk of poverty and food to construct groynes and other drainage PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INADEQUATE HEALTH insecurity, and denying them access infrastructure along some sections of TRAFFIC CONGESTION to basic services such as healthcare, coastline, these have not mitigated the INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM housing, and education. threats substantially. Lagos faces significant traffic congestion The State has encountered the on a daily basis. Causes range from Due to the huge population and challenges caused by inadequate road network access to availability of metropolitan nature of Lagos, the infrastructure, primarily due to the high affordable mass transport solutions, and city is vulnerable to the spread of population growth rate and insufficient reflect the employment challenges in communicable diseases, mainly due to investment. These challenges include the State. People are commuting long the prevalence of slums, poor drainage, basic services such as shelter, water, distances for economic opportunities and unhygienic waste management sanitation, security, health, and in distant neighbourhoods. In addition, practices of many residents, as well

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS FLOODING/ SEVERE DISEASE OUTBREAK BUILDING COLLAPSE education facilities, as well as poor only 40% of cars in Nigeria are registered as inadequate water and sanitation JOURNEY THE RESILIENT LAGOS roads and drainage. The strain on in Lagos. An average adult spends about infrastructure. There are also increasing STORMS There have been periodic outbreaks of Building collapse has become a common available infrastructure has resulted in 30 hours per week commuting. There concerns about the prevalence of diseases across the State in the recent occurrence in recent years, often leading unwholesome practices such as open have been cases of traffic-enabled non-communicable diseases, such as Due to heavy rainfall and inadequate past. These include the Ebola outbreak in to loss of life amongst construction defecation, improper dumping of waste, armed robberies across the city. The hypertension induced by urban stress storm water drainage systems, there 2014, Lassa fever, cholera, measles, etc. workers and occupants. Aside from proliferation of boreholes, and violation Lagos State Government has taken and lifestyle factors, including lack of has been a recurrent flooding problem The State’s capacity to predict, monitor, topographical challenges, some of the of traffic rules, which have attendant steps to address the inadequacy of the exercise, poor dietary habits, etc. The in the city. The problem is magnified and respond effectively to this challenge collapses are due to use of sub-standard consequences on health, safety, security, road system, marshalling road traffic primary health centres are insufficient by improper waste disposal into open has been severely curtailed due to a construction materials, weak construction education, and residents’ quality of life. control agencies and undertaking road to address the health needs of the drainage. Moreover, there are limited paper-based disease notification system, supervision, and poor enforcement by expansion projects. population due to significant clustering in mechanisms for predicting and managing rising population and unregulated urban relevant town planning agencies. There urban areas, while secondary and tertiary the occurrence of flash flooding at the growth, especially in the peri-urban is growing consciousness of the need health facilities across the State face community level, with consequences for areas of the State. to prevent these occurrences with the some structural challenges. The weak agricultural outputs. Many past efforts establishment of Investigative Panels health insurance system that targets only have tended towards engineering and Committees, and the institution of formal sector workers makes access to solutions, which have not yielded the stiffer penalties for offenders. quality health care expensive for many desired results. OVERPOPULATION/ low-income residents. OVERCROWDING INADEQUATE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION The current population growth rate of 3.2% per annum, due to natural Rapid growth has come with a myriad of increase and migration, is fast becoming urban transport challenges. To get around, a significant burden on the wellbeing FORCED EVICTION MAJOR ROAD ACCIDENTS URBAN FIRES most residents rely on the thousands of residents. Available infrastructure is of yellow minibuses that ply the streets largely inadequate to serve the current Land ownership conflicts between Road accidents have been a major Urban fires are common in markets (locally referred to as danfos), as well as and future needs of residents, resulting land-owning families and settlers, land- problem in Lagos for several decades. around the city and are usually due a growing supply of three-wheelers (keke in poverty, sanitation, infrastructure, use planning inefficiencies, and the The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), to poor fire prevention, lack of spatial marwa) and motorbikes (okadas). There and pollution challenges across the development needs of the government Lagos State Sector Command, says orderliness, and negligence. Fires are also cheaper and faster alternatives city. The large-scale conversion of and slum proliferation have all it recorded 419 road traffic crashes in caused by fuel tanker explosions and on the State’s Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) agricultural land to accommodate the contributed to forced evictions in some the first three quarters of 2019, with 84 pipeline vandalism have also become system but these do not cover all routes growing population also makes the State parts of Lagos in recent years. fatalities. These incidents usually arise reoccurring incidents. The resolution in the city. In addition, infrastructure that vulnerable to food insecurity. as a result of bad road conditions, speed time for some of these incidents is promotes walking and cycling are yet violations, and driver recklessness. sometimes constrained by a combination to be fully incorporated into the Lagos of traffic, bad roads, and poor crowd transportation system. Public spaces control resulting in significant damage dedicated to pedestrian walkway and to properties and loss of life in some building setbacks are often taken over by 36 instances. street traders and by on-street parking. 37 THE LAGOS RESILIENCE TIMELINE

PHASE 1 PRELIMINARY RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT

2018 SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER 2018 STAKEHOLDERS

MAY LAGOS JOINS 100RC NETWORK ENGAGEMENT COMMENCED 2016 Lagos was selected, from over 400 applicants around the LASRO conducted a series of stakeholder globe, to join the third cohort of the 100 Resilient Cities engagements involving individuals, communities, Network. traditional rulers, academia, civil society, businesses and government MDAs.

2017 FEBRUARY AGENDA-SETTING WORKSHOP (ASW) This workshop supported over 150 stakeholders to achieve a common 2019 APRIL understanding of the definition of resilience for Lagos: prioritising shocks and stresses, identifying “drivers of resilience” along 100RC’s multi-dimensional City LAGOS RESILIENCE WEEK Resilience Framework, and brainstorming key stakeholders who are critical for the An event held by LASRO in conjunction process of building the Lagos Resilience Strategy. with strategic partners to discuss, co- create, and collaborate on achieving a more resilient Lagos.

2018 JULY LAGOS STATE RESILIENCE OFFICE (LASRO) SETUP LASRO was set up as an inter-ministerial and inter- JULY disciplinary office of the Ministry of Economic LAGOS Planning and Budget under the leadership of a Chief PRELIMINARY RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT (PRA) Resilience Officer (CRO), who was tasked with guiding REPORT PUBLISHED the strategy process. The PRA marked the end of Phase I activities. It prioritised the shocks and stresses facing Lagos and identified a number of LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Discovery Areas and Work Plan for Phase II. The Discovery JOURNEY THE RESILIENT LAGOS areas are the key issues and questions that merit further enquiry and analysis, which form the focus of deeper investigations in PHASE Phase II. 2 STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

JULY SEPTEMBER- 2019 OCTOBER STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOPS An Opportunity Assessment Workshop was held to validate and refine the collated DISCOVERY AREA WORKSHOPS initiatives, which were subsequently subjected brought together over 100 to further scrutiny by potential implementing stakeholders to ideate on potential agencies. initiatives to address the identified shocks and stresses. This was followed by the Strategy Visioning Workshop to articulate the broad vision of the Lagos Resilience Strategy and to determine the accompanying pillars, goals, and initiatives. A finalStrategy Writing Workshop was held to ensure that the Lagos Resilience Strategy was co-produced.

38 39 CHAPTER 4 ENVISIONING A RESILIENT LAGOS LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS LAGOS HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT

40 Traffic Segregation on Ikorodu road, Lagos 41 VISION

Resilient Lagos is an innovative, inclusive, and prosperous city that leverages the appropriate governance and infrastructure mechanisms to empower its people to thrive, adapt, and grow sustainably. LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS LAGOS HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT

42 Night View Lekki Ikoyi Link Bridge 43 RESILIENT LAGOS

The Lagos Resilience Strategy creates an opportunity for government, civic society, private sector, academia, and residents to respond to the prioritised shocks and stresses that Lagos faces through a cohesive, multi-level, and cross-functional approach.

The 3 pillars, 10 goals, and 31 initiatives and sub-actions in the Resilience Strategy seek to ensure a more innovative, inclusive, and 3 pillars prosperous Lagos, focusing on the parts of the city that are most vulnerable to various shocks and stresses.

For instance, the core of the city is most 10 goals vulnerable to traffic congestion, while coastal communities are vulnerable to flooding and erosion. Moreover, there are varying levels of adaptive capacity for these shocks and Peak Period Traffic at Ojota stresses: communities protected by groynes 31 initiatives are better able to withstand storms, while

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS some residents of coastal areas are able to use informally operated, “locally fabricated” canoes ENVISIONING A RESILIENT LAGOS as an alternative means of mobility. The Resilience Strategy recognises the inherent resilience of citizens and communities and seeks to scale this in a systematic and structured manner.

The Strategy drives efficiency, innovation, and inclusion in the city by changing the status quo so that the continued development of Lagos transcends traditional concepts and adopts a cross-sectoral planning and implementation approach.

The vision for a Resilient Lagos was developed through a comprehensive process involving the ideas and perspectives of various stakeholders, including academia, civil society, government, local communities, and business organisations. The realisation of this vision will require the continued partnership of all of these stakeholders.

44 Liverpool Jetty, Apapa 45 PILLARS GOALS INITIATIVES

IMPLEMENT THE LAGOS STATE STRATEGIC TRANSPORT MASTER STRATEGY PRINCIPLES PLAN (LSTMP) DEVELOP A ROBUST, MULTIMODAL, AND EXPAND THE WATER TRANSPORTATION NETWORK WITH IN- AND HIERARCHY INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CREASED PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION DEVELOP AN E-PLATFORM THAT COORDINATES AND INTEGRATES 1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES PROVIDE PUBLIC TOILETS AND BATHROOMS IN EACH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND LOCAL COUNCIL DEVELOPMENT AREA EFFICIENT CITY IMPROVE ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER CONSTRUCT COMMUNITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND SANITATION DEVELOP AN INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EXPAND AND PROTECT WATER SOURCES TO IMPROVE THE CITY’S WATER SUPPLY

CONDUCT AN ENERGY AUDIT TO DETERMINE INFRASTRUCTURE ENHANCE THE PROVISION OF AND SUPPLY GAPS AFFORDABLE AND RELIABLE ENERGY DELIVERY OF CLEAN AND SAFE ENERGY FOR COOKING DEVELOP A CAMPAIGN TO PROMOTE EFFICIENT ENERGY USE

STRENGTHEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OPERATIVE PHYSICAL ENHANCE THE CITY’S RESILIENCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS THROUGH LAND-USE PLANNING INCREASE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING STRENGTHEN THE LAGOS URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAMME

STRENGTHEN THE LAGOS STATE EMPLOYMENT TRUST FUND TO SUPPORT JOB CREATION SUPPORT INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE ESTABLISH AT LEAST ONE INNOVATION AND INCUBATION HUB IN The Lagos Resilience Strategy stands EACH OF THE 57 LGA/LCDAS on three pillars and ten goals. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A DRIVING UPGRADE MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE FORCE FOR INNOVATION AND ESTABLISH AN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECH- DEVELOPMENT NOLOGY (ICT) VILLAGE THAT WILL INCORPORATE THE CURRENT There are 31 associated initiatives to 2 COMPUTER VILLAGE achieve these goals and move Lagos EXPAND THE MASTER CRAFTSMAN PROJECT to a more resilient future. LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS

ENTERPRISE CITY ENVISIONING A RESILIENT LAGOS STRENGTHEN THE CREATIVE SECTOR IN LAGOS BY ESTABLISHING A FILM VILLAGE POSITION LAGOS AS AN ATTRACTIVE PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE WATERFRONT TOURISM TO IMPROVE AND OPEN CITY, VALUING CULTURAL LIVELIHOOD IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES RESUSCITATE FARM CENTRES AND EXPLORE URBAN AGRICUL- AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS TURE OPPORTUNITIES TO STRENGTHEN FOOD SECURITY EXPAND THE MASTER CRAFTSMAN PROJECT

BROADEN THE SCOPE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION PREPARE YOUTH FOR A CHANGING TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM ECONOMY SCALE UP THE CODE LAGOS PROGRAMME

CREATE AN INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY FLOOD MANAGEMENT SCALE UP IMPLEMENTATION OF LAGOS STATE SPECIAL PEOPLES’ FOR ALL CITY RESIDENTS LAWS

EXPAND USE OF THE LAGOS STATE CITIZENS GATE PLATFORM FOR STRENGTHEN INFORMATION EFFECTIVE E-GOVERNANCE 3 MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER STRENGTHEN THE STATE’S EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM PREPAREDNESS STRENGTHEN THE STATE’S CAPACITY FOR COLLECTION, ANALY- SIS, AND DISSEMINATION OF DATA INCLUSIVE CITY IMPROVE THE HEALTH SYSTEM TO IMPLEMENT THE LAGOS STATE HEALTH SCHEME SUPPORT LAGOS RESIDENTS IN TIMES UPGRADE PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FACILITIES DEVELOP AN E-HEALTH SYSTEM THAT INCORPORATES DISEASE OF SHOCK SURVEILLANCE 46 47 GOAL INITIATIVE EXPAND THE WATER TRANSPORTATION 1 2 NETWORK WITH INCREASED PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION HOW TO READ THE INITIATIVES

Initiative in Brief Briefly describes what the initiative entails IN BRIEF The initiative seeks to expand the Lagos water increased health issues, and low productivity. Despite transportation network and leverage private sector obvious cost and environmental benefits, travel by rail and participation. This will entail developing the following: ferry accounts for only 1% of trips taken by commuters. Nigeria’s main seaports are located in Lagos. Cargo and 1. A participatory process involving both informal and goods coming through these ports are moved by road Resilience Challenge formal ferry operators to develop minimum ferry and to other parts of the country. This puts a large strain on operational standards for operating a route. the already congested roads. In addition, solid waste is This identifies the challenge 2. A business case, evaluating the cost, benefit, and risk of regularly moved through Lagos using large vehicles on that the initiative seeks to all options, and providing a rationale for private sector the roads. Transporting heavy cargo via intra- and intercity involvement. water channels will significantly improve overall mobility address 3. Appropriate infrastructure, e.g. dredging and in the city and reduce air and noise pollution. As creeks development of waterway routes, including canals, to and lagoons traverse the city, water transportation is key ensure the safety and free passage for medium-sized for the mobility of people and goods in Lagos. Lagos ferries. State Waterways Authority has drafted a comprehensive waterways transport policy. However, the shallow nature of Potential Partners RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The reliance on road transportation the lagoons, creeks and rivers, and issues of affordability Lists five relevant partners due to limited transportation infrastructure is causing and profitability, make private sector participation in the long hours of traffic congestion and delays, pollution, sector particularly challenging. in the public and private sectors IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS

Lagos State Waterways − Ministry of Transportation Freeing the highways and Fosters Economic Prosperity, Authority − Ministry of the Environment and improving & diversifying public Provides and Enhances Natural Implementing Agency Water Resources transport will reduce man hour and Manmade Assets, Provides SHOCKS − Ministry of Waterfront loss and increase productivity. Reliable Communication and LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Identifies the lead Infrastructure Development Jobs will be created through Mobility; Supports Livelihoods and Economic downtown; major − Nigerian Ports Authority waterways alignment, lagoon bed Employment ENVISIONING A RESILIENT LAGOS agency of the Lagos road accident/incident − Multilateral development banks sweeping and dredging as well as construction of jetties. Eventually, THEMES State Government that STRESSES NEXT STEPS ferry services will continually create Traffic Management and employment opportunities for Traffic congestion; 3 months: Convene a water trans- Transportation; Making Lagos a will be involved in the water transportation management. inadequate physical and port stakeholder workshop to de- 21st Century Economy, Health and The initiative will foster economic implementation of the social infrastructure; velop guidelines and template for Environment prosperity, provide additional water inadequate public private sector participation in water transport infrastructure and fosters initiative transportation transport sector - infrastructure and long term integrated planning. SDGs operations. STATUS 6 months: Evaluate the viability of Related Shocks and routes based on the Lagos Drain- Strengthen age master plan; produce business Stresses plan and identify potential investors; TIMELINE This outlines which shocks open tender for infrastructure devel- Medium Term opment of waterways. and stresses are relevant to 1 year: Commencement of dredging. the initiative Next Steps What needs to be done within a one-year period to Status implement the initiative Initiate a new project; Strengthen an existing Resilience Benefits project How this initiative will move Lagos to a more resilient Timeline future Short term (within a year); Resilience Linkages Medium term (1-4years or How this initiative aligns with within a single electoral the government’s priorities cycle); Long term (more to achieve the targets of than 4 years or beyond an SDGs and THEMES electoral cycle)

48 49 GOAL DEVELOP A ROBUST, MULTI- PILLAR 1 1 MODAL, AND INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Lagos’ rapidly growing population All modes of transportation have EFFICIENT CITY requires an efficient, readily accessible, challenges. The public bus services suffer inclusive, safe, and affordable multi-modal from availability and reliability issues, transportation system that is capable of while existing rail corridors operate withstanding sudden shocks and the marginally. Water transport is also being chronic stresses that plague the city. explored, though with limited private A robust and integrated transportation sector participation. Non-motorised system would help to improve access transport infrastructure – walkways, to services, education, and employment overhead bridges, and cycle lanes – are opportunities, as well as supporting extremely limited across the State. public service delivery and economic growth. There are different types of policies governing transportation in Lagos. These TOTAL TRIPS IN METROPOLITAN LAGOS. include the Lagos State Development 11% Plan 2012-2025, the Lagos State Strategic CARS Transport Master Plan, the Lagos Road Traffic and Administration Law 2012, and the Lagos State Transport Sector Reform 45% 40% DANFOS Law 2018. There are also two policies that LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS WALKING INFORMAL HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT MINIBUSES are yet to be fully initiated, the Draft Non- Motorised Transport Policy (2017) and

OTHER: WATER TRANSPORT 0.34%; the Draft Transport Policy (2019). Despite RAIL 1%; BRT 0.41%; LAGBUS 1%; OTHERS 1% these policies, implementation has been a major challenge across the board.

THE TRANSPORTATION DEMAND IN The following initiatives strengthen LAGOS BY ALL MODES OF TRANSPORT existing policies and plans to create (INCLUDING WALKING) IS ESTIMATED an efficient transportation system that AT 22 MILLION PER DAY. will serve all segments of society and contribute to boosting the economy of the region. A CITY THAT BUILDS THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND This will only increase as the population PROVIDES SERVICES THAT ARE REQUIRED TO MEET THE and standard of living increases. There are a variety of modes to choose from NEEDS OF CURRENT AND FUTURE RESIDENTS, AS WELL AS when moving around Lagos, but the RESPONDING TO THE SHOCKS AND STRESSES THAT IMPACT informal sector is dominant. The share THE CITY. of total trips in metropolitan Lagos consists of the following: danfos (informal minibuses) 45%; walk trips 40%; private cars 11%; water transport 0.34%; rail 1% and BRT 0.41%; Lagbus 1%; others 1%.21

50 21 Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority, 2015. 51 Oshodi Interchange GOAL INITIATIVE IMPLEMENT THE LAGOS STATE STRATEGIC 1 1 TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN (LSTMP)

IN BRIEF This initiative will centre on advancing RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The LSTMP supports the IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS implementation of the intra city light rail network, establishment of a modern integrated multimodal Lagos Metropolitan − Ministry of Transportation Improving and diversifying Provides Reliable Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) expansion, terminals and transportation system. The implementation of the Area Transport Authority and affiliated agencies public transportation will free Communication and Mobility; multimodal interchanges connecting two or more plan hinges on major reforms based on 25 strategic (LAMATA) − Ministry of Waterfront up the highways, reduce man- Supports Livelihoods and 22 Infrastructure Development hour losses, and increase Employment; Fosters Economic modes of transport. decisions under the following objectives: − Ministry of Physical Planning SHOCKS productivity. Jobs will be Prosperity; Fosters Long Term and Urban Development created through the various and Integrated Planning; These are critical parts of the LSTMP and are key • Increasing transport choices for all users Flooding; Major Road − Transformative Urban activities required to kick-start Enhances and Provides • Introducing an integrated transport system Accident/Incident. Mobility Initiative rail transport and improve Protective, Natural, and Man- to keeping Lagos moving. By expanding the mass − Multilateral development transport by waterways. Made Assets. transit options, the public transportation system will • Making the transit system attractive, convenient, banks Eventually, the commencement STRESSES be utilised more to meet commuter demands. There affordable, and accessible of intra-city rail and expansion THEMES • Reducing urban transportation-induced emissions Traffic Congestion; NEXT STEPS of ferry services will also will be a focus on addressing the management create continuous employment Traffic Management and • Optimising usage of the current road network Inadequate Physical and and enforcement challenges and the infrastructure Social Infrastructure; 3 months: Convene a working opportunities for operators Transportation; Making Lagos a st deficit of the State’s transportation system, as Inadequate Public group for an audit of the and maintenance crew. The 21 Century Economy Though the plan is comprehensive and has Transportation. LSTMP. initiative will foster economic well as promoting Transit Oriented Development 6 months: Conduct an prosperity, provide additional SDGs approaches. Bottlenecks to implementation such supporting implementation plans and policy evaluation of ongoing LSTMP urban transport infrastructure, as political interference will also be addressed and documents, there are significant implementation STATUS projects, BRT expansion, light and foster long-term integrated Strengthen rail terminals and multimodal planning. access to finance explored. delays due to funding and political challenges. interchanges. This has led to urban planning and mobility 1 year: Develop a roadmap for issues, including traffic congestion, which hinders TIMELINE implementation and completion of the BRT expansion, light Long-term socioeconomic and environmental development in rails, terminals, and multi-modal Lagos. interchanges. PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS

