Appendices
Appendix 3.1
Zhang Xie, The Red-Haired Barbarians
From Dongxi yangkao 東西洋考 [Investigations on the East and West Seas], by Zhang Xie 張燮, orig. 1617 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981), 127–130. A digital version is avail- able at ctext: https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=792663&remap=gb. Accessed June 21, 2019.
Text between round brackets is the commentary in the original text. Text between square brackets contains comments, clarifications, and corrections essential for understanding the text. Minor comments are added in footnotes.
The red-haired barbarians call their country Holland [helan 和蘭], which they say is adjacent to the land of the Farangi [folangji 佛郎機, the “Franks,” i.e. the Portuguese and Spanish]. Since ancient times, they never had contact before with China. Their people have deep sunken eyes and long noses, and their hair and beards are all red, for which reason we call them red-haired barbarians. (Commentary: Yan Shigu 顏師古 (581–645) writes: “The Rong barbarians of the western regions all have strange appear- ances. The foreigners of our day have blue eyes and red beards, and their bodies look like those of a species of monkeys”1). Another name is Misuguo 米粟果 (?). Because the Farangi had captured Luzon [Manila] and traded in Macao, the hearts of the Dutch were filled with envy. They embarked on their huge boats and began attacking every- thing between Java and Pattani, all the while building factories to serve as trade stations. Nevertheless, they were far removed from China, making them drool on the ground [thinking of trade with China]. Once, they attacked Luzon but Luzon repelled them, and they had to leave empty-handed. Then, they went to Macao but were beaten off by the Portuguese and returned angrily, waiting several years for another opportunity. (Commentary: The Guangdong Provincial Gazetteer writes: “The red-haired devils, we do not know from which country they are. In [the] winter of the twenty-ninth year of the Wanli reign period (1601), they came with a large vessel to Macao. They were dressed in red and their eyebrows, hair, and beards were also all red. Their feet from heel to toe were one foot and two inches long, and they were extraordinarily tall. The Portuguese interrogated them repeatedly, but through an interpreter they always re- plied that they only came to establish a tribute relationship [with China] and had no
1 This citation is found in a Tang dynasty commentary by Yan Shigu to the chapter on the west- ern regions in the History of the Han.
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2 In cock fights, fox grease was smeared on the head of the cock to trigger its instincts of smell- ing a fox and make the cock more aggressive.
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(Commentary: In the forty-fifth year of the Wanli reign-period (1617, i.e. 1603?), the Chinese merchants were attacked in the harbor of Luzon and savagely killed, and the [Dutch] boat captain deplored it greatly.)
Products: Gold, silver, amber, agate, glass, velvet, down [cotton?], woolen carpets, knives [swords?]
Trade: Their merchant ships have not reached our land yet. They conduct trade be- tween Siam, Java and Brunei in particular. Because those countries are wealthy, both Chinese and foreigners seek their fortunes there. The goods of the Chinese are of high quality and they consequently fetch high prices far exceeding their value. For this rea- son, the prices for the goods sold by the red foreigners have also risen steeply [also asking high prices like the Chinese?].
紅毛番
紅毛番，自稱和蘭國，與佛郎機鄰壤；自古不通中華。其人深目長鼻， 毛髮皆赤，故呼紅毛番雲(顏師古曰:西域諸戎，其形最異。今胡人青眼、赤 須，狀類獮猴者，其種也)。一名米粟果。佛郎機據呂宋而市香山，和蘭心 慕之；因駕巨艦，橫行爪哇、大泥之間，築土庫為屯聚處所。竟以中國險 遠，垂涎近地。嘗抵呂宋，呂宋拒不納。又之香山，為澳夷所阻，歸而狠 卜累年矣(「廣東通志」曰:紅毛鬼，不知何國；萬曆二十九年冬，大舶頓至 濠鏡。其人衣紅，眉發連須皆赤；足踵及趾長尺二寸，壯大倍常。澳夷數 詰問，輒譯言不敢為寇，通貢而已；當道謂不宜開端。李榷使召其酋入 見，游處會城一月始還。諸夷在澳者，尋其守之，不許登陸，始去)。 澄人李錦者，久駐大泥，與和蘭相習；而猾商潘秀、郭震亦在大泥，與 和蘭貿易往還。忽一日，與酋韋郎談中華事。錦曰:若欲肥而橐，無以易漳 者。漳故有彭湖嶼在海外, 可營而守也。酋曰:倘守臣不允，奈何?錦曰:釆珰 在閩負金錢癖，若第善事之，珰特疏以聞，無不得請者；守臣敢抗明詔哉? 酋曰:善。乃為大泥國王移書閩當事，一移中貴人、一備兵觀察，一防海大 夫，錦所起草也；俾潘秀、郭震齎之以歸。防海大夫陶拱聖聞之，大駭白 當道，系秀於獄。震續至，遂匿移文不投。 初，秀與夷約，入閩有成議，遣舟相迎。然夷食指既動，不可耐，旋駕 二巨艦及二中舟尾之而至。亡何，已次第抵彭湖；時萬曆三十二年七月 也。是時汛兵俱撤，如登無人之墟。夷遂伐木駕廠，自以鱗介得窺衣裳 矣。李錦徐挐得一漁舟，附之入漳偵探，詭雲為夷所虜逃還。當事者已廉 知其蹤，並系之。嗣議使錦、秀諭令夷人還國，許以自贖，並拘郭震與 俱。錦等既與夷首謀，不欲自言其不售，第雲我國尚在依違而已。材官詹 獻忠捧檄往，乃多攜幣帛瓜酒，覬其厚償。海濱人又有潛裝華貨往市者， 夷益觀望不肯去。屢遣官諭之，比見夷，語輒不揚，夷視之如發蒙振落 也。而釆珰者，已遣親信周之范馳詣海上，與夷訂盟；以三萬金為中貴人 壽，貴人從中持之。
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盟已就，會南路總兵施德政遣材官沈有容將兵往諭。沈多才略，論說鋒 起，從容謂夷曰:中國斷不容遠人，實逼處此；有誑汝逗留者，即是愚爾。 四海大矣，何處不可生活?嗣又聞珰使在此，更曰:堂堂中國，豈乏金錢巨萬 萬；爾為鼠輩所誑，錢既不返、市又不成，悔之何及!麻郎見沈豪情爽氣， 嘆曰:從來不聞此言。旁眾露刃相語曰:中國兵船到此，想似要與我等相殺， 就與相殺何如?沈厲聲曰:中國甚慣殺賊，第爾等既說為商，故爾優容；爾何 言戰鬥，想是元懷作反之意。爾未睹天朝兵威耶?夷語塞。又心悔恐為之范 所賣，乃呼之范，索所餉金錢歸，只以哆囉嗹、玻瓈器及夷刀、夷酒遺 珰，將乞市夷文代奏。而都御史若(右?)御史，各上疏請剿，於是德政嚴守 要害，厲兵拭甲，候旨調遣。兵民從海外入者，一錢不得著身；挾錢者治 如法。蓋接濟之路遂窮，又聲言預作火攻之策。夷度茲事必無濟理，又且 坐困，乃以十月二十五日掛帆還。錦、秀、震、獻忠等論死及戍有差。嗣 奉旨使殷商至大泥，移檄和蘭，毋更為細人所誤雲。 或謂和蘭長技，惟舟與銃耳。舟長三十丈，橫廣五、六丈；板厚二尺 餘，鱗次相銜。樹五桅舶上，以鐵為網，外漆打馬油，光瑩可鑑。舟設三 層，傍鑿小窗，各置銅銃其中。每銃張機，臨放推由窗門以出；放畢自 退，不假人力。桅之下置大銃，長二丈餘，中虛如四尺車輪。雲發此可洞 裂石城，震數十里；敵迫我時，烈此自沉，不能為虜也。其役使名烏鬼， 嘗居高自投於海，徐出行濤中，如御平原。舵後銅盤，大徑數尺，譯言照 海鏡；識此，可海上不迷。奉天甚謹，祀所謂天主者於中。其酋所居及臥 內，俱哆囉嗹蒙其四壁。每華商詣酋，守門者撞鐘為報，侍者二人出傳 語；值酋臥或別冗，則坐外間以俟，傳見乃進。或為設食，以一大片置盤 中，人分一刀，切而食之。與華人語，數侵華人；若華人與他夷人爭鬥， 則為華人左袒。嘗謂華人曰:此身浮泊世間，須有鱗甲爪牙，令可畏；若輩 牝雞耳，譏其不善鬥，未嘗以狸膏蒙其頭也(萬曆四十五年在呂宋港口迎擊 華商，大肆劫掠，舶主苦之)。
物產:金、銀錢、琥珀、瑪瑙、玻瓈、天鵝絨、瑣服、哆囉嗹、刀。
交易:商舶未有抵其地者；特暹羅、爪哇、渤泥之間，與相互市。彼國既 富，褭蹏華夷，華人貨有當意者，輒厚償之，不甚較值。故貨為紅夷所 售，則價驟湧。
Appendix 3.2
諭西夷記陳學伊
余又聞之紅夷舊為佛郎機別部，一名和蘭，後以強盛自雄。其人長身赤 髮，深目藍睛。居常帶劍，劍善者直百餘金。惟利吾中國湖絲，從水道與 大泥通。舟長二十餘丈、高數丈許，板厚二尺有咫，內施錫片。舟旁各列 大銃三十餘，銃中鐵彈四五具，重三四十斤，舟遇之立粉。水工有黑鬼
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者，最善沒，沒可行數里。諸凡器械巧詐非諸夷可比，即稱強如佛郎機 者，且斂手避，殆未易以中國長技敵也。
Appendix 3.3
明實錄
兵部覆福建巡撫徐學聚等，奏紅番闖入內洋，宜設法驅回，以清海徼，勾 引奸民潘秀張嶷等，均應究處。 上曰，紅毛番無因忽來，狡偽叵測，著嚴 行拒回呂宋也。著嚴加曉諭，毋聽奸徒，煽惑擾害，□民潘秀等，依律究 處。
Appendix 3.4
Zhang Xie, Travels of the Red Foreigners “Hongyi xing 紅夷行” in Qunyu lou ji 群玉樓集, compiled by Zhang Xie 張燮 (1574– 1640), printed in 1638 (no place), 15b–16b.
The red foreigners say they are from Holland. They came on huge warships and seized our Penghu Islands. Sailing in and out Lumen and Guiyu, they caused the coastal areas to be without peace for a long time. The officials are blinded by financial gains, and the foreigners are playing us on the palm of their hands, intensifying their roaring (laugh- ter). The hermit (i.e. Zhang Xie) has no place to escape to. Outraged by this all, I wrote this song.
The red-haired foreigners are looking for trade, Years ago we expelled them, chasing them far away; After many years of atrocities, they eventually returned, With their huge cannons and tall sails, they are pointing their finger at us; Threatening our ancestors, they have landed at the Penghu Islands, Brazenly building walls and erecting a fortress; Each time they sail their boats to the edges of the sea (i.e. coast), The home of fishermen and their boats are all destroyed; Among them are only criminals, wrecking everything, When they set our places on fire, the cries of calamity are near; These cunning people trade secretly, goods coming to and fro, Once these sea turtles have tasted the juice (of victory), they forget to return; Our soldiers fear these thieves as if they are wild beasts, Discarding spears and armors, they silently pray on their walls;
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The general overseeing the battle utters no sound, He is unjustly murdered on top of the city walls under the sound of thundering drums; The government officials worship these thieves as if they are gods, Promising big benefits, they welcome each other; During banquets they cut open bellies searching for hidden pearls, They empty their libraries and prepare the ritual victims (in violation of ritual regulations); The foreign chief is named Kobenloet 高文律, Loads of shining gold and silk, he carried from our shores; Riding their horses from the relay station, they look at the vice-censor’s terrace, A thousand barbarians leave comfortably without saying a word; Everywhere where they show themselves boisterously, the Fujian people go into hiding, But they still spy our valuables, leaving us nowhere to go; Their violent and cruel behavior exceeds any norm, Their control of our territory is over the edge; Plundering goods, they heap them like mountains, who dares to question them? Killing people, they heap them like hemp, when will it ever end? Sometimes, even when a small boat is destroyed in a forceful wind, They force the locals to swim to collect the remaining goods; Each and every government official is chasing for profit, The foreigners just have to sit and wait for them in the harbor; Don’t they feel shame about the feminine hats they are all wearing? How will their ugliness not be transmitted far and wide? Peace can only be achieved when the eldest son leads the army When there is game (i.e. enemy invasion) in the fields, it is beneficial to catch it; Having taken revenge and eradicated the evil, better days will return, Having cleansed the roving bandits, new hope will come.
Later, the censor-in-chief of the south came with his plan to destroy the foreigners and defeat these invaders: at the break of dawn, we attack them with fire (boats), after which we send our fleet to chase the foreigners and banish them far away. Evidently, the saying (from the Book of Changes hexagram 7, Earth above Water) “the eldest son leads the army” were prophetic words (coming true).
紅夷行
紅夷自稱和蘭國，乘巨艦據我彭湖，出入鷺門、圭嶼。久之，海濱一帶無 復寧宇。官以款自愚，夷玩我股掌之上，益肆哮吼。幽人徙避無處，慨焉 作歌。
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赤髪夷人求互市，昔年驅之隨遠從， 歲久獰猙竟復來，巨銃長帆搖食指， 聲言遠祖在澎湖，公然築城置營壘， 開柂時入海門涯，鱗屋漁舟盡披霏， 間有犯者但摧碎，火燎于原難響邇， 黠者濳通貨往還，蒼龜嗜汁忘溺外, 軍士畏賊如豺虎，偃戈息甲祈晏堵， 將軍督戰下無聲，枉殺城頭雷大鼓， 官府媚賊如神明，早辭厚享相逢迎， 但晏剖腹必藏珠，空費束書而載牲， 夷酋舊號高文律，照耀金緋㟁上出， 乘驛往見中丞臺，千番慰遺說不開， 招搖突遍榕隱返，覘我虛實無近遠， 封豕長蛇氣益橫，內地當家臥長阪， 掠貨如山誰敢問，殺人如麻猶未晚， 有時小艇衝風破，居人泅水拾殘貨， 官府一一嚴追償，夷人踞向津頭坐， 巾幗相遺不識羞，此醜那堪遠傳播， 安得長子來帥師，田有禽時利執之， 雪恥除兇天好還，廓清逋穢會有期。
後南中丞來一意，剿夷躬犯；霜雪初，用火攻，嗣遺舟師，窮追夷，遂 遠，從長子帥師之言，殆為語䜟。
Appendix 5.1
Overview of Chinese Objects and Books Present in the Low Countries in the Seventeenth Century
This appendix lists Chinese objects and books mentioned in a variety of sources. It includes objects explicitly named as Chinese. It does not include generic references to porcelain or silk or to objects listed as “Indian” that may have been Chinese. The list has no pretention to be exhaustive and is not based on systematic archival research. I am indebted to Willemijn van Noord and Trude Dijkstra for their contributions. The main relevant literature is: – Borch, O. Olai Borrichii Itinerarium, 1660–1665: The Journal of the Danish Polyhistor Ole Borch. Ed. with Introduction and Indices by H.D. Schepelern. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Reitzel, 1983. – Duyvendak, J.J.L. “Early Chinese Studies in Holland.” T’oung Pao 32 (1936): 293– 334.
