The Lesser Known Ranges of the · Otago
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Local Topography Increasingly Influences the Mass Balance of A
Local topography increasingly influences the mass balance of a retreating cirque glacier Caitlyn Florentine1, 2, Joel Harper2, Daniel Fagre1, Johnnie Moore2, Erich Peitzsch1 1U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, West Glacier, Montana, 59936, USA 5 2Department of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59801, USA Correspondence to: Caitlyn Florentine ([email protected]) Abstract. Local topographically driven processes, such as wind drifting, avalanching, and shading, are known to alter the relationship between the mass balance of small cirque glaciers and regional climate. Yet partitioning such local effects from regional climate influence has proven difficult, creating uncertainty in the climate representativeness of some glaciers. We 10 address this problem for Sperry Glacier in Glacier National Park, USA using field-measured surface mass balance, geodetic constraints on mass balance, and regional climate data recorded at a network of meteorological and snow stations. Geodetically derived mass changes between 1950-1960, 1960-2005, and 2005-2014 document average mass change rates during each period at -0.22±0.12 m w.e. yr-1, -0.18±0.05 m w.e. yr-1, and -0.10±0.03 m w.e. yr-1. A correlation of field- measured mass balance and regional climate variables closely (i.e. within 0.08 m w.e. yr-1) predicts the geodetically 15 measured mass loss from 2005-2014. However, this correlation overestimates glacier mass balance for 1950-1960 by +1.18±0.92 m w.e. yr-1. Our analysis suggests that local effects, not represented in regional climate variables, have become a more dominant driver of the net mass balance as the glacier lost 0.50 km2 and retreated further into its cirque. -
Characteristics of the Bergschrund of an Avalanche-Cone Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
JOlIl"lla/ o/G/aci%gl'. VoL 29. No. 10 1. 1983 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BERGSCHRUND OF AN AVALANCHE-CONE GLACIER IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS By G ERALD OSBORN (Department of Geology and Geophysics, Uni versity o f Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N I N4, Canada) ABSTRACT. Fi eld study of th e bergschrund of a small avalanche-cone glacier at the base of Mt Chephren, in Banff Nati onal Park , has been ca rried out as part of a general ex pl oratory study of glacier-head crevasses in th e Canadi an Roc ki es. The bergsc hrun d consists of a wide. shall ow. partl y bedrock-fl oored gap, und erneath whi ch ex tends a nearl y vertical Ralldklu!I, and a small , offset, subsidi ary crevasse (or crevasses). The fo ll owin g observations rega rdin g the behavior of th e bergsc hruncl and ice adjacent to it are of parti cul ar interest: ( I) topograph y of the subglaeial bedrock is a control on the location of the main bergschrund and subsidi a ry crevasses. (2) th e main bergschrund and subsid ia ry crevasse(s) are conn ected by subglacial gaps betwee n bedrock and ice; th e gaps are part of th e "bergschrund system" , (3) snow/ ice immedi ately down-glacier of the bergschrund system moves nea rl y verticall y dow nwa rd in response to rotational fl ow of the glacier. a ll owin g the bergschrund components to keep the same location and size fro m year to year, (4) an inde pend ent accumul ati on, fl ow. -
Geomorphic Character, Age and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in the Olympic Mountains, Washington
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1987 Geomorphic character, age and distribution of rock glaciers in the Olympic Mountains, Washington Steven Paul Welter Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Geomorphology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Welter, Steven Paul, "Geomorphic character, age and distribution of rock glaciers in the Olympic Mountains, Washington" (1987). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3558. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5440 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Steven Paul Welter for the Master of Science in Geography presented August 7, 1987. Title: The Geomorphic Character, Age, and Distribution of Rock Glaciers in the Olympic Mountains, Washington APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Rock glaciers are tongue-shaped or lobate masses of rock debris which occur below cliffs and talus in many alpine regions. They are best developed in continental alpine climates where it is cold enough to preserve a core or matrix of ice within the rock mass but insufficiently snowy to produce true glaciers. Previous reports have identified and briefly described several rock glaciers in the Olympic Mountains, Washington {Long 1975a, pp. 39-41; Nebert 1984), but no detailed integrative study has been made regarding the geomorphic character, age, 2 and distribution of these features. -
Geology of Hyder and Vicinity Southeastern Alaska