Railway under construction Road construction at Pen Cinema

52 22 https://lamata-ng.com/. 53 GOAL INITIATIVE EXPAND THE WATER TRANSPORTATION 1 2 NETWORK WITH INCREASED PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

LASWA Five Cowries Terminal, Falomo

IN BRIEF The initiative seeks to expand the Lagos congestion and delays, pollution, increased health water transportation network and leverage private issues, and low productivity. Despite obvious cost sector participation. This will entail developing the and environmental benefits, travel by rail and ferry Lagos Bus Service at TBS terminal following: accounts for only 1% of trips taken by commuters. Nigeria’s main seaports are located in Lagos. Cargo 1. A participatory process involving both informal and goods coming through these ports are moved by and formal ferry operators to develop minimum road to other parts of the country. This puts a large ferry and operational standards for operating a strain on the already congested roads. In addition, route. solid waste is regularly moved through Lagos using BOX 1: LAGOS BRT LITE 2. A business case, evaluating the cost, benefit, and large vehicles on the roads. Transporting heavy The Lagos Bus Rapid Transit Lite is a transport option that risk of all options, and providing a rationale for cargo via intra- and intercity water channels will relies on the use of free segregated lanes to guarantee fast private sector involvement. significantly improve overall mobility in the city and and reliable bus travel. It is one of the several options currently used by the State Government in tackling the huge public 3. Appropriate infrastructure, e.g. dredging and reduce air and noise pollution. As creeks and lagoons PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS transportation challenges of a highly urbanised city like Lagos. development of waterway routes, including traverse the city, water transportation is key for the It is Africa’s first bus rapid transit (BRT) scheme operating on an canals, to ensure the safety and free passage for mobility of people and goods in Lagos. Lagos State initial 22 km corridor which was extended by 13.5 km in 2015.23 It has proven to be a more sustainable transport option than medium-sized ferries. Waterways Authority has drafted a comprehensive the local options of danfos (minibuses), okada (motorcycles) and waterways transport policy. However, the shallow keke marwa (tricycles) on which commuters typically rely. RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The over-reliance on road nature of the lagoons, creeks and rivers, and issues Since it became operational in March 2008, the service has transportation due to limited transportation of affordability and profitability, make private sector recorded a progressive increase in daily passenger travel, infrastructure is causing long hours of traffic participation in the sector particularly challenging. accounting for the movement of over 200,000 passengers into the Central Business District.24 It meets the basic needs of Lagos IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS commuters in terms of transport fare and speed, freeing up hours previously spent in traffic gridlocks, and offering fares at a Lagos State Waterways − Ministry of Transportation Improving and diversifying Fosters Economic Prosperity, discount of up to 50% of local public transport providers’ fares. Authority − Ministry of the Environment public transportation will Provides and Enhances Natural The success of the BRT Lite has resulted in the State’s current and Water Resources free the highways, reduce and Manmade Assets, Provides expansion of services to cover routes outside the metropolis, − Ministry of Waterfront SHOCKS man hour loss and increase Reliable Communication and linking the city to others in neighbouring states. Infrastructure Development productivity. Jobs will be Mobility; Supports Livelihoods Economic Downtown; − Nigerian Ports Authority created through the various and Employment The BRT has significantly reduced the stresses associated with Major Road Accident/ − Lagos State Ferry Services activities required to improve traffic congestion that Lagos residents experience in commuting Incident the waterways. Eventually, the to work, home, and play. Reduced transportation costs also THEMES NEXT STEPS provision of ferry services will improve the economic situation of commuters and increase continually create employment Traffic Management and their ability to afford other social services. STRESSES 3 months: Convene a water opportunities for operators Transportation; Making Lagos a Traffic Congestion; transport stakeholder and maintenance crews. The 21st Century Economy, Health Inadequate Physical and workshop to develop initiative will foster economic and Environment Social Infrastructure; guidelines and template for prosperity, provide additional private sector participation urban transport infrastructure Inadequate Public SDGs Transportation in water transport sector - and foster long-term integrated infrastructure and operations. planning. 6 months: Evaluate the STATUS viability of routes based on the Strengthen Lagos Drainage master plan; produce business plan and identify potential investors; 23 Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (2009). Lagos Bus Rapid Transit: Africa’s first BRT scheme. Urban Transport Series SSATP Discussion Paper, 9; Oladeinde ()2018 TIMELINE open tender for infrastructure 24 Global BRT data (2019). Lagos. BRTDATA.ORG development of waterways. Medium Term 1 year: Commencement of 54 dredging. 55 GOAL INITIATIVE DEVELOP AN E-PLATFORM THAT COORDINATES 1 3 AND INTEGRATES PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: RIVER THAMES, LONDON, UK

There have been recent improvements in private sector participation in the water transportation sector in London, UK. Using e-Platform to Navigate in Lagos

The River Thames now provides an uncongested and cost-effective highway for freight and passengers and IN BRIEF This initiative will entail the development RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Lagos residents persistently is an integral part of London’s urban fabric as it is the of a data collection and analytics system that will face long travel times due to over-reliance on busiest inland waterway in the UK. London has seen a 40% rise in the volume of freight movement on the River enable Lagos residents to have real-time access to road transport, traffic congestion, inadequate Thames since 2015 (PLA, 2019). This increase has been transportation data for informed trip planning. infrastructure, poorly designed interchanges, etc. attributed to deliberate and focused urban policies and Inconsistent public transport and poorly structured the establishment of specific government bodies with a mandate to explore the viability of increased water This will be done in three steps: transport fare regimes hinder productivity and transportation on the Thames. Furthermore, infrastructure cause stress for commuters. Adequate multi-modal to support the legislation and ensure viability of the water 1. Generation of real-time data collection on all transportation infrastructure and information are transport option was provided. modes of transportation both informal and formal important means to foster behavioural change Passenger experience of river travel in London is shaped to determine the nature, length, and patterns of towards more sustainable travel habits. However, by the quality of the service information they receive travel behaviour the lack of these impairs coordinated mobility before setting off. To encourage more use of the river as a form of transport, Transport for London (TFL) provides 2. Integration of data on how many people are services and travel time planning by the commuter. clear information on available services, how to access moving from one mode to the other to enable LAMATA has a real-time BRT monitoring system 27 them and ensures excellent interchange: PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS planning (for internal use only), but there is a demand for a APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS 3. Information access for consumers, e.g. apps and complete, reliable, real-time, commuter-friendly Like London, Lagos will benefit from shifting freight and transport boards at hubs travel information system for the growing commuter cargo from heavily congested roads to the waterways. There are some key lessons from the River Thames case population of Lagos. study that will attract private investment or encourage public-private investment. These are related mainly to IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE DRIVERS the policies surrounding water freight movement such 6 months: Conduct research as: to revalidate the current trans- Lagos Metropolitan − Ministry of Transportation portation demands and select Fosters Economic Prosperity, Area Transport Authority and its relevant agencies: Empowers a Broad Range - Ensuring the use of water transportation for freight technical partners to develop Lagos Bus Services Limited, tools, apps, and resources for Of Stakeholders, Fosters transport including construction materials (particularly Lagos State Waterways SHOCKS open data platforms. 1 year: Long-Term and Integrated those activities close to waterways). An example of this Authority, Rail Services, Planning. Provides Reliable could be the Victoria Island Lekki Axis where major Secure investment for short- Economic Downturn; Lagos State Ferry Services, Communication and Mobility, development close to the Lagos Lagoon has been term/more immediate shifts. Major Road Accident/ Lagos State Traffic Ensures Continuity of Critical taking place over the past 15-20 years. Using waterways Incident Management Authority RESILIENCE BENEFITS Services. to transport construction materials for this long-term − Office of Public-Private property development can create additional demand for Partnership A real-time integrated THEMES water freight transport. STRESSES − Ministry of Physical Planning transportation system would and Urban Development help ease the movement Traffic Management and - Lagos State Government should explore providing Traffic Congestion; Inadequate Physical and − Nigerian Railway Corporation of people and goods while Transportation; Making Lagos a commitment strongholds for water freight transportation. st Social Infrastructure; − Institute for Transportation addressing the increasing 21 Century Economy In the case of London, the regeneration of already and Development Policy demand for reliable and easy- existing wharves to support cargo loading and offloading Inadequate Public Transportation to-use travel information. The demonstrates a commitment from the government to inclusivity of multiple modes SDGs NEXT STEPS support the water transportation sector. Lagos State would improve mobility, Government can also show its commitment towards the STATUS 3 months: Creation of a thereby fostering economic sector by catalysing investment (through public funds Strengthen coordination body that will development, security or in partnership with the private sector) in key marine include LAMATA and other of livelihood, increase in infrastructure such as jetties and terminals that will relevant agencies of the productivity, and efficiency, stimulate further private sector investment. TIMELINE Ministry of Transportation, as well as increasing the employment rate. Furthermore, Medium-term Nigerian Ports Authority, National Inland Waterways the initiative tends to reclaim Authority, Ministry of public space from private car use, leading to the reduction 27 https://fta.co.uk/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=c50e975f-cb4e-4905-8281- Physical Planning and Urban dbbbb60289be&lang=en-GB Development. of road congestion and better 26 https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/londons-transport-a-history/river; https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/30.%20CS-London-United-Kingdom-congestion- space equity. 56 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/river-action-plan.pdf. charge.pdf. 57 GOAL IMPROVE ACCESS TO CLEAN 2 WATER AND SANITATION

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: E-PLATFORM FOR TRANSIT, DIGITAL TRANSIT INFORMATION SHARING, BARCELONA

Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) Digital is a digital strategy implemented in 2009 to provide information to Barcelona commuters about bus, metro, The United Nations has highlighted Over the years, the State Government and cable car travel options.28 The strategy has resulted the lack of clean water and unsanitary has invested heavily in the water and in real-time information sharing for riders, including updates on travel routes, service disruptions, route conditions as major hindrances to socio- sanitation sector, focusing on expanding planning, bus arrival times, maps, schedule checking, economic development.30 Lagos Water water supply facilities, transmission and other live updates across the full TMB network, including 100 km of routes, 141 stations, and over 1,000 Corporation covers only 35% of the and distribution systems, rehabilitation buses. population of metropolitan Lagos. The of existing facilities and infrastructure, To reach a broad audience, information is made available corporation is currently facing a water improved administrative infrastructure through multiple platforms, including mobile apps (TMB demand of 540 million gallons per day and institutional support, in addition to App), the TMB website, individualised subscription services (JoTMBe), and digital signage (MouTV) that (MGD) but only supplies 210 MGD through improving solid waste management and broadcasts information across 3,000 points in the network including metro stations, trains, buses, and 3 major waterworks, 17 mini waterworks, wastewater management. Part of the State service centres. Due to the integration of transportation and 31 micro waterworks. While the Government’s long-term plan is also to options across multiple modes, users can use digital platforms to buy tickets and transit cards that function major waterworks rely on the Ogun and encourage private sector participation in across the metro, rail, and cable car networks. Owo rivers for supply, the others use the water and sanitation sector. Public satisfaction in the bus/metro service is high, groundwater pumped from boreholes ranking 7.7 out of 10 according to a 2017 Customer on site. Excluding unaccountable water The initiatives below build on existing Satisfaction Index (averaged for bus and metro), with increasing rates per year, and increased geographic losses, this leaves a deficit of 330 MGD structures, incorporate a community-based coverage and passengers using the system since 2008.29 (a gap of around 60%).31 approach, as well as a focus on alternative, APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS inclusive mechanisms for funding public A key element in encouraging public transit use in Lagos

will be better integration of multimodal transportation water supply in Lagos. The initiatives PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS offerings through coordinated planning across transit aim to reduce the State’s vulnerability to modes, and information sharing with transit users. shocks arising from disease outbreak, Information dissemination through digital means has flooding or severe storms, building enormous potential. Improvements to the existing Lagos BRT mobile app can include regular updates on transit collapses, and urban fires. status and anticipated travel times; maps and schedules for bus, rail and ferry services; improved journey planning; integrated ticketing across transit modes, and other features. Improvements to the LAMATA website can target user interface, and new features such as real-time status updates and accurate trip planning information, as well as ensuring the website is fully responsive to all handheld devices and operating systems. Advanced planning to incorporate the ongoing Lagos Urban Rail Network into integrated e-platforms for transit riders will help improve journey planning for Lagosians.

More generally, better integration between LAMATA and other transport operators can improve transit options for residents. Initial steps to improve integration may include establishing new working groups and regular communication channels between agencies and with FEWER THAN 5% OF HOUSEHOLDS IN LAGOS ONLY 8.9% OF HOUSEHOLDS large private sector transit providers. HAVE A PIPED HOUSEHOLD HAVE AN IMPROVED DRINKING WATER CONNECTION. 32 SOURCE LOCATED ON PREMISES, FREE OF CONTAMINATION, AND AVAILABLE AS NEEDED. 33

30 Isiaka, T. 2017. “Challenges of waste management in Lagos.” https://sustyvibes.com/ challenges-waste-management-lagos/. 28 Centre for Public Impact. “The Digital strategy of Transport Metropolitans de Barcelona 29 Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB). TMB 2017 Management Report. https://www. 31 Lagos Water Corporation, 2010. Lagos Water Supply Master Plan, Lagos, Nigeria. (TMB).” https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/transport-metropolitans-de-barcelona- tmb.cat/documents/20182/322063/Informe+anual+2017_EN.pdf/a4d95baf-44ff-48a3-8add- 32 Ayinde, O., 2013. “Implementation of Water and Sanitation Policies and Practices within 33 Iloani, F. A. and Clement P. S. 2017. “Poor sanitation, water top environmental challenges digital-services/. b69d2fdb3d81. the Spatial Plans of Lagos, Nigeria.” A presentation at the World Water Week, Stockholm, 4 in Nigeria – Data.” https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/poor-sanitation-water-top-environmental- 58 September 2013. challenges-in-nigeria-data.html. 59 GOAL INITIATIVE PROVIDE PUBLIC TOILETS AND BATHROOMS GOAL INITIATIVE CONSTRUCT COMMUNITY WASTEWATER 2 1 IN EACH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND LOCAL 2 2 TREATMENT PLANTS COUNCIL DEVELOPMENT AREA

IN BRIEF Design and construction: Construction repairs. This will promote a sense of ownership and of sanitary and safe public toilets in vulnerable a feeling of safety for residents as they are more communities of each LGA/LCDA, using appropriate proximately located than the commercial public technologies, to improve access to safely managed toilets. sanitation systems in an environmentally friendly Sensitisation campaigns: Furthermore, public manner. This will be done through extensive awareness and education campaigns would be community engagement to enhance project carried out to encourage behavioural change sustainability and community uptake. It will also concerning the rejection of open defecation. provide jobs for local artisans in the construction process. The design and construction will ensure RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The widespread lack of public adequate storage, water access, and means of toilets of sufficient quality has led to open defecation waste evacuation. across the State and other parts of the country. Private sector partnerships: A business case At present, there are approximately 1,100 public toilets in Lagos State. However, some of them are would also be developed for private sector/social Discharge of wastewater enterprise involvement in the construction of public not patronised for various reasons: unhygienic toilets throughout the State, especially around high condition, distance from residential areas, locations IN BRIEF The initiative involves the introduction Public-Private-Partnership model with the community traffic areas. in seemingly unsafe places, and sometimes simply of a community-based approach to wastewater playing a significant role in its operation. Management: A management system will be because people prefer not to pay. treatment and management in lieu of larger developed encouraging usage on a fee-paying basis Public defecation has health implications as it could centralised treatment facilities, as it is a viable near- RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Approximately 1.85 billion cubic managed by a local committee in order to provide contaminate water sources aiding the transmission term model. It will entail extensive public awareness, metres of wastewater is generated on a daily basis employment for vulnerable people such as women, of faeco-oral diseases that could lead to illness and construction of a pipeline network (sewer), and in Lagos, yet only 5% of the population is connected the elderly, and persons living with disabilities. death. In addition, the lack of public toilet facilities the introduction of community-based wastewater to the public sewerage system (Lagos State In addition, especially around core residential leads to loss of dignity and privacy including the treatment plants using appropriate technologies Wastewater Management Office, 2018). Around 40% neighbourhoods, communal toilets will managed risk of physical attack and sexual violence. It also that are location-specific. The goal of this community of the available wastewater treatment infrastructure cooperatively by households. The households will exacerbates some of the vulnerabilities of the wastewater treatment facility is to discharge effluent is either non-functional or in a state of disrepair. be mandated to maintain and keep them clean, elderly and can have debilitating effects on girls safely according to international standards into the This leaves a large volume of wastewater released using pooled funds to cover maintenance costs and such as absenteeism from school, which widens the education gap between boys and girls. Lagos State hydrological system using appropriate into the environment without adequate treatment, technology. At the treatment plant, wastewater will with attendant risks to the environment and the be treated to tertiary level for actual reuse of sludge population. The ultimate impact of poor wastewater IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS and effluent. Five communities will be selected as management is that water purity is compromised Ministry of the − Local Governments/Local Sanitary and safe public Supports Livelihoods and Environment and Water Council Development Areas toilets are a cost-effective Employment; Empowers a pilot locations and the plants will be operated on a across the State. Resources − Federal Ministry of Mineral and environmentally friendly Broad Range of Stakeholders; Resources/Clean Up Nigeria approach to addressing the Promotes Cohesive and IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Initiative SHOCKS open defecation challenge. Engaged Communities; − Ministry of Health The initiative will reduce the Enhances and Provides Lagos State Wastewater − Ministry of the Environment Water quality dictates the Meets Basic Needs; Ensures Disease Outbreak, − WASH Sector NGOs State’s vulnerability to disease Protective Natural and Man- Management Office and Water Resources potential ways water is Public Health Services; Flooding and Severe − Social enterprises and outbreaks, increase the made Assets. − Lagos Water Corporation used. The release of treated Enhances and Provides private investors potential to empower a broad − Ministry of Local Government Storms SHOCKS wastewater to the environment Protective Natural and range of stakeholders and THEMES and Community Affairs will reduce vulnerability to Manmade Assets; Promotes promote environmental health. − Ministry of Physical Planning infectious diseases, create Cohesive and Engaged STRESSES NEXT STEPS Disease Outbreak; Health and Environment Flooding and Severe and Urban Development a cleaner and sustainable Communities. Overpopulation/ 3 months: Engage Storms − Multilateral agencies, e.g. environment and reduce stakeholders, including United Nations Development Overcrowding; SDGs surface/groundwater pollution. THEMES Inadequate Health women, to establish modalities Programme This in addition to access to STRESSES System: Inadequate for design and construction. safely managed sanitation Health and Environment Identify pilot sites (within five to Physical and Social Inadequate NEXT STEPS services, reduced loss of ten LGA/LCDAs) and potential biodiversity, resource recovery Infrastructure Health System; SDGs sponsors. Overpopulation/ 3 months: Align with relevant and reuse, employment 6 months: Establish local agencies to perform baseline and income generation and STATUS Overcrowding; management committees Inadequate Physical and assessment, to identify and improved public health. The Strengthen and train maintenance teams. Social Infrastructure confirm household demand initiative will address the Mobilize funds for construction and priorities to inform the root cause of wastewater of the toilets. planning and design process, challenges in the metropolis TIMELINE 1 year: Commence construction STATUS and selecting priority/pilot and encourage the responsible on pilot sites. Medium-term Initiate locations and appropriate use and reuse of water technologies. 6 months: Procure feasibility TIMELINE study for the final design of Long-term the infrastructure (sewers, treatment facility). 1 year: Develop an operation and maintenance concept (e.g. terms of payment, who is operating and maintaining the pilot locations). 60 61 GOAL INITIATIVE DEVELOP AN INTEGRATED WASTE 2 3 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

IN BRIEF The initiative entails the development of At household and community level, construction of an integrated waste management system that digesters will be encouraged for the disposal and incorporates waste sorting, recycling, and reuse, management of organic household waste. This applying a circular economy approach. would be implemented in partnership with private investors and promote waste-to-energy. Baseline Study: The initiative will entail a baseline study to quantify and qualify waste streams. Data RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The Lagos Waste Management will be collected on what kind of waste people Authority reports that Lagos State generates over generate and the locations where it is generated. In 13,000 metric tonnes of waste daily.34 Though addition, waste management hotspots, particularly considerable progress has been made in improving illegal dumping sites and problems, will be waste collection from neighbourhoods and disposal identified. Mapping: Based on the results and the at dumpsites with the involvement of private sector INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: infrastructure available, Lagos’ waste streams and partners, the current waste management system COLLABORATIVE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT, KENYA WATER SERVICES TRUST FUND waste system will be mapped. Waste Collection: does not have adequate capacity to handle the A solid waste collection service (that includes both quantity of waste generated. This is evidenced by The Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF) is a basket financing mechanism established in 2004 through the the informal and formal sectors) using the baseline the low collection coverage, the irregular collection Kenya Water Act and operated under the Kenya Ministry study and already existing data and information frequencies and the occasional piles of waste of Water and Sanitation. As part of its urban water and will then be designed. Sensitisation: This will be observed in some parts of the city. Flooding has sanitation programme, the WSTF provides financing, as well as tools and technical support for water and followed by a public sensitisation campaign to also become a common occurrence during the rainy sanitation services with a focus on sanitation services engender behavioural change, and to educate season, due to indiscriminate waste disposal into in under-served urban areas. The fund uses clear and encourage households and other waste channels and drainage systems. With the continuous procedures and technical standards to finance water supply and sanitation infrastructure for urban low-income generators to sort their waste at source. Incentives increase in population, corresponding increase areas. Only licensed water service providers (WSPs) at and initiatives will also be provided to encourage in waste generation and quick filling of dumpsite the county-level can apply for funding for infrastructure sustainable waste management at household and airspace, there is an urgent need to tackle waste projects in urban low-income areas. WSTF’s Upscaling Basic Sanitation for Urban Poor (UBSUP) investment community levels. Decentralisation of Landfills:The management in an integrated manner that will exploit programme is supported by the Government of Kenya, in initiative will leverage on a composite system with the opportunities in the waste management value partnership with the German Development Cooperation Transfer Loading Stations incorporated with Material chain and subsequently reduce waste generated. (KfW, GIZ), the European Union, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Under UBSUP, the WSTF subsidises Recovery Facilities at the various Local Government household sanitation facilities and provides funds areas.