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– Golvers, N. “De recruteringstocht van M. Martini, S.J. door de Lage Landen in 1654: over geomantische kompassen, Chinese verzamelingen, lichtbeelden en R.P. Wil- helm van Aelst, S.J. ” De zeventiende eeuw 10, no. 2 (1994): 331–350. – Golvers, N. “The xviith-Century Jesuit Mission in China and its ‘Antwerp Connec- tions,’ i. The Moretus Family (1660–1700).” De gulden passer 74 (1996): 157–188. – Van Campen J., F. Diercks & K. Corrigan, ed. Asia in Amsterdam: The Culture of Lux ury in the Golden Age. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, 2015. – Van Selm, B. Een menighte treffelijcke boecken: Nederlandse boekhandelscatalogi in het begin van de zeventiende eeuw. Utrecht: hes, 1987.
Amsterdam 1604 Public auction of the cargo of the Portuguese carrack Santa Catarina, captured by Ja- cob van Heemskerck off Patani (on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula). The car- go consisted of 1,200 bales of raw Chinese silk; chests filled with coloured damask and silk; large amounts of gold thread or spun gold; cloth woven with gold thread; robes and bed canopies spun with gold; silk bedcovers and bedspread; “an innumer- able quantity of porcelain vessels of all kinds, about thirty lasts, which is over a thousand hundredweight” and a “thousand other things that are produced in China.” Levinius Hulsius, Achte Schiffart oder kurtze Beschreibung etlicher Reysen so die Hol länder vnd Seeländer in die Ost Indien Anno 1599. biß Anno 1604. gethan (Frankfurt: Beckern, 1608), quoted from Teresa Canepa, Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer: China and Japan and their Trade with Western Europe and the New World 1500–1644 (London: Paul Holberton, 2016), 89–91.
Amsterdam Cornelis Claesz, 1605 “A collection of various Chinese books, or books that have now for the first time been brought from China of the realm of the Chinese with their ink and paper of admi- rable size.” (“Chinensium variorum librorum Bibliotheca, sive libri, qui nunc primum ex china seu regno Sinarum cum ipsorum atramento & charta admirandae magnitudinis advecti sunt. Amsterdami, 1605. Apud Cornelium Nicolai.”) Philippe Labbé, Nova bibliotheca mss. librorum (Paris: 1635), 396; Van Selm, Nederland se boekhandelscatalogi, 320–333, argues that these books were part of the cargo of the Portuguese carracks captured by the Dutch in 1603 and 1604.
Amsterdam Johannes Halsbergius, 1607 “A Chinese book in quarto”
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(“Liber in quarto chinensis”) Catalogus Librorum … Iohannis Halsbergii, Leiden 1607; Van Selm, Nederlandse boekhandelscatalogi, 156–7, 328, nr. 14.
Amsterdam Jan Nicquet, 1612–1613 Lacquerware desks (“comptoirkens”), East Indies paintings (“schilderijen”), a parasol, and a silver-plated and gilt miniature Chinese junk. Inventory of the widow of Jan Nicquet, Stadsarchief Amsterdam, notary J. Franssen Bruyningh, notarial archives 197, fol. 436–453, dated December 14, 15, 19, and Janu- ary 19, 1613; Van Campen, Asia in Amsterdam, 137.
Amsterdam 20 June 1620 Chinese book on typhoid fever brought from Amsterdam, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford Lei bian shanghan huo ren shu kuo zhi zhang tu lun 類編傷寒活人書括指掌圖論 (1589), Bodleian Library, Sinica 77 [SC1961 (G.19?)]. With a ms. note (upside down) in Dutch on first page: “Chinees boeck, den 20 Junio 1620 van Amsterdam gebrocht.”
Amsterdam 27–28 June 1634 A single incoming voc cargo included 219,027 pieces of Chinese porcelain, 52 chests with Japanese and Korean porcelain, 241 pieces of Japanese lacquerware, and 1155 pounds of raw Chinese silk. Courante uyt Italien en Duytschland, 27–28 June 1634, quoted in Simon Schama, Over vloed en onbehagen: de Nederlandse cultuur in de Gouden Eeuw (Amsterdam: Olym- pus, 2006), 352.
Amsterdam, Prinsengracht Jan Bassé, 1637 Cabinet of curiosities including a green cup that may have been jade (“een groen stene copgen”), East Indian sculptures (“Oostindische neger,” “Indiaens beelt”), two stone sculptures of monks (“twee steene Muncken”), perhaps “Chinese soap- stone figures of Buddhist monks” according to Van Campen, Asia in Amsterdam, 131; A. Bredius, Künstler-Inventare (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1915–1922), i, 127–147, esp. 132, 139, 146.
Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal Oost-Indisch Huys, 1639/1683
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“Chinese and Japanese paintings hanging in the hall where the voc directors meet and discuss their trade” (“In de zael, daer de Bewindhebbers vergaderen, en van hunnen handel raedslagen, hangen Chineesche en Iaponsche schilderyen.”) Caspar Barlaeus, Blyde Inkomst der allerdoorluchtighste Koninginne, Maria de Medicis, t’Amsterdam, transl. J. van den Vondel (Amsterdam: Blaeu, 1639), 37, fol. G2r.
“Various curiosities [made] of lacquerwork, such as Chinese screens, Japanese cabi- nets, along with Japanese silk robes, silk fabrics, textiles, tea and all the like.” (“Curieusheden van lackwercken, als Chinesche schutten, Japansche comptoiren, vort Japansche zyde rocken, syde stoffen, lywaten, thee en diergelycke.”) Visit by the Prince of Orange, November 18, 1683; National Archive The Hague, voc Archief Resoluties heeren zeventien, November 18, 1683, 1.04.02, inv.nr. 154; cf. Van Noord, this volume, p. 185.
Amsterdam, Intersection Prinsengracht—Looiersgracht Menagerie De Oude Doolhof, 1648 “A life-size Chinese, from the mighty kingdom of China.” (“Een levens-groote Chinees, uyt het machtigh Koninghkrijck van China.”) Ano., Verklaringe van verscheyden kunst-rijcke wercken […]. Alles te sien in’t Oude Dool hof tot Amsterdam (Amsterdam: Houthaeck, 1648), unpaginated [p. 4].
Amsterdam Willem Goes, 1653 “Chinese statues […] among which is a devil of wondrous shape that is said to hold kings in check and revert them to order, whenever they would turn to tyranny.” (“Idola Chinensia […] Inter quae est mira formae diabolus, qui dicitur reges cohibere atque in ordinem redigere, quoties ad tyrannidem vergunt.”) Barthold Neuhaus to Athanasius Kircher, 14 may 1653; cf. Willem Goes to Neuhaus for- warded to Kircher, 30 July 1653. Universita Gregoriana, Rome, Ms 557 (Ep. Kirch. iii) 194, 218–220.
Amsterdam, Jodenbreestraat Rembrandt van Rijn, 1656 “In the Art Chamber: […] two East Indian cups, a bowl ditto [decorated] with a little Chinaman, a sculpture of an empress, an East Indian powder box, […] an Indian cup, […] an East Indian sewing box, […] two porcelain cassowaries, […] two porce- lain figurines, […] a Japanese helmet, […] a Chinese basket full of portrait casts, […] A little Chinese basket.” (“Op de kunstcaemer: […] Twee Oost-Indische bakkies, een dito nap met een Sineessien; Een beelt van een keyserin; Een Oost-Indische poeyerdoos […] Een
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Indies koppie […] Een Oost-Indische naeydoos […] Twee porceleyne caguwarisen […] Twee porceleyne beeltiens […] Een Japanse hellemet […] Een Chineese ben vol gegoten konterfeitsels […] Een Chinees bennettie.”) The inventory of Rembrandt’s insolvent estate (Cessio Bonorum) (25–26 July 1656), Amsterdam City Archive, nr. 5072, inv. nr. 364, fol. 29–38v. URL: http://remdoc.huygens.knaw.nl/#/document/remdoc/e12718; http://remdoc.huygens .knaw.nl/#/document/remdoc/e12724. Accessed July 21, 2019.
Amsterdam Paul Cordes, 1662 “A Chinese idol in the form of a black demon; a Chinese ink stone in an oblong rectan- gular shape; an image in angular black Spanish wax with an inscription in some Chinese characters; Chinese silver money with Chinese letters; an agate shaped by the Chinese with singular skill, as a ring in the form of the head of an Aethiopian; a Chinese fan sown with threads made of tree moss to make fresh air; various stones among which a black one as large as a flat mosaic stone, the color of slate, that when put in cold water causes forceful sparkling […]; a silver effigy of that man Fayet [Guo Huaiyi, a leader of the Chinese on Formosa], who betrayed the Chinese King, made from pure gold after the Chinese and Japanese manner.” (“Idolum Chinense forma nigri Daemonis cum Rege quodam pingui fabulans penicillo pulchre expressum, atramentum Chinense forma oblonga quadrangulari, instar cer- ae hispan: nigrae angulosae cum inscriptione aliqvuot characterum Chiniticorum, pecuniae Chinenses argenteae cum literis Chinensib. achates a Chinensibus efforma- tus in annulo in formam capitis Aethiopis singulari arte, flabellum Chinense ex musco arboreo hinc inde trajecto filis consutum ad faciendum ventulum, lapides varii, inque iis quidam niger magnitudine tesserae planae, colore lapidis lydii, qui impositus aquae frigidae effervescit potenter […] Imago argentea illius Fayet, qui Chinensem Regem prodidit, aurum Chinense, et Japonense a natura purum elaboratum.”) Described by Ole Borch, March 30, 1662; Borch, Itinerario, ii, 88.
Amsterdam Unnamed East Indies Shop Visited by Ole Borch, June 22, 1662 “Various precious East India wares, precious silk underware […]; a pagan deity made from porcelain in the shape of a laughing man, estimated at 100 florins; oblong gold- en Chinese money, marked with a few letters.” (“Varias merces Indica pretiosas, perizomata sericea […] Deum Ethnicum ex porcella- no opere factum forma ridentis, aestimatum 100 florinis, pecunias aureas Chinenses oblongas, literis paucis signatas.”) Borch, Itinerario, ii, 149–150.
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Amsterdam Roetert Ernst, August 1663, March 1685 “Several books from Japan, and from China, a variety of miniature images from that country.” (“Plusieurs livres du Japon, & de la Chine, quantité d’Images en miniature de ce pays-la.”) B. de Monconys, Journal des voyages de Monsieur de Monconys (Lyon: Boissat, 1666), ii, 170.
“The heirs of the late Sir Roeter Ernst […] will sell publicly on Tuesday 24 April, new style, and the following days […] many very curious Indies and Chinese drawings and prints; and a statue of a woman, being a cabinet filled with silver and crystal bottles, with all kinds of Chinese extracts.” (“d’Erfgenamen van wylen de Heer Roeter Ernst […] sullen op Dinsdag den 24 April, N. Stijl en volgende dagen, in ’t openbaar verkopen […] veele seer curieuse Indi- aense en Chineesche Tekeningen en Printen; en een Vrouwen Beelt, zijnde een Cabinet, voorsien met Silvere en Cristalijne Flessen, met allerlye Chineesse Extracten.”) Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant, March 6, 1685. Reference provided by Dijkstra & Van Noord.
Amsterdam East Indies Shop of Adriaen Claesz. Bleecker, 1664 Fifty-four East Indies dolls (“Indische poppen”) and a book with Chinese paper. Amsterdam City Archives, notary J. Hendrickz. Leuven, notarial archives 2738, 623– 646, July 29, 1664 (copy), and notarial archives 2731, 655–667, July 29, 1664 (original); Van Campen, Asia in Amsterdam, 141.
Amsterdam Jan Witsen, October 1671 “Indian and Chinese paintings, of an inestimable effort. One discovers here the most secret particularities of the histories, the manners of living, and the religion of the country.” (“Des tableaux Indiens & Chinois, d’un travail inestimable. On descouvre dans celuy-ci les plus secrettes particularitez des histoires, de la façon de viure, & de la religion du pays.”) C. Patin, Relations historiques et curieuses de voyages (Rouen: 1674), 162; P. Lunsingh Scheurleer, “Het Witsenalbum; zeventiende-eeuwse Indiase portretten op bestel ling,” Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum 44 (1996): 167–230, esp. 213–214.
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Amsterdam Philips de la Fonteyne, 1673 “Many curious prints and drawings as well as Mughal, Japanese, and Chinese paintings.” (“Veel raere Printen en Teeckeningen, als mede Mogolle, Japanse en Chineesse Schilderytjens.”) Advertisement in Amsterdamsche Courant, October 24, 1673.
Amsterdam Cargo of the ship De Hollantze Thuyn, 1677 “Three Chinese lacquered screens.” (“3 stux Chineze verlackte schutzels.”) De Hollantze Thuyn arrived in Amsterdam in 1677; by 1678, two of the screens had still not been sold. J.A. van der Chijs (ed.), Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India Anno 1676 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1903), 331; cf. Van Noord, this volume, pp. 184.
Amsterdam Christina Heere, widow of Daniel van Swieten, 1682 “Two Chinese paintings.” (“Twee Chinese schilderijtjes.”) Inventory February 17, 1682, City Archive, Amsterdam, naa 2639, film 2665.
Amsterdam Juriaen Baeck & Adriana van Cruijningen, 1683. “Five small Chinese images in gilded frames.” (“Vijff Chinesche beelties in vergulde lijssiens.”) Inventaris van den boedel in gemeenschap beseten bij den capiteyn Juriaen Baeck en wij len Juffr. Adriana van Cruijningen, February 12, 1683; Gemeentearchief, Amsterdam, Nederland, naa 4520 (film 5310), ff. 477–513, esp. f. 489.
Amsterdam, Herengracht Nicolaas Witsen, 1684, 1700, 1705, 1728 A Chinese atlas; two round bronze mirrors; the writings of Confucius; and more than 250 Chinese objects listed at the posthumous auction of Witsen’s inventory.