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Roy O. West, Secretary U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George Otis Smith, Director Bulletin 807 GEOLOGY OF HYDER AND VICINITY SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA WITH A RECONNAISSANCE OF CHICKAMIN RIVER BY A. F. RUDDINGTON UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1&29 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS TJ.S.OOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 35 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS Page Foreword, by Philip S. Smith._________________________ vn Introduction...____________________________________________________ 1 Field work_.._.___._.______..____...____. -_-__-. .. 1 Acknowledgments. _-_-________-_-___-___-__--_____-__-- -____-_ 2 History._________________________________________________________ 2 Bibliography ________-______ _____________._-__.-___-__--__--_--_-_ 3 Alaska.__-___-__---______-_-____-_-___--____-___-_-___-__-___ & British Columbia____-_____-___-___________-_-___--___.._____- 4 Geography_______________________________________-____--___-__--_ 4 Location and transportation facilities.___________________________ 4 Climate. __--______-______.____--__---____-_______--._--.--__- 5 Vegetation ___________________________________________________ 6 Water power._--___._____.________.______-_.._____-___.-_____ 7 Topography-___________--____-_-___--____.___-___-----__--_-- 7 General features of the relief----______-_---___-__------_-_-_ 7 Streams.._ _______________________________________________ 9 Glaciation.. _ __-_____-__--__--_____-__---_____-__--_----__ 10 Geology.... __----_-._ -._---_--__-.- _-_____-_____-___-_ 13 General features___-_-____-__-__-___-..____--___-_-____--__-._ 13 Hazelton group._....._.._>___-_-.__-______----_-----'_-__-..-- 17 General character.-----.-------.-------------------------- 17 Greenstone and associated rocks.._______.__.-.--__--_--_--_ 18 Graywacke-slate division.._________-_-__--_-_-----_--_----_ 19 Coast.Range intrusives__________-__-__--___-----------_-----_- 22 Texas Creek batholith and associated dikes..__--__.__-__-__-. -
Glaciation and Hydrogeology Workshop Proceedings
SKI Report 97:13 SE9700378 Glaciation and Hydrogeology Workshop on the Impact of Climate Change & Glaciations on Rock stresses, Groundwater flow and Hydrochemistry - Past, Present and Future Workshop Proceedings Edited by: Louisa King-Clayton Neil Chapman Lars O Ericsson Fritz Kautsky April 1997 ISSN 1104-1374 ISRNSKI-R--97/13--SE STATENS KARNKRAFTINSPEKTION Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate Waste Management Co ML 9 ft fe 2 4 SKI Report 97:13 Glaciation and Hydrogeology Workshop on the Impact of Climate Change & Glaciations on Rock stresses, Groundwater flow and Hydrochemistry - Past, Present and Future Organised by: Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) Funding Organisations: The Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI) and the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB) Scientific Secretariat: QuantiSci Ltd, UK Venue: Hasselby Castle Conference Centre, Stockholm, Sweden Date: 17-19 April 1996 Workshop Proceedings April 1997 Edited by: Louisa King-Clayton & Neil Chapman, QuantiSci Ltd, UK Lars O Ericsson, SKB, Sweden Fritz Kautsky, SKI, Sweden NORSTEDTS TRYCKERI AB Stockholm 1997 Workshop on the Impact of Climate Change & Glaciations on Rock Stresses, Groundwater flow and Hydrochemistry, Stockholm 1996 Contents Executive summary 2 Preface 4 1 Introduction 5 2 Workshop Structure 6 3 Background to Workshop Discussions (Day 1) 9 4 Climate Change and Quaternary Geology 23 5 Hydrogeological Aspects of Glaciation 33 6 Hydrogeochemical Aspects of Glaciation 45 7 Tectonic Aspects of Glaciation 52 8 Final Workshop -
An Investigation of the Thermo-Mechanical Features of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in Mt
An investigation of the thermo-mechanical features of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in Mt. Qilian Shan, western China, using a two-dimensional first-order flowband ice flow model Yuzhe Wang1,2, Tong Zhang3,a, Jiawen Ren1, Xiang Qin1, Yushuo Liu1, Weijun Sun4, Jizu Chen1,2, Minghu Ding3, Wentao Du1,2, and Dahe Qin1 1State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3Insititute of Polar Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 4College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China anow at: Fluid Dynamics and Solid Mechanics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA Correspondence to: Tong Zhang ([email protected]) Abstract. By combining in situ measurements and a two-dimensional thermo-mechanically coupled ice flow model, we in- vestigate the thermo-mechanical features of the largest valley glacier (Laohugou Glacier No.12; LHG12) in Mt. Qilian Shan located in the arid region of western China. Our model results suggest that LHG12, previously considered as fully cold, is probably polythermal, with a lower temperate ice layer overlain by an upper layer of cold ice over a large region of the ablation 5 area. Modeled ice surface velocities match well with the in situ observations in the east branch (mainstreammain::::::::::branch) but clearly underestimate the ice surface velocities those:::: near the glacier terminus possibly because the convergent flow is ignored and the basal sliding beneath the confluence area is underestimated. The modeled ice temperatures are in very good agreement with the in situ measurements from a deep borehole (110 m deep::::) in the upper ablation area. -
Brief Communication: Collapse of 4 Mm3 of Ice from a Cirque Glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina
The Cryosphere, 13, 997–1004, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-997-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Brief communication: Collapse of 4 Mm3 of ice from a cirque glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina Daniel Falaschi1,2, Andreas Kääb3, Frank Paul4, Takeo Tadono5, Juan Antonio Rivera2, and Luis Eduardo Lenzano1,2 1Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina 2Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina 3Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371, Norway 4Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland 5Earth Observation research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan Correspondence: Daniel Falaschi ([email protected]) Received: 14 September 2018 – Discussion started: 4 October 2018 Revised: 15 February 2019 – Accepted: 11 March 2019 – Published: 26 March 2019 Abstract. Among glacier instabilities, collapses of large der of up to several 105 m3, with extraordinary event vol- parts of low-angle glaciers are a striking, exceptional phe- umes of up to several 106 m3. Yet the detachment of large nomenon. So far, merely the 2002 collapse of Kolka Glacier portions of low-angle glaciers is a much less frequent pro- in the Caucasus Mountains and the 2016 twin detachments of cess and has so far only been documented in detail for the the Aru glaciers in western Tibet have been well documented. 130 × 106 m3 avalanche released from the Kolka Glacier in Here we report on the previously unnoticed collapse of an the Russian Caucasus in 2002 (Evans et al., 2009), and the unnamed cirque glacier in the Central Andes of Argentina recent 68±2×106 and 83±2×106 m3 collapses of two ad- in March 2007. -
The Physical Geography of the Illinois River Valley Near Peoria
The Physical Geography of the Illinois River Valley Near Peoria An Updated Self-Conducted Field Trip using EcoCaches and GPS Technology Donald E. Bevenour East Peoria Community High School Illinois State University Copyright, 1991 Updated by: Kevin M. Emmons Morton High School Bradley University 2007 Additional Support: Martin Hobbs East Peoria Community High School Abstract THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER VALLEY NEAR PEORIA: AN UPDATED SELF CONDUCTED FIELD TRIP USING ECOCACHES AND GPS TECHNOLOGY This field trip has been written so that anyone can enjoy the trip without the guidance of a professional. The trip could be taken by student groups, families, or an individual; at least two people, a driver and a reader/navigator, are the recommended minimum number of persons for maximum effectiveness and safety. Subjects of discussion include the Illinois River, the Bloomington, Shelbyville, and LeRoy Moraines, various aspects of the glacial history of the area, stream processes, floodplains, natural vegetation, and human adaptations to the physical environment such as agriculture, industry, transportation, and growth of cities. Activities include riding to the top of a lookout tower, judging distance to several landmark objects, and scenic views of the physical and cultural environment. All along the trip, GPS coordinates are supplied to aid you in your navigation. Information on EcoCaches is available at http://www.ilega.org/ Why take a self-guided field trip? A self-guided field trip is an excellent way to learn more about the area in which one lives. Newcomers or visitors to an area should find it a most enlightening manner in which to personalize the new territory. -
Decadal Changes in Glacier Parameters in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Derived from Remote Sensing
Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 54, No. 186, 2008 499 Decadal changes in glacier parameters in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, derived from remote sensing Adina E. RACOVITEANU,1,2,3 Yves ARNAUD,4 Mark W. WILLIAMS,1,2 Julio ORDON˜ EZ5 1Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0260, USA E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0450, USA 3National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0449, USA 4IRD, Great Ice, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Ge´ophysique de l’Environnement du CNRS (associe´a` l’Universite´ Joseph Fourier–Grenoble I), 54 rue Molie`re, BP 96, 38402 Saint-Martin-d’He`res Cedex, France 5Direcion de Hidrologı´a y Recursos Hidricos, Servicio Nacional de Meteorologı´a e Hidrologı´a Jiro´n Cahuide No. 175 – Jesu´s Marı´a, Lima 11, Peru ABSTRACT. We present spatial patterns of glacier fluctuations from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, (glacier area, terminus elevations, median elevations and hypsography) at decadal timescales derived from 1970 aerial photography, 2003 SPOT5 satellite data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical analyses. We derived new glacier outlines from the 2003 SPOT images, and ingested them in the Global Land and Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) glacier database. We examined changes in glacier area on the eastern and western side of the Cordillera in relation to topographic and climate variables (temperature and precipitation). Results include (1) an estimated glacierized area of 569.6 Æ 21 km2 in 2003, (2) an overall loss in glacierized area of 22.4% from 1970 to 2003, (3) an average rise in glacier terminus elevations by 113 m and an average rise in the median elevation of glaciers by 66 m, showing a shift of ice to higher elevations, especially on the eastern side of the Cordillera, and (4) an increase in the number of glaciers, which indicates disintegration of ice bodies. -
Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA
Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA Fifty years of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research on glacier change shows recent dramatic shrinkage of glaciers in three climatic Alaska regions of the United States. These long periods of record provide Gulkana clues to the climate shifts that may be driving glacier change. Wolverine The USGS Benchmark Glacier Program began in 1957 as a result Canada of research efforts during the International Geophysical Year (Meier and others, 1971). Annual data collection occurs at three glaciers that represent three climatic regions in the United States: Pacific Ocean South Cascade Glacier in the Cascade Mountains of Washington South Cascade State; Wolverine Glacier on the Kenai Peninsula near Anchorage, United States Alaska; and Gulkana Glacier in the interior of Alaska (fig. 1). Figure 1. The Benchmark Glaciers. Glaciers respond to climate changes by thickening and advancing down-valley towards warmer lower altitudes or by thinning and retreating up-valley to higher altitudes. Glaciers average changes in climate over space and time and provide a picture of climate trends in remote mountainous regions. A qualitative method 1928 1959 for observing these changes is through repeat photography—taking photographs from the same position through time (fig. 2). The most direct way to quantitatively observe changes in a glacier is to measure its mass balance: the difference between the amount of snowfall, or accumulation, on the glacier, and the amount of snow and ice that melts and runs off or is lost as icebergs or water vapor, collectively termed ablation (fig. -
Mount Rainier and Its Glaciers Mount Rainier National Park
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HUBERT WORK, SECRETARY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE STEPHEN T. MATHER. DIRECTOR MOUNT RAINIER AND ITS GLACIERS MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1928 OTHER PUBLICATIONS ON MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK SOLD BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS. Remittances for these publications should be by money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, or in cash. Checks and postage stamps can not be accepted. Features of the Flora of Mount Rainier National Park, by J. B. Flett. 1922. 48 pages, including 40 illustrations. 25 cents. Contains descriptions of the flowering trees and shrubs in the park. Forests of Mount Rainier National Park, by G. F. Allen. 1922. 32 pages, including 27 illustrations. 20 cents. Contains descriptions of the forest cover and the principal species. Panoramic view of Mount Rainier National Park, 20 by 19 inclies, scale 1 mile to the inch. 25 cents. ADDITIONAL COPIES 01' THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY MOUNT RAINIER AND ITS GLACIERS.1 By F. E. MATTIIES, United States Geological Survey. INTRODUCTION. The impression still prevails in many quarters that true glaciers, such as are found in the Swiss Alps, do not exist within the confines of the United States, and that to behold one of these rare scenic features one must go to Switzerland, or else to the less accessible Canadian Rockies or the inhospitable Alaskan coast. As a matter of fact, permanent bodies of snow and ice, large enough to deserve the name of glaciers, occur on many of our western mountain chains, notably in the Rocky Mountains, where a national reservation— Glacier National Park—is named for its ice fields; in the Sierra Nevada of California, and farther north, in the Cascade Range. -
The Nature of Kinematic Waves in Glaciers and Their Application to Understanding The
Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College 2016 The aN ture of Kinematic Waves in Glaciers and Their Application to Understanding the Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Washington Brita I. Horlings Portland State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Horlings, Brita I., "The aN ture of Kinematic Waves in Glaciers and Their Application to Understanding the Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Washington" (2016). University Honors Theses. Paper 248. 10.15760/honors.308 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Nature of Kinematic Waves in Glaciers and Their Application to Understanding the Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Washington by Brita Ilyse Horlings An undergraduate honors thesis submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in University Honors and Geology Primary Thesis Adviser Andrew G. Fountain Secondary Thesis Adviser Maxwell L. Rudolph Portland State University 2016 1 ABSTRACT The Nisqually Glacier is one of the best studied glaciers on Mt. Rainier. Data was first collected on the glacier in 1857 and since then a number of kinematic waves have been observed but not extensively studied. The purpose of the thesis is to numerically model the conditions that favor or restrict kinematic wave propagation/initiation and subsequently model the relationship between kinematic wave behavior and the Nisqually Glacier. The numerical models used in this study are 2-D and use bedrock elevation, mass balance, basal sliding, and other equations to simulate alpine glaciers.