for emptying equipment and faecal sludge treatment PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS facilities i.e. public infrastructure owned and operated by the licensed water/sanitation service provider. IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS Recyclables remain clean (not WSTF funding also supports construction of small-scale contaminated by other waste), decentralised treatment plants. As of 2018, the WSTF has Lagos Waste − Ministry of the Environment Developing an efficient value so that they can fetch a higher funded a total of 2387 projects, representing coverage Management Authority and Water Resources chain and circular economy price when being sold, will of over 4.4 million Kenyans and a total disbursement of − Lagos State Waterways around the waste management not be rejected by processors 35 Authority approximately US$175 million. SHOCKS system can have huge positive (recyclers), or end up being − Private Waste Management effects on a city. This starts with disposed at landfill, and will APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS Disease Outbreak; Organisations sorting waste at the household make for easier and more Government and public utilities will play a key role in Flooding and Severe − Civil Society Organisations level. Doing this can: efficient waste collection. implementing improvements across the full sanitation Storms − Knowledge Institutions Conserve natural resources chain, with a focus on decentralised sanitation treatment. by re-using the waste for RESILIENCE DRIVERS As demonstrated in the WSTF case, basket funds hosted NEXT STEPS the manufacture of new by national (or state) government and co-administered STRESSES items instead of continually Meets Basic Needs; Ensures with outside partners can leverage international funds Inadequate Health 3 months: Identify relying on natural resources; Public Health, Enhances and for urban sanitation initiatives. In Nigeria, relevant State- System; Traffic knowledge institutions and save landfill airspace so that Provides Protective Natural and level agencies including the Lagos State Ministry of Congestion civil society organisations landfill sites can last longer; Man-Made Assets; Promotes the Environment and Water Resources can work with to partner with LAWMA. contribute towards reducing Cohesive and Engaged National Government agencies such as the Federal 6 months: Conduct a baseline the contributors to global Communities. Ministry of Water Resources to solicit international STATUS study to quantify and qualify warming (landfill gas); and support for urban sanitation initiatives. National and Strengthen waste streams in Lagos State. save energy. The production of THEMES State-level Governments can provide financial and 1 year: Identify incentives and some products from recycled technical support to the private sector and increase local initiatives and create a media materials uses far less energy Health and Environment; demand for sanitation facilities through social marketing, TIMELINE campaign to promote waste than the production of the same Making Lagos a 21st Century branding, and advertising efforts. Good governance, Long-term sorting from source. product from raw materials, Economy including transparency around how money is managed reduces pollution which could and disbursed, is critical to replicate the success of the have resulted in the disposal of SDGs WSTF. the material, and creates jobs.

62 35 Water Sector Trust Fund Brief 2018. https://waterfund.go.ke/brochures#. 63 GOAL INITIATIVE EXPAND AND PROTECT WATER SOURCES TO 2 4 IMPROVE LAGOS’ WATER SUPPLY

Creek at Festac Town

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: WASTE-TO-ENERGY (BIOGAS) JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA IN BRIEF This initiative seeks to identify and implement a Potable Water Financing Forum with local and The Department of Energy in South Africa has pledged alternative, inclusive, and affordable mechanisms to international financial institutions to reduce its reliance on coal by increasing the capacity fund public water supply infrastructure in Lagos State of renewable energy sources to its energy mix to 26% (focusing particularly on underserved areas, public RESILIENCE CHALLENGE There is tremendous pressure by 2030 (SA Department of Energy, 2018).36 As part of this strategy, Johannesburg has implemented a biogas- buildings, and health care facilities), to increase on the aging potable water infrastructure of Lagos. to-energy plant that has a capacity of 1.1MW using three access to safely managed water supply systems. Lagos Water Corporation has recorded a deficit of combined heat and power (CHP) engines. Currently, Such alternatives demand deliberate involvement of 66% (330MDG) of potable water network coverage the electricity off-take from the plant is used to power the Northern Works Wastewater Treatment plant, while the public in decision-making. There are four parts in all settlements across the State, and informal the heat is used to improve sludge management and to this initiative: settlements have only limited access to potable increase the production of biogas (C40, 2016).37 The City water. Climate-change-driven saline intrusion of Johannesburg financed the capital expenditure of the project and the plant was built by WEC Projects, a private 1. Raising awareness of the dangers of using and injection of surface water pollutants into the project developer, who are also responsible for the boreholes and untreated water for daily degraded public water supply networks are other operation and maintenance of the plant. The completed consumption major issues. The last few decades have also

installation is owned by Johannesburg Water which is PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS a municipally owned entity run as a separate company 2. Reviewing regulation of water distribution and witnessed the proliferation of boreholes in Lagos but owned entirely by the State. This project began in policy amendments State because of the inconsistent potable public 2004 with the research and exploration into potential 3. Conducting a study to fully evaluate the state of water supply. This adds to the vulnerability of the technical and business models. In 2010 the project was approved by the city and in 2012 the plant construction groundwater in Lagos State provision and makes many communities prone was completed. Due to challenges in the predictability 4. A drive to solicit and partner with private sector to health hazards caused by water pollution. of sludge production, the electrical output of the plant organisations, which will include the creation of has been far lower than forecast. This is currently being combatted by Johannesburg Water refurbishing the digesters. Once this issue is resolved the electrical IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS generation capacity of the plant will be increased (SALGA, 2012). Ministry of the − Ministry of Physical Planning The lack of an adequate public Meets Basic Needs; Ensures Environment and Water and Urban Development water distribution network Public Health Services; APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS Resources − Federal Ministry of Water to informal settlements, low Enhances and Provides Lagos can benefit in several ways from the implementation Resources income residential estates and Protective Natural and Man- − Lagos State Water of the biogas plant in Johannesburg. Lagos State has SHOCKS some medium income housing made Assets; Fosters Long- an initiative that can be further developed to include Regulatory Commission schemes is eroding urban term and Integrated Planning investment in waste-to-energy to increase manufacturing Disease Outbreak; − Lagos State Wastewater health in the State. If water Management Office industry’s contribution to its GDP. The State’s proposed Urban Fire; Building theft, cost recovery issues THEMES initiative can benefit from the following: Collapse − Lagos Water Corporation and financing are addressed, • The business model of the Johannesburg plant then the functionality of the Health and Environment separates the risk and costs of the project, enabling the NEXT STEPS networks can be guaranteed city to undertake the project risk-free while receiving STRESSES and the water supply chain SDGs royalties from the developer. Inadequate Health 3 months: Create awareness maintained. This will ultimately • Lagos has an initiative to map out areas with high waste System; Formal-Informal at LGA/LCDA level and bring reduce the number of people output. The example in Johannesburg of a successful Economic Contestation; together stakeholders to treated for water borne plant within a wastewater management and treatment Inadequate Physical and create scope for groundwater diseases, increase and improve plant shows how, if managed correctly, this can become Social Infrastructure research and study into the piped water network and a sustainable business plan. A high level of business suitable financing mechanisms also increase the number of and legal expertise was required in drawing up the for a public water supply household with direct access contract. In other municipalities where these skills STATUS system. 6 months: Conduct to public water infrastructure may not be available, lessons can be learned from the Strengthen groundwater research. Engage experience of Johannesburg Water. with organised private sector • Energy from waste plants can be augmented by using and create the Potable Water other household waste if the segregation of waste 36 Integrated Resource Plan, Department of Energy, 2018. http://www.energy.gov.za/IRP/irp- TIMELINE Financing Forum. update-draft-report-2018.html. Accessed 3 September 2019. (metals/plastics/food) is managed when it is collected. Long-term 1 year: Policy drafting and 37 C40 Case Study, 2016. https://www.c40.org/case_studies/cities100-johannesburg-waste-to- presentation for executive 64 energy-partnership-saves-money. Accessed 3 September 2019. approval. Mobilisation of funds. 65 GOAL INITIATIVE CONDUCT AN ENERGY AUDIT TO DETERMINE 3 1 INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPLY GAPS GOAL ENHANCE THE PROVISION OF 3 AFFORDABLE AND RELIABLE ENERGY

Nigeria has extensive power supply Household energy is not only for challenges, producing an average of powering appliances but also for 4,000MW.40 cooking. In Lagos both solid fuels (coal and wood) and non-solid fuels (kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, electricity) are 43 LAGOS STATE RECEIVES ABOUT used for cooking. Like some other fuels Independent Power Plant, Alausa 1,000MW41 AND HAS AN ENERGY (coal and wood), kerosene comes with 42 DEFICIT OF ABOUT 9,000MW. some collateral damage to human health IN BRIEF An energy audit is essential to determine RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Across Lagos, power is typically and the environment. the energy demand, generation, distribution and erratic and unreliable. Inadequate maintenance, metering required to provide sustainable power shortage of gas, and limited transmission capacity Nigeria produces its energy from four The energy challenges for the population across the city. In addition, the audit will show have hindered generating stations to the point main sources: coal, hydro, oil, and of Lagos are vast but by improving infrastructure and access gaps. This initiative where they are idle. The growth of the population involves engaging a research and development and the increase in income is leading to an increase natural gas. The generation of energy infrastructure and energy management, team to investigate actual gaps in energy in energy demand and additional strain on the has some private sector involvement; and by shifting to more sustainable infrastructure, which until now have been identified dwindling infrastructure. With many households and transmission is still primarily by the energy sources, Lagos will improve the based on estimates. The team will identify the actual businesses connecting to the grid illegally, there is Federal Government and distribution is safety, health, and climate resilience of gaps in energy infrastructure and determine the lack of accountability in the system with challenges privatised. its population. With significant energy critical areas for technical and financial assistance. of accuracy in estimating usage. The transmission expended for transportation purposes, it The output supports rehabilitation, restoration, and distribution losses are estimated at 40%, and expansion of energy services to enhance more than double that of the rest of the continent.

There are challenges throughout the is important to pursue transition to more PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS economic development and promote private sector Furthermore, there is insufficient data on energy power generation and supply chain. efficient and sustainable energy use investments in a commercially viable energy sector. consumption in the transportation sector, as well as Dilapidated infrastructure contributes to within that sector. The initiative will also include a critical look at energy inadequate alternative means of energy supply. blackouts and lengthy power cuts. About use within the transportation sector. Without accurate knowledge of present and future 40% of Nigeria’s urban population is Ensuring access to reliable and demand, as well as current deficits, it will be connected to the power grid, while only affordable energy is complex and increasingly hard to plan for efficient energy supply that is commensurate with population growth. 10% of the rural population is connected requires interventions in policy,

to the grid. regulation, and technology, as well as IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS behavioural change. The initiatives in Ministry of Energy and − Lagos State Electricity Board The energy audit will Ensures Continuity of Critical Of the population connected to the grid, this section assess existing infrastructure Mineral Resources − National Electricity engender an evidence- Services; Fosters Long-Term Regulatory Agency based approach to planning and Integrated Planning; Meets some households and businesses are and systems, address energy efficiency − Electricity Distribution SHOCKS for infrastructure and other Basic Needs; Empowers a connected illegally. Some businesses at the household level, and promote Companies necessary interventions in the Broad Range of Stakeholders. Economic Downturn; − Research Institutions energy sector. It will enable a spend as much as N57.72 million per cleaner alternatives. − Non-Governmental Urban Fire. better understanding of the THEMES month as a result of using generators to Organisations (NGOs) challenges within the sector and also enable a contextual Making Lagos a 21st Century ensure reliable electricity. STRESSES NEXT STEPS approach to address these Economy; Health and Erratic Power Supply. challenges. Environment 3 months: Coordinate stakeholders from government, SDGs STATUS academia, and the energy Initiate sector to determine the scope of the research together. 6 months: Create scope and TIMELINE decide on research partners. Medium-term 1 year: Mobilise funds for the energy audit.

42 Nwagwu, I. & Oni, T. 2015. “Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth.” https://ng.boell. 40 Omojuyigbe, O. 2019. “Lagos to boost power supply.” https://punchng.com/lagos-to-boost- org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth. power-supply/. 43 Ozoh et al. (2018). “Cooking Fuels in Lagos, Nigeria: Factors Associated with Household 41 Oluwadurotimi, E. 2017. “Erratic Power Supply In Lagos.” https://rotimiedu.com/wp-content/ Choice of Kersene or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).” International Journal of Environmental 66 uploads/2017/03/ProblemAnalysis.pdf. Research and Public Health. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040641. 67 GOAL INITIATIVE DELIVERY OF CLEAN AND SAFE ENERGY FOR GOAL INITIATIVE DEVELOP A CAMPAIGN TO PROMOTE 3 2 COOKING 3 3 EFFICIENT ENERGY USE

Cooking with Clean fuel (LPG gas) Independent Power Plant, Marina

IN BRIEF This initiative will involve advocating the use 4. Designing, developing, and installing a IN BRIEF This initiative will be conducted through two be put together for various consumers, such as of environmentally friendly energy and low carbon reticulated piped gas system that distributes gas programmes: residents, schools, MSMEs and manufacturers. fuel by: directly to homes within a pilot area or estate. 1. Developing a stakeholder committee and RESILIENCE CHALLENGE With a growing population, 1. Encouraging the use of clean fuels for domestic RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Lagos relies primarily on fossil fuels working group to identify and align on incentives increase in demand amongst that population, and and commercial cooking. for domestic, commercial, and industrial purposes. and disincentives to be considered by the the strategic importance of Lagos to the rest of the 2. Distribution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Consequently, the State’s high risk from increasing Lagos State Government for the promotion of country, future-proofing the energy supply is a key canisters for domestic use. This will go hand in greenhouse gas emissions has implications for behavioural change and energy efficiency. These resilience issue.44 Before electricity meters were hand with a sensitisation program to educate the global warming and climate change. could include: introduced in Lagos State (though not all households population on the value of using LPG versus solid • Incentives to encourage behaviour change (e.g. have one yet), households and businesses fuels and kerosene. Lagos State Government has Cooking fuel is a major contributor to greenhouse on-bill financing) were not aware of their energy usage. In a bid to already started a related educational program gas emissions as kerosene, firewood, charcoal • Incentives for purchase and use of energy become more energy efficient, technology must as a step towards creating awareness. The and sawdust predominate. The WHO reports that efficient appliances be leveraged, infrastructure built to be sustainable PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS distribution of LPG canisters is also a stopgap indoor smoke from such fuels is one of the leading • Labelling of appliances to enable consumers to and efficient – and people must also be made between the present situation and the aim of causes of avoidable deaths and ill health worldwide. make better informed decisions aware of the most efficient, safe, and environmental having a fully functional piped gas system. LPG and other clean fuels that are safer and more ways to use power. The use of inefficient electrical 3. Identifying and securing capital for a piped gas sustainable should be considered. In spite of the fact 2. Sensitisation of Communities: building on existing or electronic appliances, careless handling of network. that Nigeria is a leading producer of LPG, its uptake awareness raising campaigns (appropriate to appliances, and irresponsible consumption, such as a cooking fuel is low. all strata of society) on the advantages of using as leaving appliances on when not in use, not only energy efficient appliances, as well as good strains the already dilapidated infrastructure, but IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS 6 months: Start a survey within RESILIENCE DRIVERS energy conservation practices. As part of the also contributes to fires in Lagos. different parts of Lagos while campaign, simple energy efficiency guides will Ministry of Energy and − Ministry of the Environment amplifying a sensitisation Meets Basic Needs; Supports Mineral Resources and Water Resources campaign. Livelihood and Employment; − Ministry of Information and 1 year: Advocate subsidisation Fosters Economic Prosperity; IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS 1 year: Commence public RESILIENCE DRIVERS Strategy SHOCKS of gas price and procurement Enhances and Provides sensitisation and awareness − Lagos State Safety of LPG canisters. Protective Natural and Man- Lagos State Electricity − Ministry of Energy and campaign. Meets Basic Needs; Supports Economic Downturn; Commission made Assets. Board Mineral Resources Livelihoods and Employment; Urban Fire − Federal Ministry of Petroleum − Electricity Distribution Enhances and Protects Natural Resources/Department of Companies RESILIENCE BENEFITS THEMES SHOCKS RESILIENCE BENEFITS and Man-made Assets Petroleum Resources − Nigerian Electricity STRESSES − Lagos State Fire Service The shift to liquefied petroleum Health and Environment; Economic Downturn; Regulatory Commission The environmental impact of st THEMES Inadequate Physical and gas and other clean fuels Making Lagos a 21 Century Urban Fires − Standards Organisation of energy efficient practices at will impact individual homes Social Infrastructure; NEXT STEPS Economy Nigeria the household level can be Health and Environment. Inadequate Health significantly, reducing the − Lagos State Ministry of significant. People are often 3 months: Convene a release of harmful gases and STRESSES Information and Strategy unaware that a large percentage System SDGs SDGs stakeholder workshop to improving respiratory health Erratic Power Supply of household greenhouse gas collectively define the terms issues. A piped gas system emissions are tied to electricity NEXT STEPS STATUS of the survey and identify a with adequate safety features usage, so making a household STATUS Strengthen potential location for the pilot will also reduce the danger of 3 months: Convene a energy efficient can result household fires. scheme. Determine sustainable Strengthen stakeholders’ forum with in significant reductions in energy mix approaches government, academia, greenhouse gas emissions. In TIMELINE suitable for Lagos. energy investors, and others addition, money can be saved TIMELINE Long-term to determine appropriate by implementing energy efficient measures. Providing information Medium-term incentives and disincentives that will be promoted by Lagos and encouraging sustainable State Government. energy conservation habits will 6 months: Outline and produce be beneficial to the environment 68 the energy conservation and also be cost-effective for 69 guidelines. energy consumers. GOAL ENHANCE THE CITY’S RESILIENCE 4 THROUGH LAND-USE PLANNING

Rapid urbanisation and the limited Due to the high costs of standard implementation of plans and policies housing, many residents live in slum-like guiding the development of Lagos conditions, lacking basic amenities such State has hindered sustainable as potable water, hygienic sanitation, INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: CAMPAIGN ON EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY, CAIRO development of the city. The Lagos State sufficient living area, durable housing, 46 In 2014 the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity launched a Development Plan 2012-2025 provides and secure tenure. three-year nationwide communications campaign to a schematic framework for housing in encourage the general public to modify their household energy consumption behaviour, improve their usage Lagos State. There are also various The initiatives in this section will leverage efficiency, and contribute to a national reduction in physical development plans in the State existing plans, especially the Master energy consumption. The National Initiative for Energy Conservation campaign deployed a wide range of media that address the challenges of urban Plans and Model City Plans, and will platforms including traditional billboards, television and development and slum proliferation, but propose affordable housing and slum radio advertisements, and digital campaigning through popular social media channels. The overall aim was to these are yet to be fully realised. upgrading approaches. Cumulatively, promote energy-efficient behaviour change. The key these will achieve an aesthetically message was simple: responsible and mindful use of energy. One of the lead advertisement slogans was: pleasing physical environment that “You are the solution. Don’t be too lazy to turn off an appliance.” The campaign was reported to be a success, IN 2017, LAGOS STATE MINISTRY OF enables Lagos residents to thrive, adapt, achieving a 3.7% reduction in electricity consumption HOUSING ESTIMATED A HOUSING and grow. within two months of launch. DEFICIT OF APPROXIMATELY 3 MILLION APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS UNITS. Residential use is by far the biggest form of energy consumption in Nigeria and the potential impact of PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS such a campaign may even be greater than the success experienced in Egypt. Improving public awareness of the importance of efficient energy usage, to achieve a widespread reduction in consumption, is an important way to address local and national energy challenges. The Egyptian case study has shown that clear and simple messages, combined with specific tips and advice through a range of accessible media, can have a significant impact on individual and household behaviour. There is an opportunity for Lagos State and Nigeria generally to think about how such a campaign might be most effectively implemented locally, including which media are most accessible and which local consumption habits are most unhelpful. This would inform which media and habits are most important to target. A 2015 report prepared by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH suggests that, nationally, the need to introduce energy efficiency standards for household appliances and the use of efficient diesel generators are two important ways to improve energy efficiency.15 Atkins reports that in Lagos 80% of households rely on diesel generators,45 which confirms both of the GIZ findings in the context of the household electrification rate in Lagos.