Luo Hongxian 嘉靖中, Guang Yutu 廣輿圖 [Enlarged Terrestrial Atlas]. First edi- tion, published in China, 1555–1558. Museum Meermanno, The Hague, M.115.B.1. Given by Philippe Couplet to Nicolas Witsen in 1684. Described by Marcel Destombes: “A rare Chinese atlas,” Quaerendo 4, no. 4 (1974): 336–337.
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Two round Chinese bronze mirrors, to be dated in the Han dynasty on the basis of their inscriptions. Found in Siberia with a number of “Tartar” jewels. See W. van Noord & T. Weststeijn, “The Global Trajectory of Nicolaas Witsen’s Chinese Mirror,” The Rijks museum Bulletin 4 (2015): 325–361.
The writings of Confucius in 14 volumes “I have received with the latest East India ships the works of the Philosopher Confucius printed in Chinese, in 14 parts” (“Ik heb met de laeste Oostindische schepen de werken van de Philosoof Confucius in t Sinees gedrukt in 14 stukken ontfangen”) Nicolaas Witsen to Gijsbert Cuper, 3 November 1705, Special Collections, University of Amsterdam, uba Be 36.
P. 3. A Venus and Cupid, being a Chinese wax sculpture. Een Venus en Cupido, zynde een Chinees Boetseersel in Wasch. P. 4. A necklace with 110 little fruits, on each of which is carved a curiously detailed Chinese image. Een Ketting met 110 Vrugtjes waarvan op ieder Curieuse uitgewerkte Chineese Beeldjes zyn gesneden. Two ivory Chinese spoons decorated with images. Twee Ivoore Chineese Lepels, met Figuuren gesneeden. P. 6. A Chinese game. Een Chinees Spel. P. 7. A Chinese game in a box. Een Chinees-spel in een Doos. A black soapstone Chinese figure. Een zwart Speksteene Chineesje. P. 8. A large Chinese porcelain tower, very artfully made. Een dito[= grote] Chineese Porcelyne Tooren, zeer konstig gemaakt. P. 10, no. 1. A large scroll painted in color, being a Chinese landscape furnished with many figures, a few ells in length Een groote Rol met Couleuren geschildert, zynde een Landschap in China, met veel Beeldjes gestoffeert, eenige ellen lang. 3. Ditto, being a large landscape, with many figures. Een dito, zynde een groot Landscap, met veel Beeldjes. 4. Ditto. Een dito. 5. Ditto, much more fine and precise in draftsmanship. Een dito, veel fynder en netter van Tekening. 11. A Chinese almanak. Een Chineese Almanack. 18. Nine large Chinese landscapes furnished with beautiful colors and small figures. Negen stuks groote Chineese Landschappen, met schoone Kouleuren en kleine beeldjes gestoffeert. 26. A small Chinese printed book. Een Chinees dito [= gedrukt boekje]. A. A folder with Mughal and Chinese drawings. Een omslag met Mogolse en Chineesche Tekeningen.
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C. Nine large Chinese landscapes. Negen stuks Capitaale Chineesche geselschappen. D. Thirty images of Chinese women, including a few Mughal ones. Dertig Chineesche vroutjes, waar onder eenige Mogolse. E. Thirty Chinese images of birds, herbs and flowers. Dertig dito met Vogeltjes, Kruyden en bloemen. F. Thirty-six Chinese landscapes with figures. Ses en dertig Chineesche landschappen met beeldjes. G. Fourteen Chinese paintings with herbs, birds, and flowers. Veertien dito met Kruyden, Vogeltjes en bloemen. H. Sixteen Chinese paintings with flowers and herbs. Sestien dito met Bloemen en Kruyden. I. Twelve Chinese landscapes with figures etc. Twaalf dito Landschappen met Beeldjes etc. K. About fifty Chinese landscapes with figures. Omtrent vijftig dito Landschappen met Beeldjes. L. About forty Chinese images with birds, herbs and flowers. In de veertig dito, met Vo geltjes, Kruyden en Bloemen. M. Twelve excellent Chinese landscapes furnished with many figures. Twaalf Uytmun dende Chineesche Landschappen met veel Beeldjes gestoffeert. N. Twelve Chinese paintings with large figures. Twaalf dito met groote Beelden. P. About fifty Chinese landscapes painted on silk. Omtrent vyftig Chineesche Land schappen, op zyde geschildert. S. A few Chinese landscapes. Eenige Chineesche Landschapjes. T. A few Chinese birds and other animals. Eenige dito Vogels en andere Gediertens. U. A few Chinese penitents [e.g., mendicants?] with colors. Eenige Chineesche Peneten taren met Couleuren. Y. A few Chinese drawings and prints. Eenige Chineesche Tekeningen en Prenten. 1. Varous large Chinese drawings furnished with figures. Diverse groote Chineesche Te keningen met beelden gestoffeert. 2. Nine Chinese drawings fit for a chamber screen. Negen Chineesche Teekeningen, be quaam voor een Kamerschut. 3. Three similar large drawings. Drie dito groote Teekeningen. 4. Two similar scroll drawings. Twee Opgerolde dito Teekeningen. 6. A few Chinese printed maps, including the entire map of Siberia printed on cotton, and a printed Chinese volume with maps. Eenige Chineesche gedrukte Caarten, waar onder een, de heele Caart van Siberien, gedrukt op Catoen,als mede een gedrukt Chinees Caarteboek. P. 13, no. 6. A Chinese botanical work with herbs, flowers, plants, and seeds, painted in China. Een Chineesche Herbarius met kruyden, Bloemen, Planten en Saden, in China geschildert. Seeven Folianten.
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P. 13, no. 7. Four books with mathematical, astronomical, mechanical, and other instru- ments, some of which have been translated into Latin. Vier Boeken van Mathematice, Astronomice, Mechanice en andere Instrumenten, Chineesche druk, waar van eenige in ‘t Latyn zyn vertaalt. P. 14, no. 12. A Chinese glass painting, skillfully made. Een Chineese Glaaze Schildery, konstig gemaakt. P. 16. A drawn map, being a part of the Chinese coast. Een getekende Kaart zynde een gedeelte der Chineese Kust. A drawn map of the coast of China, Japan and Korea. Een dito van de naastgelegene Kusten van China, Japan en Coria. P. 19 A Chinese abacus. Een Chineese rekentafel. A Chinese clock. Een Chineese Klok. A torn[?] Chinese clock. Een dito gescheurt. p. 20, no. 1. A silver Chinese junk, most artfully made, with clockwork that makes it sail to and fro on a flat surface with severeal soapstone figures doing the ropework like raising and taking in the sails, in its wooden box. Een Zilvere Chineese Jonk, overkon stig gemaakt, met een Uurwerk, waard door het over een vlakke Vloer heen en weder zeild, doende verscheide Speksteene Beeldjes haar Scheepswerk, zo met vallen als ophaalender zeilen, in deszelfs Houte kas. no. 11. A Chinese junk artfully made of porcelain. Een Chineese Jonk, konstig van Porcelein gemaakt. no. 12. Two small Chinese junks with mirroring figures inside. Twee kleine dito, met Speculatie Beeldtjes van binnen. no. 13. A large artfully made Chinese lantern, that they use for their celebrations, in heptagonal shape. Een groote konstige Chineese Lantaarn, die zy op haar Vreugde- feesten gebruiken, zynde zeskantig. no. 14. Two smaller Chinese lanterns, also heptagonal. Twee kleinder dito, mede zeskantig. no. 15. Two Chinese lanterns, cuboid. Twee dito, vierkantig. P.21, no. 1. A Chinese shirt woven without hems. Een Chinees Hembt zonder naad geweeven. no. 15. A pair of Chinese women’s shoes. Een paar Chineese Vrouwe Muylen Catalogus van een heerlyk kabinet met Oost-Indische en andere konstwerken en raritey ten, als […] Chineese, Tartarise en andere afgoden, Chineese, Japanse en Mogolse min iaturen (Amsterdam: Erven Jacob Lescailje & Dirk Rank, 1728).
Amsterdam Herman van Pamburg, 1685 “Middleman Herman van Pamburg will sell on Tuesday, April 17th, a lot with excellent Chinese tea, sundry cotton textiles, painted Chinese bed covers, Chinese flowers in gold and silk, three curious large Chinese jars.”
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(“Herman van Pamburg, makelaar, zal dinsdag den 17 April ’t Amsterdam verkopen een partij puike Chineese thee, diverse catoene lywaren, geschilderde Chineese spreien, gouden en zijde Chineese bloemen, 3 curieuze grote Chinese potten.”) Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant, April 14, 1685; reference from T. Dijkstra, “The Chinese Imprint: Printing and Publishing Chinese Religion and Philosophy in the Dutch Re- public, 1595–1700”, PhD dissertation University of Amsterdam, 2019, p. 289.
Amsterdam, Singel Joan Breyne/Brayne, 1693 “A Chinese incense monster [i.e., dragon] made of stone, very curious.” (“Een Chinees wierookmonster van steen, heel raer.”) Catalogus van een groote partij extraordinaire curieuse Rariteyten […] Joan Breyne, 1693, 7, 10, 11, 13; E. Bergvelt & R. Kistemaker, De wereld binnen handbereik: Nederlandse kunst- en rariteitenverzamelingen, 1585–1735 (Zwolle: Waanders, 1992), 315.
“The heirs and legal guardians of the under-age children of the late Joan Brayne, a fa- mous apothecary during his life, will sell to the highest bidder on Tuesday 7, July, in Amsterdam on the Singel between the Lijnbaens Brug and Jan Roonspoort Toorn, all his extraordinary curious rarities, consisting in […] Chinese boxes, fruits, sundry books with Chinese and other curious drawings in watercolor, cabinets and many more other things.” (“De Erfgenamen en Voogden over de onmondige Kinderen van wijlen Joan Brayne, in sijn Leven vermaert Drogist, sullen op Dingsdag, den 7 July, tot Amsterdam op de Cingel tusschen de Lijnbaens-Brug en Jan-Roonspoort-Toorn aen de meestbie- dende verkopen alle sijne extraordinaire curieuse Rariteyten; bestaende in […] Chineesse Doosen, Vruchten, verscheyde Boecken met Chineesse en andere cu- rieuse Tekeningen van Water-verwe, Cabinetten en veel meer andere dingen.”) Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant, June 2, 1693. Reference thanks to Dijkstra & Van Noord.
Amsterdam, de Doelen Barent Groenendijck, 1697 “On Thursday 21st and Friday 22nd of March, 1697, one will sell to the highest bidder in Amsterdam in the Doelen of Barent Groenendijck […] a lot of ancient kraak porce- lain, […] with many curious rarities, […] Chinese and Mongol drawings, etc.: which can all be seen by the lovers of art on the day before the sale.” (“Op Donderdag en Vrydag, den 21 en 22 Maert, 1697, sal men tot Amsterdam in de Doelen van Barent Groenendijck aen de Meestbiedenden verkopen […] een Party out Kraeck-Porceleyn, […] mede veel curieuse Rariteyten, […] Chineese en
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Mongolse-Tekeningen, &c. : Die alle Daegs voor de Verkopinge aldaer by de Liefheb- bers konnen gesien werden.”) Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant, December 3, 1697. Reference thanks to Dijkstra & Van Noord.
Amsterdam Jan Wijnkoop, 1701 “Two Chinese figures in black frames.” (“Twee Chinesen, in swarte lijsten.”) Inventory March 11, 1701, City Archive, Amsterdam (naa 6216, fols 461–508).
Amsterdam Pieter and David Raket, 1711 “White Chinese satins […] two large East Indian paintings [made] of sandalwood, de- picting a garden with sculptures, all inlaid with soapstone; ditto screens.” (“Pieter en David Raket, Makelaers, sullen Donderdag, den 10 September, t’Amsterdam in ’t Oude Heeren-Logement verkopen […] witte Chineesse Satijnen […] 2 groote Oostindische Schilderyen van Sandelhout, verbeeldende een Hof met Beeltwerck, alles met Speksteen ingeleyt; dito Schutjes.”) Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant, September 5, 1711. Reference thanks to Dijkstra & Van Noord.
Amsterdam Johan van Hoorn, 1711 Van Hoorn spent thirty years in Batavia, where he was closely connected to the Chinese community. When he returned to the Netherlands, accompanied by a Chi- nese man, he filled his Amsterdam mansion with a large amount of East Asian arts and crafts. Johan van Hoorn inventory, notary Michiel Servaas, Amsterdam City Archives, notarial archives, inv. no. 5006, no. 15, October 20, 1711; Van Campen, Asia in Amsterdam, 46.
Amsterdam, Prinsengracht Dr. Krytenberg, 1702 “Between Tuesday and Wednesday on February 15, 1702, in Amsterdam have been sto- len […] five painted Chinese satins […] to be returned to Doctor Krytenberg on the Prinsengracht, at the Brewery De Oliphant” (“Daar zyn tusschen Dingsdag en Woensdag den 15 February 1702 tot Amsterdam ge stolen […] 5 geverfde Chineese Satynen […] te regt te brengen aen den Doctor Kry- tenberg, woont op de Prince-graft, by de Brouwery van de Oliphant.”)
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Amsterdamse Courant, February 16, 1702. Reference thanks to Trude Dijkstra.
Amsterdam Bartel Verhage, 1703 “Middlemen Cornelis Roos de Jonge and Pieter Raket will sell on Wednesday October 3, 1703, in the house of Anthony Swanenburg […] the legacy of Bartel Verhage, por- celains, lacquer and many curiosities, consisting of twenty-four bottles with Orien- tal figures of all kinds, six large jars and smaller ones, bottles, one thousand cups, a large party of red, blue, and brown wares for coffee, chocolate, and tea; one hundred trekpotten, a set of large and small statues, a cabinet with beautiful shells, horns, etc.; Chinese bows, arrows, sabers, and guns with silver inlay; unicorn horns, ele- phant teeth, and rhinoceros horns, together with many other splendid sights; as they can be seen by everyone two days before the sale.”) (“Cornelis de Roos de Jonge, en Pieter Raket makelaers sullen op woensdag den 3 Octo- ber 1703, ten huyse van Anthony Swanenburg […] verkoopen de nagelate porce- leynen, lakwerk en veele rariteyten van Bartel Verhage, bestaende in 24 flessen Orientaelse figuuren van alderhande soort, 6 groote potten, kleynder dito, flessen, 1000 spoelkommen, een groote party root, blaeuw, en bruyn koffie, chokolaet, en teegoed, 100 de trekpotten, een party groote en kleyne beelden, een kabinet met mooiie schelpen, horens, &c. Chineese Bogen, pylen, sabels, en roers met zilver beslag; eenhoorens, olifants-tanden, en rinoceros horens, benevens veel fraije gezichten meer; gelyk deselve 2 dagen voor de verkopinge van een ieder konnen gesien worden.”) Amsterdamse Courant, September 15, 1703. Reference thanks to Trude Dijkstra.
