Étude De Caractérisation De L'arrondissement Historique Et Naturel Du Mont-Royal

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Étude De Caractérisation De L'arrondissement Historique Et Naturel Du Mont-Royal Étude de caractérisation de l’arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal Commission des biens culturels du Québec Décembre 2005 2 Direction de la publication : Suzel Brunel, vice-présidente, Commission des biens culturels du Québec Recherche et rédaction : Claire Poitras, professeure-chercheure, Institut national de recherche scientifique – Urbanisation, Culture et Société Joanne Burgess, professeure Université du Québec à Montréal Département d’histoire Comité du suivi : Suzel Brunel, vice-présidente, Commission des biens culturels du Québec Mario Dufour, président Commission des biens culturels du Québec Mehdi Ghafouri, architecte, professeur et consultant Membre de la Commission des biens culturels du Québec André Chouinard, aménagiste, Direction du patrimoine, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications Cartographie : Guy Mongrain, consultant en histoire et cartographe Révision linguistique : Hélène Dumais, linguiste Corinne Gustin, Commission des biens culturels du Québec Traitement de texte : Suzanne Turcotte, Commission des biens culturels du Québec _____________________________________________________________________________ Commission des biens culturels du Québec Étude de caractérisation de l’arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal Décembre 2005 3 © Commission des biens culturels du Québec, 2005 225, Grande Allée Est, bloc A, RC Québec, Québec G1R 5G5 Téléphone : (418) 643-8378 Télécopieur. : (418) 643-8591 Adresse électronique : [email protected] Site Internet : www.cbcq.gouv.qc.ca _____________________________________________________________________________ Commission des biens culturels du Québec Étude de caractérisation de l’arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal Décembre 2005 4 Table des matières Introduction..........................................................................................................................8 1. Le territoire de l’arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal ......................9 1.1 Le périmètre de l’arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal...................10 Carte : Arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal 1.2 Un espace marqué au sceau de la diversité et de la complexité et un espace de prestige.............................................................................................11 2. L’approche retenue et les sources utilisées...............................................................13 3. Le mont Royal : géomorphologie, hydrographie et écosystèmes.............................17 3.1 Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques ..................................................................17 3.2 Les ressources hydrographiques ...............................................................................19 3.3 Les écosystèmes........................................................................................................20 3.4 Des traces qui témoignent des origines du mont Royal et de ses écosystèmes ........25 Carte 3.2 : Traces géomorphologiques d'origine 4. De la préhistoire aux premiers contacts....................................................................28 4.1 Un espace témoin des grandes époques de la préhistoire amérindienne ..................28 4.2 Le mont Royal et l’emplacement d’Hochelaga ........................................................31 4.3 Des traces qui témoignent de la préhistoire du mont Royal .....................................33 Carte 4.2 : Traces d'intérêt historique, de la préhistoire à 1642 5. De 1642 à 1780 : la montagne au cœur d’un espace agricole...................................35 5.1 Une action sulpicienne structurante..........................................................................35 5.1.1 Le domaine seigneurial de la montagne ........................................................35 5.1.2 L’ouverture des côtes.....................................................................................39 5.1.3 Au gré de l’ouverture des côtes, la mise en place d’un premier réseau routier...........................................................................40 5.2 Les habitants de la seigneurie de Montréal et le mont Royal ...................................41 5.3 Les concessions sulpiciennes et l’appropriation des hauteurs e par l’élite urbaine dès le XVIII siècle........................................................................45 5.4 Le mont Royal en 1780.............................................................................................47 5.5 Des traces d’intérêt historique de la période 1642-1780 ..........................................47 Carte 5.2 : Traces d'intérêt historique, de 1642 à 1780 6. De 1780 aux années 1840 : la banlieue de Montréal, un paysage rural en mutation49 6.1 Les mutations agricoles et la diversification du monde rural ...................................49 6.1.1 Une agriculture en mutation..........................................................................49 6.1.2 L’essor des noyaux villageois ........................................................................50 6.2 L’engouement pour la villégiature............................................................................51 6.2.1 Des racines anciennes : le Domaine des Sulpiciens......................................51 6.2.2 De nouvelles élites et de nouveaux domaines................................................52 6.2.3 Les origines du Golden Square Mile .............................................................53 6.2.4 La villégiature et les autres versants du mont Royal.....................................56 6.2.5 La côte Saint-Antoine.....................................................................................56 6.2.6 La côte Sainte-Catherine ...............................................................................56 _____________________________________________________________________________ Commission des biens culturels du Québec Étude de caractérisation de l’arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal Décembre 2005 5 6.3 Le mont Royal et ses environs vers 1840 .................................................................58 6.4 Des traces d’intérêt historique de la période 1780-1840 ..........................................58 Carte 6.2 : Traces d'intérêt historique, de 1780 à 1840 7. Des années 1840 aux années 1870 : le mont Royal, espace salubre dans une ville en voie d’industrialisation..................................................................60 7.1 Un cadre champêtre et des lotissements résidentiels bourgeois ...............................60 7.1.1 Le Golden Square Mile ..................................................................................60 7.1.2 Lotissement du domaine des Sulpiciens.........................................................63 7.2 La villégiature sur les autres flancs du mont Royal : rêves et réalités......................63 7.2.1 La côte Saint-Antoine.....................................................................................64 7.2.2 La côte Sainte-Catherine ...............................................................................65 7.2.3 La côte des Neiges .........................................................................................65 7.3 Des conditions essentielles : la mise en place d’infrastructures urbaines.................65 7.3.1 La trame de rues et le transport urbain.........................................................65 7.3.2 Les premiers réservoirs d’eau potable construits dans la montagne ............66 7.4 L’urbanisation, un cadre champêtre et des activités agricoles..................................68 7.5 Le mont Royal, refuge pour les institutions religieuses, éducatives et hospitalières.........................................................................................70 7.5.1 L’implantation institutionnelle au domaine de la Montagne.........................70 7.5.2 Le Grand Séminaire, 1854-1857....................................................................70 7.5.3 Le Collège de Montréal, 1868-1871 ..............................................................71 7.5.4 Le Couvent et l’Hôpital général des Sœurs grises.........................................72 7.5.5 L’Hôtel-Dieu et le fief de la Providence........................................................72 7.6 La conversion de domaines privés............................................................................73 7.6.1 Les premiers pavillons de l’Université McGill..............................................73 7.6.2 La villa Monklands devenue Villa Maria.......................................................74 7.6.3 Les implantations institutionnelles se poursuivent et se diversifient.............75 7.7 L’aménagement des cimetières.................................................................................76 7.7.1 Le cimetière du Mont-Royal...........................................................................76 7.7.2 Le cimetière de Notre-Dame-des-Neiges.......................................................77 7.7.3 Les cimetières Shaerith Israel et Shaar Hashomayim ...................................79 7.8 Le développement des fonctions ludiques sur la montagne......................................79 7.8.1 L’hôtellerie de villégiature ............................................................................80 7.8.2 Les activités sportives : golf, raquette, criquet..............................................81 7.9 Le mont Royal au début des années 1870.................................................................82 7.10
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