46 UN-Habitat. 2010. “Chapter 1: Development Context and the Millennium Agenda, The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003,” Revised and updated version 45 www.atkinsglobal.co.uk/~/media/Files/A/Atkins-Corporate/group/sectors-documents/urban- (April 2010), https://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2003/07/GRHS_2003_Chapter_01_ development/FPC_Lagos_Leaflet_Lowres.pdf. 70 Revised_2010.pdf. 71 GOAL INITIATIVE STRENGTHEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 4 1 OPERATIVE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS LAGOS OPERATIVE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS

IN BRIEF This initiative involves embarking on full development is undertaken in a suitable and implementation of Master Plans and Model City Plans integrated manner. to achieve a functionally efficient and aesthetically 9. Preparation Regional Development Plans to pleasing physical environment for living, working, cover the entire State. recreation, and mobility. This will entail the following: While the Master and Model City Plans are being implemented, a digital surveillance system using 1. Data: development of a spatial database for all drones will be considered as a means to track properties in the city. construction regularly and in real-time. In addition, 2. Governance, enforcement, awareness: engaging the e-planning process will be expanded, and the real estate development community to promoted to encourage widespread usage. understand the Master and Model City Plans and enforcement mechanisms. RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Lagos State has 4 Master Plans 3. Review and domestication of the National and 8 Model City Plans. These plans are policy Building Codes to encourage energy-efficient documents that envision the physical, social, and construction as well as vertical development and economic capacity of Lagos today and for the future. compact city design. However, sustainable implementation of physical 4. Capacity-building: increasing the number of development plans are a challenge, resulting from building inspectors and ensuring appropriate lack of strong monitoring and enforcement as well Key Performance Indicators are attached to their as land allocation contrary to the provisions of the achievements. Master Plans or Model City Plans. 5. Permitting: ease of access to planning permits. 6. Risk-based approach: focused monitoring on Recently, incidences of building collapse and particular areas that are undergoing rapid encroachment on road buffer zones and drainage change. alignment have increased. Similarly, violation of land 7. Protection of spaces reserved for greenery, use and space standards in government sites and walking, cycling, and aesthetics. service schemes have also increased. 8. Preparation Action Area Plans to ensure that

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Ministry of Physical − Ministry of Environment and Full implementation of the Fosters Long-Term and Planning and Urban Water Resources Master Plans and Model City Integrated Planning; Promotes Development − Lagos State Agricultural plans to achieve a functionally Leadership and Effective Land Holding Authority efficient and aesthetically Management; Ensures − Lagos State Lands Bureau SHOCKS pleasing physical environment Social Stability, Security and − Office of the Surveyor for living, working, recreation, Justice; Promotes Cohesive Building Collapse; General and mobility. and Engaged Communities; Forced Eviction; − Ministry Works and Ensures Public Health Services; Flooding and Severe Infrastructure Supports Livelihoods and Storm Employment NEXT STEPS THEMES STRESSES 3 months: Convene the Formal-Informal relevant MDAs to identify Health and Environment; st Economic Contestation; specific interventions to Making Lagos a 21 Century Overpopulation/ undertake that will speed up Economy; Security and Overcrowding; Traffic the implementation of the Governance Congestion Master and Model City Plans. 6 months: Build on the existing SDGs digital spatial database to STATUS develop a robust system. Build Strengthen capacity for effective use of the system within the relevant ministries. TIMELINE 1 year: Engage the built Long-term environment practitioner community to identify development champions for the monitoring and implementation of the Master and Model City Plans.

72 73 GOAL INITIATIVE INCREASE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE 4 2 HOUSING

LagosHoms Gbagada

IN BRIEF This initiative is a dedicated system that allows RESILIENCE CHALLENGE A housing deficit of about three multiple choices for people to access affordable million homes in Lagos has led to homelessness and BOX 2: LAGOS HOME OWNERSHIP MORTGAGE SCHEME housing and for investors to profit over a long period the proliferation of slums and informal settlements. The Lagos HOMS rent-to-own scheme is an inclusive of time. This will be supported by the development The population living in slums has inadequate approach to bridge the city’s housing deficit of three of additional housing schemes across the city by the access to infrastructure and basic services, which million homes by expanding access to quality, affordable housing. The aim is to ensure that Lagos residents, State Government. It will incorporate: has clear links with poor social and economic irrespective of status, income, and affiliations, have outcomes, such as broken families, unemployment, access to decent shelter in order to improve their quality 1. The development of the Lagos Affordable and social exclusion. This segment of the population of life. A total of 12 housing estates have been earmarked for implementation of the scheme. These estates are in Housing Development Fund, which will be living without access to adequate infrastructure well-planned communities serviced with water treatment accessed by developers (not individuals) at a has limited access to credit and formal jobs due to plants, adequate parking spaces, healthcare centres, single digit interest rate for mass production of stigmatisation and geographic isolation. With the estate management offices, streetlights, recreational areas and police posts. Since launch in 2014, the Lagos housing units. These units will subsequently be lack of basic services, waterborne diseases such as State Government has so far allocated homes to 984 released to the market at affordable rates using typhoid and cholera are prevalent. households under the rent-to-own scheme, where

beneficiaries deposit 5% of the cost of the homes, PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS rent-to-own or traditional mortgage options. far below the market mortgage rate of 19% to 23%. 2. Research on low-cost housing construction The cost of renting or buying property in Lagos is An affiliated programme, the Lagos HOMS mortgage methods and materials in order to increase high and the mortgage system, which is usually a scheme, has also allocated housing to 600 households housing affordability for residents. means to bring more people into the housing market, since its inception. 3. Standardisation of land valuation, security of has not been able to achieve this due to high interest tenure, and land administration processes to rates of 19.5% for mortgages and 23% for loans. improve access to housing and housing rights for residents.

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Ministry of Housing − Ministry of Works and This initiative will help reduce Meets Basic Needs; Support Infrastructure the housing deficit in Lagos. Livelihood and Employment; − Ministry of Physical Planning Moreover, there will be a Ensures Public Health Services; SHOCKS and Urban Development reduction in the growth of Promotes Cohesive and Forced Eviction; − Ministry of Economic slums and informal settlement Engaged Communities; Fosters Economic Downturn; Planning and Budget in the State. This will reduce Economic Prosperity; Fosters Building Collapse − Mortgage Banks vulnerability to environmental Long-Term and Integrated − NGOs disaster and social injustice. Planning Implementing this initiative STRESSES NEXT STEPS will increase accessibility to THEMES Overpopulation long-term funding, with single st and Overcrowding; 3 months: Establishment of digit interest rates that allow Making Lagos a 21 Century Unemployment and the Lagos Affordable Housing for easier access to housing. Economy; Health and Underemployment; Committee, involving all Overall, acute homelessness in Environment Formal-informal stakeholders, to develop the city of Lagos will decrease. the funding scheme and Economic Contestation SDGs implementation guidelines. 6 months: Identify pilot housing STATUS development and key partners Initiate for the pilot. 1 year: Launch the Lagos Affordable Housing TIMELINE Development Fund for the pilot scheme. 74 Long-term 75 GOAL INITIATIVE STRENGTHEN THE LAGOS URBAN RENEWAL 4 3 PROGRAMME

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: BAAN MAKONG, THAILAND

Broadview of Makoko slum settlement In the 1970s, there was a rapid increase in the population of informal settlements in Thailand. Municipal governments initially resorted to demolition and eviction IN BRIEF The initiative will entail the development of and other physical amenities and facilities remains without resettlement. Due to strong opposition from a comprehensive Urban Upgrading and Renewal critical. various organisations, in the 1980s the government Policy with clear guidelines and templates for various began a new programme aimed at relocating residents of informal settlements to housing provided on the outskirts approaches. It will use a participatory, community- Slum communities are generally characterised by of municipalities. This programme, however, was not led approach and will advance guidelines for lack of basic public services such as water, electricity, tenable due to low employment opportunities that forced resettlement, slum upgrading, regeneration, healthcare, basic education, roads with drainage many of the residents to move back to their original settlements (Boonyabancha, 2005). Between 1990 and redevelopment, and Public-Private Partnerships. In systems, and solid waste management. Many slums 2012, Thailand experienced an economic boom that saw addition, a pilot upgrading programme will be used are located in dangerous proximity to the shoreline its GDP per capita increase by over 200%, resulting in as a test case. The results of the pilot programme will and are highly vulnerable to environmental hazards a drastic decline in poverty rates (World Bank, 2014). This created an avenue for the government to establish feed back into the Urban Upgrading and Renewal and climate change induced flooding. Dwellings are the Community Organisations Development Institute Policy. generally in poor condition with palpable evidence (CODI) as merger between the Urban Community of physical deterioration, lack of indoor sanitation Development Organization (UCDO) and the Rural Fund for Development (RFD) – two agencies established with RESILIENCE CHALLENGE A rapid urbanisation growth rate and cooking spaces – and in some cases, half- the mandate of solving challenges surrounding informal settlements. In 2003, the Baan Mankong (“secure PILLAR 1 — EFFICIENT CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS of near 4% has resulted in a geographical expansion completed units must suffice as a roof over a family’s and population explosion of up to an estimated 26 heads. housing”) programme was introduced under CODI as a community-driven slum upgrading project, in response to million Lagosians, with two out of three living in slums. calls for more pro-poor policies (Bhatkal and Lucci, 2015). Since the population growth of Lagos shows no sign Various urban renewal programmes have been The main objective of the programme is to establish a of slowing over the next decade, the implications for attempted in the past, many of which adopted a top- functional system for slum-upgrading that entails co- production of knowledge and interventions.47 existing and new demand for infrastructure, housing, down approach with poor community engagement. APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS There are two overarching principles from the Baan IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Makong programme that are applicable to Lagos: • Community-driven slum upgrading: Baan Makong Lagos State Urban − Ministry of Works and An urban upgrading and Meets Basic Needs; Supports has proven to be an adaptable community-driven Renewal Agency Infrastructure renewal policy will provide Livelihood and Employment; programme that enables residents of any informal − Ministry of Physical Planning a clear template as to Promotes Cohesive and settlement to be involved by placing slum dwellers at and Urban Development SHOCKS how development and Engaged Communities; Fosters the centre of the process and to tailor the development − Mortgage banks redevelopment of low-income Economic Prosperity; Ensures to their specific needs. The residents of Lagos’ Forced Eviction; − Real Estate Developers communities should be Continuity of Critical Services; slums should be closely involved with the design, Economic Downturn; − The Nigerian Slum and undertaken. It will safeguard Empowers a Broad Range of implementation, and management of new systems. Disease Outbreak; Informal Settlement vulnerable communities from Stakeholders; Fosters Long- • Institutional and Financial Capacity: Baan Makong Building Collapse Federation the threat of forced evictions, Term and Integrated Planning. delivers flexible slum upgrading led by CODI which and will set a clear template consists of coordination committees at city level that for developers regarding STRESSES NEXT STEPS THEMES have representatives from communities, municipal resettlement, compensation, agencies, landowners and tenant groups. For Lagos, Overpopulation/ 3 months: Convene a multi- and global best practices Making Lagos a 21st Century there will be a need to create an agency like CODI which Overcrowding; stakeholder workshop to relating to urban upgrading Economy; Health and will be responsible for bringing all these stakeholders Unemployment and determine the fundamentals and renewal. The community- Environment. to the same table to achieve common goals. Public- Underemployment; of the slum upgrading and led approach from design to Private-People-Partnership (4Ps) is a viable financial renewal policy. implementation will also foster Formal-Informal SDGs structure for the Lagos upgrade initiative. However, Economic Contestation 6 months: Establish partnership greater community ownership strong public sector leadership is necessary, as with private real estate and investment. 47 Bhatkal, T. and Lucci, P., 2015. “COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT IN THE SLUMS: highlighted in the case of Thailand. developers/investors to Thailand’s experience.” ODI. STATUS Boonyabancha, S., 2005. “Baan Mankong: going to scale with ‘slum’ and squatter upgrading implement a pilot programme in Thailand.” Strengthen in a selected community. CODI, 2014. Progress Report of Baan Mankong, September 2014. Bangkok: Community 1 year: Begin implementation Organizations Development Institute. of policy and piloting of World Bank, 2014. “World Development Indicators.” Washington, DC: World Bank. TIMELINE Nadkarny, S. and Anderson, M., 2010. Slum upgrading in Thailand: CODI. programme in a selected Santosa, H., n.d. The Structural Forms and Construction of Informal Housing. Long-term community. TDRI, 2014. “Evaluation of Baan Mankong Programme.” Thailand Development Research 76 Institute. 77 GOAL SUPPORT INDIVIDUAL AND PILLAR 2 1 COLLECTIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR ENTERPRISE CITY INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT THE STATE’S GROSS DOMESTIC impacts on social welfare, infrastructural PRODUCT (GDP) GREW TO development, and environmental US$136 BILLION IN 2018 FROM development. US$90 BILLION IN 2014, WHEN To ensure that the economy continues IT WAS ALREADY THE SEVENTH to grow, there must be an enabling 47 LARGEST ECONOMY IN AFRICA. environment for small business to thrive. The average interest rate for loans available to businesses from domestic banks is 23%. This is very high and is Lagos accounts for over 60% of industrial mostly unavailable to MSMEs, thereby and commercial activity in Nigeria and it driving up production costs and limiting generates the highest internal revenue productivity.50 In addition, the economy of all states in the country. The bulk must continue to diversify and innovate, of its GDP comes from manufacturing, leveraging the power of the informal transport, construction, wholesale, and economy and the organic development retail. There is also a thriving informal of the tech industry and the creative economy across the city, employing sector. 68% of the working population and contributing approximately N9.87tn to The following initiatives aim to improve the economy,48 which is not captured in the potential of small businesses to scale the GDP estimates. Lagos has an ease of up, decentralise economic development doing business score of 86.3, significantly spatially and across sectors, and reduce higher than the national score of 56.9.49 the State’s vulnerability to economic shocks and stresses. Despite its strong economic base, Lagos has been unable to keep pace with rapid urbanisation and associated A CITY THAT HARNESSES ITS HUMAN AND NATURAL ASSETS CAN BUILD A THRIVING AND ADAPTIVE ECONOMY. LAGOS CAN LEVERAGE ITS GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, THE SIZE OF ITS POPULATION, AND THE ROBUSTNESS OF ITS FORMAL AND INFORMAL ECONOMY.

48 Heinrich Böll Foundation Nigeria & BudgIT. 2017. “Lagos’ Informal Sector, Taxation & Contribution to the Economy,” https://ng.boell.org/sites/default/files/uploads/2017/02/ budgit_final_report_30.1.17.pdf. 49 https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/n/nigeria/NGA.pdf. 78 Waterfront of Victoria Island 50 Nwagwu, I. & Oni, T. 2015. “Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth,” https://ng.boell.org/2015/07/02/lagos-and-its-potentials-economic-growth. 79 GOAL INITIATIVE STRENGHTEN THE LAGOS STATE 1 1 EMPLOYMENT TRUST FUND TO SUPPORT JOB CREATION

IN BRIEF Expand the activities of Lagos State Furthermore, there is a high percentage of youth Employment Trust Fund by scaling up its capacity not in work, education, employment, or training. to provide funding support to MSMEs and start- Conversely, many employers complain of applicants up businesses; providing business development lacking requisite skills for available jobs. This requires services and technical assistance to the businesses an urgent intervention, particularly in capacity- supported; and assisting in preparing MSMEs building for job-specific skills, and in creating a new with high potential for expansion and enabling pathway to education that is industry-driven and them access impact investment funds. This will career-oriented. further promote and sustain entrepreneurship and employment through effective use of wealth The Lagos State Employment Trust Fund (LSETF) was creation strategies. The initiative will position LSETF established in 2016 to provide financial support to to secure additional funds through: residents of Lagos State for job and wealth creation, and to tackle unemployment. LSETF focuses on 1. Engaging in research to quantify the impact promoting entrepreneurship by improving access of the existing fund (revenues of start-ups, to finance, strengthening the institutional capacity jobs created, sectors, geographies from which of MSMEs, and formulating policies designed to entrepreneurs come from, geographies of the improve the business environment in Lagos State. businesses, demographics served, etc.); and In addition, LSETF develops programmes designed identify the barriers and challenges faced by to train and place unemployed Lagos residents in entrepreneurs tapping into the fund. jobs, while also focusing on programmes designed 2. Landscape mapping of local, national, and to drive innovation. Since 2016, LSETF has provided international funders. loans and training to over 12,000 beneficiaries, 3. Cultivation of funders. creating a total of 96,142 direct and indirect jobs. Its N250-billion launch grant from the Lagos State Craft Welding (Master Craftsmen) RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Access to loans for start-up Government has been boosted via additional funding businesses and MSMEs is poor, and there is a from various sources including donor partners, persistent scarcity of single-digit interest loans. development agencies, corporate organisations, Lagos State lacks a platform to identify and prepare and individuals. However, this intervention does not high-growth potential small businesses to access sufficiently address the 14.6% unemployment rate, PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS opportunities for expansion in the impact investment which requires a response at scale. BOX 3: LAGOS STATE EMPLOYMENT TRUST FUND (LSETF) sector. The Lagos State Employment Trust Fund (LSETF) was established by the Lagos State Employment IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Trust Fund Law (2016) to provide financial support to Lagos State − Ministry of Women Affairs LSETF will improve the Supports Livelihood and residents of Lagos State for wealth creation and to Employment Trust Fund and Poverty Alleviation potential of small businesses Employment; Fosters Economic tackle unemployment. LSETF focuses on advancing − Ministry of Wealth Creation to scale up and access funding Prosperity entrepreneurship through improved access to finance, and Employment strengthening the institutional capacity of micro, small, SHOCKS for expansion and will provide − Local Philanthropic and medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs), and formulating on-demand skills training THEMES Organisations for youth, which will assist in policies designed to improve the business environment Economic Downturn in Lagos State. Furthermore, the fund is mandated − Private Corporate and addressing unemployment Making Lagos a 21st Century to develop programmes designed to train and place Financial Institutions and sustainable livelihood Economy STRESSES − Federal Government challenges in the State. unemployed Lagos residents in jobs. This fund seeks to Agencies Such as National meet the basic needs of enterprising Lagos residents, Unemployment And SDGs support livelihoods and foster economic prosperity. The Underemployment; Economic Reconstruction Fund, Small and Medium establishment of this fund creates a mechanism to arrest Formal-Informal unemployment, underemployment, and the impact of Economic Contestation Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria, Etc. economic downturn. Since its inception, Lagos State Employment Trust Fund has supported a total of 16,365 STATUS individuals under the entrepreneurship, employability, NEXT STEPS and Lagos Innovates programmes. LSETF made loans Strengthen 3 months: Commission to 10,865 beneficiaries totalling N6.89 billion, while evaluation study to determine 5,403 people received training and employment under TIMELINE impact and gaps in the current the employability programmes. Beneficiaries of various LSETF programmes have created 96,660 new jobs. Medium-term model. Craftsmen at work during 6 months: Identify potential road construction project funders and other sectoral partners. 1 year: Establish partnerships with funders and design new operational model to accommodate extended responsibilities.

80 81 GOAL INITIATIVE ESTABLISH AT LEAST ONE INNOVATION 1 2 AND INCUBATION HUB IN EACH OF THE 57 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND LOCAL COUNCIL DEVELOPMENT AREAS

Incubation Hub in Lagos BOX 4: LAGOS INNOVATES PROGRAMME As part of its commitment to strengthen technological IN BRIEF Strengthen the capacity of Lagos residents to mentoring environment, and misalignment with innovation and entrepreneurship among Nigerian youth, the Lagos State Government and the Lagos launch innovative business products and services by knowledge institutions. Lagos Innovates is a series State Employment Trust Fund launched a “Lagos establishing one Innovation/Incubation hub in each of programmes designed by LSETF for the benefit Innovates” programme in 2018. Designed to provide LGA/LCDA in Lagos. This will provide an environment of technology and innovation-driven start-ups. The mentorship and funding support for tech start-ups, Lagos Innovates facilitates access to high-quality in which technology and other innovative ideas programme partners with existing workstations or workspaces and infrastructure, learning opportunities, can be nurtured and curated for industry uptake. hubs to facilitate access to high-quality workspaces, early stage investment capital, investor networks, and The hub will be administered in partnership with learning, investment capital, investor networks, and peer networks. Through these, the scheme seeks to enhance Lagos’ position as the leading destination for knowledge institutions and private sector partners to peer networks. However, many of these workspaces tech start-ups in Africa. The scheme is implemented provide necessary technical support. The first phase are located in the central areas of Lagos – Ikeja, with support from local partners including Capital of establishing hubs will focus on vulnerable and Victoria Island/Lekki and Yaba – so that people Square, Cranium One, Headspace, ReDahlia, Venus Hub, Workstation, Seedspace, etc. 97 entrepreneurs spatially isolated communities where no hub exists. in areas such as Ikorodu and Ejigbo have limited have received workspace vouchers under the Lagos PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS access. Innovation and incubation centres need to Innovates programme since its inception. The scheme RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Innovative ideas and start-up be established across the city, starting with areas increases the city’s resilience by providing access to businesses are often hindered by various challenges, more opportunities and jobs for its residents in the where there are none, to support the emergence medium to long-term, helping to meet basic needs, including poor access to finance, erratic power of innovative start-ups which would have significant support livelihoods and employment, and foster the supply, poor internet connectivity, inadequate access impact on social and economic development in state’s economic prosperity and social stability. to laboratory equipment, poor access to markets, Lagos State. lack of enabling skill development and business

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS 1 year: Roll out pilot scheme in RESILIENCE DRIVERS five LGA/LCDAs, with phasing Lagos State − Local Government and Local plan for extension to the other Supports Livelihood and Employment Trust Fund Council Development Areas LGAs/LCDAs. Employment; Promotes − Ministry of Wealth Creation Cohesive and Engaged and Employment SHOCKS Communities; Fosters − Ministry of Commerce, RESILIENCE BENEFITS Economic Prosperity Economic Downturn; Industry, and Cooperatives − Ministry of Science and This initiative will promote Riot and Civil Unrest THEMES Technology decentralised economic − Innovation and enterprise development spatially and Education and Technology; STRESSES development networks across sectors. It will increase Making Lagos a 21st Century Unemployment and ideation prototyping of Economy creative, innovative products Underemployment; NEXT STEPS and entrepreneurship at Formal-informal SDGs Economic Contestation; 3 months: Establish pilot the community level in a Erratic Power Supply design and process for conducive and collaborative managing the hubs. environment. This will 6 months: : Identify and contribute to the development STATUS establish partnerships with of the innovation ecosystem in Initiate development organisations, Lagos, provide a platform for funding and training partners youth empowerment and skills and five LGAs/LCDAs for pilot development, and serve as a TIMELINE roll out. feeder for potential funding projects of the LSETF. Medium-term