Amsterdam Manuel Levy Duarte (1631–1714) Private sales in Chinese lacquer. E. Samuel, “Manuel Levy Duarte (1631–1714): An Amsterdam Merchant Jeweller and his Trade with London,” Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of Eng land) 27 (1978–1980): 11–31, esp. 18–20.
Amsterdam Simon Schijnvoet, 1728 “An album with Mughal, Chinese, and Japanese drawings, being compositions, figures, landscapes, portraits, and other, besides some Chinese prints.” (“Een Boek met Mogolsche, Sineesche en Japansche Tekeningen, zijnde Ordinantien, Beelden, Landschappen, Portraiten, en andere, beneffens eenige Chineesche Printen.”) Catalogus van een uytmuntende partij tekeningen en prenten nagelaten door Simon Schijnvoet, auction at Amsterdam, February 18, 1728, “Kunstboek 27”; P. Lunsingh
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Scheurleer, “Het Witsenalbum; zeventiende-eeuwse Indiase portretten op bestel ling,” Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum 44 (1996): 167–230: 216.
Amsterdam Constantijn Jan Pierraard, Heer van Heenvliet, 1737 “Thirteen Chinese gilded prints and three East Indies cityscapes and maps; an East Indies lacquered sedan chair, with inside a Chinese statue with two Chinese carriers […] two East Indies maps […] eight Chinese paintings.” (“Dertien dito [=Chineese] vergulde printen en drie Oostindische stads- en land- kaarten stads- en landkaarten; Een Oostindische verlakte draagstoel, waerin een Chinees beeld met twee Chineese dragers […] Twee Oostindische kaarten […] 8 Chineesche schilderijen.”) Inventory of Constantijn Jan Pierraard, February 8, 1737–19; March 1738, Amsterdam City Archive, naa 9137, akte 254, 1, Item 2a, Item 10.
Amsterdam Isaac Vossius’s (1619–1689) Library, Auctioned in 1740 “Chinese books: A Chinese table on silk paper; A chart containing a schematic outline of parts of the human body and the muscles, where they apply cauterizing for a short time or pierce the affected part with a hot golden needle; a four-volume Chi- nese book printed on Chinese paper.” (“Libri Sinici: 1. Scheda M.S. Sinica in charta serica; 2. Scheda continens rudem delinea- tionem partium corporis humani, seu musculorum quos inter aut cauterium ad breve tempus adhibent aut cum acu aurea candefacta partem afectam perforant; 3. Tomi 4 Libri Sinici impressi in Charta serica.”) Bibliotheca Vossiana sive Catalogus Librorum quos magno studio, dum viveret, collegit Vir Illustris Isaacus Vossius, 1740. Leiden University Library, M1s. Codex no. 127 AF. According to Duyvendak, “Early Chinese Studies,” 343–344, no. 3. is a record of the events of the Ming dynasty, partly written by Chung Hsing (d. 1625).
Mingji bian nian 明紀編年 (The Ming Chronicles), 12 vols., 1660. Leiden University Li- brary, Sinology, Schlegel 50. The book belonged to Isaac Vossius and was purchased by Leiden University along with the rest of his collection in 1690. The book also con- tains a Chinese letter by the Christian Lu Xiyan 陸希言, who was in Macao in 1680.
Antwerp, Lange Nieuwstraat The Antwerp city secretary Jacob Edelheer (1597–1657) established a kunstkammer with a great variety of unidentified Chinese objects. “Jacob Edelheer has invited me of his own volition and hospitably in the Chinese col- lection of his extraordinary house that was outfitted with a plenitude and variety of things.”
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(“[Edelherius] ad egregiae domus suae Sinense Musaeum, multiplici rerum varietate instructum, ultro & liberaliter invitavit”). J. Golius, “Additamentum de Regno Catayo,” in M. Martini, Novus atlas Sinensis, vol. 2 (Amsterdam: Blaeu, 1655); T.S. Bayer, Museum Sinicum, in quo Sinicae Linguae et Lit eraturae Ratio explicatur (Petropoli: Academiae Imperatoriae, 1730), vol. 1 19–20; M. Sabbe, “De Antwerpsche vriendenkring van Anna Roemers Visscher,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Taal en Letterkunde n. 4 (October 1925): 762; Duyvendak, J., “Early Chinese Studies,” 302; B[.], “Jacob Edel- heer als verzamelaar van Chineesche antiquiteiten,” De gulden passer 15 (1937): 128; Golvers, N., “De recruteringstocht,” 348.
Antwerp Jesuit Residence, 1616–1617, 1671, 1683 Chinese books given by Nicolas Trigault to the Jesuits, 1616–1617. N. Standaert, Chinese Voices in the Rites Controversy: Travelling Books, Community Net works, Intercultural Arguments (Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2012), 91.
Bilingual Latin-Chinese books sent from Guangzhou to the Jesuit residence, 1671. François de Rougemont sent copies of Chinese books printed in the residence of the Jesuits in Guangzhou to the Father Provincial or to Father Godfried Henskens in the Antwerp residence, September 7 and 11, 1671. “The argument […] discusses the restoration of the Christian faith in China; I want to let you know that this book has been engraved in wooden plates and printed in our house, which the Chinese have done with such a great ease and agility.” (“Den inhoudt […] begrijpt de herstellinghe van het Christen ghelove in China; soo laet UE weten dat desen boeck in ons huys, ende voor onse ooghen, in houte tafels ghesneden ende ghedruckt is, welcke de sinoischen ghedaen hebben met een soo groote lichticheijdt ende behendigheijdt.”) According to Golvers, “Antwerp Connections,” this was a bilingual edition with Chi- nese texts and Latin commentaries, printed in the Chinese xylographic technique, of Innocentia Victrix, sive Sententia Comitiorum Imperij Sinici pro Innocentia Christi anae Religionis (Quangzhou: 1671). “We do not know if these copies ever arrived at their destination in the Moretus house and the Jesuit residence; they are lost, and even were not inscribed in the catalogue of the Moretus private library.”
Chinese curiosities sent to the Jesuit college from Macao by Antoine Thomas, 1683. “Three or four crayfish or crabs from the island of Hainan in China, which when they pull themselves out of the water transform in stones; […] three Chinese ink stones;
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a little vase of excellent unicorn horn, as an antidote; […] a bit of porcupine boiled in wine, against diarrhea.” (“Trois ou quatre escrevisses ou cancer de l’isle de Hainaum en la Chine, lesquels se tirant de l’eau se convertissent en pierres; […] trois pains d’encre de la Chine; […] une petite vase de corne excellent de licorne; cette (sic) un contrepoison […]; un peu de porc d’espine, broie dans du vin, contre le mal de colique de ventre.”) A. Thomas, “Liste de ce que j’envoie a Monsr Balthasar Moret, de Macao, 15 Févr. 1683,” formerly kept in Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-College of Antwerp, now in Heverlee-Leuven; Golvers, “Antwerp Connections.”
Antwerp, Vrijdagmarkt Bilingual Chinese/Manchu eulogies for Johann Adam Schall von Bell, 1653, possibly sent to Balthasar Moretus. Titulus honorificus & laudes, quas Imperator Sinarum Xun Chi dictus anno Imperii sui decimo dedit P. Joanno Adamo Schall S.J. ob navatam in restauranda Astronomia op eram, 1653. According to Golvers, “Antwerp Connections,” “About the origin of the copy [present- ly] in the Plantin Moretus collection nothing is known with certainty, but by way of analogy […] it could have been a present [from the Jesuits in China] to the editor in Antwerp as a token of gratitude and respect.”
Arnhem Gijsbert Cuper, 1715 “I have been at an auction of books in Arnhem; there I have bought a Chinese or Japa- nese map, that I take the freedom to give to you, to whom it might be of great understanding.” (“Ik ben op een auctie van boeken geweest tot Arnhem; heb daer gekoft eene Chineesse of Japanse Land-caert, dewelke de vryheit neme van aen U WelEd te schenken, of die veel light aen deselve soude kunnen dienen.”) Letter from Cuper to Witsen, October 1, 1715, University of Amsterdam, Special Collec- tions, BE 92, fol 540.
Brussels Cabinet of Mr. S. Victor, 1663 “A variety of entire figures, cabinets, chests and boxes from China; a patent letter of the king of China on silk paper painted with golden flowers like brocade; a book on as- trology from the same country, of which the pages are very delicate […] a small Chinese screen, the doors of which close and open to the same side […]; various Chinese firearms.”
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(“Une quantité de figures entières, des Cabinets, des coffres & des boettes de la Chine; vne patente du Roy de la Chine en papier de soye peint de fleurs d’or comme vn brocart ; vn livre d’Aftrologie du mesme pais, dont les feuillets font très délicats : […] vn petit Pareuant de la Chine, dont les portes se ferment & s’ouvrent du mesme costé; […] plusieurs armes à feu de la Chine.”) From the description of the visit in July 1663 by B. de Monconys, Journal des voyages de Monsieur de Monconys (Lyon: Boissat, 1666), ii, 100.
Delft Nicolaes Verburch, 1677 Three Chinese paintings. Delft City Archive, Oud Notarieel Archief 2159, fol.253vo., 8 maart 1677 (not. T. van Has- selt). M. van Aken-Fehmers a.o. (eds.), Delfts Aardewerk: Geschiedenis van een Natio naal Product (deel 1), M (Zwolle: Waanders, 1999), 31. Reference thanks to Willemijn van Noord.
Deventer Gijsbert Cuper, 1716 “Chinese statues.” (“Idola Sinensia.”) Sold in 1716 for 1 guilder and 18 stivers, according to the auction catalogue of Cuper’s possessions in Royal Library The Hague, 72H29 and 72C32. These may have been similar to the Chinese statues that were excavated in 2013 near Cuper’s house; cf. Emile Mittendorff and Annelies Berends, “‘Effigies idolorum si- nensium’: bijzondere vondsten uit de beerput van Gisbert Cuper in Deventer,” Vor men uit Vuur 230, no. 1 (2016): 10–19.
Dordrecht Pieter de Lairesse and Margareta van der Gijssens, 1669 “A small Chinese statue.” (“Een sinees beeltie.”) Inventaris van alle de goederen soo roerende als onroerende achtergelaten bij Pieter de Lairesse […] May 7, 1669, Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst, Dordrecht.
Dordrecht Cornelis van Herff, 1690 “Twenty Chinese paintings in gilded frames.” (“Twintigh shineese schilderijties in [ver]gulde lijsies.”) Inventory March 17, 1690, Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst, Dordrecht (ona 482), f.332v.
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Enkhuizen Bernardus Paludanus, 1595, 1617 On June 23, 1595, Christoph Spindlerus adds a Chinese woodcut text to Paludanus’s Album amicorum (1595), Royal Library The Hague, signature 133 M 63, fol. 410v–h. Because of the bad quality of the woodblock print, it is not possible to identify the Chinese text.
“Eight East Indies books printed in China, one with herbs, fishes, animals, stones etc.” (“Octo libri Indici Chinensium Typis editi unus herbarum piscium animalium, lapi- dum etc. Acht oost Indijsche buecher in China gedruckt, daronder dasz ainsis von Kreuttern Vischen Vogelen undt thieren als auch von steynen undt historien.”) Cathalogus sive description rerum naturalism et artificialium […] collectarum a Bernar do Paludano, Leiden University Library, bpl 2596–9, 30.
Haarlem Unknown bookseller, visited by Balthasar de Monconys in August 1663 “Some books on geometry and trigonometry in Chinese.” (“Quelques livres de Géometrie, & Trigonometrie en Chinois.”) B. de Monconys, Journal des voyages de Monsieur de Monconys (Lyon : Boissat, 1666), vol. 2, 159.
Haarlem, Nieuwe Gracht Maria Justina Kraij, 1722 “Chinese Troops Marching.” (“Een Chineese mars.”) Inventaris […] soo als alle deselve opden 24 maart 1720 metter doot ontruymt ende nagel aten bij Vrouwe Maria Justina Kraij weduwe en boedelhoudster van wijlen den Heer Mr. Samuel vander Lanen, August 30, 1722, Archiefdienst voor Kennemerland, Haar- lem, Nederland (nah 622, no.105, n.p.), 17, Item 190.
Harderwijk Ernst Brinck, 1612–1635, 1651 A truncated section from a Chinese rhyme dictionary, Hanlin chongkao ziyi yunlü da ban ha pian xinjing 翰林重攷字義韻律大板海篇心鏡, c. 1596, survives in Brinck’s Album amicorum 2 (1612–1635), Royal Library The Hague, signature 135 K 4, fol. 121c.
“Chinese books and pages made of bark.” (“Libros Chinenses, et e cortice folia.”)
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Bartholdus Nihusius (Amsterdam) describes Brinck’s collection to Athansius Kircher (Rome), September 22, 1651, Archive Pontifica Universita Gregoriana, Rome, Ms 557 (Ep. Kirch. iii) fol. 222–223.
Honselersdijk Palace Huis Honselaarsdijk, 1710 “Held in high regard is a cabinet of rarities from Japan and China which had been pre- sented by the East India Company to the late Queen of England at the time that she was only a Princess of Orange.” (“On estime fort un cabinet de raretez du Japon & de la Chine, dont la Compagnie des Indes Orientales avoit fait présent à la feu Reine d’Angleterre du tem[p]s qu’elle n’étoit que Princesse d’Orange.”) Jean Nicolas Parival, Les délices de la Hollande (The Hague: Van Dole, 1710), 161. See also Van Noord in the present book, p. 186.
