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A Country Profile 2008 Migration in Romania

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A Country Profile 2008 Migration in Romania MigrationMigration inin Romania:Romania: AA CountryCountry ProfileProfile 20082008 17 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 717 9111 • Fax: +41 22 798 6150 E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: http://www.iom.int US $15.00 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Prepared by: Alin Chindea Magdalena Majkowska-Tomkin Heikki Mattila Isabel Pastor Edited by: Sheila Siar Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int _____________________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-482-4 ISBN 978-92-9068-517-3 (Migration in the Black Sea Region: Regional Overview, Country Profiles and Policy Recommendations) © 2008 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 94_08 Migration in Romania: A Country Profile October 2008 contents List of tables and figures......................................................................... 4 Acronym list............................................................................................. 5 Foreword................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary: General Assessment of Migration Issues.........11 1. Immigrants......................................................................................... 13 1.1. Number of immigrants ..............................................................................13 1.2. Status of immigrants .................................................................................15 1.3. Main countries of origin of immigrants ....................................................16 2. Emigrants........................................................................................... 17 2.1. Number of emigrants ................................................................................17 2.2. Status of emigrants ....................................................................................18 2.3. Main countries of destination ...................................................................21 3. Remittances ....................................................................................... 23 3.1. Quantitative aspects of remittances ..........................................................23 3.2. Qualitative aspects of remittances ............................................................26 4. Migrant Communities/Diasporas..................................................... 27 4.1. Description of the relationship between diasporas and country of origin .....................................................................................................27 4.2. Migrant community/diasporas’ organizations ...........................................28 5. Irregular migration............................................................................ 29 5.1. Figures and information on irregular movements .....................................29 5.2. Figures and information on return migration flows ..................................31 5.3. Figures and information on trafficking in persons ....................................33 6. Assessment and analysis of migration issues................................... 37 6.1. Government institutions responsible for migration policy .......................37 6.2. International legal framework in place relevant to migration ...................38 6.3. Migration policies in place ......................................................................44 6.4. The scale of brain drain and labour shortages, and policies to address them .............................................................................................53 6.5. Irregular migration routes and policies to address irregular migration.....55 6.6. Trafficking in human being and policies to address it ..............................58 6.7. Refugees, asylum seekers and displaced persons, and relevant policies in place ........................................................................................61 6.8. Other important migration actors within the country ..............................63 Migration in Romania: A Country Profile 2008 list of tables Table 1. Stock of foreign citizens with permanent and temporary residence permit .................................................................................13 Table 2. Stock of foreign citizens with temporary residence permit ...............14 Table 3. Work permits issued in 2006, breakdown by top 10 countries of origin ..............................................................................................15 Table 4. Top ten source countries of temporary foreign workers in Romania .............................................................................................16 Table 5. Estimates regarding migration trends in Romania (percentage of adult population that responded Yes to the questions) .......................19 Table 6. Occupational status of Romanian migrants, 2005 .............................20 Table 7. Main countries of destination of Romanians, bilateral estimate of emigrant stock, 2007 .....................................................................21 Table 8. The importance of remittances in Romania, 1990-2005 ....................25 Table 9. Use of remittances in Romania ..........................................................26 Table 10. Irregular aliens apprehended with illegal stay, 2004-2206, breakdown by country of origin .......................................................29 Table 11. Removed persons, by main countries of origin ................................30 Table 12. Number of illegal border crossings/attempts of foreign nationals by citizenship ....................................................................30 Table 13. Number of Romanian citizens returned to Romania, by returning country .........................................................................31 Table 14. IOM assisted voluntary returns by country of last residence and year ...........................................................................................32 Table 15. Trafficking in persons, breakdown by main countries of destination, 2007 ..............................................................................33 Table 16. Victims of trafficking by main forms of exploitation, 2007.............35 Table 17. Number of persons convicted for trafficking in persons ..................59 list of figures Figure 1. Stock of foreign citizens with permanent residence permit .............14 Figure 2. Work permits issued in 2006, breakdown by sector of activity ........15 Figure 3. Emigration flows from Romania, 1990-2005 ...................................17 Figure 4. Inflows of remittances in Romania, 2001-2005 (in USD million) ...24 Figure 5. Victims of trafficking in Romania, by status, 2007 ..........................34 Figure 6. Victims of trafficking in Romania, by gender, 2007 ........................34 Figure 7. Evolution of emigration and highly skilled migration, 1990-2003 .........................................................................................54 Migration in Romania: A Country Profile 2008 acronYM list ANITP National Agency Against Trafficking in Persons BSEC Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation EEA European Economic Area EU European Union FDI Foreign direct investment ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy Development IOM International Organization for Migration MIRA Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform MMSSF Ministry of Labour, Family, and Equality of Opportunities NGO Non-governmental organization RCP Regional Consultative Process UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WGCC Working Group on Combating Crime Migration in Romania: A Country Profile 2008 foreWorD International migration is a prominent feature of globalization and one of the defining issues of this century. Increasingly, migration entails economic, so- cial, demographic, cultural, security and environmental effects on both sending and receiving societies. The task of formulating effective and coherent approach- es for the management of international migration poses formidable challenges and frequently has led to regional initiatives such as Regional Consultative Proc- esses (RCPs).1 These initiatives – which address
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