82 83 GOAL INITIATIVE UPGRADE MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: 1 3 ATAL INCUBATION CENTRES, INDIA

The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) is a flagship initiative set up by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog. The institution is chaired by the Prime Minister with Chief Ministers from each state as members. AIM was established as part of an initiative to support the generation of incubation centres, referred to as Atal Incubation Centres (AICs), and to foster the growth of innovative start-ups in a bid to make them stable business enterprises. Applicants seeking to establish an Incubation Centre must apply to NITI Aayog and, if successful, must provide at least 10,000 square feet of space for the exclusive use of the AIC. In return, AIM provides a grant of up to £1,000,000 of financial support for capital and operational expenditures to assist the establishment of the incubation centres for up to five years – as it is expected that each centre will achieve self-sufficiency after that point. In addition to the financial grant, AIM provides the incubation centres access to sector experts for mentoring, business planning support, access to seed capital, industry partnerships, training, Trading in Adebayo Market, Bariga and a platform to link to other AICs. Incubation centres are flexible: depending on the applicants, they can either be public, private, or public-private partnerships; and they can be established in academic institutions such as IN BRIEF Support the planning, redevelopment, RESILIENCE CHALLENGE There are over 300 local markets universities or schools of technology, or non-academic reorganisation, and provision of relevant in Lagos catering to the population by selling a wide institutions (companies, individuals, etc).51 infrastructure in Lagos’ traditional markets. This range of items including construction materials, APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS will entail the development of a “Market Upgrading household items, food, groceries, and fabrics. Lagos State has an initiative to develop at least one Fund” that developers can access at significantly However, many of these markets are unstructured innovation and incubation hub in each of the 20 LGAs lower interest rates for collaborative redevelopment, and disorganised, lacking basic infrastructure and and the 37 LCDAs in the State. The proposed initiative can benefit from the following: reorganisation and upgrading of market facilities vulnerable to fires and other environmental hazards. • Encouraging incubation centres to be set up in across the city. The initiative will leverage traders’ The emergence of shopping malls in previous academic institutions such as the University of Lagos associations to operationalise Public-Private- market locations does not adequately address the (UNILAG) or Lagos State University (LASU). This will enable Lagos to develop a programme similar to People-Partnership (4Ps) for collaborative decision- traditional and cultural functions of local markets. India’s, that encourages the growth of start-ups within making regarding the redesign, redevelopment and Markets are central to the local economy in that they a research-based environment where ideas can be management of the markets as well as planning for support local livelihoods and provide easy access to further developed. Setting up an incubation centre within LASU, for example, has the advantage of also electricity, water, parking, security, sanitation, and affordable day-to-day items for Lagosians. However, expanding the alliance and co-creation opportunities disabled access. This will significantly reduce market efforts to reorganise local markets are encumbered PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS towards the Badagry axis. Further developments could vulnerability to fires, as well as secure the livelihoods by the high costs of accessing funds for construction, then be targeted at public-private partnerships with an academic institution such as the Pan-Atlantic University, of local business men and women. non-inclusion of market operators and traders in which will extend the incubation reach towards the market redesign and redevelopment, as well as Ibeju Lekki-Epe axis. current challenges in operationalising Public-Private- • Providing incentives for growth for the already established incubation centres. As noted in the Partnership in Lagos. ingredients of success, the AICs had opportunities to grow into established incubation centres that receive more funding from AIM to scale up. The provision of IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS incentives will drive start-ups not only to achieve scale, but also to create employment opportunities. Ministry of Local − Ministry of Physical Planning This initiative will reduce Supports Livelihood and Though AIM is a national programme, innovation hubs Government and and Urban Development the state’s vulnerability to Employment; Fosters Economic can be promoted on a smaller scale, such as by state or Community Affairs − Ministry of the Environment shocks arising from market Prosperity; Promotes Cohesive city. Lagos can look specifically at what support can be and Water Resources displacements, fire outbreaks, and Engaged Communities; − Lagos Waste Management provided to incubators, e.g. physical space, infrastructure, SHOCKS and associated civil unrest Provides and Enhances technology support, mentors, preferential business loans, Authority due to residents’ protests. Natural and Man-made Assets; access to investors, networking, and other resources that Forced Eviction; Urban − Ministry of Commerce, Formal-informal economic Empowers a Broad Range of may be needed for the start-up to survive and scale. One Fires; Flooding and Industry, and Cooperatives contestations will also be Stakeholders; Fosters Long- challenge will be access to finance to support a small- Severe Storms − Local Governments and effectively managed by the term and Integrated Planning scale entrepreneurial incubation programme. Lagos Local Council Development adoption of the targeted Areas socially inclusive 4Ps model. can look to provide a blend of finance/grant funding for STRESSES THEMES these hubs through partnering with federal government, By upgrading the markets, academic institutions, the private sector, or development Overpopulation and NEXT STEPS incidents such as flash flooding Making Lagos a 21st Century organisations. Overcrowding; Formal- and storm damage will be Economy; Health and Informal Economic 3 months: Develop template for mitigated. This initiative will Environment Contestation; Traffic market infrastructure redesign/ also protect the culture of redevelopment and criteria by the city’s commercial spaces. Congestion; Inadequate SDGs Physical and Social which developers can access In addition, the initiative will Infrastructure the Market Upgrade Fund in help to build a community of partnership with market traders. practice among responsible 6 months: Develop fund business partners by ensuring STATUS mobilisation plan and that only developers who 51 https://yourstory.com/2018/02/incubators-for-indian-startups; https://www.clearias.com/niti-aayog-think-tank-replace-planning-commission/; Initiate engage potential funders, in commit to “inclusive” business http://aim.gov.in/atal-incubation-centres.php; partnership with Market Boards practices can access funds. http://healthyindiachronicle.in/atal-innovation-mission-aim/; and associations. https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/nigeria; TIMELINE 1 year: Identify the pilot market https://www.nasscom.in/knowledge-center/publications/start-report-momentous-rise-indian-start- 84 ecosystem. Medium-term sites and potential developers. 85 GOAL INITIATIVE ESTABLISH AN INFORMATION AND GOAL INITIATIVE 1 4 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 1 5 EXPAND THE MASTER CRAFTSMAN PROJECT VILLAGE THAT WILL INCORPORATE THE CURRENT COMPUTER VILLAGE

Craftsmen at work during road construction project

IN BRIEF The Master Craftsman Project is based on RESILIENCE CHALLENGE There is a dearth of skilled View of Computer Village Ikeja the National Vocational Qualification Framework workmanship on construction sites, especially designed by the National Board for Technical artisanal workers. This is largely due to the fact that IN BRIEF The establishment of a dedicated commercial RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The city’s current computer village Education and the Nigerian Institute of Building. most of the existing training is through non-formal space that accommodates various activities along the is Africa’s largest computer hardware market with It is intended to address the dearth of adequately methods, lacking the rigour, standardisation, and technology value chain, creating another nucleus for over 3000 MSMEs generating about US$2 billion to skilled workers in the construction industry: masons, structure of accredited training centres. There is development and economic opportunities. This ICT the economy annually. The market is an important carpenters, steel fabricators, plumbers, electricians, also the added risk of poor competency affecting Village will have the industry-specific infrastructure part of the local tech ecosystem and is a critical painters, joiners, tillers, etc. The project’s target is to construction quality, contributing to the incidence of to enhance the buying, repair, and maintenance of source of employment. It is not located in a dedicated train 4,000 artisans over a period of four years in building collapse. Many contractors prefer to engage technological equipment. It will also offer ancillary market space, but in a residential neighbourhood the following skills: masonry, furniture and carpentry, artisans from other West African countries, further facilities including hotels, bureaux de change, and that gradually transformed into a commercial entity, plumbing and pipework, electrical installations, and exacerbating the local unemployment challenge. The translation services, as well as access to adequate depleting the housing stock in the area. It is largely painting and decorating. Master Craftsman Project started in the year 2016 public transportation to meet the needs of travellers informal and operates in disorganised, cluttered and has trained around 800 craftsmen so far. There from across Africa. The process of establishing the conditions, causing traffic and other infrastructure The initiative will involve strengthening the has been a slow uptake from local artisans due to PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS new village, and the transition from the existing challenges to the Ikeja Central Business District curriculum and learning environment, redesigning challenges in transitioning from the apprenticeship location to the new location, will be carried out in area. There is therefore an urgent need to relocate the curriculum to incorporate trade-specific and system to more structured, modular learning, and collaboration with stakeholders, including those the market to a geographic location that is more local cultural constraints, as well as standardising a certification process. There is still a huge task in the current Computer Village. The ICT logistics conducive to these specialised commercial the training module for uptake by other institutional in scaling this project in various trades, as well as landscape will also be expanded to accommodate transactions and the organised agglomeration of actors such as professional bodies. increasing the number of participating artisans for the access challenges that may accrue from the technology businesses and consumers. both the certification and recertification groups. relocation of the village.

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Ministry of Housing − Ministry of Works and The initiative will help to Meets Basic Needs; Supports Ministry of Physical − Ministry of Commerce, The establishment of the Supports Livelihood and Infrastructure produce a pool of certified Livelihood and Employment; Planning and Urban Industry, and Cooperatives dedicated ICT Village is a safe Employment; Empowers a − Ministry of Youth and Social artisans and establish a Fosters Economic Prosperity SHOCKS Development − Ministry of the Environment and inclusive solution that Broad Range of Stakeholders; Development protocol for continuous and Water Resources seeks to enable agglomeration Fosters Economic Prosperity; Building Collapse; − Lagos State Employment skills development in the SHOCKS − Lagos State Safety of related services in a Promotes Cohesive and THEMES Economic Downturn; Trust Fund construction sector. This will Commission functional area. The initiative Engaged Communities − Professional associations improve the quality of skilled Making Lagos a 21st Century Economic Downturn; Urban Fires − Ministry of Transportation will reduce the state’s such as the Nigerian Institute manpower in the construction Economy Building Collapse; Riots − Computer and Allied vulnerability to shocks arising THEMES of Builders, Nigerian Society sector, which will in turn help and Civil Unrest Products Dealers from market displacements STRESSES of Engineers and the Nigeria to reduce time and resource SDGs Association of Nigeria and the associated civil unrest Making Lagos a 21st Century Institute of Architects wastage at construction sites, STRESSES it could bring. Economy Formal-Informal Economic Contestation; − National Board for Technical improve the quality of buildings, Formal-informal NEXT STEPS Unemployment and Education and ultimately reduce the Economic Contestation; SDGs Underemployment; incidents of building collapse. 3 months: Prepare phasing The initiative will also assist in Traffic Congestion; plan and engagement of NEXT STEPS Overpopulation securing local jobs. stakeholders for development STATUS and Overcrowding; 3 months: Evaluate existing of relocation process. programme, and identify gaps Inadequate Physical and 6 months: Identify potential Strengthen Social Infrastructure and opportunities for scaling up. developers and investors. 6 months: Redesign syllabus to 1 year: Engage preferred funder TIMELINE cover beginner, intermediate, STATUS and commence preliminary site Medium-term and advanced training Initiate works. programs for up to six trades. 1 year: Institutionalise TIMELINE certification process for 86 artisans on Lagos project sites, 87 Medium-term and engage trainers. GOAL POSITION LAGOS AS AN 2 ATTRACTIVE AND OPEN CITY VALUING CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS

Lagos State is blessed with a robust tourism sector expanded. Furthermore, and rich culture, a great history and climate responsive mechanisms must be vast human and natural resources. Its adopted to protect the coastal assets and geographic location, including 180 km the city itself. of coastline, lagoons, and creeks, have potential for waterfront tourism. The following initiatives aim to enhance BOX 5: LAGOS’ CREATIVE ECONOMY Lagos’ heritage preservation, both Lagos is a city where cultural traditions are socially assimilated. Lagosian social cultures include growing In 2017, the tourism sector contributed built and natural, to increase the city’s street arts scenes and galleries, owambe parties, and neighbourhood carnivals and festivals. These include the US$2.2 billion (N800 billion) to Lagos competitiveness as an entertainment Fanti Carnival of Brazilian descendants, and traditional State’s GDP. 53 However, to capitalise tourism destination, and to reduce the festivals such as Egungun and Oro, as well as the iconic Adamu Orisa Festival (Eyo masquerade). The Eyo festival on this potential, Lagos’ natural and built State’s vulnerability to shocks arising from is a unique Lagos Island tourist attraction, which displays assets must not simply be cared for, but food insecurity. Overall, these initiatives the rich culture and traditions of the people of Isale Eko, and is used to honour royalty and distinguished also harnessed and enhanced to attract will improve economic prosperity while guests, as well as a form of entertainment at special domestic, regional, and international growing the city’s domestic, regional, and State functions. The rich culture of this festival supports livelihoods and employment, promotes social cohesion tourists. Young creatives must be nurtured international tourism potential. and heritage preservation, and brings together several and opportunities for employment in the communities in its planning and execution, while also attracting both local and international audiences. PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS The creative sector is also active with musical concerts, theatre and stage productions, and Lagos’ thriving Nollywood film production and distribution facilities.

53 Akinsanmi, G. 2018. “Ambode: Tourism Contributed N800bn to Lagos GDP in 2017 (N364/$).” https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/04/17/ambode-tourism- Eyo Masquerade, Lagos Island 88 contributed-n800bn-to-lagos-gdp-in-2017/. 89 GOAL INITIATIVE GOAL INITIATIVE STRENGTHEN THE CREATIVE SECTOR IN PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE WATERFRONT 2 1 LAGOS BY ESTABLISHING A FILM VILLAGE 2 2 TOURISM TO IMPROVE LIVELIHOOD IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES

Film making Coastal Community along Badagry Beach

IN BRIEF Establishment of a film village that will be RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Nollywood is Nigeria’s creative IN BRIEF The initiative will involve the development RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Climate change has had an the preferred African destination for all media and ecosystem, globally recognised as the world’s of a coastal zone management plan and adverse effect on local economic development creative economy activities. It will have various second largest movie production centre; it generates improvement of the coastal flood defence system in many coastal communities. Various physical facilities, studios, and stages for shoots and up to US$590 million annually. However, Nollywood through infrastructure provision and maintenance. development plans have zoned some of these production across various media platforms. It will also is largely informal and unstructured, producing low- Small-scale projects will be conceptualised and coastal communities for tourism and recreation. have a state-of-the-art film academy with appropriate budget productions marred by poor lighting and implemented, in collaboration with local littoral Some communities are able to harness the tourism facilities for the delivery of new knowledge in film sound. Most of the higher-quality films are being shot communities, to protect natural environmental potential of their beachfront areas, though mostly directing, digital media production, screenwriting, abroad, due to a paucity of professionally managed assets, enhance local livelihoods, and promote in an unstructured, informal manner. However, cinema studies, and the entire value chain of the film sets and related facilities. The establishment of a the tourism potential of the communities. These coastal erosion, ocean surges, flooding, and industry. film village incorporating a film academy, will provide locations will be influenced by prevailing natural, spatial displacements are recurrent threats. There an opportunity to develop operational and logistic ecological, and heritage resources, contributing to is an urgent need for integrated coastal zone support, relevant supporting infrastructure, and a the enhancement of Lagos’ heritage preservation, management that enhances tourism potential and training centre for the spectrum of activities in the both built and natural. Local communities will also the local economic development prospects of PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS creative industry. develop small outlets for the sale of local crafts and coastal communities. foods, and will offer hospitality services to tourists. IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS

Ministry of Tourism, Arts, − Private Sector Entertainment Lagos is the epicentre of Promotes Cohesive and IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS and Culture Corporations and Investors entertainment in Nigeria. The Engaged Communities, Fosters − Nigerian Film Corporation, Film Village and Academy will Economic Prosperity Ministry of Waterfront − Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Local communities will optimise Support Livelihoods and Actors and Film Producers Infrastructure Culture the economic impact of tourism Employment; Promotes SHOCKS leverage this advantage as a Guild, and other creative Development − Lagos State Waterways through employment and Cohesive and Engaged pull factor for tourism to the THEMES Economic Downturn economy associations State, with attendant economic Authority service provision in hotels and Communities; Empowers a − Ministry of Environment and − Lagos State Centre for Arts benefits. Furthermore, Entertainment and Tourism, SHOCKS resorts, local enterprises and Broad Range of Stakeholders; and Culture the film academy will be Education and Technology Water Resources craft production, collective Fosters Economic Prosperity; STRESSES − National Film and Video instrumental to producing Coastal Erosion; − Ministry of Physical Planning community income including Fosters Long-term and Censors Board trained professionals in the and Urban Development land rentals, and strong linkage Integrated Planning; Ensures Unemployment and SDGs Economic Downturn; Underemployment; creative sector, increasing Flooding and Severe − Private sector developers to local agricultural and artisan Continuity of Critical Services Formal-Informal NEXT STEPS the city’s competitiveness Storms fishing economies. This will be Economic Contestation as an entertainment tourism NEXT STEPS relevant to small aquaculture THEMES 3 months: Convene a workshop destination. In addition, this and peasant artisan fishing of the creative industry to initiative will promote engaged STRESSES 3 months: Convene a both on lagoons and on Entertainment and Tourism; STATUS determine the priorities of and cohesive communities, Formal-informal multidisciplinary workshop the inshore Atlantic Ocean Making Lagos a 21st Century Strengthen the creative economy and and foster economic prosperity Economic Contestation; to develop a framework continental shelf. Coastal Economy fundamentals of the Film and social stability. Unemployment and for integrated coastal zone defence mechanisms will management that accounts mitigate the impact of coastal Village. Underemployment SDGs TIMELINE 6 months: Identify potential for community needs and erosion and enhance fragile Medium-term partners and investors. environmental considerations. wetland conservation as either 1 year: Complete the business STATUS 6 months: Identify private sector nature reserves or wetland model and identify the land Initiate partners and host community sanctuaries. area for the project. for pilot tourism development project. 1 year: Develop TIMELINE plan for installing coastal Long-term flood defence mechanisms to protect the shoreline of selected communities.

90 91 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: WATERFRONT TOURISM TO IMPROVE LIVELIHOOD IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES IN ADA, GHANA

The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Facility (GEF), UNIDO, and UNWTO have worked together to develop the Collaborative Actions for Sustainable Tourism (COAST) initiative, with the aim of reducing the harmful impacts of tourism practices to the coastal ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa. In one initiative, COAST worked alongside the BOX 6: LEKKI CONSERVATION CENTRE (LCC) Ghanaian Government to promote eco-tourism in the The Lekki Conservation Centre (LCC) is an eco-tourist town of Ada on the southeast coast of Ghana, where destination in Lagos established in 1990. It is widely the Volta River meets the Atlantic Ocean. The project acclaimed as the most significant nature wildlife was developed with the primary objective of mitigating conservation eco-tourism icon located in the southwest against the harmful impacts of tourism practices. It began coastal environment of Nigeria. LCC is a flagship in 2009 and was funded by the Global Environment project of the Nigerian Conservation Foundation for the Facility. The United Nations Environment Programme preservation of the unique biodiversity, scenic, natural, was the implementing agency and the executing agency scientific, and recreational values of the coastal environs was the United Nations World Tourism Organisation. The of the South western Nigeria. While enhancing natural project covered a broad range of activities including and man-made assets, the LCC also supports livelihood training in visitor management for local staff, developing and employment, promotes cohesion and engaged specific guide training for activities such as canoeing,

expansion of marketing, and steps to improve local PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS communities, and promotes effective management of natural resources. marine biodiversity, such as beach cleaning and turtle monitoring. The project engaged the local community in all activities, developing a community managed “point of sale” for tourists and involving locals in beach cleaning activities. The project also provided necessary equipment to help tourism start-ups such as bicycles and marketing materials.56

APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS Lagos can benefit in several ways from the implementation success of the eco-tourism project in Ada. Lagos has highlighted concerns around the unstructured and informal organisation of local tourism, as well as the physical stresses of costal erosion and threat of flooding and spatial displacement. The State has proposed an initiative to develop small-scale tourism destinations that will be influenced by ecological and heritage resources. The State’s proposed initiative can benefit from the following: • Focus on environmental conservation and protection of the natural habitat. This framework would also help Lagos, as it both benefits the tourism industry and mitigates against the physical threat of flooding and coastal erosion. • Promote pro-poor tourism, so that the community gains from the new influx of tourists to the area. This was ensured by the training provided to locals and the support given by providing equipment such as bicycles, boats, and beach-cleaning equipment. • Stakeholder participation through awareness raising activities at multiple levels, conservation training to government institutions, conservation and health and safety training to local tour guides and communication 56 “Sustainable Coastal Tourism – An integrated planning and management approach.” http:// events in schools, etc. www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1091xPA-SustainableCoastalTourism-Planning.pdf. Accessed 21 September 2019. “Sustainable Coastal Tourism in Ghana.” https://brighton.ac.uk/_pdf/research/costals/fact-sheet- 92 ghana2.pdf. Accessed 24 September 2019. 93 GOAL INITIATIVE REGENERATE FARM CENTRES AND EXPLORE 2 3 URBAN AGRICULTURE OPPORTUNITIES TO GOAL STRENGTHEN FOOD SECURITY PREPARE YOUTH FOR A CHANGING 3 ECONOMY