Leiden Carolus Clusius, Josephus Justus Scaliger, and Pieter Paaw acquire and examine six Chinese books of botany in 1605 “In 1603 the Dutch, just after arriving on Sumatra (which many consider to be the Trapobana of the ancients), filled a large ship with many goods of great value brought from China, which they carried the next year to Amsterdam. Among these goods are also a few books written in Chinese characters, that contained images of plants and inscriptions with their names, and other words written in the margin, which probably state the potency of the plants; all these things are expressed in Chinese characters. The company of merchants who made the purchases during this trip gifted some of these books: I received two from them as a gift, a further four I have seen among friends in Leiden, namely three with the noble Joseph Scaliger and one with the illustrious Pieter Paaw; they all contained so many diverse species of plants that in six of these books I could not see one and the same plant depicted twice. From these figures, even though they were expressed sketchily by the “crass Minerva” (i.e. in a coarse manner), I could see many plants that grow among the Chinese, among which are some very similar to those found here, but many others that are strange and unknown to us; whose names and effects, I presume, were writ- ten in the margin. There is no doubt that, if someone among us could read and un- derstand these, it would be most useful to the art of medicine: because it is probable that these writings contain many powers that as yet we do not know of. Now, how- ever, I think these books can be of no use to us, except being placed in a collection of curiosities. One of the books I have contains fifty-nine pages, they are double since, because of the thinness of the paper, only one of the sides is covered with
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characters; it has ninety-one images. The other book has sixty-one double pages and seventy images. But I do not know how many pages there are in the other books I saw or whether they have images; although I observed that the individual pages are also double [i.e., printed only on one side].” (“Batavi anno Christi millesimo sexcentesimo tertio, paullo supra Sumatram (quam plerique Veterum Tarpobanam esse consent) maximam corbitam multis mercibus magni pretii e Sinarum Regno petitis onustam occupabant, insequente vero anno Amstelredamum invehebant. Inter eas merces reperti sunt etiam aliquot Libri Sin- ensibus characteribus expressi, qui plantarum figuras continebant, & iis inscripta nomina, ad latus vero alia vocabula, quibus plantarum facultates declarati verisim- ile est; & haec omnia Sinensibus characteribus expressa. Mercatorum qui in eam profectionem sumptus fecerant societas quosdam ex his libris donabant: ego binos ab illis pro munere habui, quator praeterea Lugduni Batavorum apud amicos con- spiciebam, Nobilissimum virum Iosephum Scaligerum videlicet, tres; & Clarissi- mum virum Petrum Paauwium, unum, & omnes diversi generis plantas continen- tes; ut in sex illis Libris, unam eandamque plantam bis expressam observare non potuerim. Ex his figuris, tametsi rudibus & crassa minerva expressis, animadvertere poteram multas plantas apud Sinenses nasci, iis quae apud nos reperiuntur valde similes, sed plurimas nobis peregrinas & ignotas; quarum nomina inscripta, & fac- ultates, ut reor ad latus adpositas, si nostrum quispiam legere & intelligere posset, magnam utilitatem ad Medicam artem allaturum esse, non est dubium: nam veri- simile est plerasque alias facultates ista sriptura contineri, quas adhuc ignoramus. Nunc autem nulli usui nobis esse posse istos libros opinor, nisi ut in peregrinarum rerum thesauris reponantur. Unus porro eorum quos habeo, continent quinquagin- ta novem paginas, easque duplicatas, nam ob chartae tenuitatem, ab uno dumtaxat latere expressi sunt characters; icones autem unam & nonaginta. Alter vero sex- aginta paginas duplices et unam: icones septuaginta. Quot autem paginas habuerint reliqui quos conspiciebam libri singuli, quitve icones continuerint, mihi non com- pertum ; singulas tamen paginas etiam duplicatas fuisse observabam.”) Carolus Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem (Leiden: Raphelengius, 1605), 376.
Leiden Josephus Justus Scaliger, 1609 “Four books printed in China.” (“Libri in China excusi quatuor.”) Catalogus librorum bibliothecae Illustrissimi viri losephi Scaligeri, Leiden, 1609; H.J. de Jonge (ed.), The Auction Catalogue of the Library of J.J. Scaliger (Utrecht: hes, 1977), 51.
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Leiden/Hazerswoude Egbertus Aemilius and Jacobus Kuchlinus, 1610 “Various Chinese books.” (“Verscheyden Chineesche Boekcken.”) Catalogus librorum […] Egberti Aemylii & D. Iacobi Kvchlini, Leiden 1610; Van Selm, Ne derlandse boekhandelscatalogi, 152, no. 1.
Leiden Bonaventura Vulcanius (1538–1614) “Thee books with Chinese characters.” (“Tres libri characteribus Chinensibus.”) P.C. Molhuysen (ed.), Bibliotheca Universitatis Leidensis. Codices manuscripti. iii. Codi ces Vulcaniani (Leiden: 1910), vii, no. 15.
Leiden Christiaen Porret, Apothecary at the Sign of the Three Kings, 1628 Paintings from the Indies and China, a Chinese flowerpot in the shape of a lion, “two books printed in China,” “an Indian or Chinese printed book.” (“Twee Boecken in China gedruct,” “Een Indiaensch off Chineesch gedruct boeck.”) Catalogus oft register vande sonderlingh-heden oft rariteyten ende uutgelesen sinnelick heden […] die Christiaen Porrett, wijlen apoteker, in zijn cunstcamer vergadert had, Leiden 1628; rkd The Hague, Lugt nr. 2; Van Selm, Nederlandse Boekhandelscatalo gi, 53, 328; A. Goldgar, Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Gold en Age (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2008), 72–73.
Leiden Otto Heurnius, 1629 Two illustrated Chinese books and various manuscripts sent by Justus Heurnius, min- ister in Batavia, to his brother Otto in Leiden.
Xuehai qunyu 學海群玉 (1607), a popular encyclopedia of general knowledge about astronomy, marriage ceremonies, laws, and the arts; Dili tianji huiyuan (1615) a rare, state-sponsored book about sitology (fengshui): illustrated indications of the right locations for houses and graves. See K. Kuiper, Catalogue of Chinese and Sino- Western Manuscripts in the Central Library of Leiden University (Leiden: Legatum Warnerium in Leiden University Library, 2005), 68–69, 71–74.
Manuscript Chinese-Latin and Latin-Chinese translations, with the Chinese charac- ters and phonetic transcription, plus a Compendium Doctrinae Christianae (Batavia 1628), Leiden University, Special Collections, Acad. 225. The bundle contains “Confucii doctrina moralis,” with 5/6 of Chapter 1 of the Analects (fol. 11v–14v); “Colloquium Confucii cum puero” (i.e., the text and translation of
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Xiao’er lun 小兒論, a discussion with the seven-year old Xiang Tuo during which Confucius is outwitted), fol. 6r–11r; and a number of Christian works translated into Mandarin, such as the Ten Commandments, and a Dutch-Latin-Chinese dictionary. See K. Kuiper, “The Earliest Monument of Dutch Sinological Studies: Justus Heur- nius’s Manuscript Dutch-Chinese Dictionary and Chinese-Latin Compendium Doctrinae Christianae (Batavia 1628),” Quaerendo 35 (2005): 95–186. Some of these manuscripts probably arrived in the hands of Jacob Golius and later with Adriaen Reland; Duyvendak, “Early Chinese Studies,” 326.
Leiden Pieter de la Tombe, 1645 “[A book with a] description of the properties of animals made in China, in the Chi- nese language and Chinese letters”; “two Chinese books.” (“Beschrijvinghe vande eyghenschappen vande Dieren in China gemaeckt, inde Chineese tael en Chineese letteren, fol;” “Idem 2 Chineese boekcen, fol.”). Catalogus vande Boecken van Pieter de la Tombe, fol. A3v, no. 7, Leiden University Li- brary, Codices manuscripti vii, no. 34.
Leiden Jan Jacobsz Swammerdam, 1662, 1679 “Various paintings of Chinese soldiers, gods (of which also images of gold were seen), of women, some engraved with a burin, as was a certain image of an elephant, whose rider, sitting on top, pricks with a hook on that part of his forehead, which sticks out from the skull bones, in order to steer the animal according to his judge- ment; we saw Chinese books described with a wondrous variety of characters (of which they have sixty thousand), none of them printed on both sides […] various figures in slate stone, of trees, castles, shrubberies, cities, towers, ruins of cities and towers, pentagonal castles with their entrances […] a Chinese bow; very beautiful images of birds made of stones of different colors; silk flowers made artfully by the Chinese; Chinese silver vases without rust; various Chinese silk shoes made of red and blue silk.” (“Picturae Sinensium variae militium, Deorum (quorum etiam visa ex auro simulacra) faeminarium, quaedam etiam acu pictae, qualis erat quaedam imago elephantis cui insidens gubernator hamo illam frontis partem pungebat, quae ossium expers cere- brum ostendit, ut bestiam pro arbitrio regeret; visi libri Sinensium admiranda char- acterum (quos habent ad sexaginta millia) varietate descripti, nulli eorum opis- tographi […] variae in lapidibus Lydiis figurae arborum, castellorum, fruticum, urbium, turrium, ruinarum urbium et turrium, castelli pentagoni cum suo exitu […] arcus Sinensis, ex varii coloris lapidibus junctis pictae elegantissmae avium imag- ines […] flores sericei a Sinensibus ex arte confecti, Sinensium argentea vasa sine ferrumine, calcei varii Sinensium serici ex serico rubro et coeruleo.”) From the description by Ole Borch, March 21, 1662, Borch, Itinerarium, ii, 79–81.
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A small Chinese image stamped on silver, a gold Japanese idol, and a Chinese printed almanac, six feet in length. (“Sineesche gedrukte almanak lang ses voet.”) Catalogus van een seer wel gestoffeerde konstkamer/Catalogus musei instructissimi (s.l [Amsterdam] 1679), August 14, 1679, Special Collections, University of Amsterdam, 637G5(1), 56 and book no. 15.
Leiden Johan Cunaeus, 1662 “A playful Chinese abacus almost like ours, but much more artful; […] an extraordinary Chinese shield made of black lacquer with a central knob around which six crowns of gemstones were set; […] various chests of Chinese gold and silver made from parallel grooved threads interwoven with larger beams in a very beautiful manner: inside are similar silver vases, in which thee [tea] is prepared; alabaster statues of Chinese men with very black, long and slender beards and also striking ears […] rough slate stones in which gold is enclosed, to rub off this gold, the stone is heated and pressed in black wax so that [the gold] is better visible; such wax is used by the Chinese mediators, de makelaars, and although they are wont to use that wax fre- quently, they are unable to extract the gold that is rubbed off for their financial gain.” (“Abacum lusorium Chinensium paene ut nostrum, sed longe magis artificiosum […] scutum egregium Chinense lacca nigra egregie tinctum per cujus medium umbo- nem dispositae erant sex gemmarum coronae)[…] “varia armaria ex auro et argento Chinensi efformata ex continuis et striatis filis cum intertextis hinc inde majorib. trabibus, opere pulcherrimo, item vasa intus argentea, in quibus thee coquitur, ex alabastro statuas Chinensium cum barbis nigerrimis longis et tenuibus, etiam paene ad aures conspicuis […] lapides lydios scabros auro clausos, quibus ubi affri- catur aurum, ille frictus imprimitur cerae nigrae, ubi melius repraesentatur; tali cera utuntur mediatores Chinenses, de Machelaers, atque ubi ea cera saepe usi sunt, norunt Solem affrictum inde extrahere pro lucro suo.”) From the description by Ole Borch, July 7, 1662; Borch, Itinerarium, ii, 159–160.
Leiden Jacob Golius, 1665, 1696 Fifty-one Chinese books, some illustrated; manuscripts; five maps and a Chinese writ- ing brush.
“A writing brush used by the Chinese […] I also have a brush of this kind and am not ignorant of how one has to hold it to write.” (“Penicilli scriptorii, quo Sinae utuntur […] Possideo et ejus generis penicillum, modi quo apprehendi ad scribendum debeat, non ignarus.”)
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Jacob Golius to Athanasius Kircher, July 11, 1665, Archive Pontifica Universita Gregori- ana, Rome, Ms. 562 fol. 139.
“Chinese books and manuscripts. 1. A Chinese dictionary, namely the Chinese characters explained in the Dutch lan- guage and also in Latin and Mandarin, in alphabetical order, in folio. 2. A summery of the Christian doctrine regarding the creation and salvation of man. Letters and statements from various collections, such as a true description of rhubarb and the names of the Chinese kings etc. rendered in the Mandarin language of the Chinese with their characters, with the pronunciation of single words in Latin letters and the Latin translation, in folio. 3. Another example but without the Latin version, in folio. 4. A very rare thesaurus in which 10.000 Chinese characters are explained in Span- ish, on Chinese paper. 5. A vocabulary list in which the Chinese characters are rendered in Latin letters and explained in Portuguese, on Chinese paper. 6. A Spanish-Chinese vocabulary list with notes by Jacob Golius, with a Spanish booklet about the pronunciation of Chinese characters, in octavo, on Chinese paper. 15. Four Chinese maps. 16. A very large Chinese geographical map.” (“Libri Chinenses, & M.S. 1. Dictionarium Chinense, hoc est, Lingua Belgica juxta Al- phabeti ordinem, & Latine & Mandarinice quoque explicati Chinensium charac- teres, in folio. 2. Compendium doctrinae Christianae, de creatione & salvatione generis humani I): Epistolae & variorum contractuum formulae, item vera Rha. Barbari descriptio: item nomina Regum Chinensium &c. Lingua Mandarina Sinen- sium eorumque characteribus traditae, cum vocum singularum per Latinas litteras expressione, & versione Latina in folio. 3. Alterum exemplum, sine vers. Latina, in folio. 4. Thesaurus rarissimus, in quo explicantur 10000 Characteres Chinensium lin- gua Hispan. in fol. chart. Serica. 5. Vocabularium, in quo characteres Chinenses Lati- nis litteris expressi Lusitan. explicantur in fol. charta serica. 6. Vocabularium His- panico-Sinense, cum annotat. J. Golii; item libellus Hispanicus de pronuntiatione Charact. Chinensium, in octavo, charta serica. […] 15. Chartae Chinenses quatuor M.S. 16. Charta Geographica Chinensis ampliss. M.S.”)
“Printed Chinese books: 1. Twenty-four Chinese books, bound in their manner, which have been brought from the East Indies to these regions very recently. 2. A medical book on how to cure certain ills.
