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The Scoring of America: How Secret Consumer Scores Threaten Your Privacy and Your Future

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The Scoring of America: How Secret Consumer Scores Threaten Your Privacy and Your Future World Privacy Forum The Scoring of America: How Secret Consumer Scores Threaten Your Privacy and Your Future By Pam Dixon and Robert Gellman April 2, 2014 Brief Summary of Report This report highlights the unexpected problems that arise from new types of predictive consumer scoring, which this report terms consumer scoring. Largely unregulated either by the Fair Credit Reporting Act or the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, new consumer scores use thousands of pieces of information about consumers’ pasts to predict how they will behave in the future. Issues of secrecy, fairness of underlying factors, use of consumer information such as race and ethnicity in predictive scores, accuracy, and the uptake in both use and ubiquity of these scores are key areas of focus. The report includes a roster of the types of consumer data used in predictive consumer scores today, as well as a roster of the consumer scores such as health risk scores, consumer prominence scores, identity and fraud scores, summarized credit statistics, among others. The report reviews the history of the credit score – which was secret for decades until legislation mandated consumer access -- and urges close examination of new consumer scores for fairness and transparency in their factors, methods, and accessibility to consumers. About the Authors Pam Dixon is the founder and Executive Director of the World Privacy Forum. She is the author of eight books, hundreds of articles, and numerous privacy studies, including her landmark Medical Identity Theft study and One Way Mirror Society study. She has testified before Congress on consumer privacy issues as well as before federal agencies. Robert Gellman Robert Gellman is a privacy and information policy consultant in Washington DC. (www.bobgellman.com.) He has written extensively on health, de- identification, Fair Information Practices, and other privacy topics. Dixon and Gellman’s writing collaborations include a reference book on privacy Online Privacy: A Reference Handbook, as well as numerous and well-regarded privacy-focused research, articles, and policy analysis. About the World Privacy Forum The World Privacy Forum is a non-profit public interest research and consumer education group focused on the research and analysis of privacy-related issues. The Forum was founded in 2003 and has published significant privacy research and policy studies in the area of health, online and technical, privacy, self-regulation, financial, identity, and data brokers among other many areas. www.worldprivacyforum.org. The Scoring of America, p. 2 Contents THE SCORING OF AMERICA:................................................................................................................6 HOW SECRET CONSUMER SCORES THREATEN YOUR PRIVACY AND YOUR FUTURE.............6 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................................6 PART I: SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................7 WHAT IS A CONSUMER SCORE? ..............................................................................................................................8 WHO HAS A SCORE? ..............................................................................................................................................8 GAPS IN CONSUMER PRIVACY RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS AROUND CONSUMER SCORING (AND WHY EXISTING LAWS DON’ ALWAYS APPLY)................................................................................................................9 Key Issue: Score Secrecy..................................................................................................................................11 Key Issue: Score Accuracy ..............................................................................................................................12 Key Issue: Identity Theft and Consumer Scoring .................................................................................13 Key Issue: Unfairness and Discrimination ..............................................................................................13 Key Issue: Sensitive Health and Lifestyle Information and Consumer Scoring.......................14 Key Issue: Consent and Use of Consumer Data in Predictive Scores............................................15 SCORES THEN:AHANDFUL OF FACTORS. ……SCORES NOW:THOUSANDS OF FACTORS ........................ 15 SCORING METHODS AND MODELS ARE OPAQUE.............................................................................................. 18 EXAMPLES AND NUMBERS OF CONSUMER SCORES.......................................................................................... 19 USES OF CONSUMER SCORES,REGULATION, AND MODERN ELIGIBILITY .................................................... 19 DEJA VU: WHY THE HISTORY OF THE CREDIT SCORE IS IMPORTANT............................................... 21 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................... 23 Findings: ................................................................................................................................................................23 Recommendations:............................................................................................................................................24 ADVICE FOR CONSUMERS:.................................................................................................................................... 26 PART II. CONSUMER SCORES: WHAT GOES INTO THEM, AND HOW THEY ARE MADE. 27 DEFINING CONSUMER SCORES MORE DEEPLY ................................................................................................. 27 MAKING A CONSUMER SCORE, STEP 1: WHAT CONSUMER INFORMATION GETS PUT INTO A CONSUMER SCORE? ............................................................................................................. 30 TRADITIONAL SCORE INGREDIENTS:CREDIT SCORES .................................................................................... 30 MODERN SCORE-MAKING INGREDIENTS:RAW CONSUMER DATA IN THE DIGITAL AGE......................... 32 CONSUMER DATA AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE AND USE IN ANALYTICS ..................................................... 33 Demographic Information:.............................................................................................................................33 Contact Information:........................................................................................................................................34 Vehicles: ................................................................................................................................................................. 34 Lifestyle, Interests and Activities data (including medical):...........................................................34 Financial and Economic – Property and Assets data: .......................................................................36 Financial and Credit data:.............................................................................................................................37 SCORING MODELS: HOW THE CONSUMER SCORES ARE MADE, PART TWO .................... 38 ALGORITHM,INC. ................................................................................................................................................... 38 LAYERING SCORING MODELS ................................................................................................................................ 40 HOW MANY VARIABLES?....................................................................................................................................... 41 POLICY QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 41 PART III. THE CONSUMER SCORES ................................................................................................ 42 The Scoring of America, p. 3 CATEGORY:FINANCIAL AND RISK SCORES ........................................................................................................ 43 ChoiceScore ..........................................................................................................................................................43 Median Equivalency Score (Summarized credit statistics).............................................................44 Risk IQ Score ........................................................................................................................................................45 Consumer Profitability Score........................................................................................................................45 Job Security Score ..............................................................................................................................................47 Consumer Prominence Indicator Score....................................................................................................47 Discretionary Spending IndeX Score..........................................................................................................48 Invitation to Apply Score................................................................................................................................48 Charitable Donor Score...................................................................................................................................49
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