LAGOS HAS A YOUTHFUL such as the Internet of Things, robotics, POPULATION WITH AROUND virtual reality, and artificial intelligence, are changing the way we live and work. Fish Trading at Ebute Chief, Epe Rice Plantation at Badagry Fish Farm at Odogunyan, Ikorodu 50% OF THE POPULATION UNDER 25 YEARS OF AGE. The entrepreneurial space is large and IN BRIEF The initiative will entail the regeneration the potential immense. The city has the of established farm settlements and farm estates RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Population, limited land area, and capacity to grow its economy through across the State for large-scale agriculture and agri- climate change challenges expose Lagos to food Though the literacy rate is over vulnerability. According to the Food and Agriculture technology with the support of young processing, as a deliberate approach to address the 90% in Lagos, unemployment and food security challenges in the city and establish jobs Organisation, food production in Lagos meets only people obtaining or creating jobs in all underemployment pose an urgent in the agricultural subsector. The farm estates and 10 to 15% of local demand. Existing farm settlements fields. The proposed initiatives aim to and other agricultural lands grapple continuously challenge for the youth population settlements will have industry-specific equipment capitalise on the young population of Lagos with the pressures of urbanisation, attendant high (citizens aged 18-29). This is largely and infrastructure to enhance agriculture and agri- by improving access to ICT education and processing activities in the State. The farm estates levels of land use change from agriculture and due to a lack of skill sets appropriate ICT-enabled entrepreneurial activities and settlements will be provided with ancillary housing, and employment attrition of peasant farmers for the “Fourth Industrial Revolution” to other informal sector activities, especially okada across the State. Overall, these initiatives facilities, including schools and business offices to and emerging technology sector jobs. meet the needs of farmers and explore opportunities riding. Insecurity challenges in northern Nigeria have will support livelihoods and employment, The Fourth Industrial Revolution is for agriculture export trading, while encouraging also disrupted the national food distribution chain, foster economic prosperity, and lead

occasionally resulting in food shortages in the city. characterised by a fusion of technologies PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS the adoption of urban agriculture and its ensuing to the creation of tech investors and that are blurring the lines between the benefits in tackling food insecurity. entrepreneurs. physical, digital, and biological spheres. IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS These disruptive technologies and trends, Ministry of Agriculture − Ministry of Commerce, The regeneration of farm Meets Basic Needs; Supports Industry, and Cooperatives estates and settlements is Livelihood and Employment; − Lands Bureau a proactive and inclusive Protects Natural and Man- SHOCKS − Agricultural Land Holdings solution that seeks to enable made Assets; Empowers a Flooding and Severe Authority agglomeration of related Broad Range of Stakeholders; Storms; Riots and Civil − Farmers cooperatives and services in a functional Fosters Economic Prosperity. Unrest associations area. The promotion of − Multilateral agencies such urban agriculture seeks to THEMES as the Food and Agriculture deploy simple methods of STRESSES Organisation crop production, especially Making Lagos a 21st Century Overpopulation vegetable growing, to leverage Economy and Overcrowding; NEXT STEPS limited spaces available within the metropolis. The combined Unemployment and SDGs Underemployment 3 months: Establish studies on initiative will reduce the State’s current status and potential vulnerability to shocks arising of farm estates and urban from food insecurity and STATUS farming approaches; develop associated civil unrest. The Strengthen modalities for agriculture initiative has the potential to and farmers’ cooperatives’ foster economic prosperity participation; and identify and promote cohesive and TIMELINE suitable land holdings for the engaged communities for both Long-term establishment of new farm farmers and urban dwellers estates and settlements, whose collective enterprise including locations within the will target local and foreign metropolis. 6 months: Procure consumption. equipment for agri-processing activities, engage stakeholders, and identify potentials farm produce up takers. 1 year: Commence farm operations. 94 95 GOAL INITIATIVE BROADEN THE SCOPE OF INFORMATION AND GOAL INITIATIVE 3 1 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE 3 2 SCALE UP THE CODE LAGOS PROGRAMME SCHOOL CURRICULUM

Government Secondary School Students’ Ijanikin in a Classroom Adult ICT Programme

IN BRIEF Launch a program to extend the scope of ICT RESILIENCE CHALLENGE There are many gaps in the current IN BRIEF The initiative entails expanding the CODE RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The 4th Industrial Revolution in the school curriculum at primary and secondary ICT curriculum in Nigeria. The global knowledge Lagos programme to feed into the development of requires special skill sets such as digital literacy, school levels. This will entail equipping schools economy thrives on technology adoption and a technology-enabled enterprise service sector for coding, and software development. CODE Lagos with functional computer laboratories, adequate appropriation. Students, especially in public schools, Lagos. This will be achieved through the design of is a Lagos State Ministry of Education initiative to internet facilities, and uninterrupted power supply. lack access to equipment and learning facilities an improved template for the current programme bridge the digital literacy gap for residents in Lagos. The initiative will also enhance the technical that are relevant to the ICT contexts of the day. in order to ensure that the programme is fit for It aims to train one million Lagos residents in coding capacity of computer science teachers by providing Courses like coding and software development purpose and reaches a larger population in the city, by 2020. CODE Lagos is offered in 656 centres opportunities for training and skills upgrades. are yet to be included in the curriculum. There is especially the vulnerable and underserved. A post- across the State (including schools), expanding the Furthermore, the initiative will incorporate ICT into a huge manpower deficit as the few ICT teachers training mechanism will also be integrated. This opportunity for producing an emerging sector of different parts of the entire curriculum, such as in the school system are overstretched and lack expansion will require extensive fund mobilisation for skilled technology workers. Competitions are also English, engineering, mathematics, and science. opportunities for upgrading their skills. Many schools securing space in underserved areas and procuring organised as part of the programme for students lack up-to-date computer laboratories, and internet equipment and other resources. This will entail: to use technology to address problems in several facilities and access are insufficient. sectors, including health, education, transportation, PILLAR 2 — ENTERPRISE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS 1. Programme evaluation to determine the impact environment, and finance. However, the non-school of the existing program, gain understanding of programme is not fully harnessed, as many areas IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS barriers and challenges faced by the participants of the State are still underserved. There is a need Ministry of Education − Ministry of Science and The initiative will expand the Empowers a Broad Range in the programme, and potentials for expansion to expand the programme to more out-of-school Technology scope of computer education of Stakeholders; Supports − Information Technology in Lagos’ schools. It will foster Livelihood and Employment. 2. Landscape mapping of funders and programme centres in order to integrate them into the global SHOCKS Subject Teachers effective teaching and learning, partners technology economy and build a service sector, as Association Economic Downturn and align the Lagos school THEMES 3. Cultivation of funders well as strengthening the current school curriculum − Nigeria Computer Society system with international best − Technology Companies practices, while preparing the Education and Technology; to incorporate coding and digital literacy. STRESSES − Multilateral organizations, students with the appropriate Making Lagos a 21st Century Unemployment and such as UNESCO skill sets for employability Economy IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Underemployment; and relevance in the 4th Industrial revolution. It will also Formal-informal NEXT STEPS SDGs Ministry of Education − Ministry of Science and Expanding the CODE Lagos Supports Livelihood and Economic Contestation; improve Science Technology 3 months: Convene a workshop Engineering and Mathematics Technology programme provides an Employment; Empowers a Inadequate Physical and − Ministry of Youth and Social opportunity for employment Broad Range of Stakeholders, Social Infrastructure of education and technology education across the State SHOCKS stakeholders (schools, policy and promote life-long learning Development creation in the technology- Fosters Economic Prosperity makers, and industry partners) through provision of ICT-based Economic Downturn − Technology companies enabled sector. It presents an − NGOs STATUS to identify current gaps and classrooms. opportunity to train candidates THEMES − Private sector organisations for the global technology Strengthen determine the content and STRESSES scope of an expanded ICT job market and create a Education and Technology; curriculum. 6 months: Identify Unemployment and NEXT STEPS cohort with skillsets that are Making Lagos a 21st Century TIMELINE and engage potential sponsors Underemployment fit for purpose. It will support Economy and funders of the ICT 3 months: Commission livelihoods and employment, Medium-term programme evaluation study. flexibility, creativity, and laboratories in schools. STATUS SDGs 1 year: Develop curriculum and 6 months: Identify underserved individual learning, as well as identify selected schools for Strengthen areas of the State and target the creation of tech investors piloting the curriculum. community programme and entrepreneurs. locations for partnership and TIMELINE co-design of an improved Medium-term programme template. 1 year: Establish partnerships with LSETF and international recruitment agencies to kick- start post-training support for programme alumni. 96 97 GOAL CREATE AN INCLUSIVE PILLAR 3 1 ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL CITY RESIDENTS INCLUSIVE CITY Lagos has a long history of migration. within Lagos due to natural or man-made Today it is a metropolitan city with a disasters. mix of people from different countries, tribes, and ethnicities. This diversity is One of the state laws that focuses on part of its strength. However, the high the vulnerable is the 2011 Lagos State rate of population growth, coupled with Special People’s Law, which seeks to attendant challenges of poor planning uphold the rights of all individuals living and overstretched infrastructure with any form of disability in Lagos State have resulted in deteriorating public by safeguarding them against all forms infrastructure and reduced access to of discrimination and giving them equal basic services. In an attempt to provide rights and opportunities.58 Though the accurate data for government policy and law is comprehensive, implementation planning, as well as integrate residents across different MDAs and the State at into e-government initiatives, the Lagos large has been slow. State Residents Registration Agency Bill was passed in June 2011 and the Lagos The proposed initiative takes into State Residents Registration Agency account the current state of policies, (LASRRA) established. plans, and actions taken by Lagos State Government, and intends to build Even with the establishment of LASRRA, on what already exists. The initiative there is still a lack of up-to-date population will ensure that the health, social, and data. Vulnerability is not captured by most economic wellbeing of people living with data collection methods at both federal disabilities are taken into consideration and state levels. Vulnerable people are in subsequent decision-making on social identified in the Lagos State Strategic policy formulation and development. Development Plan as special categories This initiative will provide support for of women, people made vulnerable by the Lagos State Government’s plan to their health conditions, children with build a cohesive and resilient society special health conditions and their that caters for disadvantaged groups, A CITY THAT SEEKS TO ENHANCE THE SAFETY, WELLBEING, caregivers, orphans, and homeless and thus inspire collaboration and social AND DIGNITY OF ALL ITS RESIDENTS, ESPECIALLY THE POOR children. Other categories are people responsibility among citizens. AND VULNERABLE. over 70 years old, and people displaced

98 Ability in disability; a person living with disability cleaning a pedestrian bridge 58 Lagos State Government, http://www.lasoda.org.ng/. 99 GOAL INITIATIVE SCALE UP IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAGOS 1 1 STATE SPECIAL PEOPLE’S LAW GOAL STRENGTHEN INFORMATION 2 MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Major disasters in Lagos include flooding, in collaboration with the police, traffic building collapse, disease outbreak, authorities, and health services. However, Dedicated Car lot for Persons Living with Disability and fires. One of the most recent major disaster management is still encumbered disasters was the 2014 synagogue by challenges of capacity, equipment, IN BRIEF This initiative will evaluate the implementation 5. Structure the existing Disability Trust Fund to building collapse, where a crowded, and integration. of the Special People’s Law to identify critical provide soft loans and business support services six-storey guest house belonging to challenges so as to amplify current successes. It has for entrepreneurs living with disabilities. the Synagogue Church of All Nations The initiatives intend to strengthen the following components: 6. Continuous training for Social Welfare Officers and collapsed, killing 86 people and injuring Lagos’ resilience by enhancing citizen caregivers on proper handling and relations with 1. Strengthen the PLwD data collection capacity PLwDs. over 131. There have also been increasing to government engagement, improving of the Lagos State Office for Disability Affairs occurrences of loss of life and property, information dissemination, promoting (LASODA) by setting up a specialised information RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Persons living with disabilities exacerbated by lack of rapid response rapid and equitable responses to management unit within the Office. (PLwD) face physical and economic challenges that systems at the community level to predict emergencies, upgrading infrastructure, 2. Train personnel in public transportation, health, decrease their ability to cope with everyday stresses and act in the event of floods. and improving management response and increase their vulnerability in times of shocks. education, and other essential public services in capacities of first responders. This is proper treatment of PLwD and in promotion of the For instance, a lack of safe pedestrian walkways adaptation of services to fit their needs. exposes them to major road accidents, and a To be able to deal with major disasters, in addition to enhancing the resilience 3. Involve LASODA in relevant projects of the congested public transportation system decreases Lagos State Government has developed and disaster preparedness of local PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Ministries of Physical Planning and Urban their mobility to employment centres, which could a disaster management structure with communities through participatory flood Development, Environment and Water Resources, affect their ability to access economic opportunities the establishment of the Lagos State management. Works and Infrastructure, and Housing, in order to and social services such as healthcare. A Special Emergency Management Agency and People’s Law designed specifically for PLwDs has ensure strict compliance with international best the Lagos State Safety Commission, practices in the city’s physical development. been in place for about six years in Lagos. There 4. Build more and strengthen existing vocational is a need to evaluate its implementation to ensure training centres to provide vocational and that the welfare of those it aims to protect remains a entrepreneurial skills for PLwD. priority across key implementation agencies.

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Lagos State Office for − Ministry of Youth and Social This initiative covers all Meets Basic Needs; Disability Affairs Development disability clusters, in a bid to Ensures Public Health − Ministry of Women Affairs mitigate their vulnerability Services; Provides Reliable and Poverty Alleviation SHOCKS through well-enforced inclusive Communication and Mobility; − Ministry of Physical Planning policies that will sufficiently Empowers a Broad Range of Economic Downturn; and Urban Development improve their ability to cope Stakeholders; Fosters Long- Major Road Accidents − Ministry of Health with shocks and everyday term and Integrated Planning − Ministry of Transportation stresses. This initiative will ensure that the health and STRESSES THEMES NEXT STEPS wellbeing of PLwDs are taken Inadequate into consideration in policy Health and Environment; Public Transport; 6 months: Conduct capacity- implementation. Making Lagos a 21st Century Unemployment and building activities for social Economy Underemployment; workers and related public service personnel. Inadequate Physical and SDGs Social Infrastructure 1 year: Set up a specialised information management unit within LASODA. 1 year: Develop STATUS a plan for the construction of Strengthen inclusive vocational centres.

TIMELINE 100 101 Medium-term GOAL INITIATIVE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY FLOOD 2 1 MANAGEMENT

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY FLOOD MAPPING, RAMANI HURIA, TANZANIA Sensitization of Iba LCDA’s community members Ramani Huria is a community mapping project that began in 2015. Based in Dar es Salaam, Ramani Huria IN BRIEF The purpose of this initiative is to proactively RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Floods are particularly problematic works with local university students and community develop the capacity of local communities to for Lagos as the city is low-lying, with most of its land members to create maps used in flood risk management. It is funded through the Tanzania Urban Resilience predict and respond to flood occurrences, without elevated less than 15 m above sea level. Incidences Program (TURP), and is a partnership of local universities, necessarily waiting for government intervention. The of higher than usual rainfalls reached an all-time community groups, the World Bank, the Global Facility focus action is to enable the government to invite high in 2012, resulting in loss of lives, livelihoods, for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), Data Zetu, Humanitarian OpenStreetMap, and the Red Cross. Data community participation in the production and use properties, spread of waterborne diseases, and collected through Ramani Huria describes infrastructure of flood hazard maps, so that communities are better damage to infrastructure. The problem is worsened (locations of houses, waterways, roads, and drains) educated about the risks they face and are equipped by improper waste disposal into open canals and and populations living in flood-prone areas. Historical inundation extents are also mapped to identify high- with tangible solutions to prepare, respond, and drainages, inhibiting the flow of stormwater and risk areas and changes in flood extent over time. To recover when the floods occur. Communities will causing flash floods that lead to traffic congestion. date, the project has mapped approximately 750,000 be organised around each of the 57 LGAs/LCDAs to However, flood hazard management in Lagos has buildings over 3,000 km of roads and 1,250 km of waterways within Dar es Salaam. The Ramani Huria implement this initiative. There are four components been focused on government-led engineering team uses this information – along with data describing to this initiative: solutions, so that organised, proactive measures the urban drainage network – to develop detailed flood at the community level to pre-empt flash floods risk models that help predict future flooding, using a free

software called InaSAFE developed by the World Bank, PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS 1. Training communities to carry out comprehensive are limited. As a result, there are few mechanisms the Australian Government, and the Indonesian National flood risk assessment for communities to respond when flash flood Board for Disaster Management (BNPB). 2. Co-producing comprehensive flood risk occurs. Therefore human capacity and technical assessment with trained community members infrastructure to predict, prepare for, and manage APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS 3. Co-creating flood hazard plans including how to the occurrence of sudden downpours need to be Community-based risk mapping can be an effective and react to impacts improved. relatively low-cost supplement to large-scale disaster risk mitigation efforts. While community participation in 4. Accessing funds from the State Government and the production and use of flood hazard maps should its partners to implement the flood hazard plans not replace the role of government in planning and implementing flood mitigation measures, community participation can increase local capacity for disaster IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS 1 year: Commence training RESILIENCE DRIVERS mitigation and response. Specifically, partnerships of communities to carry out between academic institutions, local government, Ministry of the − Ministry of Works and comprehensive flood risk Promotes Cohesive and community organizations and non-profits can provide Environment and Water Infrastructure assessment. Engaged Communities; technical support to community-based initiatives for Resources − Lagos State Ministry of Empowers a Broad Range of flood mapping. International non-profits such as Red Physical Planning and Urban Stakeholders; Fosters Long- Cross and OpenStreetMap have valuable experience SHOCKS Development RESILIENCE BENEFITS term and Integrated Planning; and technical insights that could be shared. Local − Lagos Waste Management Provides and Enhances Natural universities can work with community organisations Flooding/Severe This initiative advances the Authority and Man-made Assets; Ensures and/or through Local Council Development Areas Storms, Disease fusion of community-based − Community Development Continuity of Critical Services (LCDAs) and Local Governments while consulting with Outbreak ecological solutions with Associations state-level government agencies. Another key lesson − 20 Local Government and 37 current engineering solutions. THEMES from the Dar es Salaam case study is the importance It will ensure rapid response STRESSES Local Council Development of using free and open-source software that can be to emergencies that often Areas. Health and Environment; adopted by all project partners. These include free Inadequate Physical and follow heavy downpours and Traffic Management and data collection (KoBo Toolbox), mapping software Social Infrastructure, increase the State’s resilience NEXT STEPS Transportation (QGIS), and modelling software (InaSAFE) that can be Traffic Congestion, to impacts of floods. By employed without licences by students and community Inadequate Health training communities to co- 3 months: Constitute multi- residents. Where additional data is needed for detailed System create and implement flood SDGs stakeholder working groups for hydrologic modelling, technical inputs can be provided assessment plans, this initiative each LCDA/LGA. through partnerships with state-level agencies such STATUS will encourage a shift from the 6 months: Working groups as LASEMA, and national-level agencies such as the existing reactive approach to Initiate to conduct rapid baseline Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) or the National a more proactive approach in assessment of communities in Emergency Management Agency. the LGA/LCDA to feed into the flood hazard management in TIMELINE flood hazard plan. Lagos. 102 Medium-term 103 GOAL INITIATIVE STRENGTHEN THE STATE’S EMERGENCY 2 2 RESPONSE SYSTEM

Fleet of Ambulance Vehicles procured by Lagos State Government

IN BRIEF This initiative will support the expansion of 5. Constitute local emergency management emergency response systems and increase public committees across all Local Government and awareness about the facility. Its components are:: Local Council Development Areas BOX 7: LAGOS STATE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY To address increasing disasters from flooding, major road 1. Intensify public campaigns to raise awareness of RESILIENCE CHALLENGE In recent times, Lagos has accidents, building collapse, and other occurrences that the emergency toll-free hotlines (767/112) experienced increasing occurrences of natural threaten the fabric of the city, the Lagos State Emergency Management Agency (LASEMA) was established in 2008. 2. Equip all arms of emergency service units with disasters such as flooding, and human-induced The Agency is responsible for the overall co-ordination of state-of-the-art equipment to enhance the disasters including building collapse, urban fires, emergency management in Lagos State, working closely capacity of the units to provide on-site relief and and road accidents. There is a need to continuously with other stakeholders including the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Lagos State Ambulance Services evacuation where necessary monitor the efficiency of existing emergency (LASAMBUS), the Rapid Response Squad, Fire Services 3. Build the capacity of emergency response response systems, promote wider coverage and the Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA). personnel in on-site relief, evacuation, and other amongst residents, and ensure that emergency The Agency is charged with providing adequate and prompt responses as well as sustaining interventions functional areas response stations are well-equipped and properly in all forms of emergency and disaster situations in the 4. Develop an e-platform that integrates all managed to provide on-site and off-site care. State. It performs various functions such as emergency PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS emergency services and deploys first responders and disaster prevention preparedness, mitigation, recovery, and relief. The establishment of this agency more effectively has helped increase the capacity of Lagos residents to cope with sudden shocks and the ability of the State to respond promptly when they do occur. Between IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS January and June 2019, the agency intervened in 2,277 emergency situations. Lagos State Emergency − Police (Rapid Response The initiative will reduce the Ensures Continuity of Critical Management Agency Squad) vulnerability of people and Services; Provides Reliable − Lagos State Traffic strengthen the resilience of Communication and Mobility; Management Authority SHOCKS the State to unforeseen natural Promotes Leadership and − Lagos State Fire Service and anthropogenic disasters. It Effective Management Building Collapse; − The Nigerian Red Cross will enable the optimum use of Society Urban Fires; Disease existing emergency response THEMES Outbreak; Flooding and − Lagos State Ambulance mechanisms such as the use Severe Storms Services (LASAMBUS) of the emergency numbers. Traffic Management and Improved infrastructure and Transportation; Health and NEXT STEPS management will reduce Environment; Education and STRESSES response times of first Technology; Making Lagos a Traffic Congestion; 3 months: Evaluate existing responders and provide wider 21st Century Economy; Security Inadequate Physical and data on the use of the coverage. All these actions and Governance Social Infrastructure; emergency hotlines and will potentially reduce loss of establish the demographics lives and properties during Erratic Power Supply; SDGs Inadequate Health and challenges around its use. emergency situations. System 6 months: Evaluate bottlenecks in the process of deployment of emergency services, and STATUS develop guidelines and Strengthen strategic targets for long-term efficiency. 1 year: Complete emergency TIMELINE awareness campaigns using Medium-term mass media outreaches. 1 year: Expand data collection mechanisms and set strategic targets for long-term efficiency.