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3. The book Thaihac, author Soething, and another book named Soesie by the au- thor Khonstgoe [Confucius]. 5. On agriculture, in particular on Orysa [sic] and the silk industry, with images. 6. A book on morals. 7. A summary of the doctrine or the exercise of religion, published by the Jesuits in China, as it is set forth by their disciples. 8. A history of the Messiah with images. 9. A book on astronomy with images. 10. Philosophical works of Confucius, 18 volumes. 11. Four volumes of other works. 12. Commentary on the statements of Confucius. 13. The works of the ancient philosopher Koyanghsjun in 9 volumes. 14. A very old Chinese book. 15. A medical book. 16. Chinese philosophy with images. 17. A Chinese geographical book with images. 19. Eleven Chinese books whose authors and titles are unknown.” (“Libri Chinenses impressi 1. xxiv Libri Chinenses, eorundem more compacti, nuper- rime ex India Orientali in hasce regiones devecti. 2. Liber Medicus de morborum particularium curatione. 3. Liber Thaihac, auth. Soething, item alius Soesie dictus, authore Khonstgoe. 4. Nomina animalium, plantarum, vestium, instrument. supel- lectilis &c. item Epistolae familiares, mandata &c. 5. De agricultura, spec. de Orysa & re sericaria, cum fig. 6. Liber moralis. 7. Compendium doctrinae, sive exercitium religiosum, a Jesuitis editum in China, quod ibidem discipulis suis proponunt. 8. Historia Messiae cum figuris. 9. Liber Astronomicus, cum fig. 10. Confuchii Opera Philosophica. xviii volum. 11. alia opusc. iv vol. 12. Scholia in sententias Coonfuchii. 13. Opera antiqui Phil. Koyanghsjun ix volum. 14. Liber chinensis antiquissimus. 15. Liber Medicus. 16. Philosophia Chinensium, cum fig. 17. Liber Geographicus chin. cum fig. […] 19. Libri Chinenses xi, quorum Authores & tituli ignorantur.”) Catalogus insigniunt in omni facultate, linguisque, Arabica, Persica, Turcica, Chinensi &c. Librorum M.ss. quos Doctissimus clarissimusque Vir D. Jacobus Golius, dum vi veret: Mathesios & Arabicae Linguae in Acad. Lugd. Batav. Professor Ordinarius, ex variis Regionibus magno studio, labore & sumptu, collegit. Sold with Joannes du Vivie in Leiden, October 16, 1696; Duyvendak, “Early Chinese Studies in Holland,” 314–316. Many of Golius’s books arrived in the Bodleian Library (Oxford), according to the late Prof. Piet van der Loon. The medical work Zhouhuikui jiaozheng si shu daquan 周會 魁校正四書大全, Bodleian Library, Sinica 68, has an inscription identifying it as coming from Golius’s collection.
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Leiden Johannes Hoornbeeck, 1669 “I have in my possession a Chinese-Latin manuscript, a gift from Justus Heurnius, a very pious man and special friend, whose Ad Indos legatio Evangelica is well-known. This book contains some chapters of a moral doctrine, and a conversation of Con- fucius with a boy, about his task and obedience. Right in the beginning, it states as the foundation of piety the obedience of sons towards parents and of women to- wards their husbands. This is stated in excellent and beautiful sentences.” (“Est penes me Confutii istius aliquod manuscriptum Sinico-Latinum, dono D. Justi Heurnii, viri piissimi & amici singularis, cujus nota ad Indos legatio Euangelica: quo continetur Doctrinae moralis aliquot capita, & Colloquium Confutii cum puero, su- per ejus officio, & obedientia: in cujus statim initio, pro fundamento pietatis poni- tur, obedientia filiorum erga parentes, & mulierum erga maritos. Constat sententiis, egregrie ac concinne dictis.”) Johannes Hoornbeeck, De conversione Indorum et Gentilium (Amsterdam: Van Waes- berghe, 1669), 48. Translation by Ineke Sloots. This may refer to the manuscripts now in Leiden University, Special Collections, Acad. 225, with 5/6 of Chapter 1 of the Analects and the text and translation of Xiao’er lun 小兒論, a discussion with the seven-year old Xiang Tuo during which Confucius is outwitted. These manuscripts seem to have circulated among scholars, including Jacob Golius and Adriaen Re- land. See K. Kuiper, “The Earliest Monument of Dutch Sinological Studies: Justus Heurnius’s Manuscript Dutch-Chinese Dictionary and Chinese-Latin Compendium Doctrinae Christianae (Batavia 1628),” Quaerendo 35 (2005): 95–186.
Leiden Hadrianus Junius, 1669 “Chinese books: ten books on Chinese paper; a book with fair-sized characters, not written with a quill but painted with a brush, on Chinese paper, in quarto; another one of oblong shape, some pages with illustrative images where one can see those things that are discussed, on Chinese paper.” (“Chinenses: 57. Libri decem charta serica. in folio. 58. Liber grandiuscolo charactere non calamo scriptus sed penicillo pictus, charta serica. in quarto. 59 Alius oblonga forma, cujus singulae paginate suas imagines habent indices, ut videtur, earum re- rum, quae in iis tractantur, charta serica.”) Catalogus variorum insignium & rarissimorum librorum, praecipuè miscellaneorum, ut & nonnulla rariora mss, Hebraea, Graeca, Arabica, Persica, Turcica, Chinica, &c. Quorum auctio habebitur in aedibus Cornelii Hackii, bibliopolae op de hoeck van de Houtstraet, ad diem 20 Maji 1669 (Leiden: Hack, 1669).
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Leiden, Rapenburg 65 Karel Heidanus, 1697 A book with fifteen Chinese and five “Persian” drawings and a “very large beautiful Chinese drawing, showing a landscape with figures.” (“Een seer groote schoone Chineese tekening, verbeeldende een landschap met beelden.”) T.H. Lunsingh Scheurleer, C.W. Fock, A.J. van Dissel, Het Rapenburg: Geschiedenis van een Leidse gracht deel I: Groenhanzenburch (Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1986), 32. Reference thanks to Willemijn van Noord.
Leiden, Rapenburg 4 Cecilia Brouwer, 1727 “Six Chinese figures, some wooden and ivory Chinese men, one Chinese figure, two porcelain candlesticks, three lacquered trays.” (“6 Chinese beelden; Eenige houte en yvoore Chineese mannetjes; 1 Chinees beeld; 2 posteleyne blakers; 3 verlakte blaadjes.”) National Archive 1894, notary G. van Leeuwen, no. 22, March 21, 1727. T.H. Lunsingh Scheurleer, C.W. Fock, A.J. van Dissel, Het Rapenburg: Geschiedenis van een Leidse gracht deel ii: De Paplepel (Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1987), 290– 298. Reference thanks to Willemijn van Noord.
Leuven (Louvain) Chinese calligraphy made by Dominicus in the Jesuit Residence, 1654 Text in Chinese on European paper: “The sign of the Holy Cross. May God the Lord deliver us from our enemy. In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, Amen.” Pasted in manuscript text, Onderwijs voor de eerst leerende apothekers, vervattende de beginselen van de pharmacie ende chymie, Leuven 1655, Fol. 797v, with the explana- tion “Dit ter syde staende Chinoische geschryft heeft geschreven Domingo, den knecht van P. Martinez, wesende te Looven in het jaer 1654.” Presently in Royal Li- brary, Brussels, kbr Inv. 3510. Cf. Golvers, “Recruteringstocht,” 342.
Lille (Rijssel) Giulio Aleni, Tianzhu jiangsheng chuxiang jingjie 天主降生出像經解 (Illustrated Life of our Lord Jesus Christ). Preface dated 1637. Bodleian Library, Douce Chin.d.6. Ac- cording to Noël Golvers, this copy was brought to Europe by Fr. François Noël, S.J. and was lodged in a Jesuit residence in the Southern Low Countries, possibly Lille. It passed to the Bodleian in 1834.
Middelburg Chinese calligraphy made by Yppong for Nicolaes de Vrise, 1601
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Album amicorum Nicolaes de Vrise, Private collector, United States. See T. Weststeijn & L. Gesterkamp, “A New Identity for Rubens’s ‘Korean Man’: Portrait of the Chinese Merchant Yppong.” Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art 66 (2016): 141–169.
Middelburg Bookseller Firentius, 1663 “Three books from China, one of them was a [translation of ] Euclid.” (“Trois livres de la Chine, dont l’une etoit un Euclide.”) This may have been Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi’s 徐光啓 Yuan rong jioa yi 圜容 較義 [Treatise on Geometry], printed in Beijing in 1614. From the visit on July, 1663 by B. de Monconys, Journal des voyages de Monsieur de Monconys (Lyon: Boissat, 1666), ii, 109; P.M. Engelfriet, Euclid in China. The Genesis of the First Translation of Euclid’s Elements Books i–vi (Jihe yuanben; Peking, 1607) and its Reception up to 1723 (Leiden: Brill, 1998); Yibao Xu, “The First Chinese Translation of the Last Nine Books of Euclid’s Elements and Its Source,” Historia Mathematica 32.1 (2005): 4–32.
The Hague(?) Amalia van Solms-Braunfels, Princess of Orange, 1642 “Twenty-four pieces of double red Cantonese damask […] two Chinese and two Japa- nese screens.” (“24 stucx dobbele roode Cantonse damasten […] 2 Chinese ende 2 Japanse schutsels.”) National Archive, voc 148, Resoluties van de Heren Zeventien, November 25, 1642. Published in Cynthia Viallé, “’Fit for Kings and Princes’: A Gift of Japanese Lacquer,” in Large and Broad: The Dutch Impact on Early Modern Asia. Essays in Honor of Leon ard Blussé, ed. Nagazumi Yōko (Tokyo: Tokyo Bunko Research Library 13, 2010), 208. Reference thanks to Willemijn van Noord.
The Hague Constantijn or Christiaan Huygens, 1663 Chinese drawings, or drawings made in China (perhaps Johan Nieuhof’s original drawings) “Very good paintings and drawings of the dress, idol worship, cities, temples, land- scapes and ships of China, brought along with the last embassy that the lords of the States General sent to that country four or five years before.” (“Force bons tableaux, et des crayons des habits des Idoles, des Villes, des Temples, des Paisages, et des Vaisseaux de la Chine rapportez de la dernière Ambassade, que Messieurs des Estats enuoyeront en ce pays là il y a 4. ou 5. ans.”) B. de Monconys, Les Voyages de Balthasar de Monconys, ed. C. Henry (Paris: 1887), 81.
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The Hague Auction at the Doelen, 1692 “On Friday October 24 […] one will sell in The Hague at the new Doelen […] a Chinese gold filigree jewelry box.” (“Vrydag, den 24 October […] sal men in ’s-Gravenhage op de nieuwen Doele op Boelhuys-recht verkopen […] een curieus Chinees Gout fil-grain Juweel- Coffertje.”) Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant, October 23, 1692. Reference thanks to Dijkstra & Van Noord.
The Hague Christiaan Huygens, 1695 “Chinese drawings on Chinese paper etc.” (“Chineesche Teekenkonst op Chinees pampier en andere/etc.”) Sale catalogue of Christiaan Huygens’s library, auctioned in 1695: Catalogus […] Libro rum […] Christiani Huygenii (The Hague: Adriaan Moetjens, 1695), 69.
Utrecht Anna Maria van Schurman, 1637 A page from the popular encyclopedia Wuche bajin 五車拔錦 [Five Cartloads of Col lected Goodies] printed in 1597. Martena Museum, Franeker. Inv. Nr. S0119. URL: http://www.dcn-images.nl/img/MM/ S0119.jpg Accessed June 28th, 2019. In all probability, it is this page sent by Andreas Colvius to Van Schurman in 1637, see the letter in Martena Museum inv. Nr. S0094 (copy in Utrecht, Universiteitsbiblio- theek Hs 837 [vii E 6] f. 147v–150r.)
Utrecht Philippe Masson, c. 1700 Copy of the manuscripts by Justus Heurnius, including a transcription and translation of the first four chapters of Confucius’s Analects. The manuscripts were taken to England, probably by Masson’s son; now in British Li- brary, Sloane MS 2746, pp. 217–256, fol. 310v–329v, “Confutii Doctrinae Moralis.” See Kuiper, “The Earliest Monument of Dutch Sinological Studies.” Masson seems to have based a scholarly discussion on the manuscripts, even thoug he could not read Chinese: “Dissertation critique sur la langue Chinoise,” in J. Masson and S. Masson, Histoire critique de la république des lettres, Utrecht 1712–18, vol. 3, pp. 29–106, vol. 4, pp. 85–93.
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Utrecht Adriaen Reland (1676–1718), 1708, 1761 Chinese books, manuscripts (some from Golius’s and Heurnius’s collections), and coins.
A handwritten book with phrases from the Analects in Chinese, Leiden University, Spe- cial Collections, Nr. Acad. 223. See K. Kuiper, Catalogue of Chinese and Sino-Western Manuscripts in the Central Library of Leiden University (Leiden: 2005), 68–69.
According to the Dissertationum miscellanearum pars tertia et ultima (Utrecht: 1708), quoted from Duyvendak, “Early Chinese Studies,” 322: 1. A Glossary of Chinese characters, their Latin translation, and their pronuncia- tion in Japanese, Chinese and Annamese (“Tabella vocum, cum pronuntiatione earum Japonica, Sinica et Annamitica”). 2. The Lord’s Prayer in Chinese characters with Chinese pronunciation and Latin translation written by Father Martini (“Oratio Dominica Sinicis notis expressa cum pronuntiatione Sinica et earundem interpretatione Latina a P. Martinio exarata”). 3. The Apostolic Creed (“Symbolus Apostolicus”) in Chinese. (Probably made by Heurnius.) 4. The Decalogue (“Decalogus”) in Chinese. (Probably made by Heurnius.) 5. The Brief Catechism (“Brevis Catechismus”) in Chinese. 6. The Thousand Characters Classic (“Liber Sinicus, inscriptus Tcien cu van, hoc est: Chiliogrammos Syntaxis”). 7. A paper inscribed with seven Chinese characters (“Programma septem charac- teribus Sinicis insignitum”). According to Duyvendak, “Early Chinese Studies,” 326, this is the poster Martini put up on his house stating “Hic habitat ex magno Occidente divinae legis Doctor,” to defend himself from the Manchu invasion (see above, Chapter 4, p. 92): “programma […] quod in charta rubra magnis literis exaratum ante fores suas suspenderat in urbe, Soei-ngan-chien, quum Tatari Sinam, quam adhuc regunt, invadentes eam urbem diriperent, Pater Alar- tinius, qui solus e Jesuitis ibi habitabat, quique hac opera cum duobus praecep- toribus suis Sinis evasit.”
According to the 1761 catalogue: Among the manuscripts, p. 1, no. 4: “A few quotations collected from the works of Confucius, about what suits a man at ten, thirty, and sixty years; […] a Chinese dic- tionary partly received from Father Martini and his servant Dominicus, partly re- corded from their mouths by Jacob Golius.”