104 Fleet of LRU Emergency Vehicles 105 GOAL INITIATIVE EXPAND USE OF THE LAGOS STATE GOAL INITIATIVE STRENGTHEN THE STATE’S CAPACITY 2 3 CITIZENS GATE PLATFORM FOR EFFECTIVE 2 4 FOR COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND e-GOVERNANCE DISSEMINATION OF DATA

Home page of Citizens’ Gate Platform Home page of Lagos State Residents Registration Agency (LASRRA)

IN BRIEF The Citizens Gate is an integrated web RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Access to real-time information, IN BRIEF The initiative will expand on current RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Lagos State Government needs to and mobile platform that allows citizens to provide feedbacks, and localised intelligence strengthens demographic data collection from population strengthen its capacity for collecting, analysing, and feedback on public services. This initiative will communication between government and the surveys to enable coverage of vulnerable groups, disseminating data to enhance its delivery of social evaluate user experience of the platform, including people. Public service providers require soft data and dissemination to both governmental and non- services to targeted populations. It is particularly any challenges associated with its usage by to facilitate more sophisticated mechanisms to governmental agencies that need them. It has three desirable to capture the demographics of vulnerable citizens and public service providers. Furthermore, respond to Lagos residents’ concerns. Citizens also components as follows: groups, recognised in the Lagos State Development the initiative will investigate constructive ways to need to have access to platforms that will strengthen Plan 2012-2025 as special categories of women increase the usefulness of the data generated by the their ability to communicate directly with service 1. Design clear guidelines, tracking capabilities, and (widows, single mothers); people made vulnerable platform. The components of the initiative are: providers in their everyday lives. The Lagos State dissemination practices for the timely identification by health conditions, such as the terminally ill, PLwDs, Citizens Gate provides such services, but there is a of vulnerable groups for improved planning and and their caregivers; vulnerable children, such as those 1. Expansion of the Citizens Gate platform for need to assess its current effectiveness, amplify its service delivery. with special health conditions, and their caregivers; and improved access by all Lagos residents usage, and improve its efficiency as an overarching 2. Establish an efficient data collection schedule, orphans and homeless children. Others categories are 2. Use of the data gathered for better planning and e-governance platform. offline and online processes, systems, and people over 70 years of age, and people displaced PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS resource allocation mechanisms through collaborative, coordinated, within Lagos due to natural or man-made disasters. 3. Spatial divisions, so that informants can include and structured interaction with Lagos State They are amongst the most affected populations in locations when sharing information on the Ministries, Departments, and Agencies. times of shocks, and their vulnerabilities, whether platform 3. Develop an online platform for connecting temporary or permanent, also lessen their ability to cope government agencies, resident validation, and with everyday stresses. There is ongoing data collection IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS demographic data for citizens and groups such as for PLwDs, and Lagos State Residents Registration health and social care beneficiaries. Agency collects official statistics on the general Office of Transformation, − Telecommunication This initiative strengthens Empowers a Broad Range Creativity, and companies Lagos’ resilience by fostering of Stakeholders; Ensures population. However, there is a need to collate data to Innovation − Ministry of Science and access to government and Social Stability, Security, and identify vulnerable groups accurately and then transfer Technology promoting rapid and consistent Justice; Provides Reliable composite results to the relevant government agencies. − Ministry of Information and SHOCKS responses to feedback from Communication and Mobility; Strategy citizens in emergency and Ensures Continuity of Critical Major Road Accident; − Office of Civic Engagement non-emergency situations. Services; Promotes Leadership IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Disease Outbreak; − Local Government and Local This supports the ability of and Effective Management. Lagos State Residents − Lagos Bureau of Statistics This initiative will enable Meets Basic Needs; Ensures Flooding; Riot and Civil Council Development Areas people to cope with stresses Registration Agency − Lagos State Office of the State to collect a more Public Health Services; Ensures Unrest; associated with everyday life THEMES Disability Affairs inclusive data set to enhance Continuity of Critical Services; NEXT STEPS in the city. It will provide the Government and its service Traffic Management and SHOCKS − Ministry of Economic its delivery of social and Empowers a Broad Range of STRESSES 3 months: Conduct evaluation of agencies with soft intelligence Transportation; Health and Planning and Budget economic services. It will Stakeholders; Fosters Long- Disease Outbreak; − National Population provide support for the term and Integrated Planning; Inadequate Physical and the Citizens Gate platform, with to inform policy and service Environment; Education and Economic Downturn; Commission Lagos State Government’s Ensures Social Stability, Social Infrastructure; emphasis on response times delivery. Technology; Making Lagos a Major Road Accidents − ICT Companies plan to build a cohesive and Security, and Justice Traffic Congestion and demographics using the 21st Century Economy; Security service, as well as identifying and Governance resilient society that caters for gaps in operationalisation STRESSES NEXT STEPS disadvantaged groups. It will THEMES STATUS and harmonisation also inspire collaboration and SDGs Inadequate Public 3 months: Convene social responsibility among Health and Environment; Strengthen with other platforms. Transportation; workshop of health and social citizens. This initiative will Security and Governance 6 months: Activate campaigns Unemployment and for addressing issues development stakeholders to ensure that the health, social, TIMELINE Underemployment; generate modified population and economic wellbeing of surrounding expansion of use. SDGs Inadequate Physical and and household survey identified vulnerable groups Medium-term Convene a coordination team Social Infrastructure across relevant agencies. instrument. are taken into consideration 9 months: Strengthen capacity 6 months: Initiate expansion of in subsequent social policy STATUS of public services providers to data collection mechanisms to formulation. respond in real time to citizen Strengthen identify and track clusters of feedback. vulnerable groups. 106 1 year: Conduct inclusive 107 TIMELINE population and household Medium-term survey. GOAL IMPROVE THE HEALTH SYSTEM TO 3 SUPPORT LAGOS RESIDENTS IN TIMES OF SHOCK

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: A resilient health system is one where In addition to the inadequate number IMPROVED DIGITAL SURVEILLANCE FOR PUNJAB – SAFE CITIES AUTHORITY, PAKISTAN the capacity of health actors, institutions, of health facilities, the State also has and populations can prepare for and The Punjab Safe Cities Authority (PSCA) was developed insufficient human resources to service to ensure security and improved quality of life through the effectively respond to crisis, and can the health sector. Situational analysis done improved use of technology, infrastructure, personnel, and processes. The project, which cost US$135 million, maintain core functions when crises hit. in 2016 revealed that the city has eight comprises a range of highly integrated Safe City The health system should be informed skilled health workers (doctors, nurses systems, focused around large-scale deployment of CCTV that will oversee operations and provide a new by lessons learned during the crisis and and midwives) for every 10,000 citizens, working structure in the city. The key benefits that are have the ability to reorganise if conditions compared to a WHO recommendation of anticipated from this scheme are the integration of the 59 emergency services, traffic management, monitoring require it. Large-scale health challenges 23 workers per 10,000 people. To support law and order, and crime reduction. The implementation require systems that are capable of the health system in Lagos, the Lagos of a CCTV system enables police to monitor events in real time and deploy resources more efficiently. It also responding to crises in real time and State Health Scheme was signed into law allows for electronic evidence to be gathered and for allow healthcare personnel to access a larger geographic area to be monitored than can be in May 2015. The law incorporates the achieved using police officers. As part of the initiative, an health records remotely. Both challenges health insurance scheme which supports app was developed and launched to help women report crime. An additional benefit realised by this project necessitate a shift from paper to an health was improved traffic management through a real-time electronic system. Significant investment care financing and associated activities. messaging system, keeping the public informed of traffic density and alternative routes. The system will minimise is required to strengthen the existing PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS traffic congestion, saving fuel costs and time. health system and make it more resilient. The initiatives under this goal aim to build on what exists by improving access to APPLICABILITY TO LAGOS Lagos can benefit in several ways from the Punjab Safer In Lagos there are approximately 3,000 healthcare for all residents, enhancing Cities project in Lahore. Lagos State, like Lahore, has a private healthcare facilities and 300 capacity and infrastructure in healthcare growing population with serious issues around security and increasing crime rates. Lagos State also has an public healthcare facilities, a grossly facilities, and utilising technology for initiative on data-driven urban service delivery that inadequate figure for a population of improved service delivery. aligns with improving its transportation and emergency response systems. The State’s proposed initiative can 26 million. benefit from the following: • Mapping of surveillance hotspots: The project in Lahore benefitted from the mapping of the most critical areas for the CCTV to be installed. Ultimately, the mapping considered the areas with highest crime rates as well as public spaces and key infrastructure. • Centralising information: Sharing of information across the police force, as well as other emergency services and the transport system, has enabled a more coordinated response from the city to crime and disaster relief. • Potential issues that Lagos may want to consider include: technological challenges with specific systems; ownership issues, i.e. who owns and manages the system; how to ensure maximum buy-in from different public institutions; public awareness campaigns to build goodwill with the public; and funding challenges to ensure the system can be sustained.

59 Kruk, M. E. Building resilient health systems: a proposal for a resilience index, https://www.ecosia.org/ 108 search?q=A+resilient+health+system&addon=chrome&addonversion=2.1.0. 109 GOAL INITIATIVE IMPLEMENT THE LAGOS STATE HEALTH GOAL INITIATIVE UPGRADE PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FACILITIES 3 1 SCHEME 3 2

Dispensary Section of the Pharmacy Educating Patients on Healthcare Services

IN BRIEF The initiative is to fully implement the Lagos RESILIENCE CHALLENGE Approximately 90% of health IN BRIEF The initiative involves upgrading both RESILIENCE CHALLENGE In recent years, Lagos has health insurance scheme so that all residents of the facilities in Lagos are privately owned, providing health infrastructure upgrades and improving achieved improved primary healthcare, but coverage city can have access to basic minimum healthcare services at a significantly higher cost. There are universal access for citizens to well-trained medical is still geographically skewed with approximately packages from both public and private services at limited public healthcare facilities providing much practitioners in the Lagos healthcare sector. It has 30% of hospitals and 32% of general practitioners minimal cost. cheaper services, but they are often overstretched the following components: located in Lagos Island, where only 4.9% of the It has the following components: as they cater to the large proportion of people who city’s population live. There are insufficient doctors cannot afford private healthcare. People in remote 1. Expanding the provision of healthcare facilities and nurses working for public healthcare facilities, 1. Intensify sensitisation of residents to the current parts of the city, such as in the riverine areas, must to promote equal access and coverage to all and inadequate medical equipment for diagnosis, registration drive to increase subscriptions travel at increased cost to distant public facilities or residents in line with best practices. treatment, and prevention of diseases. Situational 2. Expansion of registration of private healthcare resort to unlicensed traditional medical clinics and 2. Providing public health care facilities with modern analysis done in 2016 revealed that the city has 8 facilities to promote coverage to hard-to reach expensive health facilities. The Lagos State Health equipment to increase the quality of services. skilled health workers per 10,000 people compared groups Scheme Law (2015) established a mandatory health 3. Developing a facility maintenance plan for the to a WHO recommendation of 23 per 10,000. Skill 3. Release 1% of the State’s Consolidated Revenue insurance scheme to improve healthcare access healthcare facilities and medical equipment. levels in some healthcare specialties are also Fund, which comprises internally generated for all Lagos residents. Since then, the Lagos State 4. Developing a mandatory recruitment, retention, relatively low. Residents’ ability to access care is a PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS revenue and federal transfers, to support access Health Management Agency has been set up, with a and professional capacity development plan for serious concern, particularly in remote and riverine by the poor pilot completed in 2017. Some Lagos residents are healthcare workers. areas. To ensure that all stakeholder groups are able 4. Provide logistical support to the agency including already benefiting from the scheme, but full-scale 5. Advocating for increased budgetary allocation for to access affordable and adequate services, actions operational vehicles to aid mobility during implementation has not been achieved. healthcare. are needed to strengthen the healthcare system. implementation IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Ministry of Health − Lagos State Health Service The initiative will deliver the Ensures Public Health Services; Lagos State Health − Ministry of Health Access to primary healthcare Ensures Public Health Services; Commission global mandate of an effective Ensures Continuity of Critical Management Agency − Ministry of Economic will improve the physical Ensures Social Stability, − Lagos State University healthcare system, which Services; Ensures Social SHOCKS Planning and Budget and mental wellbeing of Security, and Justice; Promotes Teaching Hospital is to protect, promote, and Stability, Security, and Justice − Nigerian Health Insurance SHOCKS Lagos residents, increase life Cohesive and Engaged Disease Outbreak − Lagos State Primary restore the health of Lagos Scheme expectancy, enhance ability Communities Healthcare Board residents and to facilitate THEMES Disease Outbreak; − Public and Private Hospitals to cope with other shocks − Original equipment access to quality healthcare − NGOs STRESSES Economic Downturn; and stresses, and also ensure THEMES manufacturers services without excluding Health and Environment; Riot and Civil Unrest that productivity is sustained. Inadequate Health − NGOs the poor, geographically Security and Governance NEXT STEPS There will be accelerated Health and Environment; System remote communities, or other access to healthcare among Making Lagos a 21st Century vulnerable groups. Improved NEXT STEPS SDGs STRESSES 3 months: Identify scope of poor and low-income groups Economy; Security and access will reduce the current Inadequate Health current coverage, enablers and in the State, thus promoting Governance STATUS 3 months: Carry out a recourse to unlicensed equity and inclusiveness System; Unemployment impediments to expansion of Strengthen baseline inventory of traditional healthcare providers the health insurance scheme. in the system. Expansion and Underemployment SDGs existing infrastructure and patent medicine stores 6 months: Mobilise funds to of healthcare facilities will and equipment at existing while also stemming the tide intensify public awareness significantly strengthen the TIMELINE public health care facilities. of medical tourism, where STATUS campaigns on registration. State’s response architecture Long-term 6 months: Carry out a baseline residents seek specialised Strengthen 1 year: Obtain Government’s against sudden shocks and capacity audit for Human care outside the country at release of the 1% Consolidated raise levels of efficiency. Resource for Health in the significant costs. It might also Revenue Fund to improve the public sector to determine potentially reduce the loss of TIMELINE healthcare scheme. gaps. medical staff to countries with Short-term 1 year: Draw up a targeted better facilities. Overall, it will healthcare intervention plan for strengthen the State’s capacity geographical expansion, staff to cope with emergencies training and medical equipment arising from infectious disease provision in healthcare facilities outbreaks, and increase the across the State. capacity of Lagosians to cope 110 with everyday stress. 111 GOAL INITIATIVE DEVELOP AN e-HEALTH SYSTEM THAT 3 3 INCORPORATES DISEASE SURVEILLANCE

IN BRIEF The initiative is to develop an electronic RESILIENCE CHALLENGE The city currently operates a medical records system that also integrates real- paper-based health administration system, which time electronic disease surveillance in all public feeds reports upwards from the health facilities health facilities in Lagos. It will involve all aspects of to Local Governments and then to the State. This health in the State, including disease surveillance, system is plagued with late submission of reports, medical records, health management information delays in transmission, inaccurate and incomplete systems, and human resource information. The information from manual transcription of reports ultimate goal is to strengthen the existing system to spreadsheets. Modernisation of the system will so that trends in disease patterns can be quickly reduce delays between detection of public health identified and appropriate alerts sent to the State’s concerns and their referral to State Epidemiologists Epidemiologists and/or Disease Surveillance and and/or Disease Surveillance and Notification Officer Notification Officers, leading to prompt actions. A (DSNO) which will help prevent avoidable disease pilot of the system will be conducted before being outbreaks. considered for scaling up across all public and private healthcare facilities in the State.

IMPLEMENTING AGENCY POTENTIAL PARTNERS RESILIENCE BENEFITS RESILIENCE DRIVERS Ministry of Health − Lagos State Health Service With the adoption of an Ensures Public Health Services; Commission electronic system, there will be Ensures Continuity of Critical − Lagos State University early detection of unexpected Services; Ensures Social SHOCKS Teaching Hospital elevations in disease Stability, Security, and Justice; Disease Outbreak − Lagos State Primary surveillance data, leading to Empowers a Broad Range Of Healthcare Board prompt responses to possible Stakeholders − NGOs outbreaks. This will strengthen STRESSES − Multilateral organisations, the resilience of the city against THEMES Inadequate Health e.g. WHO, UNICEF disease outbreaks. System; Unemployment Health and Environment; and Underemployment NEXT STEPS Security and Governance 3 months: Evaluate current SDGs STATUS system and identify capacity Initiate and infrastructure requirements

for expansion purposes. PILLAR 3 — INCLUSIVE CITY LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS 6 months: Procure relevant TIMELINE electronic devices, and Medium-term develop the e-health software. 1 year: Train frontline officers on the use of the electronic system and commence pilot deployment of e-health system in selected LGAs/LCDAs.

112 A Nurse attending to a patient at Lagos State Government Clinic Alausa 113 CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTING RESILIENCE IMPLEMENTING RESILIENCE LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS

114 Meeting with an Implementing Agency 115 IMPLEMENTING RESILIENCE

The Lagos Resilience Strategy, through its 3 pillars, 10 goals, and 31 initiatives, charts a clear pathway to improving resilience in Lagos. Through an extensive process involving engagements with research institutions, business communities, Lagos State Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies, civil society actors, community leaders and residents, the Lagos Resilience Strategy provides a framework for protecting the city against present and future shocks and stresses. However, success depends on three major factors to which Lagos State is committed:

Mainstreaming resilience Collaborative engagement Monitoring and evaluation and strengthening institutional to connect people and to track strategy progress structures for implementation resources Deliberations at the Resilience Steering Committee Meeting of the strategy

MAINSTREAMING RESILIENCE COLLABORATIVE ENGAGEMENT MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Implementation of the Resilience Strategy will require 3. Develop a strategic public campaign on resilience Successful implementation of the Lagos Resilience The Lagos Resilience Strategy is not an exhaustive, significant coordination and collaboration, similar in consciousness for all residents, including hosting Strategy necessitates shared responsibility and the static document. It will be periodically reviewed to many regards to the efforts required to develop this the Lagos Resilience Week and coordinating the contributions of various actors. These include Federal monitor its alignment with the City’s development vision for resilience. The Lagos Resilience Strategy activities of the Resilience Forum. and State Government Agencies, Local Government priorities and to track progress on resilience- will be implemented through existing organisations 4. Ensure progress in the achievement of resilient entities, research institutions, businesses, civil society building, as follows: and partnerships, and many of the initiatives being outcomes. LASRO will develop and deploy a organisations, local communities and residents – since proposed are not new. However, the strategy brings framework for tracking resilience outcomes and many of the initiatives will require cross-jurisdictional 1. Development of a Resilience Monitoring and a resilience lens to enhance the co-benefits resulting be available for consultations, advice, support, and collaboration, resource allocation, and management Evaluation Framework, which will monitor from the implementation. New delivery structures collaboration with communities, organisations, to achieve success. The following platforms are progress through established data sets, especially and working groups will only be established where and institutions committed to resilience-building recommended to structure partnerships in a mutually those linked to the implementation of the Lagos appropriate. It is recommended that the Lagos both locally and internationally. LASRO will reinforcing and integrated way: State Development Plan and achievement of the State Resilience Office be upgraded to become an pursue collaborations with cities within the 100RC SDGs. The City Resilience Index, based on the City autonomous, multidisciplinary agency of the Lagos Network for peer learning. The Resilient Lagos Forum which will consist of Resilience Framework, can be used as an evaluation State Government, with the Lagos State Resilience individuals with interest, experience, and expertise in tool for this exercise. To achieve communication, IMPLEMENTING RESILIENCE LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Steering Committee providing guidance. resilience-building. The remit of the Resilient Lagos learning, and accountability, the indicators must be Forum will be to engage with LASRO to achieve the accessible and used reflectively to identify areas The Lagos State Resilience Steering Committee The Lagos State Resilience Office will have a following: of progress or continuing challenge. As such, will perform the following tasks: mandate to: new indicators may be introduced as the strategy • identify new opportunities to be integrated develops and unfolds. a. Act as a high-level, multidisciplinary strategic into the resilience agenda of the city 1. Coordinate the implementation of the Lagos body within the Lagos State Government • identify new conversations on emerging 2.Dissemination of the Biennial City Resilience Resilience Strategy: While leadership on strategy to support the implementation of the Lagos shocks and stresses impacting the city Report, a public document, which will articulate: initiatives is assigned to identified agencies, Resilience Strategy. • promote the application of a resilience lens to key LASRO staff will serve as coordinators and b. Provide directional support, guidance, and citywide activity • Periodic quantitative and qualitative performance facilitators, working with these agencies to influence for the achievement of the Lagos • disseminate resilient learning at a citywide assessment with information on progress on the actualise the various initiatives. Resilience Strategy. level goals and initiatives 2. Develop and implement a toolkit for c. Evaluate the progress of the Lagos • Emerging considerations that should be institutionalising and mainstreaming resilience Resilience Strategy and knit together related which will consist integrated into resilience practices thinking in the State: LASRO will lead efforts or cross-cutting initiatives. The Resilient Partners Forum of key local and international organisations and • Emerging collaborations and/or funding on continuous capacity-building for resilience d. Report periodically to the Governor on the development partners committed to supporting opportunities that could support strategy across all Lagos State Government Ministries, progress of the State regarding resilience urban resilience. Platform Partners will provide implementation Departments, and Agencies, while ensuring that issues. all programmes, policies, and projects incorporate support for capacity-building and resourcing a resilience lens. necessary for the delivery of some of the actions 3. Review of the Lagos Resilience Strategy: The contained in the Lagos Resilience Strategy. As well as Lagos Resilience Strategy should be reviewed identifying and establishing framework agreements every five years. The process of resilience with key partners, the Lagos State Government can assessment, identifying prevalent shocks and also leverage partner platforms to accelerate the stresses, discovery area iteration, and introduction implementation of some initiatives. of fresh initiatives should commence from the fourth year of implementation of the current The collaboration of LASRO, the Resilience Steering strategy. Committee, and the Resilient Partners Platform will be critical to the implementation of the Lagos 116 Resilience Strategy. 117 CHAPTER 6

FINAL WORDS FROM THE DEPUTY CHIEF RESILIENCE OFFICER

CONCLUSION Thank you for your interest in the Lagos Resilience Strategy. It is a significant step in the process of consolidating tremendous efforts over the years to make Lagos Africa’s model megacity and a leading location for enterprise and innovation.