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(“Sententiae quaedam ex operibus Confucii collectae, de eo quod hominem decet x. xxx & xl annorum” […] nr. 25: “Miscellanea & Vocabularium Sinicum partim a P. Martinio ejusque famulo Sinensi Dominico acceptum, partim ex eorundem ore per Cl. Jacob Golium exce[r]ptum: Item, quaesita varia imprimis circa computum Sina- rum Astronomicum.”) Among the coins, no. 14: “Two coins […] from the island of Java decorated with Chinese letters” (“Duo Nummi […] ex Insula Java literis Sinicis distincti.”) Further: “Chinese and Japanese manuscripts: a. The works of Mencius, 2 vols. b. The works of Confucius, 3 vols. c. A volume on Chinese histories, containing events from around the year 12 ad. d. A description of Chinese pleasant places. g. Chinese astronomical tables for a single year. m. A Chinese book containing various images of estates and regions, elegantly out- lines, with their description. n. Five Chinese tables painted in ink. o. A Chinese letter. p. Chinese manuscripts without title page and torn.” (“Manuscripta Sinica & Japonica: a) Opera Mincii, ii. Tomi. b) Opera Confucii, iii. Tomi. c) Pars Historiarum Sinicarum, gesta continens circa Saeculum aerae Christ. xii. d) Descriptio amoenitatum Sinicarum. […] g) Ephemerides Sinicae anni unius. […] m) Liber Sinicus continens varios conspectus praediorum & regionum elegan- ter delineatos cum descriptione. n) Quinque Tabellae Sinicae atramento depictae. o) Epistola Sinica p) mss. Sinicum absque titulo & lacerum.”) Naam-lyst van een zeer keurige verzameling […] boeken. […] [&] Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Arabicorum (Utrecht: Kroon & Van Paddenburg, 1761).
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Appendix 7.1
September 21, 1685, Constantijn Huygens to Mary Stuart3
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:4
21. Sept. 1685.
To the Roijal Highnesse of the High and mightie incomparable Princesse of Orange, Marij Daughter of his …Royal.. … King of great Brittaine Humbly sheweth the whole and universall nation and exteme born subject both male and female of the most famous and mightij Empire of China, to the number of a great manij more millions of People then the5 greatest skilfulst Arithmetician were able to summe up in ……nd year summer daij a summer day, That to their extreme joy and exultation be- ing has informed how a certain publiq Peece of proof and demonstration of their natifs national skill and industry in gilt gilt and painted lackwork in form of a Roijal Skreene having had the great hap- pines to fall into Yr Roijal Highn.s noble hands[,] to their inconsolable greef and mor[t]ification they have been have latelij been told how some most ignorant, bar- barous and malitious people, acting and of mooved onely by meere envie and jealousie of their our ancient Oriental China honour, should have so farre prevailed wth y.r High.s renowned goodness sweet and mild and gracious disposition
3 For the appendices to Chapter 7, the transcriptions have been made from the manucripts, except for appendix 10 and 11. Any emphasis (underlining:_) or crossing-out is in the original. Line breaks may have been removed due to space restrictions. I am deeply grateful to Rosanne Baars, Marten-Jan Bok, John Campbell, Frans Grijzenhout, Stephanie Levert, and Thijs West- steijn for comments and suggestions on my transcriptions and translations below. Any mis- takes are, of course, my own. 4 Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, inv. no. KB KA 49-3, 1093–6. The letter was published in Worp, but the transcription was incomplete. “Briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens 1607– 1687, Details voor brief 7231,” Huygens ING, accessed October 25, 2017, http://resources .huygens.knaw.nl/briefwisselingconstantijnhuygens/brief/nr/7231. 5 Worp has transcribed “your” here but the manuscript clearly states “the.”
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17 Sept. 1685, noctib ab arthritide insomnibus.
Madame Trouvent Just que original de Jugeant que la Reqte lettre de cy joincte, que les nos derniers vaisseaux des Indes ont apportée en original concernoit les interests de V.A.R.le de trop près pour luij demeurer cachée, je me suis mis en devoir de le traduire de la langue Tartare Chinoise dans la langue en belle [langue] que j’aij observe que V.A. aijme mieux à parler que toutes les qu’ aucune des autres, que toutefois, à nostre grand estonnement elle entend et parle toutes avec mesme grace et facilité. Je la supplie en toute soumission que ma bonne intention puisse etre agreée et ensemble avec la tres humble et tres douce profession que ie faij (ne pouvant n’aijant plus sur quoij faire of- fre d’aucun long service dans cet aage de 90 Années òu je suis entré) sinon de vouloir pouvoir vivre au moins de vouloir mourir. [vortre obeisant serviteur] A la Haye, le 27 Sept. 1685.
Translation of the Transcription September 21, 1685. To the Royal Highness, the incomparable Princess of Orange, Humbly shows the whole and universal nation, both male and female of the most famous and mighty Empire of China, to the number of a great many more millions of people than the skillfullest arithmetician were able to sum up in a summer day, that to their extreme joy and exultation being informed how a certain public piece of proof and demonstration of their national skill and industry in gilt and painted lacquerware in form of a royal screen having had the great happiness to fall into Your Royal High- ness’s noble hands. [However,] to their inconsolable grief and mortification they have lately been told how some most ignorant, barbarous and malicious people, moved only by mere envy and jealousy of our ancient Oriental China honour, should have so far prevailed with Your Highness’ renowned sweet and mild and gracious disposition as to persuade her, to let the same illustrious monument sawed, divided, cut, cleft and slit asunder and reduced to a heap of monstrous shivers and splinters, and all this desolation to no higher purpose then to see the walls of some miserable cabinet decked and adorned and forsooth with our unhappy ruins. Which enterprise no understanding artist being able for his life to perform, without maiming, laming and totally spoiling the most curi- ous skillful and artificial drawings and limning of that incomparable Pictor by deform- ing faces and all other limbs and members of it, so that, many of them chancing to stand upside down, legs and feet will meet with eyes, noses, knees and elbows, by so horrible a confusion all metamorphosed into a most ridiculous mingle mangle, and, (which is most bitterly to be lamented) with dissolving, turning, severing and disjoin-
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September 17, 1685, nights of insomnia [due to] arthritis.
Madam, Judging that the appended request [i.e. the letter from the Chinese people], the original of which has been brought by our most recent ships from the Indies, concerns the interests of Your Royal Highness too closely for it to remain concealed from her, I set about translating the Tartar language of the Chinese into the beautiful language of which I have observed that Your Highness loves to speak more than any other [i.e., English], even though, to our great astonishment she understands and speaks all lan- guages with the same grace and ease. Humbly I beg you to accept my good intention and together with the very humble and gentle confession that I make (being for not much longer able to offer long service at this age of ninety that I have reached) not being able to live like this yet without wanting to die [as your most obedient servant]. The Hague, September 27, 1685.
Appendix 7.2
October 8, 1685, “Memoire pour Zeelhem.”
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:6
8 Oct 85
Memoire pour Zeelhem. S Que sans perdre temps il sache d’auoir l’honneur de representer de ma part a S.A.R. d…..p… que ie suis plus sensible qu’homme du monde .. le sçauroit estre, de sa grace dont il luij a pleu m’honorer et daignant respondre y de ça pretieuse main à la mechante lettre que j’aij osé faire seruir d’enveloppe à ceste importante piece Chinoise de ma traduction. Qu’à mon aduis toutes deux ni la Cour ni les deux Academies d’Oxford et de Cambrigs d’Angletere ensemble ne sçauroijent produire deux ensemble ..se à deux une seule plume si elegante que et si gracieuse qu’est celle de S.A. Encor moins un stile plus aussi fort si onaite et plus si nerveux. Par subjet de quoij la force d..qet et la clarté d’i ce luij Au moijen duquel ie suis contraint d’avouer que jamais je n’aij veu Cause disputable faiblette plus adroittement soustenue de sorte que ie m’en
6 Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, inv. no. KB KA 49-3, p. 1091–2. Worp mentions its exis- tence in a footnote but did not transcribe it.“Briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens 1607– 1687, Details voor brief n0014,” Huygens ING, accessed October 25, 2017, http://resources .huygens.knaw.nl/briefwisselingconstantijnhuygens/brief/nr/n0014.
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Translation of the Transcription:
October 8, 1685. Memoir for Zeelhem. [Could you] present from my part [to Her Royal Highness] that I am more sensitive than any man of the world could be, that her ladyship has been pleased to honour me and dignify me with an answer from her precious hand to the wicked letter that I dared
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Appendix 7.3
March 5, 1686, To Her Royal Highness
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:7
To Her R.l Highness
I see ‘t, and cannot leaue to take it for a Fable, That anij Roijall inspiration should be able. To make one of the dullest of all mortall men Become an English Poët at fourescore and ten. Bee ‘t a fable or a truth, great Princess, doe not fear To have hear haue mij babling Muse perpetually at y.r eare: This trouble is y.r last: or (as once more y.u haue seen) I’ll be content to run the fortune of y.r skreen.
Mart. 86
Translation of the Transcription:
To Her Royal Highness
I see it, and cannot leave to take it for a fable, That any Royal inspiration should be able. To make one of the dullest of all mortal men Become an English poet at fourscore and ten [the age of ninety] Be it a fable or a truth, great Princess, do not fear To have my babbling Muse perpetually at your ear This trouble is your last: or (as once more you have seen) I’ll be content to run the fortune of your screen.
5 March 1686
7 Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, inv. no. KB KA xliiie 1681–1686, 34 recto. Published in Worp, Gedichten Deel 8, 351.
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Appendix 7.4
March 18, 1686, With the Book of Du four
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:8
Wth the Book of Du four, of Cavé, Thé and Chocolate
Here are the grounds of three East and West Indian potions If you’l examine them in their orig’nal notions And use ‘hem accordinglij, yu maij be sure, theij raine Such showers of wit and sence, even in a Roijall braine, That anij China skreen wher’ever it laijth or stands Will stand immortallij and safe and whole in yr hands. yr R. Highn.es most humble upstart mushroom English Poet.
18. Mart. 86
For the modern translation see the main text of the article.
Appendix 7.5
July 3, 1686, Sur le cabinet des pieces de l’escran
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:9
Sur le Cabinet des pieces de l’escran. Qu’ est ce que ne promet ceste estrange Princesse, Au mestier de gaigner l’aveu de tous les coeurs, que n’attendons nous point d’une si fine
8 Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, inv. no. KB KA xliiie 1681–1686, 34 recto, Published in Worp, Gedichten Deel 8, 352. 9 Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, inv. no. KB KA xliiie 1681–1686, 34 verso. Published in Worp, Gedichten Deel 8, 354.
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que n’attendons nous point d’une si fine addresses qui sçait faire adorer iusques à ses erreurs?
3. Iul. 86
Translation of the transcription:
On the cabinet of the pieces of the screen: What is not promised by this extraordinary Princess, With the goal to gain the avowal of all hearts, Which we do not expect from such a fine address, Who can make one adore even its errors?
3 July 1686
Appendix 7.6
Philippe Couplet’s Translation (undated)
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:10 in dese bovengemelde 36 kleijne letters is het onderscrift van eenen governeúr generael van de provincie fŏkién genaemt Lieû teú in sekeren brief van groetenisse tot eenen synen vriendt, alwaer hij naer het scryven synder ampten ende titels besluijt ick U.u kleijnsten broeder Lieû teú nederbuyghende het hooft groet U
van hondert lancklevens Letters eene afbeeldinghe
de hondert ende 8 letters mij toeghesonden al syn sy op verscheyde wijse gescreven, syn nochtans ider van den selven inhout elck een niet anders beduydende als xeú dat is Lanckduerigh leven die de sinoiosen malcander
10 Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Archive of the Rijksmuseum te Amsterdam, access 476, inv. no. 951, http://noord-hollandsarchief.nl/bronnen/archieven?mivast=236&mi zig=210&miadt=236&miaet=1&micode=476&minr=2198227&miview=inv2. Emphasis (underlining) in original.
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toewenschen ende toescrijven int nieúw-jaer ende jaerlycksen dagh haerder gheboortes.
總督福福建等處地方軍務兼理糧餉兵部右侍郎兼部察院右副部御史制春弟 劉斗頓首拜
Translation of the Transcription:
In these abovementioned thirty-six small letters is the postscript of a governor-general of the province of Fujian named Liu Dou in a certain letter of greetings to one of his friends. After writing the titles he concludes I Your smallest brother Liu Dou bow my head down to greet You. Of one hundred longevity letters one image. The one hundred and eight letters that were sent to me, even though they are written in various ways, they are still all of the same content, each meaning nothing else that shou, that is long life that the Chinese wish onto each other, and write in the new year and yearly on birthdays. For a translation of the Chinese characters, see the main article.
Appendix 7.7
July 27, 1686, Unknown Writer to Huygens
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:11
In Amsterdam den 27en Julij 1686
Ick hadde gehoopt d’eere te hebben van UEden. alhier te sien int weeder keeren van UEden. reijse, naer den haegh. maer alsoo het soo lang aen loopt soo vertrouwe dat UEden. over Uttrecht sult gegaan sijn, dierhalve hebbe goet gedacht de Chineese Caracters, met de explicatie daerbij aen UEd. opden haegh tesenden, gelijk die dan hiernevens gaen, debovenste en onderste caracter sijn maer alleningh die geexpliceert sijn, de middelste billetten sijn maer alle van eenen inhoudt dat is geluck wenschinge en lanckleven, en vorders Gedraege [verstaan] mijn aen dememorie hier nevens, hoope dat haer conk Hoogh
11 Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Archive of the Rijksmuseum te Amsterdam, access 476, inv. no. 951, http://noord-hollandsarchief.nl/bronnen/archieven?mivast=236&mizig =210&miadt=236&miaet=1&micode=476&minr=2198227&miview=inv2.
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hier mede voldaen sal sijn, en iets anders voorvallende tot haere Conc. Hoogh. dienst, sal d’ere van hare commando tegemoet sien in mijn geluckigh achten Etc. …
Translation of the Transcription:
In Amsterdam, the 27th of July 1686. I had hoped to have to honour of seeing Your Honourable Sir here upon your return of your travels to The Hague, but as it is taking so long I trust that you went via Utrecht. Thus, I thought it best to send you the Chinese characters with the explanation to The Hague, which is the same as below: the top and bottom characters are the only ones that are explained, the middle strips are all of one content that is wishes of good fortune and longevity. And further I refer you to the memoire [sent] herewith, hoping that Her Royal Highness will be pleased with it. And that if there is anything else to which I can be to Her Royal Highness’s service, I would praise myself lucky and look forward to her command etc…
Appendix 7.8
September 13, 1686, Le Roij to Huygens
Full transcription of the manuscript:12
Paris le 13 Septembre 1686.
Monsieur;
Une maladie, causée par une grande chaleur dans le sang, et oppression de poitrine, m’a obligée de garder la chambre plus de trois sepmaines, et empéchée par consequent d’aller trouver Monsieur Thevenot pour sçavoir son sentiment sur l’explication du Pere Couplet; mais, me sentant un peu remis, je fis hier ma premiere sortie et trouvaij les deux d. tis personnes ensemble aux grand jesuites, où ils travaillent continuellement à la traduction des livres Chinois dont led.t Pere a fait present au Roij. L’un et l’autre soutenoit que le plus habile du païs méme n’en sçauroit faire une autre interpretation, puis qu’il n’ij a que deux sortes de Charactéres, à sçavoir une qu’on prononce Xeu et l’autre Fo. dont la premiere signifie Bonheur et la seconde Longue Vië; et pour ce qui
12 Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Archive of the Rijksmuseum te Amsterdam, access 476, inv. no. 951, http://noord-hollandsarchief.nl/bronnen/archieven?mivast=236&mizig =210&miadt=236&miaet=1&micode=476&minr=2198227&miview=inv2.