The initiatives in this strategy outline a new approach to city building. By tracking their results, the City will learn not only what works well and what could be improved for specific initiatives, but also how different initiatives may combine to produce greater benefits and resilient outcomes.

Drawing on our shared experiences, and learning from these and future actions, we will foster a resilient Lagos for current and future generations: a city that is socially inclusive, environmentally adaptive, and economically thriving. CONCLUSION Please be part of the effort. Identify

LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS initiatives you would like to be part of, or in which you are already involved. We are constantly looking for new partners, new methods of implementation, and Dr Folayinka Dania new opportunities to source finance and Deputy Chief Resilience improve our capacity. Officer

VISIT: EMAIL: www.lagosresilience.net [email protected]

118 View of a section of Victoria Island 119 LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT

Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development Mr Babajide Olusola The Governor of Lagos Ministry of Health Sanwo-Olu State Ministry of Transportation Dr Obafemi Hamzat The Deputy Governor of Office of the Special Adviser on Education Lagos State Ministry of Youth and Social Development Ministry of Education Rt. Hon. Mudashiru Speaker, Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources Obasa House of Assembly Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry of Agriculture Mrs. Folashade Jaji Secretary to the State Office of Drainage Services Government Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Culture Members of the Resilience Steering Committee Ministry of Housing Mr. Hakeem Muri- Head of Service Ministry of Wealth Creation and Employment Okunola Ministry of Special duties and Intergovernmental Relations Acknowledgements Mr. Tayo M. Ayinde Chief of Staff Ministry of Justice Ministry of Science and Technology We acknowledge our stakeholders for their contributions. We extend our Lagos State Urban Renewal Agency Mr. Gboyega Deputy Chief of Staff gratitude to the Lagos State Government, the Rockefeller Foundation via Lagos State Emergency Management Agency Soyannwo the 100 Resilient Cities programme, private sector partners, civil society Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority Lagos State Employment Trust Fund organisations, knowledge institutions, and the University of Lagos Centre for Mr. Samuel Egube Honourable Commissioner, Ministry Lagos State Wastewater Management Office Housing and Sustainable Development. These stakeholders have provided of Economic Planning Lagos Waste Management Authority financial and technical support, as well as support in kind for the development and Budget Lagos State Office of Transformation, Creativity, and Innovation of the strategy. Mr. Adebayo O. Special Adviser to The Lagos State Waterways Authority Sodade Governor on Economic Planning and Budget Lagos Water Corporation Lagos State Residents Registration Agency LAGOS RESILIENCE TEAM Mrs. Adetutu A. Liadi Permanent Secretary, Lagos State Office of Disability Affairs Ministry of Economic Office of Sustainable Development Goals and Planning and Budget Arc. Gbolahan Oki Chief Resilience Officer Mr Adebayo Ade-Ojo Asst. Chief Scientific Investment (CRO) Officer (Environment and Ecology) LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS Dr Folayinka Dania Deputy Chief Resilience HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT Officer (DCRO) Miss Abigeal Olusanya Planning Officer LAGOS STATE RESILIENCE STEERING COMMITTEE Mrs Gbemisola Asst. Director (A & HR) Mr Olusesan Akinola Asst. Chief Admin. Legusen Officer (A and HR) Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Economic Planning Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Waterfront and Budget (Chairperson) Infrastructure Development Mrs Ayodele Asst. Director (Pioneer Miss Itunu Samson National Youth Service Corps member Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Health Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Works and Famurewa Head) (A and HR) Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Physical Planning Infrastructure Miss Damilola Ajiboye National Youth Service Mrs Adetola Idowu Asst. Director, PA and Urban Development Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Justice Corps member (Information and Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Transportation Vice Chancellor, Lagos State University (LASU) Communication) Mr Olashile Oyeyemi National Youth Service Permanent Secretary, Ministry of the Environment Vice Chancellor, University of Lagos (UNILAG) Mr Michael Oluwole Chief Education Officer Corps member and Water Resources Executive Secretary, Human and Environmental (Education and Lifelong Mr Emmanuel National Youth Service Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education Development Agenda (HEDA) Learning) Shoyinka Corps member Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Information and Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure Strategy Chief Resilience Officer (LASRO) Mrs Bamigboye Chief Admin. Officer (A Miss Faith Abimbola National Youth Service Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Deputy Chief Resilience Officer (LASRO) Oluwatoyin and HR) Corps member Resources Mr Festus Ariyo Chief Accountant Miss Taiwo Olutosin National Youth Service (Finance and Accounts) Corps member Engr. Yaya Ogidan Chief Chemical Engineer Miss Faith Obikwe National Youth Service TRADITIONAL RULERS (Power and Energy) Corps member Tpl. Olufemi Dada Chief Town Planning Mr Victor Umoren Intern HRM, Oba Rilwan Oba of Lagos HRM, Oba Elewu of Ewu Land Akiolu Officer (Urban Planning Ayodimeji Ajibola Intern Shakirudeen A. Kuti and Design) Miss Bolanle Osho Intern Tpl. Christopher Asst. Chief Town HRM, Oba Saheed A. Kunsela I I I of Ikate HRM, Oba Semiu Adeboruwa of Igbogbo Akande Planning Officer Elegushi Ancient City Kasali (Transport and Mobility)

120 121 100 RESILIENT CITIES - PIONEERED BY THE Dr Tunji Adejumo: Associate Professor of Landscape REFERENCES ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Architecture Dr Muyiwa Agunbiade: Senior Lecturer, Urban and Adelekan. (2010). “Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Makinde, O.O. (2012). “Urbanization, housing and environment: Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria.” Environment and Megacities of Africa.” International Journal of Development and Regional Planning Dana Omran, Liz Agbor-Tabi, Nse Esema, Martine Urbanization, 22 (2), 433-450. Sustainability, 1 (3), 976-993. Dr Peter Elias: Senior Lecturer, Geography Adeyemi, K. & Disu, O. (2012). “Floating City Solutions for Africa’s Morakinyo, K. O., Ogunrayewa, M. O., Koleosho, B. O., and Sobey, Tom Lindsay Olamide Udoma-Ejorh: Associate, Urban Vulnerable Coastal Communities: The Case of Makoko.” Adenubi, O. O. (2012). “Urban Slums as Spatial Manifestations of Perspectives, 3 (12), 18-23. Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Ajegunle Development Akhigbe, N. (2015) “Maroko Evictees Mark 25 Years of July ’90 Slum Settlement, Lagos, Nigeria.” Developing Country Studies ORGANISATIONS AND PERSONS ENGAGED Massacre Over Lekki - CITYVOICE.” http://saharareporters. 2 (11), 1-10. com/2015/11/11/maroko-evictees-mark-25-years-july- Nic, C. & Diane, D. (2017). “Managing a mega-city: learning the IN THE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS CHSD RESEARCH ASSISTANTS %E2%80%9890-massacre-over-lekki-cityvoice. lessons from Lagos.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33 (3), Olukayode Ashamu: PhD Researcher, Urban and Ayeni, B. (1979). Concepts and Technologies in Urban Analysis. 457-477. Regional Planning London: Croom Helm. Oduwaye, L. (2009). “Challenges of Sustainable Physical Planning Mrs Bola Sebastian Busari, S. and Murphy, P. P. and Adebayo, B. (2018). “Lagos fire and Development in Metropolitan Lagos.” Journal of sustainable Oluwaseun Muraina: PhD Researcher, Estate Mr Lookman Oshodi: Project director, Arctic kills at least 9 and sets dozens of cars ablaze after oil tanker development, 2 (1), 159-171.Olajide, O. (2015). Understanding the Management explosion.” https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/28/africa/oil- Complexity of Factors which Influence Livelihoods of the Urban Infrastructure Damilola Odekunle: PhD Researcher, Urban and tanker-explosion-lagos-nigeria/index.html. Poor in Lagos’ Informal Settlements. Doctoral dissertation, Mrs Bimbo Oshobe: Federation of Slum/Informal Daramola, A. (2012). “The Dynamics of Oil Politics and Prospects Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne. Regional Planning Settlements of Nigeria of the Housing Sector in Nigeria.” Journal of Emerging Trends in Olajide, O., & Lawanson, T. (2014). “Climate change and Damilola Oluwo: PhD Researcher, Urban and Economics and Management Sciences 6 (3), 984-990. livelihood vulnerabilities of low-income coastal communities Betty Abah: Centre for Children’s Health, Education Regional Planning DeGramont, D. (2015). “Governing Lagos: Unlocking the Politics in Lagos, Nigeria.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Orientation and Protection of Reform.” Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for Development, 6 (1), 42-51. Abimbola Thomas: PhD Researcher, English Dr Adebukola Adebayo: Human & Organizational International Peace. Olowoopejo, M. (2019). “Ita-faaji collapsed building: Two weeks Richard Unuigboje: PhD Researcher, Urban and Ejembi, S. (2016). “10 tragic building collapses in Nigeria.” https:// after, Panel fails to submit report.” https://www.vanguardngr. 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Urban Studies, 43 (2), 371–96. Lagos, Nigeria.” http://oshlookman.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/ Spaces for Change INOVATELAGOS. (2013). Lagos Research and Development housing-situation-in-lagos-nigeria/. Retrieved 21 November Lekki Conservation Centre Academics Council – Research Brief. Ikeja. 2016, 2013. All-On Mr M. O. Amuni: Registrar Lagos Water Corporation. (2010). Lagos Water Master Plan. Oshodi, L., Salau, T., and Olatoye, M. S. (2016). “Urban Mobility Prof. Olumuyiwa O. Odusanya: Director, Research Lagos State Government. (2010). Report on Review of High-Level and Transport” in F. Hoelzel (ed.), Urban Planning Processes WeCyclers Policy Documents. Alausa, Ikeja: The Lagos State Government. in Lagos: Policies, Laws, Planning Instruments, Strategies and Community Development Committees Management and Innovations Lagos State Government. (2013). Lagos State Development Plan Actors of Urban Projects, Urban Development, and Urban Stratagem Energy Services Prof. Ayodeji O. 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Ogundele: Department of Geography Planning, Co-Director and Planning Dr Basirat Oyalowo: Lecturer, Department of Estate Management, Centre Manager PHOTOGRAPHY Dr Sunday Adebisi: Associate Professor of Business Bola Oguntade, POSEIDON IMAGING Administration

122 123 SUMMARY OF PILLARS, GOALS, AND INITIATIVES

Initiative Implementing Agency Timeframe Status Initiative Implementing Agency Timeframe Status

Pillar 1, Efficient City Goal 2: Position Lagos as an attractive and open city valuing cultural and environmental assets Strengthen the creative sector in Lagos by Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Strengthen Goal 1: Develop a robust, multimodal, and integrated transportation system establishing a film village Tourism Implement the Lagos State Strategic Transport Lagos State Long Term Strengthen Master Plan (LSTMP) Metropolitan Area Promote sustainable waterfront tourism to Lagos State Ministry of Long Term Initiate Transport Authority improve livelihood in coastal communities Waterfront Infrastructure Development Expand the water transportation network with Lagos State Waterways Medium Term Strengthen increased private sector participation Authority Resuscitate farm centres and explore urban Lagos State Ministry of Long Term Strengthen Develop an e-platform that coordinates and Lagos Metropolitan Medium Term Strengthen agriculture opportunities to strengthen food Agriculture integrates public transport services Area Transport Authority security

Goal 2: Improve access to clean water and sanitation Goal 3: Prepare youth for a changing economy

Provide public toilets and bathrooms in Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Strengthen Broaden the scope of Information and Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Strengthen each Local Government and Local Council the Environment and Communication Technology (ICT) in the school Education Development Area Water Resources curriculum Construct community wastewater treatment Lagos State Wastewater Long Term Initiate Scale up the CODE Lagos Programme Office of Special Adviser Medium Term Strengthen plants Management Office on Education

Develop an integrated waste management Lagos Waste Long Term Strengthen Pillar 3, Inclusive City system Management Authority Expand and protect water sources to improve the Lagos Water Long Term Strengthen Goal 1: Create an inclusive environment for all city residents city’s water supply Corporation Community participatory flood management Office of Drainage Medium Term Initiate Goal 3: Enhance the provision of affordable and reliable energy Services

Conduct an energy audit to determine Lagos State Ministry Medium Term Initiate Scale Up Implementation of Lagos State Special Lagos State Office for Medium Term Strengthen infrastructure and supply gaps of Energy and Mineral Peoples Laws Disability Affairs Resources Delivery of clean and safe energy for cooking Lagos State Ministry Long Term Strengthen Goal 2 - Strengthen information management and disaster preparedness of Energy and Mineral Resources Expand use of the Lagos State Citizens Gate Office of Transformation, Medium Term Strengthen Platform for effective e-governance. Creativity and Develop a campaign to promote efficient energy Lagos State Electricity Medium Term Strengthen information use Board Strengthen the state’s Emergency Response Lagos State Emergency Medium Term Strengthen System Management Agency LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS LAGOS HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT Goal 4: Enhance resilience through land-use planning Strengthen the state’s capacity for collection, Lagos State Residents Medium Term Strengthen Strengthen the implementation of operative Ministry of Physical Long Term Strengthen analysis, and dissemination of data Registration Agency physical development plans Planning and Urban Development Increase access to affordable housing Lagos State Ministry of Long Term Initiate Goal 3 - Improve the health system to support Lagos residents in times of shock Housing Implement the Lagos State Health Scheme Lagos State Health Short term Strengthen Strengthen the Lagos Urban Renewal Programme Lagos State Urban Long Term Strengthen Management Agency Renewal Authority

Pillar 2, Enterprise City Upgrade public healthcare facilities Lagos State Ministry of Long term Strengthen Health Goal 1: Support individual and collective entrepreneurship as a driving force for innovation and development Develop an e-health system that incorporates Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Initiate Strengthen the Lagos State Employment Trust Lagos State Medium Term Strengthen disease surveillance Health Fund to support job creation Employment Trust Fund

Establish at least one innovation and incubation Lagos State Medium Term Initiate hub in each of the 57 LGA/LCDA Employment Trust Fund

Upgrade market infrastructure Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Initiate Local Government and Community Affairs Establish an Information and Communication Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Initiate Technology (ICT) village that will incorporate the Physical Planning and current computer village Urban Development Expand the Master Craftsman Project Lagos State Ministry of Medium Term Strengthen Housing

124 125 ADMINISTRATIVE FACTS

Official Name: Capital: Official Language: SOKOTO Federal Republic of Nigeria Abuja English KATSINA

JIGAWA Area: Main cities: Major languages: ZAMFARA YOBE 923,768km2 1 Lagos, Kano, Portharcourt, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba BORNO KANO Abuja, Ibadan KEBBL Political regime: Number of States: Republic 36

KADUNA BAUCHI GOMBE NIGER ADAMAWA

ABUJA PLATEAU DEMOGRAPHICS ENVIRONMENT ECONOMY KWARA FCT NASSARAWA Population OYO 140,431,790 Coastline: 853km1 Currency: Naira (N) (NGN) census (2006): EKITI TARABA OSUN 2 3 US$397.3 KOGI Population (2019): 200,96,2417 Climate: Tropical Savannah GDP (2018): 4 billion OGUN ONDO BENUE River Niger Population growth Hydrographic GDP growth rate EDO 2.6%5 (4,180km), River 2.85%7 LAGOS ENUGU rate (2019): Climate: (2017): EBONYL Benue (1400km)6 ANAMBRA 492.44 million CROSS RIVER Greenhouse gas DELTA ABIA Density: 217.55 km2 8 metric tons of GDP per capita: US$2396.310 IMO emission (2014): 9 CO AKWA IBOM 2 BAYELSA Urbanization rate 49.52%11 Inflation Rate (2018): 12.1%12 (2017): RIVERS

Poverty Map of Nigeria Showing the 36 States prevalence rate 46.7%13 (2018):

HDI (2017): 0.532145 ACRONYMS FLAGSHIP SECTORS 100RC 100 Resilient Cities LSDP Lagos State Development Plan 4Ps Public-Private-People-Partnership LSETF Lagos State Employment Trust Fund AICs Atal Incubation Centres LSTMP Lagos State Strategic Transport Master Plan LAGOS RESILIENCE STRATEGY LAGOS AIM Atal Innovation Mission MDAs Ministries, Departments & Agencies HISTORYLAGOS AND CONTEXT INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE COMMERCE BRT Bus Rapid Transit MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises The industrial sector makes up Nigeria ranks sixth worldwide and first in Nigeria ranks 27th worldwide and first in CHP Combined Heat and Power NGO Non-Governmental Organization 22.3% of GDP.15 Africa in farm output. Africa in commercial activities. CHSD Centre for Housing and Sustainable Development NITI National Institution for Transforming India COAST Collaborative Action for Sustainable Tourism PLwDs Persons Living with Disabilities The sector accounts for approximately Employs 11.6% of the workforce.16 Services represent 55.8% of GDP. CODI Community Organizations Development Institute PMS Premium Motor Spirit 18% of GDP. ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States PPP Public Private Partnership First country in Africa and the eighth FRSC Federal Road Safety Commission PSCA Punjab Safe Cities Authority country in the world in terms of oil Employs one third of the population. Employs 51.9% of the population. GDP Gross Domestic Product RFD Rural Fund for Development export. GEF Global Environmental Facility SDGs Sustainable Development Goals GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery SON Standard Organization of Nigeria Oil accounts for 83% of total exports GIZ German Development Agency TFL Transport for London Labour force 90.5 million in 2018. revenue. IBILE Administrative divisions of Lagos: Ikeja, Badagry, Ikorodu, TMB Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona Lagos Island and Epe TURP Tanzania Urban Resilience Programmes Accounts for 10% of GDP. ICT Information and Communication Technology UBSUP Upscaling Basic Sanitation for Urban Poor 70% of government revenue. Lagos HOMS Lagos State Home Ownership Mortgage Scheme UCDO Urban Community Development Organizations LAMATA Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority UK United Kingdom LASAMBUS Lagos State Ambulance Services UNDP United Nations Development Programme LASBCA Lagos State Building Control Agency UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme LASEMA Lagos State Emergency Management Agency UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural REFERENCES FOR APPENDICES LASODA Lagos State Office for Disability Affairs Organization LASRO Lagos State Resilience Office UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund 1 Encyclopaedia of the World. “Nigeria: Location, Size, and Extent.” 7 COUNTRYECONOMY.COM, GDP Nigeria 2018. LASRRA Lagos State Residents Registration Agency UNILAG University of Lagos 2 UN Projection, World Population Prospects 2017. 8 UN Projection, World Population Prospects 2017. LASU Lagos State University UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization 3 Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 9 USAID (2018). Climate LINKS. Greenhouse Gas Emissions LASWA Lagos State Waterways Authority USAID United State Agency for International Development May 2011. Factsheet: Nigeria. LAWMA Lagos Waste Management Authority VI Victoria Island 4 COUNTRYECONOMY.COM, GDP Nigeria 2018. 10 COUNTRYECONOMY.COM, GDP Nigeria 2018. LBS Lagos Bureau of Statistics WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 5 World Population Prospects (2019 Revision), United Nations 11 “Urbanisation in Nigeria” (2017). LCC Lekki Conservation Centre WHO: World Health Organisation population estimates and projections. Total population estimated 12 Knoema. World data analysis Nigeria economy. LCDAs Local Council Development Areas WSPs Water Service Providers to be consistent with the 1963, 1991, and 2006 censuses, adjusted 13 DIM OUTLOOK, “Nigeria has become the poverty capital of the LGA Local Government Areas WSTF Water Services Trust Fund for under-enumeration, with the age and sex structure from the world.” LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas 2011 MICS4 survey, and with estimates of the subsequent the 14 UNDP (2018), Human Development Indices and Indicators: trends in fertility, mortality, and international migration. 2018 Statistical Update. 6 Encyclopaedia of the World. “Nigeria: Location, Size, and 15 IMF – World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018. Extent.” 16 IMF – World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018.

126 127 Members of LASRO Team

Light Rail track construction, Marina, Lagos