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Votre tres humble, tre obeissant et tres obligé Serviteur
Le Roij.
Translation of the Transcription:
Paris, September 13, 1686 Sir; An illness, causing caused by a great heat in my blood and oppression in my chest, has forced me to remain in my chambers for over three weeks and consequently kept
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13 Actually, it is the other way around; shou means longevity and fu means happiness.
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I pray to God, Sir, that he keeps you in perfect health and remain with the utmost respect, Sir,
Your most humble, most obedient and most grateful Servant Le Roy.
Appendix 7.9
October 15, 1686, Thévenot to Huygens
Full Transcription of the Manuscript:14
R 15. Oct 86
Monsieur Voicy Comment le pere Couplet má expliqué lá solution qu’il vous á donnée a loca- sion de lecran, les deux lettres xue et fo sécrivent ordinairement de cette Maniere 壽 福 mais dans les premiers bonheur longue vie temps de lempire de la chine elle secrivoint autrement et ces manieres de les escrire ont changé plusieurs fois avant que destre fixees, Ces cent lettres ou figures que vous avez remarqué dans lecran signifient lá mesme chose cest a dire bon heur et longue vie, ce sont des sinonimes des deux figures que Jay mis cy dessus, si le pere couplet eut gardé une copie des figures que vous luy avez envoiée, J’en aurois peustre tirée plus d’eclairsisment Il y a presentement en la bibliotheque du Roy des dictionnaires chinois forts amples, J’y ayt trouvé ces deux figures, un de ces dictionnaires ne raporte que dix ou douze manieres de les exprimers il marque qu’elles ont estes en usage en differents temps, mais enfin il ny en á que 10 ou 12 et vous en avez compté une centaine sur lécran, Je luy ayt fait cette difficulté il s’en est tiré en me disant que sous la figure du bonheur par ex- emple ils peuvents avoirs mis encores des figures des Richesses dela santé et semblables, qui contribuent aux bonheurs dela vie, de cette maniere lá multiplicité des figures ne vous estonnerá plus, Mais Je vois bien aussy que madame la princesse d’orange ne será pas satisfaite de la expliquation solution en deux mots que le pere couplet á envoié et encore moins de Cette explication, Jen tirerois peutestre plus declairsisement si J’aurois une copie des lettres de lécran les marques que Je viens de recevoir de vostre amitié
14 Noord-Hollands Archief, Haarlem, Archive of the Rijksmuseum te Amsterdam, access 476, inv. no. 951, http://noord-hollandsarchief.nl/bronnen/archieven?mivast=236&mizig =210&miadt=236&miaet=1&micode=476&minr=2198227&miview=inv2.
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Paris ij 8bre 1686
Translation of the Transcription:
R[eceived] 15 October 1686
Sir
Here is how Father Couplet has explained to me the solution that he has given you with regard to the screen; the two letters shou and fu are ordinarily written in these ways: 壽 福 happiness longevity15 But in the first period of the Empire of China, they were written differently and these ways of writing have changed several times before they became fixed. Those hundred letters or figures that you have noticed on the screen [all] mean the same thing, namely happiness and longevity, they are synonyms of the two figures that I have placed above. If Father Couplet has kept a copy of the figures that you have sent him, I could perhaps extract further clarification. There are currently in the royal li- brary very comprehensive Chinese dictionaries, I found the two figures. One of these dictionaries only reports ten or twelve ways of expressing them. It remarks that they have been in use at different times, but in the end there are only ten or twelve and you have counted a hundred on the screen. I gave him [Couplet] this challenge, he came through by telling me that in the figure of happiness, for example, there could be placed even more figures for riches, good health and the like, which contribute to the joy of life. In that way the multitude of figures will not surprise you. But I also see that the madame Princess of Orange will not be satisfied with the solution of the two words that the Father Couplet has sent and even less with that explanation. I might [be able to] derive more clarification if I had a copy of the letters on the screen. The symbols that I have just received [thanks to] your friendship have given me a very significant pleasure. I shall try my best to be of be deserving of the continuation [of our friend- ship] through every possible kind of respects and services. I am with a complete com- mitment, Sir, your most humble and most obedient Servant Thevenot.
Paris October 2, 1686
15 In reality, it is the other way around: shou 壽 means longevity and fu 福 means happiness.
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Appendix 7.10
December 31, 1686, A Son Altesse Royale Madame
A Son Altesse Royale16 Madame L’infame masse de Papier Que peu devant hier Vous eutes la bonté, Princesse, De recevoir parmi la presse D’une armée d’honestes gens, Hommes solides et sçauants, Qui dans vos petites demeures Vous regalent aux belles heures Desrobbées à ce tracas, Que vous souffrez, et n’aijmez pas D’une infinité de causeuses, Ces mesmes Fueilles, trop heureuses, Revienent encor ceste fois Vous divertir en leur patois. Accoustumée que vous estes De longue main à leurs Sornettes, J’espere que dans les habits Que vous voijez qu’elles ont pris Vous resoudrez à leur permettre D’entrer en Cour, et d’y parestre Parmi des foux de leur mestier. C’est de quoy vous prie l’Ouurier : Non pas l’Auteur ; mais le Libraire. Car l’autre n’a plus qu’à se taire, Apres tant d’effroijable bruit, Dont il vous lasse par escrit. Pardon, de grace, [Mad]Ame Royale, Qui ne connoissez point d’égale; Je promets de m’en corriger,
16 Transcription copied from J.F. van Someren “Iets over Magnus Hendricksz. en Hendrick Magnusz. “vermaarde boekbinders” der 17e eeuw.” Oud Holland (1883): 224–237. I was un- able to check the original because it has been transferred from the Koninklijke Neder- landse Academie der Wetenschappen (knaw) to the International Institute for Social History (issg) where it was misplaced and has not yet been located.
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Sans plus ainsi vous outrager. Si ie vous manque de parole, Que votre déplaisir m’enrole Au nombre des plus malheureux: Je veux souffrir tout auec eux ; Quand vous voudriez pour ma ruine, Me traicter en Escran de Chine. La veille de l’An 1686
Translation of the Transcription:
To Her Royal Highness
Madam The infamous mass of Paper [i.e. Korenbloemen] That, a little before yesterday You had the goodness, Princess, To accept amidst the bustle Of an army of honest people, Good and learned men, Who in your small residences Delight you until the finest hours Hidden from that unpleasantness Which you suffer and dislike Of an infinite [number] of chatterboxes; The same leaves [i.e. Korenbloemen] [are] only too pleased, To return once again [To] amuse you in their dialect. Accustomed as you have been For a long time [now] to their nonsense, I hope that in the dress [i.e. the luxurious leather binding], That you [can] see they have put on You [will] decide to permit them To enter the Court, and appear there Amongst the jesters of their trade. That is what I beg of you, [as] the Artisan: Not the Author, but the Bookseller. Because the other [i.e. the author] just has to keep his mouth shut, After all that abominable noise,
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That he has bored you with through [his] writing. I beg your pardon, Madame Royal, Who is without equal; I promise that I will better myself, Without further insulting you. If I have failed you with [my] words, May your displeasure enlist me Among those most unfortunate: I wish to suffer all with them, When you wish for my ruin Treat me like the Chinese Screen. New Year’s Eve (December 31, 1686)
Appendix 7.11
Translation of the Biography of Liu Dou
刘斗，清苑人。少习国书，善翻译，能得其精义，教习诸王世子。授兵部 心郎。积九载，擢宗人府。旋晋国史院学士，出抚甘肃。上疏陈边要，肃 邮政，垦荒田，清藩汉地界，悉荷嘉纳。后迁福建总督，与巡抚许世昌治 绩并称一时。时海寇频警，军兴旁午，斗戢兵筹饷，卒奏大功。八闽荐绅 勒石颂之。康熙五十七年卒，祀乡贤。17
Liu Dou was a man from Qingyuan [county in today’s Hebei province]. When he was young, he studied the [Manchurian] dynastic histories. He was good at translating, and [in his translations] he was able to obtain the precise/quintessential meaning [of the Manchu texts]. He instructed [the texts] to several generations of children of princes. He was awarded [the position of] Manchu interpreter at the Ministry of War. After nine years, he was promoted to the court of the Imperial Clan. Soon thereafter he ad- vanced to scholar at the Academy of National History and went on to become inspec- tor-general of Gansu [province]. He presented memorials to the emperor explaining the importance of borders, the regulation of the system of postal relay stations, the opening up of wasteland for farming, and the clearing up of boundaries [between] Han and foreign (non-Chinese) land. He took on all these responsibilities in a commendable way. Thereafter, he was promoted to governor-general of Fujian [prov-
17 Xu Shichang 徐世昌 (ed), Da Qing jifu xianzhe zhuan 大清畿輔先哲傳 (Beijing guji chubanshe, 1993), 54.
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Appendix 8.1
Review of Confucius Sinarum philosophus, “Account of Books,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 16 (1686–1692): 377–378.
The famed Chinese philosopher called Cum-Fu-Cu, or as we call him Confucius being in so great esteem in his own nation and having never yet appeared in European dress cannot but be gratefully received by the curious especially since the version is per- formed by very ancient missionaries sufficiently accomplished in the knowledge of the Chinese character and at the command (as is said) of the King king of France. The subject of this book being foreign to our purpose is consisting chiefly of moral and political precepts and uphold the apophthegmes of the philosopher, I shall not enlarge thereon; only to recommend it, the translators assure that the memory of the author is still precious in China; and that in respect to him, his posterity after above 2200 years enjoy certain great privileges never granted but to the Royal family; is exempt from all taxes; and whosoever is advanced degree of Doctor, gives, as a mark of his respect to the great Confucius some present to the eldest of his family, who now 68 generations removed from him. As to the time when Confucius lived, ‘tis here precisely set down from the Chinese Annals: He was born Anno 551 ante Christum, and lived 73 years; so that he was contemporary with the most ancient Greek Philosophers, and not long after Pythago- ras, flourishing about the time of Tarquinius Superbus and the first Consulates, when Darius Hystaspis held the Persian Empire. He is said to be descended of a Branch of one of the most ancient Royal Families, which might not a little contribute to gain re- spect and credit to his writings. But what may not improperly find place here is, the Chinese Chronology, whereof such wonderful Relations have been brought into Europe: This matter the author of
18 I am grateful to Lennert Gesterkamp for helping me with this translation.
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Tartars, which in all Ages have infected this Country. The following Cycles are more amply described, and towards the End, the Transactions of the Romish Missionaries are inserted, with a brief account of that great Revolution in China by the entire Conquest of that Kingdom by the Tartars. This Chronology ends with the year of Christ 1683, being the last of the 73d Cycle, since the King Hoamti; and contains in all 4380 years. ‘Twill be needless to advertise, that this Account places the beginning of the Chi- nese Empire long before the Deluge, according to the Holy Scriptures; wherefore if this be to be wholly rejected, as fabulous; or if not, how it is to be reconciled with the sacred Chronology, belongs more properly to the Disquisition of the Divines.
Appendix 12.1
From Papieren betrekkelijk de ambassade van de heren naar Peking, Littera F: Copien der bijlagen tot voorms. brief behorende met deszelver Translaten, No.1 Van Braam a Agote, Avril 2, 1794.
Monsieur, je viens dans le moment recevoir une visite du Namhiyon de la ville avec un commission au Tsontock & il m’a chargé d’une commission pour vous que je lui ai promis d’exécuter et de lui en faire avoir la reponse dès que je l’aurai recue. La commission excite pour vous demander si du part du Roi ou de la Compagnie Espag- nolle on pourras envoyer de Manilla un Ministre à la cour de Pekin en Mars (17)95. S’il ce seroit possible d’avoir de Manille quelques choses precieuses pour servir de presents à l’Empereur, ayez la bonté de penser sur ceci, et de me donner votre reponse par l’Expres qui vous remettre la presente—Je ne sai pour quelle raison en s’est adressé à moi, et non à Monsr. Fuentes votre second, si ce n’est que le Mandarin n’a pas voulu se render chez un second. Enfin mon ami je vous rend ceci comme je l’ai recue, si vous voudriez, vous pourrez vous même faire cette visite à la cour, comme m’a dit Monkua. Recevez mes assurances de respect tandis que par l’honneur de me nommer très sin- cerement. Monssieur votre très humble servant & ami. Van Braam Houckgeest. Canton 2 Avril (17)94—la Anglois partent le soir—
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Appendix 12.2
From Papieren betrekkelijk de ambassade van de heren naar Peking, Littera F: Copien der bijlagen tot voorms. brief behorende met deszelver Translaten, No.2 Agote naar Van Braam, April 5, 1794.
Macao den 5 April 1794 Myn Heer van Braam! Myn waarde Heer! Ik heb uw brief van den 2 dezer maand ontfangen, en moet U seggen, na hem te hebben geleesen, dat na dat gy met myn Tweede Don Julie Fuenter zult hebben geraadpleegt, gy den Tsontok door middle van den Namhuij kunt ant- woorden, dat wy geen magt hebben om zulk een Ambassade na Peking te zenden, maar dat zyn Excellentie de Tsontok kan versekert zyn, dat wy het gouvernement van Manilha zullen kennis geeven, van al wat gy by uw brief hebt gemeld en dat wy ons vleyen dat ingevalle dat gouvernement de Ambassade welvoeglyk en nodig zal oor- deelen dezelve zal plaats hebben.
The Original Spanish Letter:
Señor Van Braam Macao 5 de Abril de 1794.
Mui (Muy) Señor mío: He recivido la apreciable carta de VM (Vuestra/vuesa Merced) de 2 del corriente y enterado de su contenido devo decirle que después de consultar con mi compañero Don Julian de Fuentes respondas à el Sontu por medio del Nanjaij que nosotros ni nos hallamos autorisados para poder asegurar la tal Embassada de Manila para Pekin; pero que S Exa. (Su Excelencia) puede estar persuadido que haremos presente al Illmo (Illustrisimo) Señor governador y capitán general de las Ys- las Filipinas todo lo que VM me ha di(c)ho presente en su citada carta y que nos lison- jeamos que acaso aquél govierno si tiene por conveniente la hara.
Nuestro Señor que aún muchos años B.L. M de VM su más atento seguro servidor Manoel de Agote.
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